1 00:00:01,060 --> 00:00:18,700 I. Thank you very much, Nick. 2 00:00:18,700 --> 00:00:27,400 And it's a pleasure to be here. Now choreographic contacts can mean either the. 3 00:00:27,400 --> 00:00:38,500 Mapping of Britain that underlay the maps in the Shodan Tapestry maps, or it can relate to display maps, 4 00:00:38,500 --> 00:00:42,610 which, after all, is exactly what they were, they were meant to impress. 5 00:00:42,610 --> 00:00:47,860 Now, in the time available, I'm only going to be able to talk about the larger display maps. 6 00:00:47,860 --> 00:00:56,230 But Hillary return, and we'll be saying a certain amount about the culture graphic background in terms of text and in the mapping of England. 7 00:00:56,230 --> 00:01:01,280 Well, let's begin now with a modern map. 8 00:01:01,280 --> 00:01:08,500 Utilitarian electronic. Used and then you move on to the next one. 9 00:01:08,500 --> 00:01:14,550 And before that, you got the eighties ads and similarly, you used it. 10 00:01:14,550 --> 00:01:20,410 And you wouldn't have ever thought of sort of preserving it as a sort of work of art. 11 00:01:20,410 --> 00:01:30,330 But even today, there are display mats in the most unlikely places while this beautiful places pens outstation. 12 00:01:30,330 --> 00:01:36,540 And there is a map. And there it is in detail. 13 00:01:36,540 --> 00:01:44,010 And what it shares in common with the maps I'm going to talk about is this is not purely geographical because if we look in detail, 14 00:01:44,010 --> 00:01:57,290 it commemorates the Cornish pasty. It commemorates the ice cream, and it commemorates the theatre in Birkenau, which is a cultural side. 15 00:01:57,290 --> 00:02:00,980 So these maps are encyclopaedic and it's worth bearing in mind. 16 00:02:00,980 --> 00:02:08,210 They also go back an awfully long way to Babylon and probably earlier this. 17 00:02:08,210 --> 00:02:19,190 You may not recognise as a map, but it shows the layout of a palace garden in Babylon, and you can see the water channels and so on and underneath. 18 00:02:19,190 --> 00:02:24,890 Equally importantly, perhaps more importantly, you've got a military display, so we'll ready. 19 00:02:24,890 --> 00:02:34,100 The map is used to provide the context for an image of power when we go to Imperial Rome. 20 00:02:34,100 --> 00:02:39,350 This tendency increases, and here you get an extract from the Hereford MAPPA Mundi. 21 00:02:39,350 --> 00:02:54,220 Recalling the episode in the Bible, where Caesar, who's represented as a pope on the left, orders the surveying of the world. 22 00:02:54,220 --> 00:03:09,950 And this image of 10 25 is probably a distant echo of the map that was commissioned and was prepared by Augustus, his son in law, Agrippa. 23 00:03:09,950 --> 00:03:18,730 For display as a problem is a stern relief. 24 00:03:18,730 --> 00:03:30,320 In the Roman forum, where it would have impressed, but it was not only world maps that the Romans specialised in. 25 00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:42,110 If you well, you may know this image, which comes from a long, long row depicting the Roman Empire. 26 00:03:42,110 --> 00:03:53,560 It's usually called an itinerary map because it is based around itineraries, but it's recently been suggested that though the form may be distorted. 27 00:03:53,560 --> 00:04:00,520 It was intended to be a map of the civilised world. 28 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:12,760 Just to give you some idea, this is Britain here and sort of this is France and down here is the Mediterranean. 29 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:19,300 The latest theory is that it was intended for display and it would have been centred on Rome, 30 00:04:19,300 --> 00:04:34,240 which you can see here with Austria underneath, and that it was intended, as I say, to represent just the civilised part of the world. 31 00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:42,010 Shown here, OK, with the Mediterranean. And already you can see that it's sort of slightly stretched. 32 00:04:42,010 --> 00:04:50,950 And the theory goes, and it seems to me quite convincing that it was intended for display in a room like this. 33 00:04:50,950 --> 00:05:02,630 This is in split, but you can almost see the emperor sitting at the end. 34 00:05:02,630 --> 00:05:12,740 And the final the display itself would have consisted of the map here as a civilised part of the world. 35 00:05:12,740 --> 00:05:20,930 And underneath it marked by the lines, the different other, the other different zones of the world. 36 00:05:20,930 --> 00:05:28,290 So you would have had the emperor as quite literally at the centre of the world. 37 00:05:28,290 --> 00:05:42,390 With Rome at the centre. But this is not only confined to, as I say, world maps, the Romans also specialised in more local mapping. 38 00:05:42,390 --> 00:05:52,110 This is an extract of an enormous stone plan of Rome, of which only, well, hundreds of fragments survive, but nothing like the original. 39 00:05:52,110 --> 00:05:59,280 Originally, there were a hundred and twelve enormous slabs showing containing a detailed map of Rome. 40 00:05:59,280 --> 00:06:04,050 And this is roughly what the layout of the original slabs would have been. 41 00:06:04,050 --> 00:06:14,370 You can see the Tiber running through the middle, and amazingly, this is the wall on which it was displayed. 42 00:06:14,370 --> 00:06:22,020 You can still see the holes that were made to support the individual panels. 43 00:06:22,020 --> 00:06:27,190 This is now a church in Rome, and this is a fairly good recreation. 44 00:06:27,190 --> 00:06:29,890 Of what it would have looked like originally, 45 00:06:29,890 --> 00:06:39,580 it would have been a monument to Roman civilisation and the fact that people couldn't get close up to look at it didn't really matter. 46 00:06:39,580 --> 00:06:46,450 It was the overall image that counted. And this is true of many of these display maps. 47 00:06:46,450 --> 00:06:54,040 But the stone panels weren't confined to Roman cities. 48 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:59,770 We know that images were also created of parts of the Roman countryside, 49 00:06:59,770 --> 00:07:04,900 and particularly those parts of the Roman countryside that was settled by recharge. 50 00:07:04,900 --> 00:07:16,510 Roman soldiers like this is a part of an enormous map of the neighbourhood of what's now a in France, in France. 51 00:07:16,510 --> 00:07:25,240 And it was not only in stone and in plaster that the Romans commemorated. 52 00:07:25,240 --> 00:07:29,470 Well, used maps for political purposes. 53 00:07:29,470 --> 00:07:38,290 There is a record, which I think is not generally known of the fact that at one point a tapestry map of the world was presented to a Roman emperor. 54 00:07:38,290 --> 00:07:46,990 So even there, the Romans got in first. But this is quite an important other aspect of it later on in the Roman Empire. 55 00:07:46,990 --> 00:07:52,030 We begin getting maps of provinces. We know of a map of Sardinia, for instance. 56 00:07:52,030 --> 00:08:00,630 And this is a map of Jerusalem of Palestine. Rather that was actually put onto the floor of a church. 57 00:08:00,630 --> 00:08:07,900 And this particular shot, I think. Gives you an idea of of the floor. 58 00:08:07,900 --> 00:08:21,280 So these commemorative maps didn't only weren't only created for walls, they were also created for floors, and this continued into the Middle Ages. 59 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:26,950 When you get the enormous mediaeval mappa mundi. 60 00:08:26,950 --> 00:08:37,660 And we know that the son in law, the sorry, the daughter, the daughter of William the Conqueror, is said to have had an enormous. 61 00:08:37,660 --> 00:08:45,160 World's map on the floor of her audience chamber in in in Russia. 62 00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:54,550 This is at least recorded by a chronicler at the time. And even if the world map didn't exist and there's some dispute as to whether or not it did. 63 00:08:54,550 --> 00:08:58,060 Clearly, contemporaries wouldn't have been surprised had it existed. 64 00:08:58,060 --> 00:09:01,340 In this, I think, is the important point. 65 00:09:01,340 --> 00:09:11,840 These mediaeval world maps reach their most deficient in about thirteen hundred, but they can be divided into two distinct groups. 66 00:09:11,840 --> 00:09:21,890 One of them, I would call the wrong world maps, which very much emphasised the importance of God is the creator and the dominator. 67 00:09:21,890 --> 00:09:26,750 And this is typified in these two images of well, 68 00:09:26,750 --> 00:09:35,510 from the soul to from a soul to atlas in the from a soldier in the British Library created in about twelve fifty. 69 00:09:35,510 --> 00:09:41,210 And on two sides of a piece of available on the one side. 70 00:09:41,210 --> 00:09:45,800 On the left, you see the clearest image of God dominating the world. 71 00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:59,360 But perhaps more interesting is the image on the versa of the world effectively being held by God or in the greatest example of a mediaeval world map. 72 00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:05,540 The original got destroyed in 1943, but this is a recreation based on photography. 73 00:10:05,540 --> 00:10:13,250 Here you can see God. Oh, you see the world as quite literally the embodiment of God. 74 00:10:13,250 --> 00:10:20,690 And I've circled the heads, the arms and the feeds. 75 00:10:20,690 --> 00:10:27,260 And if you want to get an idea of how this would have worked. 76 00:10:27,260 --> 00:10:29,150 This is how it would have worked. 77 00:10:29,150 --> 00:10:38,120 This is an image from an exhibition that I put on the British Library nine years ago, but you can see the absolute world map and in front of it, 78 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:44,750 a bench and that bench would have represented if you like the throne or the seat of the king. 79 00:10:44,750 --> 00:10:49,640 So the king would have appeared as God's God's representative on us. 80 00:10:49,640 --> 00:10:59,690 And I think the message was made ultra clear by the imagery behind and on the right of its. 81 00:10:59,690 --> 00:11:11,690 You get a contemporary depiction of the sort of setting in which this would have been shown. 82 00:11:11,690 --> 00:11:20,330 But there's also another strand, and this is the if you like little spiritual strand where God is not shown as dominating the world. 83 00:11:20,330 --> 00:11:27,110 Instead, the emphasis is on the transience of the human world. 84 00:11:27,110 --> 00:11:37,280 It's typified in the Hereford MAPPA Mundi, which is here in the well and in hard stripped production by the Folio Society. 85 00:11:37,280 --> 00:11:43,880 But the bottom writes, you can see a scene which really sort of sums it all up. 86 00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:53,840 You've got the Horseman Walk, you know, riding away from the world, but looking back wistfully at the world. 87 00:11:53,840 --> 00:12:00,640 And his page tells him to march on. 88 00:12:00,640 --> 00:12:13,180 And if you look carefully, you'll see that the world is held to the backdrop by a song with an here and are at the end when in fact the. 89 00:12:13,180 --> 00:12:21,190 For other. Songs holding the world to the backdrop and collectively. 90 00:12:21,190 --> 00:12:30,120 They read malls or death. So very, very different from these images of world power. 91 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:38,140 And at the top of the map, you have the last judgement with God at the top. 92 00:12:38,140 --> 00:12:46,310 The blast on the left. And the dams on the roads. 93 00:12:46,310 --> 00:12:56,600 So this is tradition of using maps for two to transmit really very, very powerful non geographical messages. 94 00:12:56,600 --> 00:13:02,570 And here you've got a sort of context in which it would have been shown. 95 00:13:02,570 --> 00:13:11,780 If you go to Hereford Cathedral, you will see the tomb of St. Thomas Cantaloupe, which has recently been redone in this frankly rather gaudy way. 96 00:13:11,780 --> 00:13:16,940 And at the top, you have a little depiction of the Hereford Martha Mundi, 97 00:13:16,940 --> 00:13:22,190 which isn't isn't entirely out of place because the records would suggest that at one point, 98 00:13:22,190 --> 00:13:32,850 the Hereford MAPPA Mundi was displayed close to the shrine as part of the campaign to get Thomas Cantaloupe canonised. 99 00:13:32,850 --> 00:13:42,320 So. You've got the. You've got the again, the propaganda workings of this sort of mob. 100 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:55,400 This tradition continued into the into the renaissance, particularly in its sort of memory of trials and processions in which soldiers 101 00:13:55,400 --> 00:14:02,450 carried banners containing pictorial maps or even actual maps of victories. 102 00:14:02,450 --> 00:14:10,880 This is a depiction of a detail from the famous painting by Muncher Neal, which is now in Windsor Castle. 103 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:19,910 But the same idea continues in this German prince of 15:15. 104 00:14:19,910 --> 00:14:27,200 And we know for a fact that this sort of use of maps was to be found. 105 00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:34,070 For instance, in the case of Henry, the second of France who, when he entered bullhorn in 15:52, 106 00:14:34,070 --> 00:14:49,050 is known to have had exactly this sort of map as an accompaniment borne by his soldiers as he made his triumphal entry. 107 00:14:49,050 --> 00:14:56,760 But in the Renaissance in particular, the universalist claims continue to be made by rulers. 108 00:14:56,760 --> 00:15:03,510 This is a tapestry of a Portuguese tapestry showing. 109 00:15:03,510 --> 00:15:12,630 Jupiter and Juno, but actually the king of Portugal and the Queen of Portugal holding the world with the king. 110 00:15:12,630 --> 00:15:21,270 If you look carefully pointing at Portugal, it's sort of the message does come over. 111 00:15:21,270 --> 00:15:30,710 You get magnificent maps also on display. But this map is really very interesting because it's a world map, obviously. 112 00:15:30,710 --> 00:15:34,370 It appears to be associated with the pope, and in a sense, it is, 113 00:15:34,370 --> 00:15:41,000 but it was actually a gift made by Charles office to the Pope at a time when he was 114 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:47,030 trying to get people's support for his interpretation of the Treaty of Two Disciplines, 115 00:15:47,030 --> 00:15:49,220 which divided the world in half. 116 00:15:49,220 --> 00:15:59,590 And he was particularly keen that the line of toward the serious should include what we now call Indonesia as part of the Spanish dominions and there. 117 00:15:59,590 --> 00:16:02,230 Is the mark showing the line of to Celia? 118 00:16:02,230 --> 00:16:13,270 So on the one hand, this is a map that is still on display in the papal galleries as a sort of reflection of papal claims to global supremacy, 119 00:16:13,270 --> 00:16:19,220 on the other hand. It's a cunning piece of propaganda by Charles office. 120 00:16:19,220 --> 00:16:24,410 But if you want global aspirations, how about this? 121 00:16:24,410 --> 00:16:33,980 This is the entrance hall of a palace owned by an Italian cardinal called them loans under a foreign who hopes to be elected pope. 122 00:16:33,980 --> 00:16:46,060 And I think. This is anything it's an absolute dream for a Putin or a Hitler or Stalin. 123 00:16:46,060 --> 00:16:55,660 But of course, there were territorial states, too, who didn't primarily focus on the world but focussed on their particular neck of the woods. 124 00:16:55,660 --> 00:17:05,320 And as early as the 15th century, Venice was commissioning its envoys to present maps to foreign courts. 125 00:17:05,320 --> 00:17:12,790 Representing its view, the world and particularly its supremacy in Europe initially, rather. 126 00:17:12,790 --> 00:17:20,540 And this is one of those maps, it's very, very early. We know that it was on display in Whitehall at the time of Henry VIII. 127 00:17:20,540 --> 00:17:27,010 It was almost certainly much earlier, and recent research has suggested that apart from being a Venetian map, 128 00:17:27,010 --> 00:17:37,090 the text very much pushes the line that Venice is the first state in the city. 129 00:17:37,090 --> 00:17:48,610 And north of the Alps to the early 16th century, you began people, you began to get rulers who commissioned the mapping of the dominions. 130 00:17:48,610 --> 00:17:56,410 Often this mapping was kept confidential. But in the case of Bavaria, it resulted in the printed map. 131 00:17:56,410 --> 00:18:06,000 This is the copperplate version of 15 79, but that was in fact it was preceded by a woodcut version. 132 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:09,780 Of which I will now show you an extract. 133 00:18:09,780 --> 00:18:19,560 And you can see just how beautifully coloured it was and how impressive and here, by the way, particularly in these in these times of Brexit, 134 00:18:19,560 --> 00:18:30,800 I want to just point out that this is 10 years before Christopher Saxon is a national survey, so we were there first. 135 00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:35,960 But we were there fairly early, and this map was almost certainly intended. 136 00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:40,160 Well, it was almost certainly presented to Henry, the eighth in 15 37. 137 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:47,370 And it was again almost certainly displayed in Whitehall Palace. 138 00:18:47,370 --> 00:18:57,270 And the imagery is interesting because you'll see that Ireland and Scotland are painted in the same colours, 139 00:18:57,270 --> 00:19:03,240 but the English had a direct and obvious claim to Ireland, which they were occupying. 140 00:19:03,240 --> 00:19:11,220 The colouring implies a similar claim to Scotland. So it's propaganda. 141 00:19:11,220 --> 00:19:27,140 But in Henry, the eighth school, too, we had. Pictorial maps like this, I think rather magnificent view of colour adorning the walls. 142 00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:32,570 But Henry, they couldn't possibly hope to rival the papacy. 143 00:19:32,570 --> 00:19:42,780 This. Apart from being an absolutely magnificent gallery, is a piece of painful propaganda. 144 00:19:42,780 --> 00:19:47,040 Reinforcing people claims to sovereignty initially. 145 00:19:47,040 --> 00:19:52,740 So all of the maps show parts of Italy and the ceiling. 146 00:19:52,740 --> 00:20:00,410 Builds on this to make the case that there's a biblical claim as well to supremacy in Italy and this is one of them ups. 147 00:20:00,410 --> 00:20:06,280 I mean, there are absolutely magnificent. But they also make a political point. 148 00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:13,870 And this also makes a political point. This is as close as you're going to get in my lecture to a map by Saxton. 149 00:20:13,870 --> 00:20:23,800 It shows Elizabeth. Standing on the map and acts as a sort of counterpoint to. 150 00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:31,180 Ralph Sheldon standing in Western Hall surrounded by his maps of the counties of England. 151 00:20:31,180 --> 00:20:41,860 It's sort of the same mentality. And it was a European wide phenomenon. 152 00:20:41,860 --> 00:20:45,100 This is a gallery in New Fitzy. 153 00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:53,290 Which was made for receptions by the Grand Duke of Tuscany in the fifth belt from the 50 nations, and you can see that. 154 00:20:53,290 --> 00:21:06,570 There are maps of his dominions in Tuscany surrounding a gallery from which the view would have a view of Florence and I mean. 155 00:21:06,570 --> 00:21:12,990 It would have been a real knockout, I think. 156 00:21:12,990 --> 00:21:23,640 But as well as representing claims to Dominion, maps were used in the Renaissance, also to enhance the personal virtues of the monarch. 157 00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:29,380 Here, for instance. We see the triumphal arch of Maximillian, this was never built, 158 00:21:29,380 --> 00:21:40,500 but its purpose in the book was to emphasise the role of Maximilian, the first who died in 5:19 as a successful warrior. 159 00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:49,620 And here on on the right, you can see a detail showing these sorts of pictorial maps of his conquests and of his successes. 160 00:21:49,620 --> 00:21:53,650 Some of them are successes, incidentally, which? 161 00:21:53,650 --> 00:22:01,700 Henry Gates claimed as his victories like the battle of the Spurs, but the point is that this is how they were used. 162 00:22:01,700 --> 00:22:10,820 And Charles, the fifth in a much grander way with a series of tough histories, commemorated his conquests in Tunis and 15:35. 163 00:22:10,820 --> 00:22:17,450 And one of the first mapping the first tapestry in the series shows this map 164 00:22:17,450 --> 00:22:26,170 showing some half of Spain in the western Mediterranean viewed from the north. 165 00:22:26,170 --> 00:22:29,110 And Henry, the eighth two participated in this. 166 00:22:29,110 --> 00:22:38,560 We know in Whitehall that she had images of his victories, and this particular image here has only relatively recently come to light, 167 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:45,080 which shows the last stages of his successful siege of Berlin in 15 44. 168 00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:56,290 The preceding images had been known for a long time, but not this one, which, as I say, was discovered fairly recently in the British Library. 169 00:22:56,290 --> 00:23:05,560 And victories could also be commemorated even if they weren't won by monarchs but were won by rebels against the monarchs. 170 00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:11,480 This is a tapestry commemorating the successful. 171 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:18,080 Protection of Harden from a siege by the Spanish it's brought out, 172 00:23:18,080 --> 00:23:24,530 it was brought up by the Protestant Northerns northern provinces of the Netherlands to commemorate the salvation. 173 00:23:24,530 --> 00:23:39,660 And it is pretty much contemporaneous with the Shelden tapestries, which only goes to show that other people elsewhere were thinking of tapestry maps. 174 00:23:39,660 --> 00:23:41,370 But when we're thinking of raw valour, 175 00:23:41,370 --> 00:23:49,890 perhaps the outstanding example of the cast of graphic commemoration is this relatively little known gallery in Fontainebleau. 176 00:23:49,890 --> 00:23:54,870 It's the Gothic if it actually commemorates Henry, the force of France as a Huntsman. 177 00:23:54,870 --> 00:23:59,620 And you can see he would have come in from his hunting. 178 00:23:59,620 --> 00:24:11,910 Through into this larger that which is lined with images of the hunting grounds of the French royal families. 179 00:24:11,910 --> 00:24:15,480 But it wasn't only valour that distinguished their innocence, Rula, 180 00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:21,720 it was also the idea that they were knowledgeable about the world and indeed about everything else. 181 00:24:21,720 --> 00:24:30,530 And this is sort of exemplified by this room in the Palazzo Vecchio again in Florence, where. 182 00:24:30,530 --> 00:24:40,750 The world knowledge of the Dukes is commemorated side by side with the territorial power which we saw earlier on. 183 00:24:40,750 --> 00:24:47,020 And the papacy to share in this, and there's this gallery in the Vatican, which isn't all that well known, 184 00:24:47,020 --> 00:24:51,070 but actually I did notice features quite recently in the documentary on the Vatican. 185 00:24:51,070 --> 00:24:58,330 You may have seen snatches of it. But again, this is a gallery consisting of maps of the world with a world map. 186 00:24:58,330 --> 00:25:06,880 If you look carefully at the end again, reflection, reflecting the wisdom and knowledge of the ruler. 187 00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:13,590 And I tried to capture this. In my exhibition, this is the sort of gallery. 188 00:25:13,590 --> 00:25:21,870 Or an evocation of the sort of glory that monarchs throughout Europe had in the 16th and 17th century where they would display maps, 189 00:25:21,870 --> 00:25:28,290 not necessarily their end of it and dominions just to show that they were afraid with what's happening in the world. 190 00:25:28,290 --> 00:25:37,410 And in fact, in this particular image, you can see that there's this famous detailed map of of Venice of 1500. 191 00:25:37,410 --> 00:25:45,240 So in these galleries, you would have shown maps of any sorts of countries. 192 00:25:45,240 --> 00:25:50,340 And we know that one of the maps that was particularly popular, particularly popular with monarchs, 193 00:25:50,340 --> 00:25:58,180 was this map by Sebastian Cabot of the world, dating from 15 44. 194 00:25:58,180 --> 00:26:07,360 Henry, the eighth had the original manuscript marked, this one is printed and it's printed because. 195 00:26:07,360 --> 00:26:17,230 It came within the purses of a merchants and the merchants, too participated in display maps. 196 00:26:17,230 --> 00:26:22,870 This map of South America is the first map devoted purely to the Americas, there any. 197 00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:41,390 It's one of two surviving examples, but we know that this map from from inventories or decorated the homes of rich merchants throughout Europe. 198 00:26:41,390 --> 00:26:50,860 Another thing that decorated. The homes of merchants with town views like this rather magnificent view. 199 00:26:50,860 --> 00:26:59,280 Of Augsburg dating from 15 21, it's one of the first views created or maps created to scale. 200 00:26:59,280 --> 00:27:10,740 North of the Alps, and again, there's all sorts of propaganda which can be read into the details. 201 00:27:10,740 --> 00:27:17,400 But this display came as of Friday, so I had to include this map because, of course, it's the earliest printed map of Oxford, 202 00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:30,910 but its condition also says a lot about what happens when you display the map in public and why so few of these really large display maps now survive. 203 00:27:30,910 --> 00:27:42,570 And the same is probably true of the tapestries to. And this is, again, a map that we know was very popular with English merchants and aristocrats, 204 00:27:42,570 --> 00:27:50,580 it's a map not only of England and Wales and Ireland, but it's also a celebration of the new Stuart Dynasty. 205 00:27:50,580 --> 00:27:55,920 And incidentally, commemorates Britain's protection from invasion over a thousand years. 206 00:27:55,920 --> 00:28:01,270 So if you wanted to prove, prove your patriotic credentials. 207 00:28:01,270 --> 00:28:13,400 This was the map you really have to show. But now we move from if you like the merchants, we dealt with royalty, we've dealt with merchants. 208 00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:20,230 We now move to the aristocracy and the gentry who have their own maps. 209 00:28:20,230 --> 00:28:28,960 Right from the start, and, you know, it made it explicit in sixteen fifty three is the fact, as you can see in the text here, 210 00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:36,400 that these maps were not only meant for land management, they were also meant to adorn the homes of land. 211 00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:41,530 None of landowners said that they could actually glory in their ownership of their estates, 212 00:28:41,530 --> 00:28:46,270 but perhaps more important, impress all the people with the fact that they did own estates. 213 00:28:46,270 --> 00:28:50,020 And now we're getting close to the shovels. 214 00:28:50,020 --> 00:28:59,480 We're talking about this sort of magnificent map, which is really, really large, which has the owner's coat of arms. 215 00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:04,320 All sorts of pretty pictures, which we can now analyse till the cows come home. 216 00:29:04,320 --> 00:29:14,020 But they were meant to impress, and this was meant to impress the guests of Philip Parker in his home in Suffolk. 217 00:29:14,020 --> 00:29:19,180 And I don't need to say very much more about this map, which you can see just around the corner. 218 00:29:19,180 --> 00:29:29,510 But that, too, was primarily made to impress the maps that were actually used to administer the estate would have been the draughts. 219 00:29:29,510 --> 00:29:39,080 And maps were not only of the states. This map shows a whole hundreds and hundreds of Osawa, and it was commissioned for the Duke of York, 220 00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:45,980 for the Earl of Northumberland, who basically owned the whole of Osawa in 16:35. 221 00:29:45,980 --> 00:29:55,520 This map still survives, and amazingly, it is still on display and probably on display in its original setting, which is fantastic. 222 00:29:55,520 --> 00:30:04,370 And it's here in a gallery which contains portraits of great men portraits of the dynasty. 223 00:30:04,370 --> 00:30:10,470 If you look carefully on this map, you will see that on the other wall. 224 00:30:10,470 --> 00:30:17,940 Sorry. On the other wall, there is actually a depiction of the House where the map is displayed and on the right, 225 00:30:17,940 --> 00:30:27,300 we see the genealogy of the odds of Northumberland. So you've got images of ferns, images of land. 226 00:30:27,300 --> 00:30:35,320 And images of family and together. I think they make the point now, 227 00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:49,480 Lord Burley was also aware of the power of maps and a visitor to his palace in the nineties remarked that in a hall is depicted the King of England, 228 00:30:49,480 --> 00:30:55,360 Kingdom of England with all its cities, towns and villages, mountains and rivers, 229 00:30:55,360 --> 00:31:07,510 as also the moral bearings and domains of every squire, Lord Knight and Noble who possesses lands and retainers to whatever extent. 230 00:31:07,510 --> 00:31:12,550 In other words, the map was intended to intimidate it, 231 00:31:12,550 --> 00:31:20,780 told all of his visitors that nobody knew exactly where they were and that they couldn't get up to any tricks. 232 00:31:20,780 --> 00:31:29,280 And it provides a counterpart to look to the Shodan maps, which is Hillary will explain later. 233 00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:38,310 In a way, it provided a hint that the Sheldon's two had powerful friends, and if the government got to offer it. 234 00:31:38,310 --> 00:31:44,290 They have friends and influences who could take countermeasures. 235 00:31:44,290 --> 00:31:51,850 And the Sheldon's weren't unique. This is an image of the old West Midlands. 236 00:31:51,850 --> 00:32:03,080 The image was created in 1862 at a time when he was seeking to get favours from the newly restored Charles and second. 237 00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:09,190 But what is interesting is that he depicts himself not as he was in 1862. 238 00:32:09,190 --> 00:32:14,530 But as it was in 60 and 46 when he was a leading cavalier. 239 00:32:14,530 --> 00:32:23,380 And if you look carefully, he's standing in front of a map. And there is that map. 240 00:32:23,380 --> 00:32:34,750 And that's not entirely clear from this image. You can still read the place names and rather like Sheldon, has been very selective. 241 00:32:34,750 --> 00:32:47,780 In the choice of place names, almost all of them. Refer to powerful friends and allies and the network of power in the East and Midlands. 242 00:32:47,780 --> 00:32:58,090 And the clear message is. That if Charles, a second doesn't do what the all of us wanted. 243 00:32:58,090 --> 00:33:06,370 As the map demonstrates. Charles, a second would suffer for it. 244 00:33:06,370 --> 00:33:11,850 Thank you very much.