1 00:00:13,500 --> 00:00:29,360 Thank you, Alex. Thank you. Thank you. Audience looking out at the audience, I feel I'm addressing a coven of bank robbers because of all the masks. 2 00:00:29,360 --> 00:00:33,920 The first lecture closed with Heinrich Schneider's summation, 3 00:00:33,920 --> 00:00:42,320 the text of the Gutenberg Bible is an only lightly corrected Paris text and with the gloss in this summary by another writer who 4 00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:50,270 asserted it would indeed have been surprising if some other character of texts had been chosen as the basis of the Gutenberg Bible. 5 00:00:50,270 --> 00:00:54,440 That writer was me, 1987 vintage in a study, 6 00:00:54,440 --> 00:01:02,070 they concentrated on identifying and cleanable Bible editions that it used the Gutenberg Bible as exemplars. 7 00:01:02,070 --> 00:01:05,820 My study was prefaced with a brief background survey of the Vulgate, 8 00:01:05,820 --> 00:01:15,580 culminating in my remark on the Gutenberg Bible text that its foundation on the Paris Bible text was more or less inevitable. 9 00:01:15,580 --> 00:01:19,900 Almost 30 years ago, I read those words again and felt embarrassed, 10 00:01:19,900 --> 00:01:28,270 the confidence of 1987 was supply was replaced in 2016 by a feeling of fraudulence. 11 00:01:28,270 --> 00:01:34,600 I did not know enough either then or on rereading to have the right to make such a statement, 12 00:01:34,600 --> 00:01:39,870 even if it purported to do little more than restate the received opinion. 13 00:01:39,870 --> 00:01:45,330 I began to look more closely at both the Paris text and the Gutenberg Bible text, 14 00:01:45,330 --> 00:01:51,090 one approach was to learn more about the texts Vulgate Bibles written in the 15th century, 15 00:01:51,090 --> 00:01:57,720 the matrix within which the Gutenberg Bible sat and from which it emerged. 16 00:01:57,720 --> 00:02:08,130 As for the text of the Paris Bible and its investigation by Heinrich Schneider and Robert de Faber, several qualifications are necessary. 17 00:02:08,130 --> 00:02:14,250 The Rome Old Testament, that is the scholarly Vatican edition of the Old Testament, 18 00:02:14,250 --> 00:02:23,100 defined the Paris ascension by what Schneider called three Crown witnesses grouped under the single Omega. 19 00:02:23,100 --> 00:02:33,150 First was Mazarin manuscript five. They called M. 2nd, a beautifully executed mid 13th century giant Bible excuse me, 20 00:02:33,150 --> 00:02:38,130 in four volumes from the Dominican Convent of Sanjak in Paris, where J. 21 00:02:38,130 --> 00:02:41,970 And third, a 170 dated Bible from the Library of the Sorbonne. 22 00:02:41,970 --> 00:02:55,300 S. Of the three, the first Mahzarin five is not a Paris Bible at all, it was written at Canterbury, not after 12, 31 and probably Kirche 12 20. 23 00:02:55,300 --> 00:02:59,590 Its order of books differ strikingly from that of the Paris Bible. 24 00:02:59,590 --> 00:03:06,460 Its prologue set is not that of the Paris Bible with regard to both emissions and additions. 25 00:03:06,460 --> 00:03:11,470 Although don't count at first treated it as a 14th century Paris Bible, 26 00:03:11,470 --> 00:03:18,220 its English origin and date of not after 12 thirty one had already been documented in 1885 27 00:03:18,220 --> 00:03:24,890 and the first volume of a simultaneous catalogue of the manuscripts in the Mahzarin Library. 28 00:03:24,890 --> 00:03:30,600 In short, it is a bible of a different species from the Paris Bible. 29 00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:38,370 Ultimately, this is to the good, the wrong old testaments inclusion of Mazarin five in its apparatus adds to our knowledge 30 00:03:38,370 --> 00:03:44,610 of the Vulgate text in the 13th century beyond that of the Paris Bible proper. 31 00:03:44,610 --> 00:03:53,370 But its readings must all be removed mentally from the omega class in which the Rome apparatus gathers them. 32 00:03:53,370 --> 00:04:01,020 Mazarin readings were not shared with either the Sanjak or Serban Bible are not to be interpreted as Paris 33 00:04:01,020 --> 00:04:07,860 Bible readings when its readings are shared with either of the other two so-called crown witnesses. 34 00:04:07,860 --> 00:04:13,680 We know that the reading has a wider and probably older basis than the Paris Bible. 35 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:19,180 It was not confined to Paris Bibles by definition. 36 00:04:19,180 --> 00:04:26,980 This reinterpretation affects also that quick Paris Bible test mentioned at the end of the last lecture 37 00:04:26,980 --> 00:04:35,890 contains group of 13 characteristic Paris readings taken from five chapters within the Arctic Genesis 18, 38 00:04:35,890 --> 00:04:41,110 Leviticus five numbers three Joshua two judges to. 39 00:04:41,110 --> 00:04:50,650 Nine of these 13 places, that is Comtesse Passages four through 12, Mazarin five also has the Paris reading. 40 00:04:50,650 --> 00:04:56,850 Thus, nine of the 13 earmarks do not uniquely define a Paris Bible text. 41 00:04:56,850 --> 00:05:04,770 True, Paris Bibles will inevitably have high contact scores reproducing all or nearly all these readings. 42 00:05:04,770 --> 00:05:12,570 But for non-porous Bibles, the appearance of these readings in their text does not point unambiguously to Paris influence, 43 00:05:12,570 --> 00:05:17,040 just as Paris influence does not explain these readings in the English Bible. 44 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:23,020 Mazzarino five. Working from the textural apparatus of the room, 45 00:05:23,020 --> 00:05:31,000 Old Testament magician Schneider made a list collating partially or fully some 80 sample chapters from Genesis through 46 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:39,550 job of places where the Gutenberg Bible is variant reading variant that is from the edited Vulgate of the Rome edition. 47 00:05:39,550 --> 00:05:50,130 Was that of the Paris or make a group, but so far as recorded in the room apparatus of no earlier Bible witness. 48 00:05:50,130 --> 00:05:56,640 He did not list these in for the many dozens of specific examples are cited in his notes, 49 00:05:56,640 --> 00:06:03,120 his raw total was a 179 variant readings where the only witness besides the Gutenberg 50 00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:10,060 Bible was any one of the three Paris crown witnesses or of some combination of them. 51 00:06:10,060 --> 00:06:18,340 If we subtract from this, the 20 reading shared only with Mahzarin five and non Bible and 60 more readings where the 52 00:06:18,340 --> 00:06:24,340 Sorbonne or Sanjak Bible shared the reading with Mahzarin five and thus are ambiguous, 53 00:06:24,340 --> 00:06:34,720 the remaining essentially 100 variant readings in the sample where the Gutenberg Bible agrees with the Serbian Bible, Sanjak, Bible or both. 54 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:44,050 This is the evidential core of Schneider's view of the Gutenberg Bible as reflecting a lightly corrected version of the Paris Bible. 55 00:06:44,050 --> 00:06:52,280 Because Schneider did not list his readings, we must laboriously excavate and arrange them from his footnotes. 56 00:06:52,280 --> 00:07:00,860 By such spadework, we find 90 passages where the Paris reading appears in the Gutenberg Bible, 38 shared readings in Genesis, 57 00:07:00,860 --> 00:07:08,030 the book from which he made the most extensive collections, 10 from Joshua, Judges, Ruth and so forth, 58 00:07:08,030 --> 00:07:11,630 there is no way to get an accurate sense of the density, so to speak, 59 00:07:11,630 --> 00:07:18,200 of characteristic Paris readings in different books of the Gutenberg Bible that when first and second chronicles were, 60 00:07:18,200 --> 00:07:26,130 Schneider appears to have completed four chapters. He found only one distinctive Paris reading. 61 00:07:26,130 --> 00:07:30,960 A second important part of Schneider's research was his investigation of about 40 62 00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:37,070 manuscript Vulgate Bibles that belonged to the minus region broadly conceived. 63 00:07:37,070 --> 00:07:45,570 These included several Bibles we cited in our first lecture, such as the giant Bible of mines in which Niger had almost no information. 64 00:07:45,570 --> 00:07:55,710 It was in America and the 14 54 Bible of the Brethren of the Common Life of Woodstock, a decent university library. 65 00:07:55,710 --> 00:08:04,020 Now let us change slide's. We must interrupt here for a moment to say a few more words about the Library of Congress, his Bible, 66 00:08:04,020 --> 00:08:13,480 the giant Bible of mines, although in fact, it ends up having essentially nothing to do textually with the Gutenberg Bible. 67 00:08:13,480 --> 00:08:23,830 Recent researches by Dr. John Jefferson, an authority on the career of a 15th century ecclesiastic, Rudolph and Rudy Seim, 68 00:08:23,830 --> 00:08:33,030 eventual bishop of Breslau, have wonderfully clarified the early history and making of this Bible, which had long been a mystery. 69 00:08:33,030 --> 00:08:39,210 It was called the giant Bible of mice, because in 1066, when it was more than a century old, 70 00:08:39,210 --> 00:08:44,150 it was given to the cathedral chapter of mice by the cathedral's cantor Heinrich. 71 00:08:44,150 --> 00:08:54,250 Stockholm Allied coats of arms of the original illumination had never been identified, but must refer to original ownership. 72 00:08:54,250 --> 00:09:01,680 Dr. Jefferson has shown that one of the coat of arms, the one on the right is that of Rudolf Unreduced Heim, 73 00:09:01,680 --> 00:09:06,630 himself an active and well-connected official in the Archdiocese of MIT. 74 00:09:06,630 --> 00:09:14,280 At the time, the second arms is very probably that of Albert Emerich of the Abbey of Johannesburg, 75 00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:20,460 located just outside the town of Rouda Seim on the Rhine, some ten miles west of mines. 76 00:09:20,460 --> 00:09:28,510 At Rudolf's urging, Nicholas of CUSA on his reform travels, had given instructions for reform of U. 77 00:09:28,510 --> 00:09:39,980 Huntingburg involving adding to its income by dissolving for its benefit several other local church properties, including a very reluctant nunnery. 78 00:09:39,980 --> 00:09:48,290 This happened in 14, 52 at just the time the giant Bible, surely destined for the abbey, started to be written. 79 00:09:48,290 --> 00:10:00,590 The owner's house was itself dissolved in 1865, suggesting that its treasured Bible then came into the hands of the Cantor of Mights Cathedral. 80 00:10:00,590 --> 00:10:12,460 So it is now solidly located in mights. To return to Schneider's text investigations in his sample collection of some 80 chapters, 81 00:10:12,460 --> 00:10:18,520 he found 228 other places where the Gutenberg Bible reading was otherwise untested in the 82 00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:25,630 Old Rome Old Testament apparatus within the 40 meIt's Regent manuscripts that he examined, 83 00:10:25,630 --> 00:10:36,430 he found 49 of these 200 28 unique readings in at least one other manuscript, occasionally in more than one very widely scattered. 84 00:10:36,430 --> 00:10:48,320 Just one Bible, my Sydney Library manuscript 267, that is manuscript 67 of the second manuscript subtitling shared with the Gutenberg Bible. 85 00:10:48,320 --> 00:11:01,270 A significant number of readings, 33. Minus 267 is a Paris Bible in shape and text, although it lacks the prayer of minus at the end of Chronicles. 86 00:11:01,270 --> 00:11:11,230 It's possibly made in Paris in the mid 13th century. Schneider thought it was 14th century and Rhenish and thus minus region. 87 00:11:11,230 --> 00:11:17,740 It's not at all clear that it's that it is minus region. Its provenance is unknown before 16 23, 88 00:11:17,740 --> 00:11:26,410 when it was given to the Jesuit College and Holligan start by an ecclesiastical administrator, Gorgias or Londis. 89 00:11:26,410 --> 00:11:36,280 Of those 33 shared readings, 28 appear in the Pentateuch four and judges are Ruth in a single shared reading in Second Chronicles. 90 00:11:36,280 --> 00:11:42,610 Thus, there are strong hints of some texta relation between this manuscript and the Gutenberg Bible, 91 00:11:42,610 --> 00:11:52,720 which would certain that the Hollander's Bible, to name it by 16 23 donor, was not a setting copy for the Gutenberg Bible. 92 00:11:52,720 --> 00:12:02,140 Schneider's conclusion that the foundation of the Bible's text is the Paris Bible receives strong support from a great scholar, 93 00:12:02,140 --> 00:12:12,040 Don Don Robert Veber, in his 1979 contribution to the commentary volume of the Berlin Gutenberg Bible Facsimile. 94 00:12:12,040 --> 00:12:19,030 As noted in the first lecture, they were provided for Genesis Chapter 18 and then Isaiah one and two, 95 00:12:19,030 --> 00:12:25,870 and Colossians went into a full apparatus of the readings of the Paris Bible crown witnesses, 96 00:12:25,870 --> 00:12:34,630 the Gutenberg Bible and a selection of 16th century printing Bibles, culminating in the 16th and Clementine editions. 97 00:12:34,630 --> 00:12:42,880 Weber's summarised his results in a table indicating that for the sample texts combined chapters combined, 98 00:12:42,880 --> 00:12:50,500 there are 135 places where the Gutenberg Bibles reading is shared with some grouping of the Paris witnesses 99 00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:58,020 as against just 14 places where the Gutenberg Bible reading is not found in any of the Paris witnesses. 100 00:12:58,020 --> 00:13:05,070 Presented as pure numbers without analysis. This sounds like overwhelming evidence. 101 00:13:05,070 --> 00:13:10,440 There is, however, a complicating factor that neither Schneider nor Faber dealt with, 102 00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:15,360 and that leaves our picture of the Gutenberg Bible textual basis less clear, 103 00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:25,950 the factor can be raised as a question what kind of evidence counts against the picture of the descent of the Gutenberg Bible from the Paris Bible? 104 00:13:25,950 --> 00:13:33,180 And how should we assess that counter evidence against the positive evidence laid out by Schnieder? 105 00:13:33,180 --> 00:13:37,530 Neither Schneider nor Veber posed the question at all. 106 00:13:37,530 --> 00:13:43,540 But is it is a necessary one. Indeed, the question is difficult to quantify. 107 00:13:43,540 --> 00:13:53,650 Take one example in third kings that first Kings and English translations, chapter one, verse eight, 108 00:13:53,650 --> 00:13:58,360 the Gutenberg Bibles reading, as noted by Schneider, is that of the Sorbonne manuscript. 109 00:13:58,360 --> 00:14:01,620 Thus, we can call it a Paris reading. 110 00:14:01,620 --> 00:14:12,930 In verse nine, it has a reading of the accepted Vulgate that is of the edited room Testament and not Paris and not noted by Schneider. 111 00:14:12,930 --> 00:14:18,140 In verse 12, it has the reading of both the Sanjak and the Sorbonne manuscripts. 112 00:14:18,140 --> 00:14:25,740 So, again, a Paris reading. In versus 19 and 20, the readings are those of the accepted Vulgate and not Paris. 113 00:14:25,740 --> 00:14:32,340 And again, not noted by Schneider. In other words, in the short passage of Three Kings, 114 00:14:32,340 --> 00:14:42,270 Schneider highlights two Paris readings in the Gutenberg Bible in a silent about three readings that stand against the Paris Bible. 115 00:14:42,270 --> 00:14:46,890 We can hardly form an accurate picture of the relation between the two texts if we 116 00:14:46,890 --> 00:14:54,640 count only the positive results for Paris readings and ignore the counterexamples. 117 00:14:54,640 --> 00:15:00,490 In Weber's study with the sample correlations from Genesis, Isaiah Colossians, 118 00:15:00,490 --> 00:15:06,250 the counter evidence is hidden and it seems that Vapour himself did not understand this. 119 00:15:06,250 --> 00:15:10,450 He presented another table showing that on Izia chapters one and two, 120 00:15:10,450 --> 00:15:18,250 the Gutenberg Bible reading agrees with Paris readings 46 times and differs from them only five times. 121 00:15:18,250 --> 00:15:21,360 Again, it sounds like overwhelming evidence. 122 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:28,830 Unstaged here is that in most of these instances, the Gutenberg Bible reading agrees not simply with the Paris witness, 123 00:15:28,830 --> 00:15:34,860 but also with a considerable number of older witnesses omitted from Weber's apparatus. 124 00:15:34,860 --> 00:15:36,990 So they're invisible. 125 00:15:36,990 --> 00:15:46,410 Therefore, the evidence that the Gutenberg Bible readings to send specifically from the Paris text is, in each such case, uncertain. 126 00:15:46,410 --> 00:15:53,400 For instance, there are 25 cases where both the Paris Bible and the Gutenberg Bible agreed with the edited FOLGATE. 127 00:15:53,400 --> 00:16:00,960 This tells us precisely nothing, for obviously the readings are from a tradition much older than the Paris Bible. 128 00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:09,720 Of the 21 variant or negative readings showing agreement between the Gutenberg Bible and the Paris witnesses in 12 of those cases, 129 00:16:09,720 --> 00:16:16,690 the reading is similarly attested also in older witnesses, but not shown in his apparatus. 130 00:16:16,690 --> 00:16:21,600 The survivors, 46, in Gothenburg, Paris agreement's. 131 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:31,320 Reduced to nine potentially indicative agreements and to this attaches a silent assumption that Schneider specifically warned against the assumption 132 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:40,920 that a seemingly Paris specific reading from the Sanjak or Sorbent Bible really does have no earthly witnesses outside the Paris tradition. 133 00:16:40,920 --> 00:16:43,470 In some cases, we know that they did. 134 00:16:43,470 --> 00:16:50,730 And in every case, we must remember that the Rome Old Testament textual apparatus is limited to a small selection, 135 00:16:50,730 --> 00:16:58,640 especially amongst later manuscripts, Italian giant Bibles. 136 00:16:58,640 --> 00:17:06,680 Excuse me, Italian giant Bibles of the 11th and 12th centuries are represented in the apparatus by one or more codices, 137 00:17:06,680 --> 00:17:14,030 English and French Romanesque Bibles are not represented at all, nor are 12th century Glossop books of the Bible, 138 00:17:14,030 --> 00:17:19,400 which we know had an influence on the formation of the Paris Bible. 139 00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:25,880 One more countertrend indication can be mentioned, further complicating the view that the Gutenberg Bible is a, 140 00:17:25,880 --> 00:17:30,320 quote, lightly edited version of the Paris Bible. 141 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:42,570 Consider that already mentioned contact score, those 13 characteristic Paris readings within the Arctic that can't be used as a test for Paris Bibles. 142 00:17:42,570 --> 00:17:48,840 Paris Bible, strictly speaking, of which it will be recalled there easily, several hundred, perhaps 300 surviving, 143 00:17:48,840 --> 00:17:58,940 perhaps more than that, all have high contact scores, typically of 11 or 12 or 13 of the 13 possible readings. 144 00:17:58,940 --> 00:18:06,770 The Gutenberg Bibles contain score, on the other hand, is only three, it has a single parents reading from Genesis 18, 145 00:18:06,770 --> 00:18:12,890 another from Leviticus five and one other from the second chapter of Joshua. 146 00:18:12,890 --> 00:18:23,180 If the underlying text of the Gutenberg Bibles exemplar for the Arctic was directly descended from a Paris Bible, we would not expect this take. 147 00:18:23,180 --> 00:18:29,600 The Yolanda's Bible just mentioned a significant number of whose anomalous Pentateuch readings that is, 148 00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:35,150 readings not found in the Rome Old Testament apparatus are shared with the Gutenberg Bible. 149 00:18:35,150 --> 00:18:40,160 The contact score of the oldest Bible is indeed characteristic of Paris Bibles. 150 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:50,800 It is 12 13. To summarise, there is no doubt that the Gutenberg Bible contains a significant number of Paris Bible readings, 151 00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:55,210 but we have only a limited picture of the range and distribution. 152 00:18:55,210 --> 00:19:00,400 The question of how to judge the instances where the Gutenberg Bible presents a Paris reading 153 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:07,090 against the instances where it presents an older Vulgate reading instead of the newer Paris reading, 154 00:19:07,090 --> 00:19:18,640 has not been raised in detail by any investigator. As learnt as the studies of the Gutenberg Bible texts by Heinrich Schneider and Robert Faber are, 155 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:27,400 there seems to be an element of unconscious confirmation bias in the results, particularly in those of vapour Paris readings count. 156 00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:33,060 Non-porous readings are neglected. At her present state of knowledge, we cannot, in fact, 157 00:19:33,060 --> 00:19:39,900 usefully draw a picture of the textual dissent of Bibles written in the 13th to 15th centuries beyond 158 00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:50,130 recognising that the Paris Bible group forms one relatively coherent section amongst this unstudied, 159 00:19:50,130 --> 00:19:53,040 large collection of Bibles. 160 00:19:53,040 --> 00:20:03,000 That characteristic Paris Bible readings littered the text of later manuscripts to varying degrees is certain, but all the paths remain mysterious. 161 00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:08,640 We do not have enough information to judge confidently is the Gutenberg Bible text. 162 00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:18,810 Schneider summarised it lightly, corrected Paris text, or is it some other class of all gay texts that is accreted a number of later Paris readings? 163 00:20:18,810 --> 00:20:31,250 And finally, is there one answer for the Gutenberg Bible overall, or does the answer vary by groups of books within the Bible? 164 00:20:31,250 --> 00:20:38,830 15TH century manuscript Bibles. It may be useful to approach the question from a different direction, 165 00:20:38,830 --> 00:20:45,610 instead of attempting to look forward to the 15th century from the standpoint of the 13th century Paris Bible, 166 00:20:45,610 --> 00:20:55,010 we may look backward from the 15th century Vulgate Bible to to try to see what traces of the 13th century Bible persist in it. 167 00:20:55,010 --> 00:21:04,010 We are now in the age of digitisation, and it has been possible by squinting for many hours at a computer screen to examine closely 168 00:21:04,010 --> 00:21:11,030 more than 80 15th century handwritten Bibles that we may see surrounding the Gutenberg Bible, 169 00:21:11,030 --> 00:21:19,760 some older contemporary, some even younger. To refer to the 15th century Vulgate Bible is in itself. 170 00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:28,280 So we immediately find misleading, we have no way of determining how randomly select selected this group of 85 171 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:34,430 Bibles are within the uncounted corpus of all handwritten 15th century Bibles. 172 00:21:34,430 --> 00:21:45,640 One might better say that we look at a swarm of 15th century folgate bibles, each one stubbornly individual, not a sample in any statistical sense. 173 00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:48,370 The group includes no English made Bibles, 174 00:21:48,370 --> 00:21:57,430 and it may be recalled that New Yorkers mediaeval manuscripts in British libraries does not include any English Bible of the 15th century. 175 00:21:57,430 --> 00:22:02,230 One early 15th century English Bible has been intentionally left out. 176 00:22:02,230 --> 00:22:10,360 This is the massive British Library Royal 189, measuring 63 by 43 centimetres, 177 00:22:10,360 --> 00:22:18,510 which was clearly copied directly from a 13th century English Bible, quite separate from the Paris tradition. 178 00:22:18,510 --> 00:22:25,770 Nor, curiously and frustratingly, does our group include any French made Bibles again, 179 00:22:25,770 --> 00:22:32,550 curse catalogue did not have any 15th century French example and a provisional list of 15th century Bible 180 00:22:32,550 --> 00:22:38,880 manuscript Bible manuscripts made by Samuel Bergey contains a few that are clearly of French origin. 181 00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:44,130 Most are German. At the Bibliotheque National de France, but here excluded. 182 00:22:44,130 --> 00:22:50,460 There are too large and luxurious illuminated manuscript Bibles Latson, 25, 183 00:22:50,460 --> 00:22:56,220 and Latin 43, which are plausibly dated from their illumination to tour about 14. 184 00:22:56,220 --> 00:23:01,290 Seventy one was made for presentation to Lewis the 11th, 185 00:23:01,290 --> 00:23:09,120 but these are apparently copied from Carolingian Bibles and so stand entirely apart from the Paris Bible tradition. 186 00:23:09,120 --> 00:23:15,900 The largest share of our 15th century group comes from Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Bohemia. 187 00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:21,120 There are seven Bibles from Italy and four from the Netherlands. 188 00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:31,650 Of course, many earlier manuscript bibles continued to be used in the 15th century, and even after including widely available 13th century Bibles, 189 00:23:31,650 --> 00:23:33,630 one example may be mentioned here, 190 00:23:33,630 --> 00:23:41,250 discovered by chance while browsing in the online continuation of newcomer's mediaeval manuscripts in British libraries. 191 00:23:41,250 --> 00:23:50,250 MGB three. Probably at the time of its foundation and for 1896 by John Alcock, bishop of Ely, 192 00:23:50,250 --> 00:23:56,970 Jesus College, Cambridge, received by gift from that eminent ecclesiastic John Gunn Thorpe, 193 00:23:56,970 --> 00:24:07,850 English diplomat, humanist and longtime dean of Wells, a small format about 15 by 11 centimetres, 13th century English Bible. 194 00:24:07,850 --> 00:24:13,070 An inscription which unfortunately calls him William instead of John, 195 00:24:13,070 --> 00:24:22,610 states the condition of the gift it was for the use of any preacher in the college would then pass it on for use to his successor and so on, 196 00:24:22,610 --> 00:24:26,960 remaining always in the hands of a fellow of the college. 197 00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:32,060 In fact, it migrated a few hundred yards to Cambridge University library. 198 00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:38,420 There is a hint in a race for 1853 cultured note that this Bible had been Ingunn Thorpe's 199 00:24:38,420 --> 00:24:45,950 possession in the early 40s and 50s when he was an M.A. and student of theology at Cambridge Gun. 200 00:24:45,950 --> 00:24:51,290 Thorpe, of course, was fully immersed in the new world of printed books and earned many, 201 00:24:51,290 --> 00:24:59,980 including a collection of three Louvain Cicero editions that he had specially bound in queer Sicily with his name on the cover. 202 00:24:59,980 --> 00:25:07,960 And by the late 1990s, many dozens of printed folgate bibles had been marketed and were widely available, 203 00:25:07,960 --> 00:25:16,450 but a 13th century handwritten Bible could still be solemnly given in use for a worthy purpose. 204 00:25:16,450 --> 00:25:23,110 The 85 manuscript Bibles of our sample give a wide variety of answers to, amongst other questions, 205 00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:31,090 if one wanted to make a new Vulgate Bible in the 15th century, what would its textual profile be for each such Bible? 206 00:25:31,090 --> 00:25:39,490 We can consistently draw two comparisons its shape or profile against that of the Paris Bible model, 207 00:25:39,490 --> 00:25:44,950 which had been embodied in hundreds of order codices and against that of the Gutenberg Bible. 208 00:25:44,950 --> 00:25:54,340 And you have a one page handout summary of the Gutenberg Bible, both its contents and in notes at the bottom. 209 00:25:54,340 --> 00:26:02,400 The ways in which this contents vary from that of the Paris Bible formula. 210 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:11,520 The 15th century is the time when paper came heavily into use in the making of books alongside vellum or parchment. 211 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:18,570 Our 15th century group of Bibles divides evenly between paper and vellum codices. 212 00:26:18,570 --> 00:26:28,860 The earliest paper codex dating to 14 11. It was written at the lower Cistercian Abbey of Svetozar by a wandering scribe who also signed 213 00:26:28,860 --> 00:26:37,030 manuscripts in 14 and 14 26 at the shot and stuffed in Vienna and may have also worked at Lombok. 214 00:26:37,030 --> 00:26:42,510 Four of the paper codices acquired without her by folia of vellum. 215 00:26:42,510 --> 00:26:53,040 Only six Bibles in the group of vellum are what would naturally be called portable incise, specifically with Levites between 19 and 23 centimetres. 216 00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:57,320 They all belong to the first half of the 15th century. 217 00:26:57,320 --> 00:27:07,940 One of the stated 14, 28 and probably executed in Bologna is a true luxury Bible with an abundance, even superabundance of illumination. 218 00:27:07,940 --> 00:27:15,500 It was commissioned by the Cardinal Archbishop of Bologna and Carthusian, Nicolo Albergotti, who bequeathed it to the car. 219 00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:23,660 Thousands of Val, Daymo, Florence, the other portable Bibles are all professionally and handsomely made. 220 00:27:23,660 --> 00:27:29,180 One Italian, one Swiss, one probably Westphalian, too Bohemian. 221 00:27:29,180 --> 00:27:36,950 Two of this group were written with page length lines rather than, as always, elsewhere, double columns. 222 00:27:36,950 --> 00:27:40,970 Apart from these six, the Bibles are at least chancellory Foleo in size, 223 00:27:40,970 --> 00:27:47,840 many of them being indeed paper chancellory folios with leaf heights of about 30 centimetres. 224 00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:56,480 Another group are either paper royal folios with Levites of about 40 centimetres or vellum of about the same size. 225 00:27:56,480 --> 00:28:03,410 Some of them just a bit shorter. Finally, there is a group of 10 all naturally on vellum, 226 00:28:03,410 --> 00:28:13,000 for we go beyond the limits of paper size that could be seen as giant Bibles with Levites of 48 to almost 60 centimetres. 227 00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:18,820 Four of these are Prague or Bohemian Bibles of the late 14th and early 15th centuries. 228 00:28:18,820 --> 00:28:27,040 Another is the already mentioned giant Bible of mines, the largest of all with a leaf height of just under 60 centimetres, 229 00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:35,980 is the densely illuminated Bible of Federico Dumont of military commission through Vespasian domestically and written in humanist script, 230 00:28:35,980 --> 00:28:40,970 very unusually in 14 77 to 14 78. 231 00:28:40,970 --> 00:28:54,070 Despite his relatively late date being created at a time when at least 20 printed Bible editions had been published, it was copied from manuscripts. 232 00:28:54,070 --> 00:29:04,150 And we're going to look at slowly it just a few more of the 15th century manuscript Bibles in the group I've been studying. 233 00:29:04,150 --> 00:29:07,900 It is not always easy to draw a line between Bibles that were professionally 234 00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:12,970 written on commission and those that were personally written by their owners. 235 00:29:12,970 --> 00:29:19,120 Likewise, it is not always easy to draw a distinction between book hands and more coercive hands. 236 00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:25,900 In general, Bibles written on prepared line ruled pages may be presumed to represent bookends, 237 00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:37,340 but some of the three dozen plus Bibles written without line rulings are still carefully written and sometimes have added illumination. 238 00:29:37,340 --> 00:29:46,420 To personally written Bibles, maybe briefly noticed as they reveal something of the personalities or mentalities of their makers. 239 00:29:46,420 --> 00:29:55,420 At Vodafone Butel, there's a Chancery Folio paper manuscript containing the OCTA two and four Books of Kings, which was written over a year. 240 00:29:55,420 --> 00:30:00,040 November 14, 55 to November 14, 56 by one. 241 00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:04,720 Andreas Zotov Flesche, student at the University of Airport. 242 00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:07,420 At the end of each book, he wrote a long subscription, 243 00:30:07,420 --> 00:30:15,630 recording the exact day and begging comfort and assistance from the saint of the nearest major feast. 244 00:30:15,630 --> 00:30:24,120 A second chance, three Foleo paper Old Testament leader belonging to the Carmelites of Mines was written in two volumes 245 00:30:24,120 --> 00:30:32,580 the books not presented in Paris Bible Order a Decade Apart by Andreas Fitial Monk of Tegernsee. 246 00:30:32,580 --> 00:30:41,970 He began writing his first volume in 14 57 and completed it on the Feast of Saint and 26 July 14 58. 247 00:30:41,970 --> 00:30:49,170 Then a decade later, as parish priest of Brook in Bavaria, he began his second volume, 248 00:30:49,170 --> 00:30:53,820 finishing with finishing Jobe, the first in that volume on the Feast of St. 249 00:30:53,820 --> 00:31:03,390 Luke, 18, October 14 66 and completing the volume with the last of the minor profits on 22 January 14 68. 250 00:31:03,390 --> 00:31:06,200 The Feast of St. Vincent Martta. 251 00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:15,710 A curiosity of this Old Testament is that fishless exemplar for the Book of Esther presented its first two chapters in the old Latin version, 252 00:31:15,710 --> 00:31:24,100 a remarkable persistence into the 15th century of an ancient and long submerged text. 253 00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:30,760 It is impossible with our time frame to discuss in detail any one of these 80 plus manuscript Bibles, 254 00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:39,430 so we will simply summarise a few of the features that have links to the Paris Bible that we use as a basis of comparison. 255 00:31:39,430 --> 00:31:47,170 The first feature is Order of Texas, which of the group follow Perry's Bible order and which have different orders of the biblical books, 256 00:31:47,170 --> 00:31:51,280 two thirds of the group, almost 60, do follow Perry's order, 257 00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:57,400 which became increasingly common for Bibles in general even by the end of the 13th century. 258 00:31:57,400 --> 00:32:08,570 But the one third that do not follow Perry's order, some 28 Bibles make for a substantial group which cannot easily be characterised except for a few. 259 00:32:08,570 --> 00:32:15,010 Three of the Bibles follow Vinda Seim order. 260 00:32:15,010 --> 00:32:25,480 This is the order of books in the Bible written by Thomas Compass, it's vola in five volumes over the years, 14, 27 to 14, 39. 261 00:32:25,480 --> 00:32:30,070 This Bible is number 84 on my group and No. 262 00:32:30,070 --> 00:32:37,240 70 and 71 of the same group are also going to sign Bibles written in the same order. 263 00:32:37,240 --> 00:32:43,570 You see the one here in the shade library with regard to book order prologues and text readings, 264 00:32:43,570 --> 00:32:51,730 Vinda signed Bibles occupy a channel of transmission separate from both the Paris Bible and the Gutenberg Bible. 265 00:32:51,730 --> 00:33:02,790 However, for all the fame of Thomas Acanthus, Bible Bibles written in Vinda same order seem to be the rare. 266 00:33:02,790 --> 00:33:07,410 One of the Bibles written in order, radically different from that of the Paris Bible. 267 00:33:07,410 --> 00:33:13,350 I wish I had a good picture of it, but I've only seen it in microfilm formally in the cathedral. 268 00:33:13,350 --> 00:33:19,830 Library of Augsburg must have been made for an unidentified Bavarian Carthusian house. 269 00:33:19,830 --> 00:33:28,970 It arranges the books of the Bible in the order of their texts were read as part of the Divine Office over the course of the liturgical year. 270 00:33:28,970 --> 00:33:39,170 The late Peter Gombert described a similarly ordered four volume Bible of the Utrecht Carthaginians, written in 14 02 to 14 03. 271 00:33:39,170 --> 00:33:49,940 The New Yorker described another in four volumes at Malmesbury Parish Church, but written in 14 57 for the Carthusian of a run. 272 00:33:49,940 --> 00:34:02,960 It referred to this type as a Biblio de Tempora. A second rough assessment of the 15th century Bibles could be made by comparing the prologue sets, 273 00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:07,790 which include the Paris set of curves 64 prologues, and which vary from this. 274 00:34:07,790 --> 00:34:14,360 And in what ways? About 20 of the Bibles omit none or only one or two prologues. 275 00:34:14,360 --> 00:34:19,460 But some of these are partial Bibles. We cannot be sure of the full Parisot. 276 00:34:19,460 --> 00:34:25,730 Moreover, most of these add non-porous prologues and sometimes in substantial numbers. 277 00:34:25,730 --> 00:34:33,040 The giant Bible of meIt's, for instance, contains all the Paris prologues and then 47 more. 278 00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:39,460 The appearance and later Bibles of prologues outside the Parisot is not new to the 15th century, 279 00:34:39,460 --> 00:34:43,930 surveys of 13th and 14th century Bibles by Laura Light, 280 00:34:43,930 --> 00:34:52,750 Chiara Rootsier and Sabrina Mogherini have all noted that many Bibles have additional prologues outside the norm of the Paris Bible, 281 00:34:52,750 --> 00:34:58,130 drawn from the complicated tradition of pre 13th century Bibles. 282 00:34:58,130 --> 00:35:07,710 The combined total of prologues and our group of 85 15th century Bibles comes to more than 270. 283 00:35:07,710 --> 00:35:12,510 A third rough assessment of the group can be made by looking at their contact scores. 284 00:35:12,510 --> 00:35:20,760 That's that number we've already mentioned several times, the number of up to 13 characteristic Paris Bible readings. 285 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:25,160 Of 74, manuscript's fully recorded for the Arctic. 286 00:35:25,160 --> 00:35:31,650 Only five have contact scores characteristic of Paris Bibles, that is 11 to 13. 287 00:35:31,650 --> 00:35:40,650 Or you could say six. If you count the one with ten Paris readings, 13 of them have no Paris reading, including the giant Bible of mines, 288 00:35:40,650 --> 00:35:46,230 though it has all the Paris prologues, 20 have between one and three Paris readings. 289 00:35:46,230 --> 00:35:50,200 The rest have between four and nine Paris readings. 290 00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:56,940 But even when two manuscripts have the same contact score, say six in almost every instance, they differ. 291 00:35:56,940 --> 00:36:07,800 In the specific readings, they manifest the contact score of the Gutenberg Bible, it will be recalled, is three in the entire group of 85 manuscripts. 292 00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:18,750 There is only one that, by a variety of tests, looks plausibly as if it was copied directly or by one intermediary from a Paris Bible. 293 00:36:18,750 --> 00:36:31,450 This is, let's see, the next slide. This is number 65 of the group, Vatican, Palestina, Latin one, a beautiful large format, 294 00:36:31,450 --> 00:36:39,580 Bible local Ausable to Prague in the first decade of the 15th century with illuminations by a noon Prague artist. 295 00:36:39,580 --> 00:36:47,560 It is written in Paris Bible order and has all the Paris Prologues plus one brief additional prologue to Obediah. 296 00:36:47,560 --> 00:36:52,780 The Prayer of Manasa is incorporated in the last chapter of Second Chronicles. 297 00:36:52,780 --> 00:36:58,840 It has three of its contest score is 11 and in more than a dozen scattered other 298 00:36:58,840 --> 00:37:06,040 indicative places that I've studied its readings are all those of Paris Vivos. 299 00:37:06,040 --> 00:37:11,350 A final remark should be made about this group of 15th century manuscript Bibles. 300 00:37:11,350 --> 00:37:16,390 The omission of capitulation was a defining feature of the Paris Bible. 301 00:37:16,390 --> 00:37:22,180 Yet 20 of the 15th century group retain capitulates for one or more books, 302 00:37:22,180 --> 00:37:27,970 suggesting that at least in part, they descend from pre 13th century traditions. 303 00:37:27,970 --> 00:37:34,840 And likewise, 18 of the group omit the prayer of Manizha, another of the defining features of the Paris Bible. 304 00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:43,950 And there is in fact a high correlation between manuscripts containing Capitola and those lacking the prayer of Monalisa. 305 00:37:43,950 --> 00:37:51,780 In summary, the group of IndusInd Bibles apart, almost every Bible in this group has an individual text profile, 306 00:37:51,780 --> 00:38:00,840 none identical with that of the Bible and very few of them close to the Paris Bible profile as the Paris Bible readings, 307 00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:06,990 of which a few more examples will be reviewed in the next lecture. It seems that for most of these Bibles, 308 00:38:06,990 --> 00:38:16,990 the occurrence of any one Paris reading at any one place does not closely predict that another place will also have a Paris reading. 309 00:38:16,990 --> 00:38:21,970 The great variety of patterns of contests, scores from one Bible to the next, 310 00:38:21,970 --> 00:38:32,120 gives us a first approximation of what one would be tempted to call randomness in the pattern of Paris Bible readings in 15th century Bibles. 311 00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:40,280 Jerome's statement in his prologue to Joshua can be treated as a prophecy for the millennium after his death amongst the Latins, 312 00:38:40,280 --> 00:38:45,110 there is many versions as there are manuscripts tote exemplary a quote, 313 00:38:45,110 --> 00:38:53,970 codices everyone either adding or subtracting what he likes according to his own taste. 314 00:38:53,970 --> 00:39:02,190 Finally, the Gutenberg Bible workshop, we turn now to the workshop that created the Gutenberg Bible, 315 00:39:02,190 --> 00:39:08,880 the fundamental differing features of that Bible compared with its many 15th century Bible companions, 316 00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:14,490 or first, that its text was not produced by the ancient craft of handwriting. 317 00:39:14,490 --> 00:39:19,230 And second, it was made in a large number of essentially identical copies. 318 00:39:19,230 --> 00:39:29,580 The figure we will use is 180. The larger of two figures supplied to us by the contemporary report of a near Silvius picolo many. 319 00:39:29,580 --> 00:39:39,750 Those copies otherwise identical, we postpone discussion of the many ways in which, in fact they are not identical might be either vellum or paper. 320 00:39:39,750 --> 00:39:44,850 About one quarter having been printed on vellum and three quarters on paper, 321 00:39:44,850 --> 00:39:51,430 all those copies would have been completed and in principle available for sale on the same day. 322 00:39:51,430 --> 00:39:58,360 It is if 180 scribe's in mines had all been writing Bibles at the respective desks, 323 00:39:58,360 --> 00:40:06,760 some writing on good royal paper and some in vellum sheets of the same size each day, entering on each page, the same text, 324 00:40:06,760 --> 00:40:15,040 the same number of lines and double columns all under the eye of some celestial scriptorium master until the day 325 00:40:15,040 --> 00:40:23,420 came when they all wrote Amen at the end of apocalypse and hence weary and eyes bleary laid down their pens. 326 00:40:23,420 --> 00:40:33,710 We can say as if because those finished copies of the Gutenberg Bible, once that is there, thousands of sheets had been gathered into discrete copies, 327 00:40:33,710 --> 00:40:40,020 would have looked remarkably like Scott scribal work apart from the deep black sheen of the ink. 328 00:40:40,020 --> 00:40:47,670 More precisely, they would have looked like handwritten Bibles in an advanced stage of preparation with all the text written but 329 00:40:47,670 --> 00:40:56,070 still awaiting the final stage of RUBICK and possible illumination that would supply book and prologue initials, 330 00:40:56,070 --> 00:41:01,530 chapter initials, chapter numbers to in rubrics, headlines, 331 00:41:01,530 --> 00:41:06,210 as I call running titles and thousands of personal letters to complete the verses 332 00:41:06,210 --> 00:41:13,290 of the Psalms which without which without them would look pockmarked with holes. 333 00:41:13,290 --> 00:41:20,220 The new craft that enabled this book, Multiplication Without Handwriting, was European typography, 334 00:41:20,220 --> 00:41:27,320 the invention by common acknowledgement of the earliest testimonies of Johann Gutenberg of MIT's. 335 00:41:27,320 --> 00:41:31,520 In the first half of the 15th century, Gutenberg lived for many years in exile, 336 00:41:31,520 --> 00:41:36,800 and Strausberg and legal records show him there involved in teaching several crafts, 337 00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:42,350 including the production of Pilgram Mirrors for the Orkan pilgrimage. 338 00:41:42,350 --> 00:41:50,790 We do not know if he experimented with typography and Strausberg, but the records do not require us to believe that he did. 339 00:41:50,790 --> 00:41:54,900 By 14, 48, he had returned to mights and within the next five years, 340 00:41:54,900 --> 00:42:03,040 probably the earliest productions of the new typographic process had been created and were being sold. 341 00:42:03,040 --> 00:42:10,750 What appear to be from the crudity of their impressions, the earliest printed survival's are all fragmentary, 342 00:42:10,750 --> 00:42:18,760 a partial paper Cordeaux Leaf of a 14th century German prophetic book and rhymed couplets known as the sibilant book. 343 00:42:18,760 --> 00:42:27,280 And you see the image. And vellum leaves of four distinguishable editions of the standard school grammar, 344 00:42:27,280 --> 00:42:36,070 the R's minor or minor of Donatos, the grammarian who had been Jerome's teacher in fourth century Rome. 345 00:42:36,070 --> 00:42:41,470 This first printing font is most clearly seen in this sibilant book fragment, 346 00:42:41,470 --> 00:42:50,500 but various special characters in it show that it was primarily intended for printing Latin text and specifically the Donatos. 347 00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:55,840 These earliest fragments were found in meIt's itself in binding wastes from the 348 00:42:55,840 --> 00:43:01,330 monastery of Zayla Cantal near Darmstadt and from the monastery of Holligan, 349 00:43:01,330 --> 00:43:07,610 start in Thuringia, where the archbishops of mind said substantial properties. 350 00:43:07,610 --> 00:43:17,440 All the fragments were lubricated, indicating that they are the remains of sold and used copies, not unsold waste from a printing shop. 351 00:43:17,440 --> 00:43:28,150 Even if only these five editions had been made with this early printing font, each one happily preserved and scraps by a benign providence, 352 00:43:28,150 --> 00:43:34,390 we would have good reason to suppose that there was a successful small trade in typographically 353 00:43:34,390 --> 00:43:40,150 produced books in mines several years before the Gutenberg Bible came into being, 354 00:43:40,150 --> 00:43:46,300 say, about 14, 52 to 48, 53, maybe even a year early, earlier. 355 00:43:46,300 --> 00:43:56,290 We may see this as Gutenberg's own shop. The font used which in later production site is by 14 54 is in a much improved state, 356 00:43:56,290 --> 00:44:03,350 is commonly called the decay standing for Donatos in calendar type. 357 00:44:03,350 --> 00:44:13,820 The separate Latin Bible project was many times larger in scale and ambition, we know nothing about how the idea arose and how it was planned, 358 00:44:13,820 --> 00:44:19,820 only that the chief investor in the project was a citizen of Mitsue on first. 359 00:44:19,820 --> 00:44:30,110 In a legal deposition or summation of November 14, 55, perhaps filed soon after completed copies of the Bible, had begun to be sold, 360 00:44:30,110 --> 00:44:35,780 first summed up claims he had been making against Gutenberg based on two separate 361 00:44:35,780 --> 00:44:42,360 loans to the ladder of 800 Gulden each regarding what he called the work of the books. 362 00:44:42,360 --> 00:44:44,840 Victor Bouker. 363 00:44:44,840 --> 00:44:54,950 Gutenberg's partial reply, embodied in the same document, referred to the costs of constructing and preparing the necessary printing equipment. 364 00:44:54,950 --> 00:45:00,500 And that was paid out of the first loan and then of wages for workers, 365 00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:09,710 rented workspace and cost of paper, parchment ink and a capacious, etc. paid out of the second loan. 366 00:45:09,710 --> 00:45:15,920 First said subsidised these expenses, it was said, at the rate of 300 Gulden per year. 367 00:45:15,920 --> 00:45:24,820 The implication is that the work of the books, which must be the production of the Latin Bible, covered a period of year, say three or more. 368 00:45:24,820 --> 00:45:34,710 Another implication is that Gutenberg was the master responsible for carrying out the project first rule rule being that of investor. 369 00:45:34,710 --> 00:45:38,610 Various analysts of the document known as the Helmut's Berger instrument, 370 00:45:38,610 --> 00:45:49,830 after the name of its Notari have tried to break down costs into a number of workmen, current wages, prices of bread and beer and so forth. 371 00:45:49,830 --> 00:45:59,650 But this is a fool's errand. A new type fund was created for the Bible project, slightly smaller than Gutenberg's DOCTYPE, 372 00:45:59,650 --> 00:46:05,410 but of the same script style texture, a quadrotor format, 373 00:46:05,410 --> 00:46:12,340 it marked a notable advance on the decay type and better reproducing in metal, the subtle rules of Gothic script, 374 00:46:12,340 --> 00:46:17,230 including changes in shapes of letters according to what letters followed them. 375 00:46:17,230 --> 00:46:27,280 A new feature of the Gutenberg Bible font was the series of characters corresponding to fused letters in Gothic writings such as B plus A, 376 00:46:27,280 --> 00:46:30,940 B and E, B and O DNA. DNA d. 377 00:46:30,940 --> 00:46:34,240 A. h. H. H. A. and so on. 378 00:46:34,240 --> 00:46:43,700 Joining both letters on the same piece of type. It is necessary to say something here about the making of the decay and Gutenberg Bible types, 379 00:46:43,700 --> 00:46:51,650 but that something will be said briefly to allow us to move rapidly from the making of types to the setting of text. 380 00:46:51,650 --> 00:47:01,460 The general consensus of the 19th and 20th centuries was that these earliest types were made according to a system of engraving steel letter punches, 381 00:47:01,460 --> 00:47:09,620 sinking them into copper matrices and casting multiple types from the matrices by pouring molten type metal into a hand mould, 382 00:47:09,620 --> 00:47:18,440 holding the matrix at its base, resulting in a rectangular shaft or piece of tape with a reverse letter form at the top. 383 00:47:18,440 --> 00:47:28,160 This was a system of type making that certainly existed in Europe from the 14th 70s, well into the 19th century, maybe even in the 40s and 50s. 384 00:47:28,160 --> 00:47:37,030 And it was seen as the core of Gutenberg's invention. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Blaise Aguirre, 385 00:47:37,030 --> 00:47:43,690 Arcus and I investigated both the decay and the Gutenberg Bible funds by means of high resolution 386 00:47:43,690 --> 00:47:53,050 digital photography and automated shape analysis software developed and refined by equerry Yarkas. 387 00:47:53,050 --> 00:48:03,100 We found that by this analysis, no individual letter form in multiple appearances would coalesce within the boundaries of a single letter shape. 388 00:48:03,100 --> 00:48:07,980 Each one, to our surprise, appeared to be slightly different from the others. 389 00:48:07,980 --> 00:48:19,890 Our default explanation was that the types were cast from temporary matrices of a malleable material build up of individual small shaping elements, 390 00:48:19,890 --> 00:48:25,200 such a matrix would allow one or maybe a few castings, but not a large number. 391 00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:32,940 And so new matrices of the same general shape would be constructed using more types of that general shape. 392 00:48:32,940 --> 00:48:45,530 We call this cuneiform typography. Only a single brief publication outlined our argument, Aguirre, AKA, has moved on to other software projects, 393 00:48:45,530 --> 00:48:50,540 and he is now a very major figure in the field of artificial intelligence. 394 00:48:50,540 --> 00:48:59,180 Our conclusions have been doubted and the necessary research to provide fuller evidence is admittedly very incomplete. 395 00:48:59,180 --> 00:49:07,100 It may be noted, however, that this year a small study was made of the Gutenberg Bible font by Murree interrogator 396 00:49:07,100 --> 00:49:13,400 based on digital images at lower resolution than what we'd worked out of a single character. 397 00:49:13,400 --> 00:49:17,930 The letter you with a suspension, Stroker macaron above it. 398 00:49:17,930 --> 00:49:28,820 This enabled us a statistical analysis of whether 140 current 143 occurrences of this letter and 12 12 scattered pages of 399 00:49:28,820 --> 00:49:37,670 the Gutenberg Bible could coalesce into the product of a single matrix with a constant distance between the shape of the U. 400 00:49:37,670 --> 00:49:46,820 And the stroke above it. The Akitas concluded, quote, that there were multiple matrices in parallel for this letter form, 401 00:49:46,820 --> 00:49:51,830 which is what the Aguado Iraqis and Edam hypothesis requires. 402 00:49:51,830 --> 00:49:59,500 A different result would have seriously challenged our hypothesis. The question becomes, are approaches, 403 00:49:59,500 --> 00:50:06,580 how many matrices would be necessary to explain all the occurrences of this one character and then how many 404 00:50:06,580 --> 00:50:13,310 matrices would need to underline each of the several hundred other characters of the Gutenberg Bible font? 405 00:50:13,310 --> 00:50:20,630 At some point, the received opinion about how the tapes were made may be forced to hypothesise the laborious 406 00:50:20,630 --> 00:50:26,420 engraving of one thousand and more steel punches to create the Gutenberg Bible font. 407 00:50:26,420 --> 00:50:36,720 And at some point after that, even the most committed typographical traditionalists may begin to sense that their position is becoming awkward. 408 00:50:36,720 --> 00:50:42,540 We do not have an answer now, but we have all the technology eventually to find an answer, 409 00:50:42,540 --> 00:50:47,910 and I'm showing just one slide to indicate why there might be reason to question 410 00:50:47,910 --> 00:50:53,010 the received opinion that the Gutenberg Bible font was created by the steal, 411 00:50:53,010 --> 00:51:00,730 steal, punch copper matrix system. And this slide shows. 412 00:51:00,730 --> 00:51:09,650 From. Scanning by blazoned eye 80 consecutive pages of a single composition unit in 413 00:51:09,650 --> 00:51:15,830 the Gutenberg Bible and pulling out the character PEH with a understructure, 414 00:51:15,830 --> 00:51:26,630 standing for prayer and in the top row, you find a selection of the 207 shapes we found. 415 00:51:26,630 --> 00:51:38,940 And then. The line below, you find all six single examples scattered amongst those 207 pages of a pair of a different shape, 416 00:51:38,940 --> 00:51:44,310 so with six over 80 pages, it's clearly a single piece of type. 417 00:51:44,310 --> 00:51:53,730 And so the idea one would have to maintain is that some punch cutter. 418 00:51:53,730 --> 00:52:07,040 Very laboriously. Created a punch that had the stroke in the long position, finish the punch Foley correctly. 419 00:52:07,040 --> 00:52:13,310 Cast it into a matrix and then made one type and one type only. 420 00:52:13,310 --> 00:52:20,870 And. This is not a proof, I find it implausible. 421 00:52:20,870 --> 00:52:27,140 The scale of the Latin Bible project was dozens of times greater than that of Gutenberg's Dekay shop, 422 00:52:27,140 --> 00:52:34,580 producing primarily editions of Donatos, it represented a new order of challenge and ambition. 423 00:52:34,580 --> 00:52:43,890 The simplest way to measure the extent of a printed text is by EMS, the number of notional square pieces of type that the pages contain. 424 00:52:43,890 --> 00:52:49,410 The Latin Bible can be assessed as a text of about one million, 300000, Ms. 425 00:52:49,410 --> 00:52:55,230 The Ares miner of Donatos of about fourteen thousand five hundred Ms. 426 00:52:55,230 --> 00:53:04,120 Thus, the Latin Bible project in terms of text setting, was the equivalent of creating 90 editions of Donato's. 427 00:53:04,120 --> 00:53:10,720 We have no reason to suppose that Gutenberg's DKA shop ever possessed more than a single case of type, 428 00:53:10,720 --> 00:53:15,640 and that must have been a somewhat sparse case for in various Donatos editions. 429 00:53:15,640 --> 00:53:21,610 There are signs that at the foot of certain pages, the needed sorts were no longer available. 430 00:53:21,610 --> 00:53:27,120 And so various Ayres's had to be used to substitute for them. 431 00:53:27,120 --> 00:53:32,670 The Latin Bible project, the Gutenberg Bible project, was set up at the very beginning. 432 00:53:32,670 --> 00:53:36,750 As for composition units, each with its own case of type, 433 00:53:36,750 --> 00:53:45,980 and those cases needed many more sorts than the DICTATE did for more types had to be set on each page. 434 00:53:45,980 --> 00:53:53,300 In the earliest state of the Bible type, 20 lines of the type measure to a height of 147 millimetres, 435 00:53:53,300 --> 00:53:58,890 showing the upper terminations of various capital letters and undamaged form. 436 00:53:58,890 --> 00:54:04,830 Only the first 16 pages were set in the state of the type after which was reduced 437 00:54:04,830 --> 00:54:09,100 in size by filing it across the Taub's and perhaps a little at the bottom. 438 00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:19,650 So the types reducing that 20 line measure to 140 millimetres, the difference in state is especially evident in the capital letter A. 439 00:54:19,650 --> 00:54:28,680 Could we have the next slide, please? Which in its first state has a sharply peaked top filed down in the second state to around the top, 440 00:54:28,680 --> 00:54:38,300 you see, you see three of the unfiled azz towards the right hand side and top of this slide. 441 00:54:38,300 --> 00:54:44,240 Two fragmentary Donatos editions survived that were printed in this first state of the Gutenberg Bible, 442 00:54:44,240 --> 00:54:51,770 type one is in the shade library at Princeton and one is in the Juggy L'Union Library in Krakow. 443 00:54:51,770 --> 00:54:59,120 These two editions must have been finished and sold several years before the Bible itself was completed. 444 00:54:59,120 --> 00:55:05,660 And their copy histories give us an important clue to the beginning of the Latin Bible project. 445 00:55:05,660 --> 00:55:14,030 The Chardy Donatos was recovered is finding ways from a 14 79 Bazzel addition of Augustine's City of God. 446 00:55:14,030 --> 00:55:19,760 It's binding now in the Londis Bibliotheque Stuttgart was made by a recognised but 447 00:55:19,760 --> 00:55:25,400 unnamed binder who worked for various Abbe's in the Danube Valley of Austria. 448 00:55:25,400 --> 00:55:37,120 Thus, it appears that this early months, Donatos was marketed and used in Austria, far from mines where it eventually became waste material. 449 00:55:37,120 --> 00:55:41,470 The Krakow Donatos fragment is still kept alongside its source, 450 00:55:41,470 --> 00:55:50,650 a Leipzig binding covering a set of chants recorded Tractatus written between 14, 17, 14, 73 by a Leipzig student. 451 00:55:50,650 --> 00:55:54,910 And then in the 14 A.D., the volume migrated to Krakow, 452 00:55:54,910 --> 00:56:03,070 thus here to the second typographic to notice a different edition from the shyte fragment very handsomely 453 00:56:03,070 --> 00:56:09,790 printed in the first state of the Gutenberg Bible type was marketed well outside the meIt's region. 454 00:56:09,790 --> 00:56:14,580 We see in these shyte in Krakow fragments, long distance sales of the. 455 00:56:14,580 --> 00:56:22,900 They're not just grammar, unlike the DKA editions moving along trade channels for which we have no documentation, 456 00:56:22,900 --> 00:56:31,090 but the same channels that certain copies of the Gutenberg Bible followed several years later when it was finished from early in its planning. 457 00:56:31,090 --> 00:56:34,000 A wide sale of this new kind of book, 458 00:56:34,000 --> 00:56:43,150 a type printed Bible of stately size must have been contemplated and perhaps even advertised by these elegantly printed two notices. 459 00:56:43,150 --> 00:56:51,049 Thank you.