1 00:00:02,450 --> 00:00:04,810 So much for joining us today. 2 00:00:04,810 --> 00:00:13,240 We've been having a little bit of Internet connectivity problems, so we're gonna just cross our fingers and hope that everything works, OK? 3 00:00:13,240 --> 00:00:17,110 But bear with us just in case it doesn't. 4 00:00:17,110 --> 00:00:28,990 So it's my great pleasure to welcome to the seminar series Job, George Bob Milliard, who's joining us now, I think from Ghana, 5 00:00:28,990 --> 00:00:38,920 where he's a senior lecturer at the Department of History and Political Studies at the Kwasman Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. 6 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:47,080 He'll also be joining us here at Oxford. We hope next year as an ethics fellow, COGAT vaccine permitting. 7 00:00:47,080 --> 00:00:55,180 I very much hope. And today he'll be talking to us about presidential campaign stops in Ghana. 8 00:00:55,180 --> 00:01:02,350 And because we're having some Internet problems. George is just going to keep his camera off for now. 9 00:01:02,350 --> 00:01:08,440 And we'll try to show PowerPoint and hope it works. And there should be plenty of time for questions at the end. 10 00:01:08,440 --> 00:01:20,230 So, as always, do store up your questions. And when it comes time for questions, feel free to just use the raised hand button on teams. 11 00:01:20,230 --> 00:01:28,180 We'll be monitoring that. Or you can type your question in a chat or you can PM me any questions you have. 12 00:01:28,180 --> 00:01:33,040 And then at the end, after the questions, we'll just hang around for a few more minutes. 13 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:39,910 If anyone wants to talk to George Moore and formally or introduce themselves again, Internet permitting. 14 00:01:39,910 --> 00:01:43,270 OK. So I will turn off my camera now. 15 00:01:43,270 --> 00:01:48,760 And George, it's over to you and Brenda over to you on the PowerPoint. 16 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:55,760 All right. Right. 17 00:01:55,760 --> 00:02:01,180 Thank you, Liz. I hope you can hear me. Yes, we can hear you really well. 18 00:02:01,180 --> 00:02:08,370 Excellent. Thank you so much for the invitation to take part in your so mysterious. 19 00:02:08,370 --> 00:02:14,210 Is hoping that a. Next year, I'll be able, Jenny. 20 00:02:14,210 --> 00:02:19,960 Looking forward to that. It's all my talk is on. 21 00:02:19,960 --> 00:02:25,840 She's gone. And I've to. A presidential campaign stops in Ghana. 22 00:02:25,840 --> 00:02:31,630 This is a club that we started with back in 2009. 23 00:02:31,630 --> 00:02:39,940 So I'm meeting on Tuesday, we did with my colleague, Dr. Jeffrey Miller in San Francisco. 24 00:02:39,940 --> 00:02:50,080 So what I'm going to present is there's the elementary detail that we've put together so that we can have some conversations, 25 00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:54,580 our own issues that what we've got. Right. 26 00:02:54,580 --> 00:03:01,390 So next piece. Right. 27 00:03:01,390 --> 00:03:12,400 Within the context of a deposition. Right. 28 00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:20,300 I say that this. It's within the context of democratisation. 29 00:03:20,300 --> 00:03:31,170 I'd like to start the discussion by looking at the intelligence community, the democracy index, that over the years, 30 00:03:31,170 --> 00:03:39,210 as we assess the state of democracy in the world, democracy index, media, democracy and democracy. 31 00:03:39,210 --> 00:03:49,520 It's under five categories electoral process, role in the fashioning of governments. 32 00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:56,260 But the gap between popular culture and familiarities. 33 00:03:56,260 --> 00:04:03,150 Police based on these. 34 00:04:03,150 --> 00:04:08,640 Categorisation, the economics, the. 35 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:13,240 Today, that democracy index categorised. 36 00:04:13,240 --> 00:04:21,430 Plus countries and floridly taxes. We have a full democracy that I very few country global US democracy. 37 00:04:21,430 --> 00:04:28,330 We'll have a flawed democracy. You have Hobley democracy and you have a lot of tyranny reaching. 38 00:04:28,330 --> 00:04:43,570 Now, in the context of Harry Reid, Jimson Teruggi, what I'm disgusting is irrelevant when you try to upload that to the upper can taste that. 39 00:04:43,570 --> 00:04:58,150 A lot of the things that we have in Africa, democracy that they have come under these tent was some squalid Washington, D.C. rejean types. 40 00:04:58,150 --> 00:05:13,110 Next, please. So they're 18, 19 index reported that. 41 00:05:13,110 --> 00:05:19,800 Almost half of the world population live in a democracy of some sort. 42 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,360 However, only six percent reside in a democracy. 43 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:34,860 So the rest that 90 per cent reside in one of these either is flawed to have a regime, authoritarian regime. 44 00:05:34,860 --> 00:05:40,400 Then the Panthers of Africa. It is actually very surprising. 45 00:05:40,400 --> 00:05:46,800 It depends how you look at it. The mortgagors is classified as a full democracy. 46 00:05:46,800 --> 00:05:54,420 The US world in water in 2016 and I'm sure they've been tainted in those that will come. 47 00:05:54,420 --> 00:05:59,830 The U.S. is likely to remain as a flawed democracy. 48 00:05:59,830 --> 00:06:10,650 Next, please. So according to their to their democracy index. 49 00:06:10,650 --> 00:06:17,900 The world global democracy also fell from five point four dollars in the eighteen 50 00:06:17,900 --> 00:06:25,730 point four and is likely to do the performance of states in sub-Saharan Africa, 51 00:06:25,730 --> 00:06:30,500 Latin America, the Middle East, North Africa. 52 00:06:30,500 --> 00:06:37,100 Now, the question I asked for, our reflection is for us. 53 00:06:37,100 --> 00:06:44,100 Do look at this, this is not democracy in Africa and for my particular interest in West Africa. 54 00:06:44,100 --> 00:07:02,030 What is the status of democracy in West Africa? The of democracy in West Africa in 2019 in trading Nitin. 55 00:07:02,030 --> 00:07:09,380 This will be in West Africa. Subregion. They've been categorised under these labels that total. 56 00:07:09,380 --> 00:07:18,900 And initially it's like that to have a. A lot of countries coming under the label. 57 00:07:18,900 --> 00:07:28,500 Then you have to repair regimes. And in the case of blues, as liberal arts flood, you have a DVD. 58 00:07:28,500 --> 00:07:33,570 And then the same category would be us. So, again, 59 00:07:33,570 --> 00:07:45,930 the point I emphasise is that that's a telling this despite the fact that West Africa is this multiparty democracy where nearly three decades, 60 00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:53,010 not three challenges. And this is very important as we move forward. 61 00:07:53,010 --> 00:08:00,010 Next slide, please. Not in the year 2020. 62 00:08:00,010 --> 00:08:06,190 It be literally as a legend in West Africa. 63 00:08:06,190 --> 00:08:13,840 Many states upheld or are likely to be holding presidential and legislative elections this year. 64 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:18,300 The lawyer. Yeah. Yeah. 65 00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:29,680 Which guess money, though, if there are elections in if not being disputed and eventually led to a military taking over. 66 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:34,540 Or is it more recently in the States. 67 00:08:34,540 --> 00:08:41,150 Luckily were victims of course, anyway, boycotted by the opposition. 68 00:08:41,150 --> 00:08:43,470 Now this is very troubling. 69 00:08:43,470 --> 00:08:54,120 But looking at where I work, which is coming from telling you that he dies a few months in the palace, adopted multiparty elections. 70 00:08:54,120 --> 00:08:58,550 And for us in Ghana, that's our Western neighbour. 71 00:08:58,550 --> 00:09:03,570 And yes, is a chant Danger and Mos Def trying to solve a day. 72 00:09:03,570 --> 00:09:14,210 And we are getting ready to have our next list. 73 00:09:14,210 --> 00:09:22,390 Now, this debate about democratisation, but tend to emphasise that. 74 00:09:22,390 --> 00:09:27,710 African countries, I look at ties in true relations. 75 00:09:27,710 --> 00:09:39,190 It is likely true that the transition to civilian assistance to multi-party systems where relations and it is very important. 76 00:09:39,190 --> 00:09:43,780 Edited by Stephane Limbered myself. 77 00:09:43,780 --> 00:09:50,050 General Peter used to look at and kiss that in the context of Ghana. 78 00:09:50,050 --> 00:09:59,100 Ghana has since 1992 been holding regular elections and that democracy doesn't understand on an even plane. 79 00:09:59,100 --> 00:10:09,310 But occasionally you have democratic ruptures and that this rupture is allowed guys to stay in line and allow the ideas to align. 80 00:10:09,310 --> 00:10:13,750 It allows lending. It allows for the improvement of the system and let. 81 00:10:13,750 --> 00:10:18,150 Yes. Democratic right. A very important then. 82 00:10:18,150 --> 00:10:27,260 But I still say that is relevant for the countries that I'm discussing is the question that Jimi began asked. 83 00:10:27,260 --> 00:10:35,410 He told him that what motivates African citizens to vote and what what issues do be people? 84 00:10:35,410 --> 00:10:39,110 Now, for the context that I'm discussing and looking at, 85 00:10:39,110 --> 00:10:46,730 her campaign stops in Ghana is very important for us to look at the issues that Ghanaian presidents are founded. 86 00:10:46,730 --> 00:10:51,400 A splendid campaign. Then it's important for us to stick to the discussion. 87 00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:57,170 What must be done is good for the party that they do vote for. 88 00:10:57,170 --> 00:11:02,150 It is very important, not least a broad based. 89 00:11:02,150 --> 00:11:07,020 The discussion that we're having around our, what, just very preliminary. 90 00:11:07,020 --> 00:11:14,550 And I would appreciate the comments pointing to literature that you feel is relevant and which. 91 00:11:14,550 --> 00:11:22,760 Next, let me. No. 92 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:29,690 And Miss. Is the issue of the puppet of little goodies in West Africa? 93 00:11:29,690 --> 00:11:37,620 Delegitimizes QST. It's going to cost Democratico stagnation and backsliding. 94 00:11:37,620 --> 00:11:46,340 And the examples are not able to find that they. But we have opinion in Mali in the Lockwood is. 95 00:11:46,340 --> 00:11:54,400 These are of improvements. Rather, I did a detailed regression in this commission case. 96 00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:59,900 But of course, there will be eight iterations will vary from state to state. 97 00:11:59,900 --> 00:12:17,220 Biologically, they behave well in marriages was a very sharp factor in the I do offer these democracies that, well, not exactly like these. 98 00:12:17,220 --> 00:12:20,920 Now I come to Ghana. 99 00:12:20,920 --> 00:12:32,260 My sister Ghana, reintroduce the politics in 1992 after reluctance. 100 00:12:32,260 --> 00:12:43,950 Displayed. It's the. Late entry into a democratisation is often a single one of the most mature democracies in Africa. 101 00:12:43,950 --> 00:12:55,050 Now, if you look at the economic intelligence community in Ghana is ranked at number five out of the country, though, in sub-Saharan Africa. 102 00:12:55,050 --> 00:13:07,500 Right. And it has done well. Unique is that has a complex system and a number of very stable democratic institutions. 103 00:13:07,500 --> 00:13:16,240 Next slide, please. Let's go. Let's have some commentators supplement citizen academics. 104 00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:22,850 Sees Ghana as a model. It's a model for the rest of the continent. 105 00:13:22,850 --> 00:13:32,690 But Ghana is essentially a democracy that we have not improved on its performance lately, what good it has. 106 00:13:32,690 --> 00:13:38,210 What is unique is the conduct of elections. 107 00:13:38,210 --> 00:13:42,770 But the quality of it. They did a democratic dividend. 108 00:13:42,770 --> 00:13:50,660 It isn't island for the reasons why we put forth as be in dispute as to what our system is delivering. 109 00:13:50,660 --> 00:13:54,680 But the point is that you start a model. 110 00:13:54,680 --> 00:14:10,010 Democracy is based on history. Gotcha. Look at the challenges with building Lapland. 111 00:14:10,010 --> 00:14:24,400 What I media as a leader, it's been a very long party that we jail for making that a symbol that very challenging. 112 00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:30,570 There've been a lot of at least apparently as we speak, right in public. 113 00:14:30,570 --> 00:14:31,170 But before that, 114 00:14:31,170 --> 00:14:44,670 there were three videos published that most of the ones that garner support from public was built on the foundation of authoritarianism, 115 00:14:44,670 --> 00:14:56,010 and that perhaps that history of Turian rule informs the decisions that citizens make when it comes to voting. 116 00:14:56,010 --> 00:15:03,210 That, of course, is a generational issue. And many of today's generation never lived. 117 00:15:03,210 --> 00:15:22,500 And the military regime in the US is this young generation that are giving support to the multi-party system that the country's president misled this. 118 00:15:22,500 --> 00:15:35,300 Still talking about the building blocks before all of that, the building collapse appears to have an agreement on the rules of the game at this hour, 119 00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:40,860 a consensus amongst the two dominant strategies that have given standard the 120 00:15:40,860 --> 00:15:47,360 return to multi-party politics and that they the last one elusive mission. 121 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:53,580 Well, unlike Donald Trump, who would meet an unlikely, they will not move on. 122 00:15:53,580 --> 00:16:02,690 So it is a little unsettled in a way contributed to the cause of darkness. 123 00:16:02,690 --> 00:16:11,530 The next slide, please. 124 00:16:11,530 --> 00:16:25,360 Of course, above all, what is very important as a building block, in my opinion, is a Jewish talisman, which is not going fishing. 125 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:36,790 Has come to Rigolets. Party politics that come too late, it doesn't end with our tent limits. 126 00:16:36,790 --> 00:16:43,530 And then I'm. No, no, no party has attempted amending the Constitution. 127 00:16:43,530 --> 00:16:54,010 They then have to tend to govern and let a gradual institutionalisation of programmatic politics, 128 00:16:54,010 --> 00:16:59,050 where ideas not reign instead of populism and populism is there. 129 00:16:59,050 --> 00:17:11,470 But it is likely about debating ideas, about debating which policy framework, which I develin blueprint is relevant moving forward. 130 00:17:11,470 --> 00:17:28,000 Next slide, please. Of course, on top of that, a very stable democratic institutions that are left with a functioning legislature. 131 00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:36,400 Dominated by two black artists like Paul Oberly, a husband, an independent judiciary. 132 00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:43,350 That's Kreisky when. This is the rule of law and respect for due process. 133 00:17:43,350 --> 00:17:48,090 Then there's the protection for civil liberties and the rights and freedoms. 134 00:17:48,090 --> 00:17:52,290 They have a civil society organisation and the free press. Allegedly. 135 00:17:52,290 --> 00:18:06,100 Now, all of these institutions have contributed to making Ghana a model democracy, one that if you compare it to its peers, 136 00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:12,820 that is that it is not working for Ghana, but in other countries, you wouldn't find that negative. 137 00:18:12,820 --> 00:18:23,540 When I was rescued on the freedom to associate lead, next door is only with a major issue. 138 00:18:23,540 --> 00:18:28,620 Right. So this is. But the democracy that Ghana parties is just not perfect. 139 00:18:28,620 --> 00:18:43,280 All right. So in the next light, please. I tried to look at some of the defects of this model democracy that Ghana has built over the years. 140 00:18:43,280 --> 00:18:48,450 Next slide, please. Yes. In the first place. 141 00:18:48,450 --> 00:18:53,450 Gundars democracy. Remains a work in progress. 142 00:18:53,450 --> 00:18:58,950 Dilatant, indeed. And the. 143 00:18:58,950 --> 00:19:09,720 The book is in itself the way it's been designed. It does not contribute to making it very suitable or the blue collar position in the 144 00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:16,230 sense that the winner takes it all makes it almost impossible for the Compazine 145 00:19:16,230 --> 00:19:24,180 unless you implement Layton or whose government did the governing party comes 146 00:19:24,180 --> 00:19:30,660 along and takes over the way supposed to be when it makes it or that another. 147 00:19:30,660 --> 00:19:39,050 That is a challenging is this partisanship that so endemic and they can impose assistant. 148 00:19:39,050 --> 00:19:48,180 But it does affect the long term development plan because once one party dominates and they have control of parliament and acidity, 149 00:19:48,180 --> 00:19:52,890 everything is just a moment our only that is power. 150 00:19:52,890 --> 00:20:02,310 This affects the long standing planning. Next slide, please. 151 00:20:02,310 --> 00:20:15,230 Opposed. Then there's the question of extreme pro-life paralyzation, which is the guy on tape that seems to be a perpetual campaign mood Konstanty. 152 00:20:15,230 --> 00:20:22,310 Why is the new president his a government is in power. The Bushes that campaigning on the very day that the president is gone. 153 00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:34,400 Okay. Liberal democracy, the way it's practised, has contributed mightily qualities in Ghana, Rabanne knocked out OK. 154 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:46,640 It is a boom and bust. I need to point out that, Mr. Ladley, a lot of people left out of these gains that the middle class is getting. 155 00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:51,560 There the issue of a low intensity little Obama is at least plucked of balance. 156 00:20:51,560 --> 00:21:00,210 That with an alleged sale comes up. Ghana is going to the polls in December. 157 00:21:00,210 --> 00:21:05,420 Police have just released a report that were deployed there and at LA Hotbox. 158 00:21:05,420 --> 00:21:11,120 And overall, Muslim housing hotspots have been identified. 159 00:21:11,120 --> 00:21:16,700 Now, just ask both that violence is likely to degenerate into something else. 160 00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:24,320 And for a country that has practised multiparty politics for nearly three decades, these are troubling issues. 161 00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:36,890 Next slide, please. That there's the issue of, well, I represented with these highly skilled getting fed up. 162 00:21:36,890 --> 00:21:48,710 Uh, Mills is a monthly world. These women are underrepresented in this decision making bodies across the country, 163 00:21:48,710 --> 00:21:58,780 even with impact structures from the national women's, organised this rule women struggle to do to to find a space in this environment. 164 00:21:58,780 --> 00:22:06,710 Okay, this is a problem. And that, of course, a very progressive state that wants to advance should be addressing all of these. 165 00:22:06,710 --> 00:22:16,350 But sadly, it looks slightly. 166 00:22:16,350 --> 00:22:26,390 Yes, about all the most troubling is a Jewish analyzation of what clearly referred to as the Monique Christie No Democrat philharmonics. 167 00:22:26,390 --> 00:22:30,460 And they say that term party politics, 168 00:22:30,460 --> 00:22:44,610 public service monetise if only those with a deep pocketed donors to buy support and funded their campaign to get into a public office. 169 00:22:44,610 --> 00:22:50,530 Of course, because that campaign financing is highly unregulated. 170 00:22:50,530 --> 00:22:58,900 And this just goes give rise to political corruption. The daily reports of corruption not only in one party, but across the board. 171 00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,100 All of that, anytime they are the government. 172 00:23:01,100 --> 00:23:11,690 It's the same story in Gagnon's were telling me when I interviewed in several years, said, well, that funded it indirectly. 173 00:23:11,690 --> 00:23:17,000 The access group of things they must eat from public office. 174 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:22,690 This is a gift that doesn't have the system. 175 00:23:22,690 --> 00:23:29,390 Now I'll go to. The debt should be the final session. 176 00:23:29,390 --> 00:23:38,350 Next slide, please. It is on a list, companies. Ingunn. 177 00:23:38,350 --> 00:23:42,420 Next year in Ghana, parliamentary campaigns are done. 178 00:23:42,420 --> 00:23:51,270 These are things. But above all, a Zeppelin dial lady, a company that attract popular support and interests. 179 00:23:51,270 --> 00:23:58,220 Then they added. Listen, I may related campaigns organised from party headquarters. 180 00:23:58,220 --> 00:24:09,870 And are almost always ended around the presidential nominee, of course, last pitched, organised and media own legend campaigns. 181 00:24:09,870 --> 00:24:20,170 And it's Larfleeze. Not like this lady motivated. 182 00:24:20,170 --> 00:24:29,330 To win elections at all costs and in the general contest, there is no official appeal of dedicated campaigning. 183 00:24:29,330 --> 00:24:34,170 So like I said earlier, always in the virtual campaign. 184 00:24:34,170 --> 00:24:40,250 Right. And a lot of things. Did. 185 00:24:40,250 --> 00:24:44,290 Party machines. If the party that is dominant. 186 00:24:44,290 --> 00:24:49,640 Do you have a time period that began campaigning? 187 00:24:49,640 --> 00:24:59,450 If you are interested in parliamentary, the possibility which I'll campaign about all incumbency imposes tighter restrictions on the tender. 188 00:24:59,450 --> 00:25:06,980 And nothing compares Neistat. Next slide, please. 189 00:25:06,980 --> 00:25:14,850 Now, I come on to talk on the Perugian, that's where working on, like I said from the beginning, that this is a work in progress. 190 00:25:14,850 --> 00:25:26,980 This is the first presentation that I'm making that I'll just give you what the idea behind this project and all the time to look at, 191 00:25:26,980 --> 00:25:31,990 especially with No. Where is the shot? 192 00:25:31,990 --> 00:25:41,130 You need to do it. Well, in we media to that they emphasise at each stop. 193 00:25:41,130 --> 00:25:44,970 So in the literature, there's very little on it. 194 00:25:44,970 --> 00:25:50,990 And we feel that it's so important and that we need to look back. 195 00:25:50,990 --> 00:26:02,570 So the industry has documented where politicians move, why did Google Google, why they choose to focus on the areas they go? 196 00:26:02,570 --> 00:26:07,610 Why did you start a summit when they visit last year? 197 00:26:07,610 --> 00:26:18,230 This is very relevant for for for LBJ. We feel that this is an area that needs veracity, and that is why we're doing that. 198 00:26:18,230 --> 00:26:27,980 Netflix. Essentially, we are intending to compile a database. 199 00:26:27,980 --> 00:26:34,970 All information. Have you done that much out or you stopped going? 200 00:26:34,970 --> 00:26:45,560 We stayed in 2016, like I said from the beginning. So this is the second national campaign stop that we're compiling them on. 201 00:26:45,560 --> 00:26:48,130 We are interested in where. 202 00:26:48,130 --> 00:27:00,230 When they did begun an election campaign where the presidential candidates moved on, what issues and emphasised at each stop? 203 00:27:00,230 --> 00:27:04,180 The study documents exactly what the politicians really do. 204 00:27:04,180 --> 00:27:14,960 We're all interested in what they really do. All right, let's let this. 205 00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:20,030 No, they did this also luckily were used in newspapers, 206 00:27:20,030 --> 00:27:28,760 written for newspapers by using daily graphic and Gannan Times daily graphic and guy named are owned by receipts and. 207 00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:36,890 Well, these are newspapers of record. They report official information and comments by the president. 208 00:27:36,890 --> 00:27:40,850 What? They lead the DST on their own. 209 00:27:40,850 --> 00:27:43,080 We look at them. 210 00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:56,360 Those that are aligned to main parties difference and the Daily Guide and Chronicle of Crew MPP, then the Herald and The Heritage through NBC. 211 00:27:56,360 --> 00:28:02,170 So we collect information from newspapers. There are also monitor. 212 00:28:02,170 --> 00:28:09,750 Deal. Look at things like live news conference, like coverage. 213 00:28:09,750 --> 00:28:18,510 But a lot of Liberty Township, we need we need to begin to clean it up. 214 00:28:18,510 --> 00:28:25,850 They will also pay close attention to the company's piddles on social media platforms, Facebook, Twitter. 215 00:28:25,850 --> 00:28:31,610 Dan, on the Internet to us is like going nowhere lightly. 216 00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:36,700 The source did not like losing it. 217 00:28:36,700 --> 00:28:43,720 It's. And monitoring their campaigns? No, we're collecting information from our distance, but of course, 218 00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:52,780 we feel that this is the safest reliable way to collect information on what we're are trying to work on. 219 00:28:52,780 --> 00:29:02,490 Next slide, please. No, we tried to. 220 00:29:02,490 --> 00:29:09,850 Dieter. We'll look at the date of the campaign event. 221 00:29:09,850 --> 00:29:17,260 They revised to whether the candidate missing major ethical agreements then was interested in the intermediary. 222 00:29:17,260 --> 00:29:23,380 This is whether people ambition as holding the presidential candidate. 223 00:29:23,380 --> 00:29:28,410 Then we can embrace on information also based on interest groups. 224 00:29:28,410 --> 00:29:35,290 And this refers to any mission more specific. President Kennedy Kennedy demanded campaign platform. 225 00:29:35,290 --> 00:29:48,590 There's a slightly. Then cut to. 226 00:29:48,590 --> 00:29:57,910 In fact, promised that respect to the normal speculative families, we look at a distributed plan. 227 00:29:57,910 --> 00:30:04,060 When you look at a public which defers to making a claim about what is in the best interest of Dannion public, 228 00:30:04,060 --> 00:30:10,400 and we also categorise based on evolution, which what you're faced with the. 229 00:30:10,400 --> 00:30:20,040 I really try to lead a passive performance. Which opening's nice like this. 230 00:30:20,040 --> 00:30:29,420 Now that they dictate the terms of the parties, currently, they are close to nearly. 231 00:30:29,420 --> 00:30:32,160 Dateable, go back to that time. We just did. 232 00:30:32,160 --> 00:30:44,950 And by a commission of ban proposed all of these by these elements to apply a divinely statutory argument of relevance, 233 00:30:44,950 --> 00:30:51,530 multi-party system to any kids who settled on the two dominant parties. 234 00:30:51,530 --> 00:30:56,070 But since 1992, they've been seven elections. 235 00:30:56,070 --> 00:31:03,260 And these messages have been won either by the Congress, the Tea Party. 236 00:31:03,260 --> 00:31:10,560 These are the two welcome parties that the city is concerned with and is presidential. 237 00:31:10,560 --> 00:31:18,730 And we do see that it is trying to mop up the militia on paystubs, smaller parties. 238 00:31:18,730 --> 00:31:22,710 But of course, these are the domino minds then. 239 00:31:22,710 --> 00:31:27,760 Is this a chaplain? And that is why it will settle an issue like this. 240 00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:32,380 Yes. Now, let me be clear, Report.com. So let me clarify. 241 00:31:32,380 --> 00:31:49,850 And next slide, please. Makes. 242 00:31:49,850 --> 00:32:03,290 Now, when it comes to where the presidential candidates go left, the first little side that we just move for. 243 00:32:03,290 --> 00:32:08,500 These are the regions where they do the campaign stops. 244 00:32:08,500 --> 00:32:14,330 Well, you find the 2016 what is the 2020 still going? 245 00:32:14,330 --> 00:32:19,500 Not that everything now, as we said, is that the most in 2016? 246 00:32:19,500 --> 00:32:23,600 Well, the Guitar Guy region, that is multinational companies. 247 00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:32,460 Then in the same light, you look as an entity that guitar craft in the moon's region by two, please, Mr. Kennedy. 248 00:32:32,460 --> 00:32:37,700 They stopped there. And this about they went to market listings. 249 00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:42,440 They went to all other places. We play reading it next. 250 00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:46,700 Is there a central region in eastern region? 251 00:32:46,700 --> 00:32:50,720 Was the next listed most and central region. 252 00:32:50,720 --> 00:32:56,420 Then in 2020, we realised that the volatile region is coming next. 253 00:32:56,420 --> 00:33:01,260 The guitar carrying almost 22 [INAUDIBLE]. That's brilliant. 254 00:33:01,260 --> 00:33:19,400 Now, next, please. Yes, we can. 255 00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:33,290 The next line is. Oh, my fault. 256 00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:38,700 But if you're shooting on this. 257 00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:54,080 What I tried to show you is that we don't have a by the metal picked off corner and that the rigid that the presidential candidates moved to 2016. 258 00:33:54,080 --> 00:33:57,840 Their regions in 2020 create a new region. 259 00:33:57,840 --> 00:34:04,860 So we have sixteen regions and do that the regions where they can make that. 260 00:34:04,860 --> 00:34:10,500 So they get that every day. It is there one that has seen the most. 261 00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:15,540 Campaign stops followed by the eastern region. 262 00:34:15,540 --> 00:34:20,760 In 2015, the treaty printed media data. 263 00:34:20,760 --> 00:34:27,930 I know that they received more campaign stops followed by the Baltic region. 264 00:34:27,930 --> 00:34:33,120 Okay. Yes, this was all under the screen. 265 00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:38,270 And Paul, the. Of Ghana. 266 00:34:38,270 --> 00:34:44,350 Next slide, please. Which is not the type of paint events. 267 00:34:44,350 --> 00:34:53,670 What they did. OK. Yes. The type of campaign event you see from the. 268 00:34:53,670 --> 00:35:07,210 Slide that in this campaign event was released, that a lot of them present all the stops that the plebes big. 269 00:35:07,210 --> 00:35:13,480 It was about holding a rally in twenty twenty. 270 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:20,500 You still find out that a. Police vans are very important to rallies. 271 00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:28,040 It's a twenty four point one percent and other angle than twenty four point seven percent, which is very relevant. 272 00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:50,220 Most likely is. Yes, this is just a show example of a that might be more on pace to opt out. 273 00:35:50,220 --> 00:35:54,990 I attended Whuffie in the Atlanta region. 274 00:35:54,990 --> 00:36:03,000 This isn't a problem. Leafleted admitted in front of the police shop, indeed of the new book, The Tea Party Darling Coleman. 275 00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:08,140 He's in Tallahassee in the final gun battle there. 276 00:36:08,140 --> 00:36:12,900 The leaflet where all elements carry bits of the area. 277 00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:22,730 Okay. The next slide shows a place like this, like the venom of the campaign event. 278 00:36:22,730 --> 00:36:30,840 Yes. That is a bus is a tea and it's okay. 279 00:36:30,840 --> 00:36:38,940 This was a beautiful. Whereas Camie did when you break the occasion, you see what was exposed. 280 00:36:38,940 --> 00:36:47,760 But it was also a complete mess. And he said there was a diva in on the president and president in his capacity as 281 00:36:47,760 --> 00:36:53,490 the leader of the counterproposals today as the candidate of the governing party. 282 00:36:53,490 --> 00:36:57,570 And it's all about symbolism. OK. 283 00:36:57,570 --> 00:37:06,360 And they us that will we dare compare rallies or debates. Nowadays, there is the president going it alone is in Bruges in the morning. 284 00:37:06,360 --> 00:37:09,210 The worst is that is starting to look pretty bad. 285 00:37:09,210 --> 00:37:19,990 The patrol in the arrival of an unknown and invited guests, including those who come from KBC, see the arrival of the president is done. 286 00:37:19,990 --> 00:37:23,400 Then in the briefcase. It is open and grey out. 287 00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:33,580 The introduction of the GST is a good mark, but it's like I'm idolised by the renowned minister who is the top appointee. 288 00:37:33,580 --> 00:37:42,640 There is a speech by the voters. Look, maybe because the programme was where he agreed. 289 00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:48,670 Mystical was, you know. Was he? Then there is a speech by the Mr Politician with a bullet up on the cheek. 290 00:37:48,670 --> 00:37:53,220 And this a speech by the minister for losing highway squeezable airport. 291 00:37:53,220 --> 00:38:04,140 But. Earlier on in the day, he led the president to inspect gross debt and a adres bias against the president. 292 00:38:04,140 --> 00:38:10,350 The president now introduces a IT and then the president moves commission. 293 00:38:10,350 --> 00:38:19,460 The nickname is a white accomplice. But is because of the campaign stops in is capital. 294 00:38:19,460 --> 00:38:26,760 Distrust is about committing in protest is about the outlawry, new inventions and the rest. 295 00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:48,420 But beneath all of these symbols, in a daily occurrence which is trying to convey it, convey citizens to vote for the next at least. 296 00:38:48,420 --> 00:38:55,660 Applause. So what you see here is a. The police union of Bridget. 297 00:38:55,660 --> 00:39:09,890 Which was the elevated building to news was for my university, then in the block, a plan that the president in his first. 298 00:39:09,890 --> 00:39:15,320 Yes, to my right. The she was the president is then there, 299 00:39:15,320 --> 00:39:28,250 followed by His Majesty 242 with the task of my university and Envisat best listening to the kitchen all the way, the vice chancellor of the investee. 300 00:39:28,250 --> 00:39:38,600 I mean, it's all about symbolism, but of course, it relies on the opportunity that this is a government that is providing development. 301 00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:51,680 If you remove a little. He would get me more of a deal less likely. 302 00:39:51,680 --> 00:39:56,700 Not in it, but then the next light of the or the company intermediaries. 303 00:39:56,700 --> 00:40:04,600 And that if to the raw data that we have in 2016 and 2020. 304 00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:10,940 At 2020. Look at data media is by publishing now authorities. 305 00:40:10,940 --> 00:40:18,110 All right. A lot of them to delete, not the most tippity. Then you look at the 2016. 306 00:40:18,110 --> 00:40:26,270 Again, then that is where very significant. And we love the ideas as others, but is very important in this case. 307 00:40:26,270 --> 00:40:32,480 Quite similar. When the president or a presidential candidate moves into the room in the first 308 00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:38,090 place of all is always a traditional auto policy and embedded there to the prudent. 309 00:40:38,090 --> 00:40:47,630 So you find him us often very, very early even to be mad at all of these people. 310 00:40:47,630 --> 00:40:52,160 But he does the symbolism and the public display of support. 311 00:40:52,160 --> 00:41:01,580 All got endorsement that way. I love to see an Apple rally like that to please the government for the product and all that. 312 00:41:01,580 --> 00:41:06,620 But yes, they are very bullish immediately when it comes to the president. 313 00:41:06,620 --> 00:41:13,970 He's done peacefully. There is all the SEC slide forward. 314 00:41:13,970 --> 00:41:36,280 Next one is that after that, I would think Mitchell. The National Police. 315 00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:49,370 Yes. When it comes to the question of devices that address promises me a lot of it, like delays on to education, health. 316 00:41:49,370 --> 00:41:54,500 All right. If we look at 2016, it was almost the same. 317 00:41:54,500 --> 00:42:06,770 Then next. Well, I mean, the context of 2016 economic loss is very high, which is the group meeting in the context of a 20 point indication. 318 00:42:06,770 --> 00:42:12,920 And it's not surprising that it's very high on the agenda here, because in the last election, 319 00:42:12,920 --> 00:42:23,210 it was one of the major things that most analysts and other commentators like have actually used the issue of the introduction of three R's. 320 00:42:23,210 --> 00:42:33,940 One of the things that one day listening for the incoming indication is coming up strongly at the G20 as they demand health. 321 00:42:33,940 --> 00:42:46,760 So that's very important. Next slide, please. 322 00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:59,530 Now, yet we look at the distributed claims, OK, that these were lightly rated and they did not. 323 00:42:59,530 --> 00:43:05,120 And then more sectional interests, you see, that is all over the public. 324 00:43:05,120 --> 00:43:10,630 If you look at the greatest thing distributed players where by the general public. 325 00:43:10,630 --> 00:43:14,590 Fifty eight percent. You come to a twenty. 326 00:43:14,590 --> 00:43:20,000 Twenty is about eighty three point two percent. This is very simple. 327 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:31,820 Which is also reinforces the point that my platoon has taken the guy in combat that is not about the promicin. 328 00:43:31,820 --> 00:43:39,920 But it's about providing quality support, the public. And that is why the transmitter of these missiles wasn't. 329 00:43:39,920 --> 00:43:44,090 Yes. And finally, to the concluding remarks, please. 330 00:43:44,090 --> 00:43:55,240 The that like. Yes. 331 00:43:55,240 --> 00:43:59,800 At the recession and its own mobilisation in Africa, 332 00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:12,010 focussed on Corvus sister stream movies and also make linkages with their client, Elastica networks and the rule of voting. 333 00:44:12,010 --> 00:44:20,770 But what we're trying to emphasise here is that we should go beyond these and look at how house shall not be changed. 334 00:44:20,770 --> 00:44:27,210 Well, these generally not well studied, but that was a very important clue. 335 00:44:27,210 --> 00:44:35,450 Essentially, what we're attempting to do here is to contextualise a new way to understand pulldown mobilisation. 336 00:44:35,450 --> 00:44:40,940 And that looking at public mobilisation and linking it to looking at both 337 00:44:40,940 --> 00:44:47,630 campaigns as it is in is a one time event been become almost every four years. 338 00:44:47,630 --> 00:44:58,890 Now, when they come back, in the sense that we find out what was presented here in the context of banner to the parties 339 00:44:58,890 --> 00:45:05,960 with the presidential candidates went across the length and breadth of the country promising. 340 00:45:05,960 --> 00:45:15,970 Public boost. Quite a thoughtful project at commissioning new projects that these needs to be stated and steady in the right. 341 00:45:15,970 --> 00:45:25,780 So this is what I have to present. Thank you so much. Thank you so much, George. 342 00:45:25,780 --> 00:45:34,060 That was really, really fascinating, and I think despite all of your disclaimers about it being a relatively new project, 343 00:45:34,060 --> 00:45:40,840 it sounds like you've actually already done quite a lot of data collection and data analysis. 344 00:45:40,840 --> 00:45:47,950 So that was really interesting to see. I would encourage everyone to ask questions. 345 00:45:47,950 --> 00:45:57,960 But just while people gather their thoughts, I thought I would take advantage of of chairing and maybe ask the first one. 346 00:45:57,960 --> 00:46:02,860 Jeez, I wanted to ask. Well, actually, I'm going to abuse my privileges and ask two questions. 347 00:46:02,860 --> 00:46:03,712 George, if that's all right.