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I am going to talk about them two days and wall up and the reforms of President John Law and so.

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First, I will may have a short background about the angle and what led to the present situation.

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Then I will talk about the reforms that Lawrence is engaging, in fact, is when big reform is,

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we are going to see, Oh, I'm going to defend, then we will see the some of the consequences of the reforms.

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And finally, I will make some analysis of do the reforms to be a provisional and now, he says, the reforms that, you know, are an ongoing process.

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So maybe things are not what they appear now or maybe they will be different or not.

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We don't know for sure no one's now. So the conclusion will be provisional.

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Well, let to begin. Let us begin with the basics.

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And voila, is the country what we can call off? War and hope sinks night in 1961.

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It has been in war. And what what we can call a liberation war.

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That liberation war against Portugal. The former colonial power endured deals.

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74, then a revolution occurred in Portugal.

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But in that revolution led to independence of Angola in seventy five in seventy five,

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three or four months after the signing of some agreements that were going to to produce independence, the Civil War began in Angola.

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The Civil War took place with some eyes and downs, but took place between seventy five and twenty two.

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So it was a very long civil war war after twenty to twenty thousand two.

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Angola began what we can call a process of reconstruction that did not went well, and we are going to talk about it.

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Um, Anglo is a very rich country, is nowadays the third largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa after South Africa and Nigeria.

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It has plenty of all diamonds. Those is it.

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And also very good. The waterways and splendid conditions for agricultural in regarding natural resources is a very it is a very rich country.

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Since 79, we have had President Bush and President Bush was one example of the big man in Africa who was president from 79 till 2017.

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The first president of Congo after independence was a poet.

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Then the medical doctor called existing net wealthy was him.

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Is there so called in Moscow, in Soviet Union?

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Then in not very clear circumstances, even today, we don't know exactly what weighs this up and what we know exactly.

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It was substituted by Russian descent was a man famous for his silence and is famous for doing nothing.

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And so sometimes those could be the more injuries.

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So even threat to power in 17:09 is a non dangerous man because he was always silenced in the in the back of the room,

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and he stayed there until last year. He was president first in a Marxist regime.

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Then he presided to a transition towards a kind of democratic regime.

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And after that, in twenty ten, he presides all through another kind of regime, also a democratic, so-called free democratic regime.

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Well, what what is true is that in 2016 27.

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Angola was one of the poorest countries in the world as a stagnant economy.

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And was it corruption everywhere?

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So no one really wanted Dos Santos to continue, and there was a very strong, popular pressure to change things and and change it.

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At least at first of names happened, and then third, the new president joined.

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What else do you see as the the one with the bowing to the former chief audience,

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who was the former minister of defence of Lushan, was from the same party?

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Let's say that it was the same. Parties seen 75 feel now that occupy power in Angola.

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The party called MP Del. And so, and the election of Lawrence was a lot of accusations of fraud happened.

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I participated in some of the discussions and it happened that the votes on the local polls were not transmitted to the regional polls.

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And then some results appear in the regional polls, and we don't know why.

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Well, but. So what what else was seen as a continuation of the regime?

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Another one. But since the beginning else, we initiated a novel historic and proposed and is the main aim was to fight corruption and is serious.

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We are going to see is that through fighting corruption, we create a series of consequences that we led to economic development.

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So corruption. Well, I'm anticipating the argument.

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So what does put it's so is main aim was to fight corruption and why fighting corruption is the main objective of the new president.

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And we can say of almost all the Angolan society.

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This is a picture that the team, I guess I'm part of it took at the one the morgue.

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And it's an example even the morgues don't do not function at one that at one the

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morgue each family carries these yellow jerry cans carries the box for that,

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and they have to wash themselves. They are. There's weeds of the water of jerry cans.

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They put the best in the box and they treat everything. So even even in death, there is no welfare, no institutions function, innuendo.

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And from this sweat, the small, small fact we have the big facts.

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The IMF found, for instance, in Twenty Twelve Me, thirty two billion of US dollars disappeared from state budget.

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We don't know why. Since 2014, the economy is in recession or stagnant malaria and epidemics killed a lot of people every every year.

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So those are facts we have to say.

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In the end, it is. It's the same time who did the.

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The idea is that corruption kills. The idea that was pre-facelift in Angolan society is that corruption kills is not the question of some ministers.

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If a cut of five percent and the rest continues, the cut sometimes is off and off percent because in exchange we have the morgue.

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But we have the president and the family of prison in and with yachts, with a lot of wealth and showing their wealth around the world.

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And that is the problem of corruption in Angola.

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Somehow sowore's right to fail and beat about what they call good corruption or the corruption that they put the the economic function.

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In that case in Angola,

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with the amounts diverted from the public treasury were so way that they influence the lives of the population and the development of the economy.

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So in the demonstrations that people use that mean corruption, criminal yawned.

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That means corruption in your scribe is the worst crime.

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Now he's seen that's the worst crime in Angola.

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As we are going to see further corruption is not exactly what we call technically corruption because under the mantle of corruption,

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there are a lot of behaviours, different behaviour.

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So when we talk about corruption, we are not talking about the roles that command international transparency concepts,

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but of the more large or broad gossip.

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The story of corruption in Angola is now all linked to what the economists call the frontiers of possibilities of production and costs of opportunity.

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We have here the good, the famous, the famous war if we produce.

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Guns we don't produce, but if you lose, but you don't produce guns, it's the usual single economics.

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What people say in language, if we if corruption, we don't have economic development,

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if we have a way of economic development, we have to erase corruption.

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So there is a direct link as there is the famous link of gangs and but there is

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a direct link between them corruption and economic good economic development.

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And why that link because of the amounts, for instance,

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in the programme of yellow fever that are supposed to gnaw which Norway that support some programme of yellow fever for for combat yellow fever.

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It was discovered that another percent of the programme was taken off by the minister and this stuff.

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It was not the question of five percent or 10 percent.

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It was a question of Anderson and the percent. So we that huge amounts.

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It's impossible to tolerate to tolerate any longer corruption because it's a question of option between development and corruption.

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So the essential theory is that combat corruption will make available a huge amount of money.

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It will create a new climate of confidence for investment as well,

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if the obstacles to free operation of the markets and their productive forces and economic growth will happen.

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It is not usual to link corruption directly to the idea of economic development, but these the the the well is the bit.

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Of Jewel, what else? But that means that the concept of corruption is not the legal concept, as you know,

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the legal concept is that corruption is a crime connect to receive certain amounts to perform or not certain acts.

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Your corruption is more seen as a system where the state a bit more a bit has happened in South Africa,

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but a broader and larger as some people occupy the state.

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And so that occupation they used the state to their own benefit.

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What are killing Bambi called the privatisation of sovereignty.

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In practise, it was what happened.

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The story goes now in Angola, the privatisation of sovereignty means that in-wall was a state withdrawal, but without population population.

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In fact, war was not important to political power because they didn't pay the taxes they did to enrich the political power.

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The taxes came from the oil.

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So the important thing was to protect the oil and the businesses so we can call while the kind of states that didn't need population.

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Well, those were the concepts.

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Those were the concepts that are in the base of the sort.

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Well, we don't look at the inner workings of the brain of the young audience,

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but as far as we can see through the conversations and the advisers and the sort of enquires and research

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that the previous concepts were the ones that were in the base of the sort of glorious Lawrence.

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Also, to a certain extent, the IMF and World Bank adds the same sort as when George Oriels announced these reforms,

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they revealed in a the projections concerning GDP and economic development.

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It was an error, but we are going to talk about it later.

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So we chart the reforms. The first reform is the risk.

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Sorry. The research was very important because Gloria, so almost every day, even for you,

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now speaks that its main aim is to combat corruption and impunity beyond do.

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There is sorry. We have what we can call the reforms or the changes that he has tried to make.

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The former. The first one was the dismissal of former leaders linked to president.

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Russia is famous Dr. Isabel Docents.

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That is, the the richest human in Africa, according to Forbes, was the message.

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This message from the CEO of Sun and Gold, the oil company is son of the shell that we call Xenu.

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That means it's an abbreviation for Joseph.

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Your means to search was dismissed from the sovereign fund, and there was a general change of the guard, let's say.

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So the first thing was the dismissal, mostly of the family of the former president, but that is not unusual.

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The second one was the abolition of someone monopolies.

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For instance, Isabel doesn't have the monopoly concerning diamond trade.

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And there were some tender contracts concerning the construction of dams.

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This was all news or abolish or abolished.

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Then we have the political empowerment of the torno attorney general to prosecute personnel,

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exposed persons in peace and the powers that there is New Jersey's lesson.

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But the general powers of the general attorney did not change.

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What changed was the political impulse, he was told.

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That's. Now, it was time to prosecute the former Vipers, and some prosecutions began.

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And the most famous was the arrest of the son of the former president, chairman of the sovereign fund and also of the former minister of Transport.

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With no prayer, no prisons, we had three or four cases, one case of a transfer of five hundred million dollars to one of them.

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I should say that London is always what we can call the perfect financial centre for all financial operations.

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In the end, concerning gets to be single and I suppose most of Africa.

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But in the UK, authorities announce that transfer and it created.

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A case, but this case is going on.

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The state has recovered the money but is going after and we have also new suggestions for asset recovery,

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so the focus is to match or is in asset recovery.

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The president wants to recover all the assets that are around the the legislation as we are going to see later.

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There's not one, but the most in what we can call.

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The symbol of the reforms is a person is in that arrest and it is the arrest of the son of the former president.

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He is now free, as I will explain later.

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So what were the first effects and consequences of those kind of reform who are not economically were not economical?

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The the and the leash of economic productivity of economic investment of foreign direct investment did not happen.

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Well, we have to say that we have only a year of the reforms, but few now the economy.

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The economy is still stagnant.

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The effects were to a popularity rise of Lawrence in Angola, and now he has the kind of legitimacy that he did not have sued the elections.

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But now is he has a residence, the children of the former president.

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And this means the children of the former president is a popular guy, you have to say.

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And it is a good international environment he's received in the capitals of Europe.

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He's well received in USA, but he's also well received in China and Russia.

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Yes, that good capital. Those are the effects. However, the reforms and what they have, what they call some ambiguities and the symmetries first.

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Those were reforms based on risk, sorry. And the legal cases and works.

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Wind blows words as we know and concern illegal cases.

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The question is that that that cases are now crumbling.

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What begin with great strengths from judicial now only when minister is under arrest?

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One and there were a lot of ministers and generals.

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And it does not seem that the cases are going forward effectively then to prosecute.

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It seems a lot of trampling what I call trampling of the rule of law.

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If, for instance, members of Parliament were detained without authorisation of Parliament Billy Bathgate,

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but then the courts were agreements were made. But the law prohibits it's it's forbidden, according to one goal in the law two way of plea bargains.

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No, it's not as Brazilian or the Westgate law. No specific structures were created to combat corruption.

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In fact, the deal last month, there was only one single prosecutor with all the cases.

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More VIPs were left outside the general sweeping than inside Manuel.

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If you sent these men here with might michele them of Brazil is an example.

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He was prosecuted in Portugal. The former Portuguese,

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the former colonial power due to questions of corruption and the new president was introduced

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in the diplomatic battle with Portugal to avoid and was successful to avoid that prosecution.

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And V.S. is considered by journalists in the investigative agencies the most corrupt of the past because he was the head before.

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Isabel dos Santos, the daughter of the Russians because it was the man of SonicWall, it was the oil man.

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So he is considered the worst. And even though he is considered the worst, he has the protection of the new president.

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So what we see is that same thing happened, but not very much.

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And in the end, the main objective that was equal economy recovery did not happen.

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The economy continues without any growth in the year.

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The IMF and World Bank, yeah, maybe they are confirmed the position of full Roma.

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That's a day off for former research director of the World Bank.

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That said that most sometimes there now is these are buyers due to political considerations, and it seems they saw Lawrence.

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We're now seeing a great sweep against corruption. And they revised the numbers of economy.

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And then after one year, the numbers were completely different, different because the fundamentals of the economy.

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They did not change. So we have here a cartoon of the most famous cartoonist of Angola called Sergio beside him.

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This is the President Claudius. He has six fight against corruption.

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This is hope that the people are getting less.

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Oh yeah, the that they're winning.

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Is, we say, government, all masses and attorney general misses.

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And this is now look what we can call in the in the cartoon.

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The results of the reforms, the hope is diminishing and the devil is winning, according to what we can call the popular view.

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This is from May. I suppose these four might be these these two.

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Of course, there were other reforms. A new private investment law, the reorganisation, a restructuring of SonicWall.

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But what people think is without success in fighting corruption, that the reforms will be useless.

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The great argument is this if we don't fight corruption, we can reform everything.

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But in the end, everything will stay the same.

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So beginning with conclusions, there is, in fact, a feeble fight against corruption and we can make.

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We can choose two ways to see what is happening in Angola.

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The first way, the first of first, the reality could be that in Angola, exactly the same as in China with Xi Jinping,

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the fight against corruption is mainly a way to reinforce the political power of the new president.

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So it's a way to and in the end is to reinforce political power.

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Now it's more popular to fight corruption than to embrace the corrupt.

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And so through that that policy, the president in the end will stay stronger.

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Another explanation for what is happening, this man with the glasses is a former Portuguese prime minister called Marcel.

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K10 is the last prime minister of the dictatorship that tried to open the dictator's ship to democracy,

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and people say that's flushed to the left and turned to the right because he has made very nice speeches.

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But in the end, he has adopt.

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We can call for simplifying fascist policies because not because it was his intention, but because the oligarchy of the regime obliged him.

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And so maybe the same is happening with Joan Lawrence.

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Maybe, yes, it tries to be and that chance of change.

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But the structure of the regime will not lead to change because it checks the structure of

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regime is strong based on the previous arrangements and will only allow cosmetic change.

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So I don't know. The question is, is that if this is the result of more insults,

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refurbishes will remain if this sees the result of arrest last week, if it is the result or not of Lorenson reforms.

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Nevertheless, I know I want, I want to.

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I want to put these out. Nevertheless, the gates are open them and this is the open.

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The new speech of Lawrence and the certain new freedom has put people now in Angola discussing

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seeing seriously and do we have here with the form with the famous civil society leader?

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I work. They now fulfilled the cinemas meetings of conferences.

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So there is what we can call a new political awareness that the reform, even if they are, they don't.

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They don't succeed. The people will, if we will try to make them succeed with their own own exigencies.

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So what? I believe that even if the reforms fail and they seem they have failed,

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what is not failing is that the gates are opening and and it will be difficult to to return back.

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And I have to add that at the same time, E are the C, even in Zimbabwe, in South Africa, in Mozambique, changes are occurring concerning the former.

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The former regimes are, you see, you are full also because Angola is at permanent,

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a permanent role in the changing in the DRC, DRC and so maybe in that region, things are changing generally.

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And that's it. Thank you for your attention and I hope.

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That I've been clear about it. Thank you.