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Hello, everyone, and welcome here. So over the next few minutes, I'll be explain to you my research on adaptation strategies to floating in Nigeria,

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specifically in Benin City, which is where my university is based.

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Now, for those of us who are popular with Afro music, how many of us have heard about Ghana like his music?

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Yeah. So one of his popular tracks is what know gets me right essentially means that water has no enemies.

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And when we think about it in that context, I think that song was supposed to portray how important water is in every aspect of our lives.

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So basically for washing, cleaning, eating, food production, practically everything you can do without water.

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Although I think from Fela's context, he was probably also making a political statement with that song because essentially for him,

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it was to say that with all the people, the governments can't function. So water has both a and ecological meaning is spiritual,

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meaning it physical meaning and also a social political meaning, both in the context of my discussion city.

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I think we need to think about Florida in the context of having no enemies as well.

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So when we think about flooding a lot of the times, we think about it as a disruption, as a problem.

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But that's essentially because the structures we have in place,

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the social ecological structures we have in place are not suited to dealing with flooding problems.

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So it then becomes a problem. But more and more, we're looking at listening to science in the area of water,

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trying to capitalise on flooding and water issues as a resource rather than being a problem.

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So in the context of this, my discussion is going to show how people have tried to adapt to flooding,

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to cope with it and to see how these coping strategies or adaptation strategies adopted have either been successful or not successful and why,

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especially in low income settings. So the presentation is essentially going to cost across five main issues a general description of

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Benin City and introduction into the governance structure or governance architecture of offloading

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and open management generally within the context of being in the coping strategies employed by people

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and probable pathways to ensuring that these coping strategies are successful or more effective.

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And then how enhanced how we can enhance adaptation strategies within that context.

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Now Benin city, the capital of a two states. So it's part of the Niger Delta region for those of us who knew about the Niger Delta,

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and it often experiences flash floods, especially during the rainy season.

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So when it rains, it really rains. It's been raining since I got here, but it would qualify more as drizzles in the context of Edo State.

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So it really rains. And when it rains, we have flash floods, and usually that's because we are drainage systems exist.

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The IDA blocks or the poorly constructed, or they're just not enough to carry the enough to carry the water that comes through from the rain.

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And when this happens, it disrupts activities. So you have long traffic lines.

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You have people not being able to go from one part of the city to the other parts of the city, and then you have businesses being shut down.

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And you also have damage to the roads, to infrastructure because of the flooding that it will cause.

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Now, in terms of the governance structure of managements generally has a multilevel governance structure in the context of Nigeria.

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So the Fed well, we have a federal system in Nigeria, the federal governments, and then we have the state governments and then the local governments.

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Now each of these levels of governments share some responsibility for flood management or bad managements.

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Generally, the federal government usually sets the tone for policy for policies and then the tone for actual interventions.

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The state government often has to implement the policies within their jurisdiction and then also implement

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strategies and projects that would actually ensure that your brand management's objectives are achieved.

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And then the local governments also have some role to play in terms of coordination of local efforts.

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Usually, the local governments has a more direct impacts in the local communities because they are closest to the local communities.

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Now, in terms of the policy drive, we didn't adjusted, for instance, it was a lot of reliance has been placed on the National Mall.

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So we have a national act that deals with urban management and planning, and that act is also relevant within the context of doing things.

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But very recently in the House of Assembly within the state has been has been working on a new law

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that would actually govern urban management policies and prospects within the state specifically,

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rather than relying on the federal laws. Now this is has its merits because it would be more it would be more relevant to the local context.

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This is a law that has been made by members of the community and members of the Legislature within that context in the states.

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But what we find is it mirrors very closely the provisions in the Federal Act as well,

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and a lot of the provisions in both the federal and the proposed state law

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are usually tailored towards engineering solutions that are floating problem. So there's a lot of emphasis on getting permits for infrastructure,

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and there's also a lot of emphasis on building things like stormwater drainage systems, technological solutions to the flooding problem.

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And this has its merits, but it also has its demerits, as will show in the context of this conversation.

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Now these three levels of governance to very large extent, there's no coherence in how the policies are implemented.

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So whereas the policies look good on paper, the laws are the actual implementation.

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There's a disconnect. So for instance, the fact that before you erect a building,

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you need to get permits from the governments, especially within the within the jurisdiction of states.

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You need to get permits from the state governments and then the state government has to

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ensure that whatever structure you want to put in place is not going to cause problems.

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For instance, you will be blocking drains or building in flood plains or creating more problems with the environment.

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Usually in practises, we find that people erect buildings,

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and if you don't get the right licences and sometimes licences are requested for retrospectively.

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So you have situations where the local authority comes and puts a sign saying bring down this building because it's causing one problem or the other.

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But in actual, in the actual sense of whether that building will come down or not is a different thing.

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So there's a lot of underlying political issues and there's a lot of incoherence in how these policies are actually implemented on the ground.

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And of course, in the context of low low income citizens,

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they probably would not have the opportunities in terms of the finances to be able to actually erect

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the kind of infrastructure that would be needed for technological solutions to flooding problems.

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So we find that that technological solution doesn't really work in the context of Low-Income Settings.

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Another another thing we find in the context of governance of governance,

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architecture architecture floating in Nigeria is that there's a difference between what is in the books and what is practised locally.

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So a lot of the times the community,

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the households rely on local knowledge and understanding of their environments to actually come up with solutions to the floating problems.

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And because the government doesn't really have a hands on approach in terms of actually managing what people do.

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There's a disconnect between what's the engineering solution or the formal solutions would be and what actually can.

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Zone in practise, it is then that there's a minimal interaction between those informal solutions or

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informal systems and from our knowledge systems or from our governance systems.

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And fourthly, we have a limited capacity for enforcement, clearly because the local government isn't really well equipped.

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So at the end of the day, some of the solutions so-called solutions, which are counterproductive,

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do not get nipped in the bud and go ahead and creates more problems in the long run.

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And then finally, like I already mentioned, there's an emphasis on technical solutions or technology,

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and this technology may not be accessible to people.

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And essentially, in terms of the effectiveness of technology, we find that there are other important factors because while you may have a technology,

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if people do not have the right knowledge to handle or use this technology productively, then it could cause more problems.

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For instance, if you have a drainage system and people for one reason or your that start to put the waste management system which blocks it,

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then the drainage system will not achieve the result, which it's supposed to achieve.

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So essentially, while technology has its merits, there are also non-technical factors which are more social that needs to be taken into account.

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And this would include capacity of the people to actually engage with this technology

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productively and also the understanding of how technology should work and even maintenance,

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for instance, because if the local people always have to rely on external people to come and maintain,

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then there could be a problem, especially in the context of Low-Income Settings.

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So what has happened is there's a picture, there's a picture there which shows a.

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I think we have. OK, so when I showed the first slide with the map, there's a roof there, which is supposed to be the Legault's being expressed.

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It's an expressway if federal road. And this is a route when it becomes flooded.

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Now this flood has happened, it's a federal route.

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But clearly, people using the route are everyday people and they have to find a way of dealing with the problem,

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and I'll show you how to try to deal with it.

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So in essence, well, it was a federal route and the rest of was the federal government to maintain this route.

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The problem that result actually affects people at the level of the state and at the local level,

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and they try to come up with solutions which may not always be effective and which may not always be sanctioned by the federal government.

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Now what are the solutions people have tried to come up with?

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I've tried to conceptualise the solutions into four main categories, and one of them is isolation.

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In that case, people have a problem with flooding,

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and then they decide on what would be the best solution to protect themselves or their properties from the damage that could result from flooding.

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And a lot of the times when they carry out the solutions is carried out in isolation in

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the sense that they do not take into consideration what their neighbours are doing,

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and they also do not take into consideration what the effects of their actions would be on their neighbours.

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So it's an eyesore missionary approach to addressing the flooding problem.

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Now this solution is contrary. I think it's contrary because it doesn't lead to an effective solution to the problem.

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And I also see that it's insignificant in insignificance, insensitive to the extent that it doesn't take into consideration a good understanding

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of what the environmental impacts would be or what people's responses would be.

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Now I know that another approach we usually find is alliance to the extent that people get involved at a community level.

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We would find committee meetings.

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Sometimes you have house when I was in the neighbourhood coming to get out to try and look for a common solutions to their problems,

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so people get involved to talk about the problem and then they try to forge solutions. But sometimes you find that they agree on a solution.

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But when it comes to actual implementation, some people do not get involved. Maybe because of the costs,

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or maybe because they think that the benefits which do gain from that intervention

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outweigh the monies that would have to spend in terms of getting the solution running.

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So as a result of that, you have them aligning themselves with the preparatory processes but refusing to

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get involved in the actual implementation and refusing to invest in the process.

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And so I've described that as being an alliance now on the top right corner, there's competition.

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In that case, people understand what the problem is. They understand the possible consequences of their actions.

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But they refused to do things in connexion with other people because they probably have the

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resources to be able to capture whatever solutions they are and use it for their own benefits,

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irrespective of how it would affect other people in the environments or even the actual environment in itself.

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Beyond the effects on humans in the environments, but the ideal situation would be one of cooperation.

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And for me, cooperation is a suspicion in which people understand how their actions impact on the environment.

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They also understand what the neighbours would be doing or what people in the environment would be doing to react to this problem.

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And they try to see how best to reach a solution that would be a Win-Win solution in the sense that they protect themselves.

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But he also did not cause harm to other people in the environment, so that would be the ideal situation, one of cooperation.

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And I've described it here as being affirmative in the sense that it is positive and that it's also of significance,

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intensity and the outcome which produces.

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So one example of isolation would be this the story behind this picture is the Florida picture I showed you inédit had it floating.

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What happened is because the what I would gather as more and more rain fell forward into people's neighbourhoods.

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And this is one of the neighbourhoods that has been affected.

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This picture over here used to be ruled, so it wasn't on tarred road, but at least it was possible.

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But because of all the water coming in on that side as a petrol station, so the petrol station builds a barrier around themselves.

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And as a result of that, the water could ensure any more forward and the water started coming back into the streets.

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And that is how the street became the way it has become. Now, on the other side of the story building, there is a new complex being set up.

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That person bought the property and realised that if he left it like that, the water would come into his own property.

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And so he also built a barrier around his property. So on both sides, the built barriers and then what has been forced into down the streets.

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And so that's an example of how people build barriers that protects themselves well,

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because it does in isolation, it compounds the problem for the collective.

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Now, this is an example of competition in this case, what they did is that they channel the water away from themselves.

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And this is the possible what I would then see over time because of what I would think backpacks consistently, it has started to erode the road.

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So the road is becoming damaged. Now this is the other side of the flooded part that I showed you before now.

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So at the end of the day, you're protecting, they're protecting themselves. But because they're channelling the water in a way from themselves,

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because they understand that the water can be channelled out of their own properties to the adjoining property.

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They are creating more problems again for the collective.

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Now, this is alliance in this case, this is when I described to you about people actually getting involved in what should be the solution,

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but because maybe the cost is too much for them to be.

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Or do you think the benefits do derive from that collective solution is not what they decide to do something that would benefit them directly.

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So this is alliance and the effects of this is we have high rates of I mean,

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they've been cases of people dying because of the flawed cases of children, for instance.

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There was once a child coming back from school, was crossing the route and then got,

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you know, carried away by the floodwaters as it has been morbidity,

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morbidity, mortality and morbidity, loss of lives, loss of livelihoods, economic livelihoods, loss of property value.

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And then there's been people moving away from the community because of the flooding problems. And there are some pictures to show.

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So this used to be a shop, but then the store owner had to shut it down because of course,

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no one's going through that route anymore and have also built some kind of embankments.

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You can see the something they've built in front to raise the front of the building such that water doesn't come in when it rains.

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And then this is a view petrol station. But I've also had to put so much sand in front of it that cars can no longer driving to buy petrol from them.

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So the petrol station is more or less losing. Business is more or less shut down now.

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This used to be seen by markets where people used to sell wood, but of course, because of the flooding problem is no longer in business.

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And this used to be a route in front of the house, but the road is no longer passable and so they've also lost.

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The property has also lost value because people can no longer come here to live as a result of this problem.

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Now, in the context of all of this, I see that cooperation is a mean ideal situation we should be looking at.

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But then it is not what exists on the ground without all that solutions that people are adopting,

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which may not be the best, including competition, isolation and alliance.

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My background is in law, but I understand that, for instance, there are people working in sustainable water management.

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More from a technical aspects that try to map people's approaches to flooding and people's adaptation strategies.

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So I think that it would be important for the lawyers to actually collaborate with these technical fields and

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see how best we can try and convert people's actions or try and incentivise people to move from competition,

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alliance or isolation to actual cooperation.

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Because cooperation is the ideal situation in which we're are able to get a win win for both individuals and the collective and,

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of course, the environment as well.

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So here I've put down six probable pathways to cooperation, but there could be more, of course, depending on the local context.

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So the ideal would be to move from competition to cooperation and to do that, for instance.

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There has to be different levels of autism of learning.

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So first of all, because in competition, people already have an understanding of what the environmental consequences are,

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then that should be encouraged so that understanding should be encouraged. But beyond that, we have to try to change people's assumptions as well.

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The assumption that protecting oneself is the most important thing, and once we protect ourselves in the short term,

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then we can ensure that we do not suffer consequences in the long term.

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And that's a wrong assumption because clearly even is flawed or cause even though one's property is protected,

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the fact that a sort of cause and there could be some kind of disease outbreak, one cannot be protected from that, for instance.

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So those assumptions need to be corrected at second order learning.

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And then finally, there has to be an emphasis on also showing that there's need to move from a focus on just one's

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own beliefs or one's when admissions and protection to actually ensuring the collective good.

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Because at the end of the day, once the environment is protected,

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the benefits are more sustainable and it's more widespread and more consistent for everybody in the environment.

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So competition would then require three at least three levels of learning, and then isolation would require, for instance,

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more knowledge, because at that level, the people really do not understand how their actions affect all the people.

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So it would be important that we invest more in improving people's understanding of the environmental

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consequences of their actions and how their actions would affect other people in the environment.

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So not just the environmental consequences, but also the social consequences as well.

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And at the level of alliance, it will be important to try and convince people about the need for negotiation of the benefits.

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So the fact that you already understand the environmental consequences is already a good step.

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But beyond that, they need to understand how to move from just focussing on what benefits them as individuals and to see how best

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they can actually get involved in the actual implementation of the collective solutions that have been reached.

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So does that a three or does that to six batteries that I think could be

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considered in the long term in terms of adaptation strategies and in enhancing?

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So that's what I've just explained a solution that needs to be more knowledge.

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Competition days have negotiation and then change of assumptions and allows it to be integration between what we could do

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in the individual space with what happens at a collective level and for cooperation and cooperation is the ideal system.

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So we need to just try and reinforce that. But of course, as shown in the example here, we really don't have institutional cooperation just yet.

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So in essence, for me, when it comes to enhancing adaptation strategies in low income settings,

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we need to look beyond just the focus on technologies to also look at. The core aspects, especially capacity and their knowledge as well.

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And if we think about this in the broader context of the tragedy of the Commons, for instance, the fact that once you have commons,

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there will always be this tendency for people to want to just protect themselves

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gets what he can without actually putting more into protecting age from damage.

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So that's something that needs to be addressed, and that is something that cannot be addressed sustainably through just technology in itself.

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It has to be addressed by combining both technology and soft.

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Well, what we would call the softer elements, but non technical aspects like knowledge,

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knowledge dissemination and chains that promotes collective the collective good and collective outcomes,

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rather than focussing on just individual benefits or individual outcomes. Thank you.

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Thank you so much. All right, questions.