1 00:00:13,630 --> 00:00:21,940 Thank you very much, Alan. In the name of the name of a of Silvius picolo nominee has already arisen. 2 00:00:21,940 --> 00:00:29,740 He was our source for two variant statements on the number of copies printed excuse me, the Gutenberg Bible. 3 00:00:29,740 --> 00:00:37,910 And we have stayed, of course, without certainty to is around her figure of 180 against 158. 4 00:00:37,910 --> 00:00:43,310 It is remarkable that the earliest unambiguous description of the Gutenberg Bible should have 5 00:00:43,310 --> 00:00:50,360 come from so eminent a figure as a near Silvius deep dyed humanist writer of vivid prose, 6 00:00:50,360 --> 00:01:01,810 widely connected and immersed in the ecclesiastical and temporal politics of Europe since the time of the Council of Basel and a future pope. 7 00:01:01,810 --> 00:01:12,820 In late October 14, 54 New Silvius was Emperor Frederick, the third's deputy at the Imperial Diet held in the town hall of Frankfort Unmined, 8 00:01:12,820 --> 00:01:23,190 and he delivered there an impassioned oration intended to rouse the German nation to unite in resisting the Turkish advance in Hungary. 9 00:01:23,190 --> 00:01:30,840 In his commentary, he recalled the speech as a great success, he wrote it lasted nearly two hours, 10 00:01:30,840 --> 00:01:39,250 but the audience was so utterly absorbed that no one even cleared his throat or took his eyes off the speaker's face. 11 00:01:39,250 --> 00:01:44,480 Well, in Frankfurt, a new SILVIUS apparently heard about a marvellous man. 12 00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:53,210 Slide two, please. Who is producing multiple copies of a Bible near Sylvia seems not to have met the man himself. 13 00:01:53,210 --> 00:01:58,370 That isn't quite clear, but rather two of huge choirs of different books of this Bible, 14 00:01:58,370 --> 00:02:05,790 which he described enthusiastically in a letter to his close friend in Rome, Cardinal Juan de Carvalho. 15 00:02:05,790 --> 00:02:14,430 The script this is to follow Martin Daviss translation is extremely neat and legible, not at all difficult to follow. 16 00:02:14,430 --> 00:02:20,270 Your Grace would be able to read it without effort and indeed without glasses. 17 00:02:20,270 --> 00:02:30,020 And this Annia Silvius apparently first wrote to Kavaja about this amazing Bible from Frankfurt, but that letter is lost or undiscovered, 18 00:02:30,020 --> 00:02:39,860 Kavaja responded in a letter, likewise lost urgently asking for more information and desiring to acquire a copy on the 12th of March 14, 19 00:02:39,860 --> 00:02:50,690 55 near Silvius replied in a letter that is preserved, as you see here in print in a roughly 480 cologne in Conable, 20 00:02:50,690 --> 00:02:53,240 he wrote from the Imperial Court adventure Noice Stutt, 21 00:02:53,240 --> 00:03:02,200 partly affirming what he had written earlier and adding the corners of the Bible has also been sent there to the notice of the Emperor. 22 00:03:02,200 --> 00:03:13,360 He doubted that he could acquire a copy for kavaja four again and daviss words, buyers were said to be lined up even before the books were finished. 23 00:03:13,360 --> 00:03:21,850 We must interrupt ourselves a moment to note that the Soviets had a knack for putting himself in the presence of important Latin Bibles. 24 00:03:21,850 --> 00:03:31,270 In the summer of 14, 62, now Pope Pius the second is itinerant court was in residence at the Abbey of Monte Aminatta. 25 00:03:31,270 --> 00:03:40,990 In his autobiography, autobiographical but third person commentary, Pius recorded that the abbey had a noble but rather barren library, 26 00:03:40,990 --> 00:03:48,130 but amongst whose volumes was a, quote, massive and admirable old, a New Testament written in miniscule letters. 27 00:03:48,130 --> 00:04:00,520 That is the Codex Meatiness, which Pontifex Cupie David at which the Pope looked at eagerly, perhaps longingly. 28 00:04:00,520 --> 00:04:04,360 At the very time, late October 14, 54, 29 00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:12,460 when the visiting a near SILVIUS was made aware of the Latin Bible being produced and multiple copies near Frankfurt, 30 00:04:12,460 --> 00:04:17,560 Gutenberg's Dekay shop in mice had just printed, they would see slide three, please, 31 00:04:17,560 --> 00:04:24,670 on commission for and for an indulgence campaign to support the defence of the Kingdom of Cyprus. 32 00:04:24,670 --> 00:04:31,240 Modibo broadside letters of indulgence, partly using his original DKA type, 33 00:04:31,240 --> 00:04:39,660 but joined with a new small rotunda font of high quality that appears only in this indulgence. 34 00:04:39,660 --> 00:04:46,200 These indulgence farm forms are the earliest precisely dateable survivals of European typography. 35 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:58,370 The fragment of one copy having been issued in Erfurt on the 22nd of October 14 54, could we see another slide, please? 36 00:04:58,370 --> 00:05:02,120 The printed forms are successful for their purpose, 37 00:05:02,120 --> 00:05:11,540 as the Gutenberg Bible is for its strikingly cleaner and sharper than the surviving manuscript copies of the same indulgence, 38 00:05:11,540 --> 00:05:20,450 the Gutenberg Bible has a single font, the indulgence Joynes to type fonts, plus three cast initial letters, 39 00:05:20,450 --> 00:05:26,930 all in a single printing operation that might well have produced more than a thousand such forms or even more, 40 00:05:26,930 --> 00:05:34,480 about 50 of which survive in full or as fragments. We see the fifth slide, please. 41 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:37,570 It is generally supposed, but not entirely certain, 42 00:05:37,570 --> 00:05:47,620 that the Gutenberg Bible was completed in 14 55 near Silvius wrote to Kavaja in March 14 55 that if his informants are to be trusted, 43 00:05:47,620 --> 00:05:57,250 the Bible had been completed. But he had himself only seen what we may think of a sample quires both in Frankfurt and in Viña Neustadter. 44 00:05:57,250 --> 00:06:04,010 An absolute date for the completion of the Bible is August 14 56 when hiree Kramer. 45 00:06:04,010 --> 00:06:08,110 Could we see the next slide please? Vicker of the Collegiate Church of St. 46 00:06:08,110 --> 00:06:17,650 Steffon in minds, supplied coliforms to both volumes of a now very imperfect paper copy at the Bibliotheque National de France, 47 00:06:17,650 --> 00:06:24,430 stating that he had lubricated and bound them dating one volume to 15 August feast of the assumption. 48 00:06:24,430 --> 00:06:30,310 The other which you see here to 24 August the Feast of Saint Bartholomew. 49 00:06:30,310 --> 00:06:40,080 These states would presumably apply to the completion of the final operation, the binding both original bindings being long since lost. 50 00:06:40,080 --> 00:06:46,530 It may be recalled, as noted at the beginning of the first lecture, that the Church of Saint Stefan owned a manuscript, 51 00:06:46,530 --> 00:06:52,800 Folgate Bible, that had been written only a few years before this printed one. 52 00:06:52,800 --> 00:07:00,390 But this Gutenberg Bible, lubricated and bound by Kramer, is likely to have been paid work on his part and not for his church. 53 00:07:00,390 --> 00:07:09,090 For added notes in the second volume showed that in the 14 60s it belonged to the Parish Church of Auston near Ushe Finberg, 54 00:07:09,090 --> 00:07:18,480 where the Archbishop had a residence. And it's obvious this description of having seen a number of choirs of diverse books links 55 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:25,860 closely to one of the fundamental features of the Gutenberg Bible already briefly alluded to, 56 00:07:25,860 --> 00:07:36,180 unlike the giant Bible with mice written serialism by its scribe as its interim data show from beginning to end, from Genesis to Apocalypse, 57 00:07:36,180 --> 00:07:44,210 the Gutenberg Bible was set in type and printed off in parallel sections of text what we may call composition units. 58 00:07:44,210 --> 00:07:54,080 These correspond closely, in fact, to the separate scribal writing units of the Codex Meatiness seven hundred and fifty years earlier. 59 00:07:54,080 --> 00:08:04,250 You have a handout. Which shows you this Gutenberg Bible composition units A through D in subdivisions, 60 00:08:04,250 --> 00:08:10,790 there were four fundamental composition units in the Gutenberg Bible, dividing it into four roughly equal sections. 61 00:08:10,790 --> 00:08:21,210 The Octo Tuk and 13 quires the Books of Kings Chronicles as written, but Judith, Esther and Psalms and 20 quires the sapience, 62 00:08:21,210 --> 00:08:29,270 books and prophets and 16 choirs and then the Maccabees plus New Testament and 16 choirs. 63 00:08:29,270 --> 00:08:35,330 As printing proceeded, sub composition units were broken off for independent setting. 64 00:08:35,330 --> 00:08:39,950 In all, there were 12 sub composition units and in fact there were 13. 65 00:08:39,950 --> 00:08:45,710 When we take into account a separate composition of the final choir of songs, 66 00:08:45,710 --> 00:08:53,330 a break from the preceding choir so subtle that it was invisible until hinted at by cyclotron measurements, 67 00:08:53,330 --> 00:09:03,090 a very and copper to lead ratios and the printing ink. Thus, before printing began, at least four type cases had to be filled, 68 00:09:03,090 --> 00:09:08,850 whether for pressies were built, one for each composition station is less certain. 69 00:09:08,850 --> 00:09:18,060 The state making would have been a significant part of the preparation of printing apparatus to which was first learnt was dedicated. 70 00:09:18,060 --> 00:09:25,770 We have considerable knowledge of the organisation of production in the Bible workshop without going into close detail. 71 00:09:25,770 --> 00:09:30,840 There have been four main stages and angles of approach in understanding this. 72 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:35,700 The first next slide, please. You see the great scholar here. 73 00:09:35,700 --> 00:09:44,910 The first most clearly established by Paul Schwenker a century ago, is the already mentioned two states of the Gutenberg Bible type itself, 74 00:09:44,910 --> 00:09:54,240 the first with a slightly larger body not filed down in the second, slightly shorter from filing the second stage or approach. 75 00:09:54,240 --> 00:09:57,630 Also most clearly analysed by Schwenker, 76 00:09:57,630 --> 00:10:07,710 was recognising the main composition units through parallel progressions in the paper supplies printed on in each of the four major units. 77 00:10:07,710 --> 00:10:14,430 The third stage refining shrinkers layout came with a closer identification of the paper stocks, 78 00:10:14,430 --> 00:10:20,430 and they're tracing in multiple copies of the Bible and especially the bull's head watermark paper, 79 00:10:20,430 --> 00:10:30,800 which which Franka saw as a single supply, but which can be broken down into four different chronologically sequential supplies. 80 00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:35,720 The fourth stage, contemporaneous with but first separate from the third stage, 81 00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:41,360 was the most unexpected and analysis of the printing inks of the Gutenberg Bible. 82 00:10:41,360 --> 00:10:50,810 By means of focussed bombardment with high energy protons using the cyclotron particle accelerator at the Crocker National Laboratory, 83 00:10:50,810 --> 00:11:01,450 University of California at Davis. The chief investigators were history Professor Richard Schwab and director of the laboratory Thomas Cahill, 84 00:11:01,450 --> 00:11:09,490 the protons are ricochets with the electron shells of the different constituents of the printing ink produced X-rays scatter patterns, 85 00:11:09,490 --> 00:11:16,240 which can be very precisely calibrated to identify different heavy elements and the relative proportions. 86 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:24,940 And the Yank, it was discovered that the Gutenberg Bible contains significant quantities of copper and lead and that the ratios 87 00:11:24,940 --> 00:11:33,070 of copper to led vary considerably from page to page and what could hardly have been guessed out beforehand. 88 00:11:33,070 --> 00:11:39,850 The same patterns recurred at varying places in each of the four composition units. 89 00:11:39,850 --> 00:11:44,770 The underlying picture is that the inks of the Gutenberg Bible were made in small batches, 90 00:11:44,770 --> 00:11:49,120 essentially perhaps the amount required for a day's press work, 91 00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:55,870 and that the precise quantity of lead in copper in each batch varied to measurable degrees. 92 00:11:55,870 --> 00:12:01,030 The parallel ink patterns in the four main composition units strongly suggests that 93 00:12:01,030 --> 00:12:08,980 those pages from different parts of the Bible were being set and printed concurrently. 94 00:12:08,980 --> 00:12:17,230 To speak personally, I was the investigator of that third stage, a closer look at the Gutenberg Bibles, paper supplies, 95 00:12:17,230 --> 00:12:23,170 Professor Schwab and Caillaux sent me their results and I became convinced that their data reflected 96 00:12:23,170 --> 00:12:29,830 the historical reality of printing operations in a month's workshop more than 500 years earlier. 97 00:12:29,830 --> 00:12:39,100 Because these ink ratio Parallelisms revealed three places where there was a hitherto unseen change in composition unit. 98 00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:48,460 And one of those three places I had, so to speak, predicted just two years earlier without any knowledge of the UC Davis experiment. 99 00:12:48,460 --> 00:12:57,700 In each case, a closer examination of the typography of the relevant pages showed that the changes of composition units were real, 100 00:12:57,700 --> 00:13:02,320 this being documented entirely independently of the ink evidence. 101 00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:15,370 This lecture will close with an examination of the third of those places the insertion of the apocryphal book for Ezri into the Gutenberg Bible. 102 00:13:15,370 --> 00:13:24,940 The page layout of the Gutenberg Bible was carefully planned according to a hierarchy of initial spaces with next slide, please. 103 00:13:24,940 --> 00:13:30,650 Six line spaces for the beginnings of books. Next slide. 104 00:13:30,650 --> 00:13:40,540 Four line spaces for prologues, next slide. Two line spaces for chapter initials, next slide 11, 105 00:13:40,540 --> 00:13:49,300 three line spaces for certain minor text such as the Prayer of Solomon placed at the end of Ecclesiastic goes. 106 00:13:49,300 --> 00:13:54,220 The Psalms have their own hierarchy with four line initials for the six traditional 107 00:13:54,220 --> 00:13:59,770 Faryal divisions marking the first song Redit Matins for each day of the week. 108 00:13:59,770 --> 00:14:10,180 Next slide, please. The first song Payatas, with a six line book initial followed by Next Slide Psalms 26, 109 00:14:10,180 --> 00:14:18,640 38, 52, 68, 97, four line initials and also for Vesper's on Sunday, Psalm 109. 110 00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:31,410 Then there are next slide. Three line initials marking the song said Vesper's through the weekday Solms one 14, one 21 and so forth. 111 00:14:31,410 --> 00:14:42,120 This latter sub gradation of hierarchy for the Psalms at Vespers is, I have been told by someone of great experience, rare in manuscript Bibles. 112 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:51,330 But dozens of printed Bibles following the Gutenberg Bible followed this minor layout feature, 113 00:14:51,330 --> 00:15:00,780 which passed on from a printing shop to a printing shop. Books, prologues and chapters, beginning with the letter I was sent with forwards lines, 114 00:15:00,780 --> 00:15:05,520 starting with the second letter, it being intended that the initial eye itself. 115 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:14,550 Next slide, please, would be entered in the margin most conspicuously for the principle of Genesis. 116 00:15:14,550 --> 00:15:19,050 Deviations from this layout are rare at the beginning of judges. 117 00:15:19,050 --> 00:15:20,700 Next slide, please. 118 00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:33,690 The compositor presumably followed the examplar and leaving space for a shaped P with its descending staff instead of a six Seline space. 119 00:15:33,690 --> 00:15:45,390 And then in Matthew, next slide, please. Over the course of setting eight pages, four different times, the compositor forgot the rule of outset. 120 00:15:45,390 --> 00:15:57,200 I in chapter starting with I, and he gave them two line spaces going against the stated hierarchy. 121 00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:05,630 In the first days of printing the Bible, this is when the Gutenberg Bible font was in its earlier larger size, there was an experiment. 122 00:16:05,630 --> 00:16:12,980 Next slide, please, with printing, particularly in red ink, by means of a second impression. 123 00:16:12,980 --> 00:16:18,020 But the experiment was dropped after just a few pages thereafter. 124 00:16:18,020 --> 00:16:25,970 The Gutenberg Bible compositors left spaces particularly to be supplied by rubric hater's and a separate lubrication guide. 125 00:16:25,970 --> 00:16:32,240 Next slide, please. Four leaves are eight pages was composed and printed. 126 00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:40,170 This guide provided an exact text for the tickly of all the books and prologues with just a few omissions and errors. 127 00:16:40,170 --> 00:16:48,800 And also it gave the traditional textually that accompanied each of the 150 songs, some of these being of considerable length. 128 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:52,850 The guide accommodated the text of the Tickly exactly. Again, 129 00:16:52,850 --> 00:17:01,880 a few errors apart to the spaces left by the compositors in principle lubricator writing a text your quadrotor hand of 130 00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:12,400 the same size as the Bible's type would be able to fit the titular smoothly and agreeably into each space allocated. 131 00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:20,920 The Tabula Rubicam was extensively studied in an excellent article by Gérard Povich in Gutenberg yearbook to 2012, 132 00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:31,270 and I have myself examined it in considerable detail, although copies of the table presumably accompanied every copy of the Gutenberg Bible in sheets, 133 00:17:31,270 --> 00:17:39,190 only to now survive having descended respectively with the Vienna and Munich copies of the Gutenberg Bible, 134 00:17:39,190 --> 00:17:46,930 the tabula rebeccah is to be seen as one component of the total text of the Gutenberg Bible. 135 00:17:46,930 --> 00:17:49,630 We find those texts transcribed, 136 00:17:49,630 --> 00:17:57,580 sometimes slightly modified by a variety of rubric writers in the majority of surviving copies of the Gutenberg Bible, 137 00:17:57,580 --> 00:18:05,120 including that in the Bodleian Library. But not all Lubricator is used to guide the replicator of the paper. 138 00:18:05,120 --> 00:18:11,710 Munich copy, for example, did not, and neither did the lubricator of the vellum copy of the Vatican, 139 00:18:11,710 --> 00:18:18,430 part of the Barberini library purchased by Pope Leo the 13th in 1902. 140 00:18:18,430 --> 00:18:24,010 That Barberini copy was used by the editors of the Official People Project, 141 00:18:24,010 --> 00:18:32,070 we have mentioned the Rome Old Testament, whose first volume Genesis was published in 1926. 142 00:18:32,070 --> 00:18:39,880 It used the teacherly of that copy for the as the Gutenberg Bible readings in their textual apparatus. 143 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:50,990 This is a small conceptual error in the apparatus for the Barberini readings for the tickly are not those of the Gutenberg Bible Shop. 144 00:18:50,990 --> 00:18:58,090 They are particularly followed by some unknown and unallocated lubricator unconnected with the Bible shop. 145 00:18:58,090 --> 00:19:05,650 The true teacherly are indeed those embodied in the tabula rubric from its full text would have been available to the Rome 146 00:19:05,650 --> 00:19:19,120 editors in Polish Mangus Posthumus 1923 commentary volume to the 1914 and Fellag facsimile of the Berlin Gutenberg Bible. 147 00:19:19,120 --> 00:19:28,150 One feature of the Gutenberg Bible both complicates and enriches our knowledge of the project and at the same time raises a fundamental question, 148 00:19:28,150 --> 00:19:32,080 which I think we've raised before what is a printed edition? 149 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:39,370 This feature was the decision relatively early in production to increase the additional size. 150 00:19:39,370 --> 00:19:49,000 We have no record of the decision, and I can only presume with considerable probability that as the edition progressed, it occurred to first, 151 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:56,710 if we take him to be the chief entrepreneur of the project, that more copies could be sold than originally planned and of course, 152 00:19:56,710 --> 00:20:01,770 that the unit costs diminished with every additional copy made. 153 00:20:01,770 --> 00:20:05,850 The number of copies printed off was increased by about a quarter, 154 00:20:05,850 --> 00:20:15,390 and just as the original print run was divided into paper and vellum copies, the increase also included both paper and vellum copies. 155 00:20:15,390 --> 00:20:20,550 If we agree for convenience to take the final print run as 180 copies. 156 00:20:20,550 --> 00:20:30,090 This means the original run would have been of, say, about 135 copies, with an increase of about 45 additional copies, 157 00:20:30,090 --> 00:20:39,300 of which it seems relatively more were pulled off on vellum than on paper than in the original run. 158 00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:49,910 Next slide, please, number 20. We can identify the exact place where the decision to increase the print one 159 00:20:49,910 --> 00:20:56,030 was taken in each of the four separate composition units in the first unit, 160 00:20:56,030 --> 00:21:00,740 Pentateuch, three, four choirs of 10 leaves each had been set and printed. 161 00:21:00,740 --> 00:21:05,750 And then the first three pages of the fourth quarter, one Recto and Verso, 162 00:21:05,750 --> 00:21:12,530 two Recto, the compositor had said as far as the middle of Exodus Chapter eight. 163 00:21:12,530 --> 00:21:18,740 Then in the second unit, starting with the Books of Kings, exactly three choirs had been said and printed, 164 00:21:18,740 --> 00:21:23,920 reaching as far as second Samuel Chapter 21 in the third unit, 165 00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:30,830 starting with Proverbs one full choir and 11 pages of the second choir had been said and printed, 166 00:21:30,830 --> 00:21:39,710 reaching too early in the song of songs and in the fourth unit at the right at the last of the type cases to be set up. 167 00:21:39,710 --> 00:21:50,720 It began with first Maccabees and there only the first recto page of its choir had been set and printed when it was decided to enlarge the addition. 168 00:21:50,720 --> 00:21:57,110 We can most easily visualise how the increase had to be carried out at this last composition unit. 169 00:21:57,110 --> 00:21:59,000 On a particular day, 170 00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:10,460 the setting of the first page of First Maccabees was sent to press and let's say 135 copies were pulled on the first sheet of the choir for that unit. 171 00:22:10,460 --> 00:22:18,770 First, the paper sheets were printed, then the vellum, the type page was cleaned and broken up and the types began to be distributed back 172 00:22:18,770 --> 00:22:25,910 to the type case by the time the second page of Maccabees had been set into type, 173 00:22:25,910 --> 00:22:35,750 that is the verso of the first page. Let's let's say it's on the following day, the decision to print 180 copies had been taken. 174 00:22:35,750 --> 00:22:45,170 Therefore, 135 sheets with the first Rechter page already printed were backed up in the second pole with the first page. 175 00:22:45,170 --> 00:22:52,010 And then this was followed by 45 more fresh sheets of paper in vellum, which had no printing at all. 176 00:22:52,010 --> 00:22:58,850 On their first side, those 45 sheets could not be completed until the first page of text had been 177 00:22:58,850 --> 00:23:07,950 recomposed and printed onto the blank pages for all four composition units combined. 178 00:23:07,950 --> 00:23:17,150 There are a total of 155 pages belonging to two to ten different choirs that had to be freshly set in secondary settings. 179 00:23:17,150 --> 00:23:21,510 That, of course, would deviate in small ways from the first settings. 180 00:23:21,510 --> 00:23:28,830 An analysis of the paper stocks, as well as further evidence from the cyclotron X-ray analysis, 181 00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:35,490 indicates that all this resetting and reprinting was postponed until the end of the project. 182 00:23:35,490 --> 00:23:38,670 Thus, for example, for the text of Genesis, 183 00:23:38,670 --> 00:23:47,190 the setting B version of this first three quarters may not have been put into type and printed off until a year or more after the setting, 184 00:23:47,190 --> 00:23:52,740 a Sheetz had been completed and safely set aside. 185 00:23:52,740 --> 00:23:59,340 When all the printing was done and individual copies were assembled by gathering quires in correct order, 186 00:23:59,340 --> 00:24:07,560 there was clearly no special consideration given to whether the quires contained first or second settings. 187 00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:18,450 A certain number of copies could be sold right away by using only the first set enquirers, not waiting for the second settings all to be printed off. 188 00:24:18,450 --> 00:24:21,810 But the full edition could not be sold off in full profit, 189 00:24:21,810 --> 00:24:28,890 realised until all the reprinting was done, some 14 surviving copies, including the Bodleian, 190 00:24:28,890 --> 00:24:33,060 are purely a first setting and so could have been sold while the Bible shop was 191 00:24:33,060 --> 00:24:39,000 still finishing its work on the second settings of the remaining 30 odd copies. 192 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:47,860 There are more than 20 differing combinations of first and second quarter settings, only a few copies sharing a single profile. 193 00:24:47,860 --> 00:24:56,380 Again, it should be noted that the Barberini copy, the basis of the Gutenberg Bible readings and the apparatus of the Rome Old Testament, 194 00:24:56,380 --> 00:25:05,770 has eight of its ten potential acquirers in the second setting, with the result that there are a number of quite widespread Gutenberg Bible readings. 195 00:25:05,770 --> 00:25:13,930 Those are the first setting that are invisible to the apparatus of the Old Testament. 196 00:25:13,930 --> 00:25:20,200 The division of the setting of the Gutenberg Bible into distinct and independent composition units brings 197 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:27,610 forward an obvious question whether these units or at least the four major units had different exemplars. 198 00:25:27,610 --> 00:25:33,730 That is different. Setting copies will be recalled that Heinrich Schneider strongest evidences for 199 00:25:33,730 --> 00:25:39,220 distinctive Paris Bible readings and the Gutenberg Bible came within the Arctic Tulk, 200 00:25:39,220 --> 00:25:49,510 which was the first composition unit. His notes cite slightly over 160 different passages extending from Genesis to job. 201 00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:58,600 Of these, 100 are within the octave Tulk and just over 60 within the 12 following books from First Samuell to Joe. 202 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:08,060 At the least, we should not assume as our default belief that a single manuscript Folgate Bible was the source of the Gutenberg Bible text, 203 00:26:08,060 --> 00:26:13,570 there could have been advantages in using different codices for each composition unit. 204 00:26:13,570 --> 00:26:16,240 You would not have to just find a Bible. 205 00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:26,590 And it hardly needs emphasis that in the ecclesiastical metropolis of Mights, a considerable variety of manuscript Bibles could have been available. 206 00:26:26,590 --> 00:26:30,520 This was already implied at the beginning of our first lecture when we referred 207 00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:35,710 to four manuscripts written in meIt's shortly before or contemporaneously 208 00:26:35,710 --> 00:26:45,250 with the Gutenberg Bible workshop and all for themselves were copied from exemplars different from each other and from the Gutenberg Bible. 209 00:26:45,250 --> 00:26:53,510 And in one case, even the same scribe used two different exemplars when writing two different Bibles. 210 00:26:53,510 --> 00:27:01,970 For that matter, there is a reasonable probability that amongst the churches, convents and privately owned books of the ecclesiastic of mines, 211 00:27:01,970 --> 00:27:05,330 there was at least one or more Paris Bible, 212 00:27:05,330 --> 00:27:12,420 the manuscript Bible that Schneider found to be closest in shared readings with the architect of the Gutenberg Bible. 213 00:27:12,420 --> 00:27:24,080 The tenth shift, Tsvi, upturning to 567 of the main city library, appears, in fact, to be probably a Paris written by boat with a mid 13th century. 214 00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:34,010 I'm grateful to two colleagues in Vienna, doctors Christine Bayer and Michaela Schueler Yuko's for their opinion on illumination. 215 00:27:34,010 --> 00:27:37,970 We have an image of it, please. Yes, thank you. 216 00:27:37,970 --> 00:27:49,640 And this, in fact, complicates Schneider's own viewpoint because he saw this as being an early 14th century Bible of the Rhine region. 217 00:27:49,640 --> 00:28:04,690 And so his entire concept of a sort of a floating Rhenish text filtering into the Gutenberg Bible, its strongest piece of evidence probably is wrong. 218 00:28:04,690 --> 00:28:13,990 In this case, however, our information on ownership takes us only so far as placing it within the archdiocese in the early 17th century. 219 00:28:13,990 --> 00:28:16,330 But another next slide, please. 220 00:28:16,330 --> 00:28:24,790 Very handsome pair of Spigel now in Stuttgart, its illumination situated by Robert Brenner within a centre chapel group. 221 00:28:24,790 --> 00:28:31,120 And next slide, also the same Bible belong to the Cathedral of Mights and 14 79. 222 00:28:31,120 --> 00:28:39,460 We cannot be certain whether it was at that date, a recent arrival, or had been in mind by midwifing century. 223 00:28:39,460 --> 00:28:49,090 Now you have the hand out, which we saw in the second lecture, the text profile of the Gutenberg Bible. 224 00:28:49,090 --> 00:28:53,500 It lists at the foot the chief variations from the Paris Bible. 225 00:28:53,500 --> 00:29:03,730 There are 22 omitted prologues and 13 added prologues to add a text and a conspicuous change in layout for the prayer of Marasa. 226 00:29:03,730 --> 00:29:08,680 As to the omitted excuse me as to the omitted Paris prologues, 227 00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:16,240 if we set aside for the moment the whole group of prologues for the minor prophets, those occur 23 to 39. 228 00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:23,740 The other emissions are all prologues that Laurer Light has discussed as relatively recent additions to the Bible tradition. 229 00:29:23,740 --> 00:29:26,950 At the time the Paris Bible was taking shape. 230 00:29:26,950 --> 00:29:35,710 K 40 and 41, for example, are two dedicatedly prophecies that Robaina somehow rose in the early ninth century, 231 00:29:35,710 --> 00:29:43,240 composed for his commentary on Maccabees. And it is probable that their immediate source and the Paris Bible was the Gwoza 232 00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:51,360 ordinary for Maccabees formed in the late 12th century and heavily based on Rabon US. 233 00:29:51,360 --> 00:30:02,010 These particular omissions are not unusual in our comparison group, a 15th century manuscript, Bibles of 82 recorded Bibles from this period, 234 00:30:02,010 --> 00:30:12,810 43 of them omit the Robustness Morris Paris Prologues K 40 and 41 and 39 include them roughly equal division. 235 00:30:12,810 --> 00:30:23,370 In one of the latter cases, they were added separately by a second hand of the Matthew Prologue K 44 32 of the 15th Century Group Blackett, 236 00:30:23,370 --> 00:30:35,540 38, included of the Apocalypse Prologue K or Curre 64 42 of the 15th century manuscripts Lagat and 29 included. 237 00:30:35,540 --> 00:30:41,270 Of the prologues added to are of special interest, those to Psalms and gospels, 238 00:30:41,270 --> 00:30:48,200 as they are genuine prologues of Jérome addressed to Pope Tomas's and represent his earliest official 239 00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:55,010 to use the term loosely statements of his interest in revising and improving the Latin Bible. 240 00:30:55,010 --> 00:31:04,280 Again, it is useful to consider their presence in the Gutenberg Bible in the larger context of 15th century manuscript Bibles. 241 00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:16,040 30 of the manuscript Bibles include the Psalms of though without prologue in the manner of the Paris Bible 20 like the Bible and Jerome's preface. 242 00:31:16,040 --> 00:31:20,000 As for Jerome's novum opus prologue to the Gospels, 243 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:28,430 40 of the 15th century manuscript Bibles omit it in the manner of the Paris Bible, while 29 included. 244 00:31:28,430 --> 00:31:31,760 See the next slide, please. 245 00:31:31,760 --> 00:31:41,090 The planning of the Gutenberg Bible may have intentionally enhanced the Novum Opus Prologue as the opening text of the New Testament, 246 00:31:41,090 --> 00:31:49,580 for it was allotted a five line space under textualists instead of the canonical four lines for prologues and then next slide. 247 00:31:49,580 --> 00:31:58,620 By contrast, the opening of Matthew itself has only a four line space instead of the canonical six. 248 00:31:58,620 --> 00:32:03,030 The first lecture noted a small but indicative symptom of the Paris Bible, 249 00:32:03,030 --> 00:32:12,510 its incorporation of the apocryphal penitential prayer of Manizha as the final words of Second Chronicles Chapter 36, 250 00:32:12,510 --> 00:32:17,640 its position there was in harmonious for this last chapter of Chronicles makes no 251 00:32:17,640 --> 00:32:23,220 mention of monazite ending rather abruptly with a decree of King Cyrus of Persia. 252 00:32:23,220 --> 00:32:30,420 The Temple of Jerusalem was to be rebuilt. The following prayer of Manasa, as written in the Paris Bible, 253 00:32:30,420 --> 00:32:37,800 was not even given a rubric to indicate that these are the words of Manasa, whose name is not present in the prayer itself. 254 00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:48,180 Could we see Slide 26, please? Dominie, deice, omnipotence, etc. 255 00:32:48,180 --> 00:32:53,970 In the Gutenberg Bible is jointly determined by the layout of the page and the wording of the 256 00:32:53,970 --> 00:33:00,660 tabular rubric from the prayer of Manaslu was unambiguously separated from Second Chronicles, 257 00:33:00,660 --> 00:33:09,990 next slide, please, and treated as an independent textual item, a fixed position between Second Chronicles and the prologue to Ezra. 258 00:33:09,990 --> 00:33:15,810 And the next slide, please. 259 00:33:15,810 --> 00:33:24,870 Its expansion within the hierarchy of Texas has emphasised further by its allotment of a three line initial space, a higher level than a chapter, 260 00:33:24,870 --> 00:33:33,790 but lower than a prologue, the same position that we noted in an earlier slide for the treatment of the Prayer of Solomon. 261 00:33:33,790 --> 00:33:41,110 It is useful to compare the change in treatment of the pair of Manasa with our group of 15th century manuscript Bibles, 262 00:33:41,110 --> 00:33:46,030 a variety of treatments appear 17 manuscripts like The Prayer. 263 00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:51,550 And it has already been noted that these correlate closely with Bibles containing capitulation. 264 00:33:51,550 --> 00:33:56,300 This group is probably furthest from the Paris Bible. 265 00:33:56,300 --> 00:34:01,430 23, the Bible Street, the prayer Venessa just in the Paris Bible Manor, 266 00:34:01,430 --> 00:34:11,880 fully incorporated as the final words of Chapter 36 Second Chronicles, though many of these do add a marginal rubric to demarcated. 267 00:34:11,880 --> 00:34:15,690 Two of the Bibles have the prayer from NASA out of position, 268 00:34:15,690 --> 00:34:22,530 one wrote it after Jobe and another after Soms treating it almost in the Greek manner as a Canticle. 269 00:34:22,530 --> 00:34:27,060 Four of the Bibles made it a separately numbered Chapter 37. 270 00:34:27,060 --> 00:34:37,090 And finally, 24 of the manuscripts like the Gutenberg Bible, present the prayer from NASA as a separate text item. 271 00:34:37,090 --> 00:34:43,390 With regard to prologues, the Gutenberg Bible is greatest deviation from both the Paris Bible and for most 15th 272 00:34:43,390 --> 00:34:49,360 century manuscript Bibles is the omission of all prologues to the minor prophets. 273 00:34:49,360 --> 00:34:56,680 Apart from Jerome's brief prologue of less than a half Collum curse, the K 22 prologue, 274 00:34:56,680 --> 00:35:05,980 the Paris Bible selected from a rich, older body of prologues of widely varied sources, a fixed set of 16 prologues, 275 00:35:05,980 --> 00:35:15,040 including three prefacing amus and two each prefacing Joel and Jonah Curre following Stadtmueller mistakenly gave two numbers, 276 00:35:15,040 --> 00:35:21,660 just 29 and 30 to what is in fact a single prologue to Obediah. 277 00:35:21,660 --> 00:35:26,550 The common situation in 15th century manuscript Bibles was to add prefaces to 278 00:35:26,550 --> 00:35:32,760 the Paris Bible set and sometimes also omitting prologues from the Paris set, 279 00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:39,150 only 13 Bibles of the 15th century group restricted their prologues to the Paris set. 280 00:35:39,150 --> 00:35:45,200 Some of these were their missions where 61 of the Bibles added to the set. 281 00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:52,760 Altogether, the 15th century manuscript Bibles present well over 50 different prologues for the minor prophets, 282 00:35:52,760 --> 00:36:00,890 an exception to this is the three Vinda signed Bibles, which, like the Gutenberg Bible, have only Jerome's prologue. 283 00:36:00,890 --> 00:36:09,290 These are only a single Bible of the early 15th century is without supplementary prologues to the minor prophets. 284 00:36:09,290 --> 00:36:15,380 And this is background. I propose what is a confessionally untestable hypothesis. 285 00:36:15,380 --> 00:36:24,830 The Gutenberg Bibles examplar for the minor prophets, we will say probably did not lack supplementary prologues for very few Bibles did. 286 00:36:24,830 --> 00:36:34,670 This would have been an anomaly. Rather, I hypothesise an editorial or a printing shop decision was made to leave out the prologues present 287 00:36:34,670 --> 00:36:40,790 in the examplar so that the full text of the minor prophets could be fitted completely within. 288 00:36:40,790 --> 00:36:52,290 This requires 14 to 16 a volume to the constituted a separate composition allotment for the texts of Daniel and then the minor prophets. 289 00:36:52,290 --> 00:37:00,000 The minor profits prologues of the Paris set add up and links to about one fifth of the text of the profits themselves. 290 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:06,780 A calculation of text of how much text remain to be set if made when Daniel was finished on the Second Life of Choire, 291 00:37:06,780 --> 00:37:15,690 15 would have shown that there would be a problem in getting all of the minor profits into the remainder of Choire 15 plus one more require. 292 00:37:15,690 --> 00:37:18,600 If the prologues were kept to omit, 293 00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:29,280 those prologues would save a good seven or eight leaves as it happened without the prologues of 16 still needed to be extended by a singleton leaf, 294 00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:41,690 but disallowed the last profit Malakai to be completed and Colombe of the verso of that 11th leaf with five blank lines to spare. 295 00:37:41,690 --> 00:37:49,720 For Asira. The Gutenberg Bible made one major addendum to the Paris Bible sequence of biblical books, 296 00:37:49,720 --> 00:37:57,580 the fourth book of Ezra immediately following three Ozora for Ezra is a composite of 297 00:37:57,580 --> 00:38:04,000 three texts that did not enter the Bible until the late eighth or early 19th centuries. 298 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:11,530 Although several of its constituents were known to Christian writers in the 4th and 5th centuries in the Gutenberg Bible, 299 00:38:11,530 --> 00:38:15,910 which set the pattern followed by the Clementine Vulgate and today by the modern 300 00:38:15,910 --> 00:38:23,170 Stuttgart Folgate for Ezra is printed as a unified book divided into 16 chapters. 301 00:38:23,170 --> 00:38:29,210 Its three components each originally a different text chapters one and two, 302 00:38:29,210 --> 00:38:33,610 or chapters one and two is the first of the three modern scholars call that 303 00:38:33,610 --> 00:38:39,040 five Asira and then chapters three to fourteen as we find it printed today. 304 00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:47,200 The major portion is called for Ozora chapters 15 16 modern scholars referred to as six Ezra. 305 00:38:47,200 --> 00:38:58,210 This is indeed exceedingly confusing to try to avoid confusion and we will refer to them simply by their individual modern chapter numbers. 306 00:38:58,210 --> 00:39:04,040 For Asira, chapters one to two is a presumably Christian prophetic work of a certain Ezra 307 00:39:04,040 --> 00:39:10,090 son of cuzzi roughly dateable to the third or fourth centuries common era. 308 00:39:10,090 --> 00:39:20,620 The major section for Ezri chapters three to fourteen is a Jewish apocalypse of seven visions of the scribe Ezra Dateable to about 100 309 00:39:20,620 --> 00:39:30,340 seei and then four Azu chapters 15 and 16 is a Christian prophetic work which does not the least in the form in which it survives. 310 00:39:30,340 --> 00:39:39,560 Name Ezra as its author or speaker. It has been dated to the later third or fourth century CE. 311 00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:46,310 All three Latin texts are by good evidence, translations from now lost street versions, 312 00:39:46,310 --> 00:39:51,740 a small fourth century Greek papyrus fragment containing a snippet for Ezra. 313 00:39:51,740 --> 00:40:00,800 Chapter 15 three verses only was discovered in the OKso Rinka excavations and is here in Oxford. 314 00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:08,270 The Jewish apocalypse of Hazra is generally accepted as having had a lost Hebrew or Aramaic original behind its lost 315 00:40:08,270 --> 00:40:16,670 Greek that lost Greek version that is chapters three to fourteen only was the source for other early Christian versions, 316 00:40:16,670 --> 00:40:21,680 including Syriac, Ethiopic, George and Arabic. 317 00:40:21,680 --> 00:40:32,040 The two Christian component's chapters, one and two and then 15 and 16 are only known in Latin except for that oxer Rinka Scrap. 318 00:40:32,040 --> 00:40:38,430 The earliest witnesses to forever fall into two recessions, French and Spanish, for our purposes only, 319 00:40:38,430 --> 00:40:44,790 the French recession, the basis of nearly all later manuscript copies will need to be considered. 320 00:40:44,790 --> 00:40:51,750 There are two primary witnesses to the French recession, the first to receive the next slide. 321 00:40:51,750 --> 00:40:59,580 Is OMYA Manuscript 10, a small codex containing all four Israel books that may have been written in the late 80s, 322 00:40:59,580 --> 00:41:09,720 the 8th century, as a supplementary volume to the multivolume Bible of Mount Dreaminess, bit of Korby who died in 1781. 323 00:41:09,720 --> 00:41:26,770 And let's see the next one. And the next one, so those are the ominous, mean manuscript and treating each of the components as a separate book. 324 00:41:26,770 --> 00:41:37,270 The second witness is Bibliotheque Masino, Latin one one five or four and one one five oh five two volumes from the Abbey of Singerman Deprave, 325 00:41:37,270 --> 00:41:44,590 a giant Bible dateable to the eighth Regner year of Lewis, the pious that is a 21 or 22. 326 00:41:44,590 --> 00:41:59,590 And could we see it slide? It's Turbit in Judas or an Latin versions, a substantial lacuna in the seventh chapter of four Esraa in this Bible. 327 00:41:59,590 --> 00:42:12,670 Next slide, please. On the far left, you can just see the stub of the leaf that was torn away in early leaf was torn out of this manuscript, 328 00:42:12,670 --> 00:42:24,070 shows that all later copies except a few of the Spanish reception descend from this manuscript because all of that text is missing in them. 329 00:42:24,070 --> 00:42:31,900 This lacuna in the text has been referred to as the Sangamon Singerman insists Gap, 330 00:42:31,900 --> 00:42:39,760 the undamaged text and AMEA Manuscript Ten did not come to light until the last quarter of the 19th century, 331 00:42:39,760 --> 00:42:45,490 when it was discovered by Robert Bensley, sub librarian of Cambridge University Library. 332 00:42:45,490 --> 00:42:54,580 It should be emphasised that in both early witnesses AMEA and Singerman answers, as you've seen, the three components of four, as it were, 333 00:42:54,580 --> 00:43:05,600 were written out as individual books, not as a single book, each with Chihuly and initials demarcating their constituent parts. 334 00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:15,620 For Ezra, in it's three parts hardly ever was written in Bibles until it began to make sporadic reappearances in the late 12th century and after 335 00:43:15,620 --> 00:43:25,160 one curiosity is that it is that a distinctly English form of four Ezra came to be written in which it was intertwined with three Ezra. 336 00:43:25,160 --> 00:43:36,080 The sequence of texts there is four as her chapters, one and two, and then all of three Ozora and then four as her chapters three to fourteen. 337 00:43:36,080 --> 00:43:43,820 And then as a separate item four as her chapters 15 and 16 each section marked off from the other. 338 00:43:43,820 --> 00:43:49,520 Moreover, when for Ezra is presented in this way and Bible in Bibles three, 339 00:43:49,520 --> 00:43:56,060 Ezra is almost always not the Vulgate version, but an alternative revised form of the Vulgate. 340 00:43:56,060 --> 00:44:06,200 That statement that refers to as is version B, this recession by an anonymous reviser, presumably in the Carolingian period, 341 00:44:06,200 --> 00:44:16,160 considerably changed various wordings, according to the later so-called Luciana revision of the sceptre of the Septuagint Oestrus A. 342 00:44:16,160 --> 00:44:24,530 Or Oestrus Alpha, the Greek equivalent of Latin three Ezra Mayan notes on some 82 Bible manuscripts of the 343 00:44:24,530 --> 00:44:32,600 13th to 15th century containing for Ezra identifies three Bibles presenting three and four. 344 00:44:32,600 --> 00:44:39,660 Ezra written in the intertwined English manner. And surely there are more. 345 00:44:39,660 --> 00:44:49,680 For Ezra was written, but only rarely in Paris Bibles and one addendum to that small group of Proteau Paris Bibles we mentioned is defined by law. 346 00:44:49,680 --> 00:44:57,900 Light does include, for Ezra, an indication of the more or less maverick quality of for Ezra in later Bibles 347 00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:03,990 is that no stable system of chattering ever developed depending on the Bible. 348 00:45:03,990 --> 00:45:11,550 For Ezra chapters one and two, for instance, that first section was sometimes written as a continuous text, 349 00:45:11,550 --> 00:45:18,000 sometimes with as many as five chapters or other divisions marked off with Verso Letters. 350 00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:27,690 Nor would say one copy's chapter to necessarily be marked at the same place as another copies Chapter two for all three parts of four. 351 00:45:27,690 --> 00:45:39,950 Ezra, the 80 odd manuscripts I've examined in which we have full details, mark a chapter reversal divisions at well over 200 different places. 352 00:45:39,950 --> 00:45:46,100 A study of the history of forever in Vulgate Bibles published in 2015 by the eminent biblical 353 00:45:46,100 --> 00:45:53,450 scholar Pierre Bogot made an important observation regarding the Singerman census gap. 354 00:45:53,450 --> 00:46:04,280 The already mentioned lacuna in the text of Chapter seven, created by the excise leaf of the man Bible, Bogart noted at the place of this gap. 355 00:46:04,280 --> 00:46:09,080 Later, Scribe's adjusted the text to disguise the dislocation. 356 00:46:09,080 --> 00:46:22,230 And you have a hand out. It's on the second page that you picked up called the second Singerman Census Gap and Suture. 357 00:46:22,230 --> 00:46:28,130 I thought you needed the words in front of you rather than my just reading them in the same German manuscript. 358 00:46:28,130 --> 00:46:33,660 The first words of the page following that torn out leaf begin premiss Abraham Propter. 359 00:46:33,660 --> 00:46:40,790 So to meet us at Moisés Property Trabis, Squee and Deserto pickoff around and goes on. 360 00:46:40,790 --> 00:46:53,100 Clearly your verb was missing and it had to be one that related to Abraham's intercession in Genesis Chapter 18 on behalf of the City of Sodom. 361 00:46:53,100 --> 00:46:59,940 Bogart discovered that various Bibles with four Ezra repaired the passage in either of two ways, 362 00:46:59,940 --> 00:47:07,320 which we may call Suture A and suture B, as you see here, suture a premise, Ibraham Propter. 363 00:47:07,320 --> 00:47:16,980 So Demitasse or Ravid or a whole other group of Bibles did it at Dixy Premiss, Abraham or Robert Propter. 364 00:47:16,980 --> 00:47:25,170 Soto Mehta's. Well, comparing these with my group before Azu Bibles, I found it an equal division. 365 00:47:25,170 --> 00:47:32,100 About 38 witnesses have suture and 38 have suture b and looking at them it 366 00:47:32,100 --> 00:47:40,020 became clear that Suture A was the French suture and B was the English suture. 367 00:47:40,020 --> 00:47:45,930 So the next question of course, was which suture is represented in the Gutenberg Bible? 368 00:47:45,930 --> 00:47:53,130 Curiously, the Gutenberg Bible suture is a hybrid at Dixie Prema Premiss Abraham Propter. 369 00:47:53,130 --> 00:48:03,490 So Demitasse a profit. So it has at Dixy from the English suture followed by the word order of the French suture. 370 00:48:03,490 --> 00:48:11,530 Although the great majority of the late that is 13th to 15th century copies of For Asira maintained its tripartite structure, 371 00:48:11,530 --> 00:48:14,530 treating it as a composite of related texts. 372 00:48:14,530 --> 00:48:24,010 There are eight manuscripts in the Group of 82 who wrote it from beginning to end as a unitary work that is in the manner of the Gutenberg Bible. 373 00:48:24,010 --> 00:48:32,530 Most of the eight are obviously unrelated to the Gutenberg Bible, but there is a group of three Bibles of the second half of the 13th century. 374 00:48:32,530 --> 00:48:37,760 One said to be French, but not a Paris Bible and two probably German, 375 00:48:37,760 --> 00:48:46,750 all of which write for Ezra as a single book and all of which divide the text into 31 chapters at the same places. 376 00:48:46,750 --> 00:48:50,800 One of the three in the Londis archive of Koblentz, in fact, 377 00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:58,000 formally belonged to the Carthaginians of MIT and would have been there in the time of Gutenberg in the early 15th century. 378 00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:06,130 The power of the Charterhouse and this small format Bible bound with a missile and a shortened breviary so that it could serve as a father. 379 00:49:06,130 --> 00:49:14,620 Makem Heinrich Schneider, in fact, studied this manuscript in his monograph on the text of the Gutenberg Bible, 380 00:49:14,620 --> 00:49:19,840 but concluded that it had no textual connexion with the Gutenberg Bible. 381 00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:26,530 None of these three manuscripts with Unitary for Ezra, however, has the hybrid manner of the sun. 382 00:49:26,530 --> 00:49:30,340 GERMANN and to suture that appears in the Gutenberg Bible. 383 00:49:30,340 --> 00:49:37,930 They all have the French suture. No manuscript has the version in the Gutenberg Bible. 384 00:49:37,930 --> 00:49:42,460 So we may sum up for Ezra in the Gutenberg Bible as follows. 385 00:49:42,460 --> 00:49:44,530 It was a Late Edition. 386 00:49:44,530 --> 00:49:53,650 The decision to add the text being made when the project was roughly halfway through, it was worked into the 25th choir of the first volume. 387 00:49:53,650 --> 00:50:01,600 This is within the second composition unit in such a way that one compositor could continue setting three Asira 388 00:50:01,600 --> 00:50:09,250 on the fourth and fifth sheet of that choir while a second compositor could begin setting for Ozora on the 3rd, 389 00:50:09,250 --> 00:50:14,710 2nd and 1st sheets, whose first halves already had three Esraa printed on them. 390 00:50:14,710 --> 00:50:19,540 BATUZ counter halves leaves eight, nine and ten were still blank. 391 00:50:19,540 --> 00:50:26,390 This compositor then completed for Azu by continuing into a 26 Choire. 392 00:50:26,390 --> 00:50:33,020 The copy tax for four, as well as there was probably some manuscript like the Group of three just mentioned, 393 00:50:33,020 --> 00:50:39,920 that is one in which for Ezra was treated as a single book. The division into 16 chapters, however, 394 00:50:39,920 --> 00:50:46,040 must have been editorial work and the Gutenberg Bible Shop for No for Ezra manuscript so far 395 00:50:46,040 --> 00:50:53,780 examined has chapter and even peripherally related to the 16 chapters of the Gutenberg Bible. 396 00:50:53,780 --> 00:51:02,660 We may suppose that the editor marked the 16 chapters roughly on the model of the nine chapters of preceding three Ezra 397 00:51:02,660 --> 00:51:12,440 for the average chapter length of three years into nine chapters and four Ezra into 16 chapters is very nearly equal. 398 00:51:12,440 --> 00:51:19,910 The hybrid treatment of the sand permanent suture is probably also to be seen as editorial, not historical, 399 00:51:19,910 --> 00:51:29,420 as it has no precedent in the manuscript tradition, it may, in fact, have been drawn from putting together two manuscripts. 400 00:51:29,420 --> 00:51:36,740 The most striking editorial change in preparing for as for the compositor comes at the beginning of Chapter three, 401 00:51:36,740 --> 00:51:43,250 the beginning, that is, of the Jewish Ozora apocalypse, which is the central core of Latin for Ozora. 402 00:51:43,250 --> 00:51:47,200 We see the next slide, please. 403 00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:57,460 Yes, this is a French Paris Bible at the Newberry Library, all manuscripts beginning with the prophet Ezra naming himself. 404 00:51:57,460 --> 00:52:01,690 It starts in the 30th year after the destruction of our city. 405 00:52:01,690 --> 00:52:06,820 I saw Lazio, who am also called Ezra was in Babylon. 406 00:52:06,820 --> 00:52:14,170 And I was troubled as I lay on my bed and my thoughts welled up in my heart and so forth in the Gutenberg Bible. 407 00:52:14,170 --> 00:52:18,340 But, you know, manuscript, the name of the speaker is removed. 408 00:52:18,340 --> 00:52:25,090 And so if you look there, you do not see those words. 409 00:52:25,090 --> 00:52:33,790 Aigo Celesio, Kwiat, Ezra. The reason must have been what we might call literary. 410 00:52:33,790 --> 00:52:42,340 When the third chapter for Ezra was the beginning of a new work, it was natural for Ezra, of course, to name himself. 411 00:52:42,340 --> 00:52:51,760 But when the third chapter was treated as a continuation of the preceding chapter, the repetition became excessive for just a few verses before. 412 00:52:51,760 --> 00:53:00,700 At the end of Chapter two, we have, for instance, I, Ezra received a command from the Lord, followed by Ezra saw on Mt. 413 00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:09,210 Zion a great multitude. Yet another naming of the speaker might well have seemed superfluous. 414 00:53:09,210 --> 00:53:19,320 Just this argument was made 180 years ago by an Oxford scholar, Richard Lawrence Regius, professor of Hebrew and Canon of Christchurch, 415 00:53:19,320 --> 00:53:28,950 edited Ethiopic versions of three apocryphal Christian writings, the last of which published in 1820, was the Apocalypse of Ezra. 416 00:53:28,950 --> 00:53:34,230 That is the corresponding text two for Ezra, chapters three to fourteen. 417 00:53:34,230 --> 00:53:40,720 He had found this manuscript by chance in a bookseller's shop in Drury Lane. 418 00:53:40,720 --> 00:53:45,580 Lawrence's curiosity extended to the Latin version of For Esraa, 419 00:53:45,580 --> 00:53:54,640 he wrote that he had examined 187 Latin Bible's 127 of them in Oxford and 70 in the British Museum. 420 00:53:54,640 --> 00:54:01,840 He did not venture to Cambridge 13, only of the 187 contained for Ozora. 421 00:54:01,840 --> 00:54:10,990 In an all of these, the beginning of Chapter three included those words Igoe, Celesio, quiet as Strus. 422 00:54:10,990 --> 00:54:20,530 Yet he noted that first and Shaffer's Bible for 1862, which he took as the additional print ceps, excluded those words. 423 00:54:20,530 --> 00:54:27,780 Again, the Gutenberg Bible is at his hand in the Bodleian, but he was unaware of it. 424 00:54:27,780 --> 00:54:29,820 Lawrence interpreted the omitted phrase. 425 00:54:29,820 --> 00:54:37,890 Thus, it seems he wrote that as the transcriber from whose copy the first edition of Fiston Shiffer was derived, 426 00:54:37,890 --> 00:54:44,460 well, that actually would have been the Gutenberg Bible made this the third and not the first chapter of the book. 427 00:54:44,460 --> 00:54:52,110 That being so the formal commencement aigo Celesio quiet as Strus was suppressed as altogether unnecessary, 428 00:54:52,110 --> 00:55:02,100 which words are entirely omitted in all the printed editions in four as or more closely than in any other text of the Gutenberg Bible? 429 00:55:02,100 --> 00:55:12,894 We sense the hand of an editor. Thank you.