1 00:00:14,930 --> 00:00:23,510 Thank you, Alex. Again, it's pleasant to be standing in a room that has people on it. 2 00:00:23,510 --> 00:00:29,780 The Gutenberg Bible was apparently overall a successful publishing project. 3 00:00:29,780 --> 00:00:34,910 The surviving copies, including fragments preserved as binding waste, 4 00:00:34,910 --> 00:00:40,190 show from the combined evidence of ownership and donor inscriptions localiser Bible, 5 00:00:40,190 --> 00:00:47,540 Illuminations and localiser bindings are quite broad sale of copies widely in Germany, 6 00:00:47,540 --> 00:00:52,340 but also with copies marketed to Austria, Bohemia, Poland, 7 00:00:52,340 --> 00:00:59,750 the northern and southern low countries and very likely from there to Spain, England and Sweden. 8 00:00:59,750 --> 00:01:08,840 The Bodleian copy comes from the Carmelite house of Heilbrunn and Baden-Wuerttemberg, the Nessel Cly cluster or cloister in the Nettle's. 9 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:20,570 He then cultivated pilgrimage site where in the 1940s, the Virgin Mary miraculously appeared to a peasant woman in the fields outside the town. 10 00:01:20,570 --> 00:01:30,680 We do not, it should be noted, have any evidence of original sales of the Gutenberg Bible in France or Italy. 11 00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:36,920 When we consider this marketing of copies, which was of course, the entire point of the Bible project, 12 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:42,440 we see that it would be preferable if this iconic monument of European typography was 13 00:01:42,440 --> 00:01:48,770 always and familiarly known as the Gutenberg first Bible for his in the sale of copies, 14 00:01:48,770 --> 00:01:58,070 that evidence for this role becomes prominent. In fact, it is likely that Gutenberg had no role outside the printing shop. 15 00:01:58,070 --> 00:02:02,090 By the sale of copies which took place over a period of years, 16 00:02:02,090 --> 00:02:08,570 a nearly identical text of the FOLGATE Bible came before the eyes of dozens and presumably hundreds of 17 00:02:08,570 --> 00:02:17,400 widely scattered readers in striking contrast to the readers of 15th century or older handwritten Bibles. 18 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:27,360 However, the multiplicative power of the Gutenberg Bible text was exerted by just a handful of copies of the book, that is those copies, 19 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:31,140 his first readers were not ecclesiastic in churches, 20 00:02:31,140 --> 00:02:40,380 but rather compositors in printing shops who use the Gutenberg Bible as exemplars for creating new editions of the Latin Bible. 21 00:02:40,380 --> 00:02:48,220 Then some of those new editions themselves became the exemplars of yet other editions and so forth. 22 00:02:48,220 --> 00:02:54,430 We know that five editions of the Bible were set directly from the Gutenberg Bible, and quite remarkably, 23 00:02:54,430 --> 00:03:03,910 we can identify three surviving copies of the Gutenberg Bible that were actually in printing shops and touched by the hands of compositors. 24 00:03:03,910 --> 00:03:12,460 In each case, they were handled with care so that the sheets, after being used by the printers, could be gathered into copies in themselves. 25 00:03:12,460 --> 00:03:18,010 Sold one of these slide three, please. 26 00:03:18,010 --> 00:03:25,900 The Gutenberg Bible, now at Cambridge University Library could well be the latest copy of the Bible to find an original customer 27 00:03:25,900 --> 00:03:34,000 because it was not finished being used in the printing shop until late 469 or possibly early fourteen 70. 28 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:40,510 And you have a handout in which I have laid out what I refer to as the setting 29 00:03:40,510 --> 00:03:45,250 profiles of the different five different editions set from the Gutenberg 30 00:03:45,250 --> 00:03:56,110 Bible identified according to whether that copy that their compositor is used had in the relevant quarters where there was a duplicate setting, 31 00:03:56,110 --> 00:04:03,410 either setting A or setting B, and each one is different from the others. 32 00:04:03,410 --> 00:04:11,090 These five these five editions can be called Children of the Gutenberg Bible Slide for Johan MOUT 33 00:04:11,090 --> 00:04:18,740 mentalists Bible completed in Strausberg not after 14 16 and the first book printed in that city, 34 00:04:18,740 --> 00:04:24,860 Slide five, Our Breakfast or Sparboe completed in Bamburgh, not after 14 61. 35 00:04:24,860 --> 00:04:32,060 And again, the first book printed their Slide six, the beautiful 14 62 mights Bible of Johann, 36 00:04:32,060 --> 00:04:39,420 first former business associate of Gutenberg and if a servant Peter Shefer. 37 00:04:39,420 --> 00:04:45,690 Slide seven, the second Strausberg Bible printed by Heinrich Augustine, not after 14, May 14, 38 00:04:45,690 --> 00:04:55,650 66 and slide eight is the fourth Strausberg Bible again printed by Augustine not after the March 14 70 for the 39 00:04:55,650 --> 00:05:03,630 setting of which he used a different Gutenberg Bible than that which was available to him four years earlier. 40 00:05:03,630 --> 00:05:14,040 We can further trace excuse me, the children of these editions, two of which were Behren Mendelians Edition, was the exemplar Slide nine please, 41 00:05:14,040 --> 00:05:22,260 for a Strausberg printing of Kirche 14, 73, assigned to a shop generally called the Art Printer, which I believe to be. 42 00:05:22,260 --> 00:05:30,000 In fact, Mendelians own shop operated at that time in association with a son in law, Adolphe Roche. 43 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,700 It stands out amongst the early German editions. 44 00:05:32,700 --> 00:05:39,660 It is as it is, the only one set with a Roman type, a fashion that did not take hold north of the Alps. 45 00:05:39,660 --> 00:05:49,360 Although in the same brief period of the early 1970s, several Augsburg printers also published books using Roman fonts. 46 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:59,820 No Bible was set from either of the Bombach Bible or Fister or from eXistenZ third Bible, and so there are textual contents reach dead ends. 47 00:05:59,820 --> 00:06:08,100 Agustin's first Bible was the exemplar for his second novel, not after 14, 68 and one or the other of these editions, 48 00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:18,990 Slide 10, please, was the exemplar for the first Basil Bible printed by Bertaud Rupo about 14 17th, two or 14 73. 49 00:06:18,990 --> 00:06:25,380 Now, parenthetically about this report, Ed. Most bibliographical sources have dated it to Chirikure, 50 00:06:25,380 --> 00:06:33,090 14 68, but without evidence and this too early dating seems to be more or less unkillable. 51 00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:39,300 Bad ink, in fact, dates the Bible just a little later to Kirche 14 69. 52 00:06:39,300 --> 00:06:49,350 And they note this specifically, quote, as dated by Needham from paper evidence, citing a specific page of a specific publication of mine. 53 00:06:49,350 --> 00:06:59,310 But on that page I wrote of this first spousal Bible quote, It's true completion date is Chirikure 14 72, no printing. 54 00:06:59,310 --> 00:07:07,710 And Boso can be dated earlier than 14 72. Finally, slide 11. 55 00:07:07,710 --> 00:07:15,240 The 14 62 Fiston Shiffer Bible had a relatively late child nine years after it was published, 56 00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:22,570 that is the Bible printed in Rome for 1871 by Conrad Swinomish and Arnold Pinots. 57 00:07:22,570 --> 00:07:30,040 This was the first printed Bible made in Italy or anywhere outside German speaking lands from this child, 58 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:33,610 a a numerous progeny like the seed of Abraham, 59 00:07:33,610 --> 00:07:41,590 extending eventually all the way to the officially authorised editions of the Roman Catholic Church, the 16 Vulgate of 1090. 60 00:07:41,590 --> 00:07:51,100 And it's corrected replacement the Clementine Folgate, a 1092, which continued to be reprinted well into the 20th century. 61 00:07:51,100 --> 00:07:59,220 This is the descent of the Gutenberg Bible that will call for the closest attention in our final lecture. 62 00:07:59,220 --> 00:08:11,130 Mostly small, but substantive differences between the two settings of 155 pages of the Gutenberg Bible distributed over 10 choirs, as in your handout, 63 00:08:11,130 --> 00:08:19,200 enable us to determine the setting profile of each of the copies that were used as exemplars in these later printing shops of Strausberg, 64 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:23,190 Bamburgh and Mights. Some are conscious corrections. 65 00:08:23,190 --> 00:08:27,930 Some are typographical errors. A few are difficult to classify. 66 00:08:27,930 --> 00:08:33,940 Only the copy used by Johann Mendelssohn had all 10 relevant choirs in the original settings. 67 00:08:33,940 --> 00:08:43,600 That is, it was made up entirely for these choirs of pages printed off before the decision to increase the print run was taken. 68 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:52,810 The other four editions listed on the handout were set from Gutenberg Bibles containing containing a mixture of setting A and setting B sheets, 69 00:08:52,810 --> 00:09:01,030 although in the case of a number for the first book Bible printed by Heinrich Augustine and the second Bible printed in Strasbourg, 70 00:09:01,030 --> 00:09:10,240 the setting copied all first settings of the relevant pages except for the first sheet of the 14th Choir with the beginning of the Books of Kings, 71 00:09:10,240 --> 00:09:15,670 where the outer sheet of the choir was of the second setting and the inner sheets of the first. 72 00:09:15,670 --> 00:09:24,580 A few other of the recorded Gutenberg Bibles, including the former Domine Vol. one Note Keio University in Tokyo. 73 00:09:24,580 --> 00:09:34,190 Likewise have Choir 14 in this mixed state. The Krakow proofs. 74 00:09:34,190 --> 00:09:40,430 Excuse me earlier than any of these children of the Gutenberg Bible is just a portion of 75 00:09:40,430 --> 00:09:46,520 one printed Bible page of truly remarkable interest that has been generally overlooked. 76 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:54,260 This is Slide 12, please. There survives in Krakow and the Giacalone and Library, a partial leaf, 77 00:09:54,260 --> 00:10:00,560 which is all that remains of what seems to be a trial attempt or first idea of printing 78 00:10:00,560 --> 00:10:07,330 a Bible in mines in Gutenberg's DKA workshop using his earlier and larger type. 79 00:10:07,330 --> 00:10:17,530 It is one of five paper leaks that were removed no later than 1900 from some unfortunately unrecorded binding in the library. 80 00:10:17,530 --> 00:10:27,700 That finding must, by every probability, have come from minus for the leaves or cut down remnants of an account book kept by a minus cloth merchant, 81 00:10:27,700 --> 00:10:37,060 which includes entries of payments, money owed and other transactions dating between 1083 and 13 94. 82 00:10:37,060 --> 00:10:42,220 This account book must have come to Gutenberg's DKA shop waste paper. 83 00:10:42,220 --> 00:10:50,970 Conceivably, I cannot restrain myself from speculating it was an account book of one of Gutenberg's forebears. 84 00:10:50,970 --> 00:10:56,070 Slide 13, please. Wherever it came from, it was used in the shop, 85 00:10:56,070 --> 00:11:05,230 despite being extensively written on for proof printing of three different texts in addition of the Donata to school grammar. 86 00:11:05,230 --> 00:11:10,750 Which is what you see one small portion for February and the beginning of March 87 00:11:10,750 --> 00:11:17,740 of what would have been a multi wall calendar giving positions of the planets. 88 00:11:17,740 --> 00:11:25,140 And a single, imperfect page preserving 24 lines, slide 14, please. 89 00:11:25,140 --> 00:11:32,350 And then that single imperfect page preserving 24 lines and double columns of an early portion of Genesis, 90 00:11:32,350 --> 00:11:37,780 all three of these being set, of course, with the decay type. 91 00:11:37,780 --> 00:11:47,800 We know already from various fragmentary, binding way, survival's the Gutenberg's stiction produced multiple editions of The Grammar of Donatos, 92 00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:54,220 although none of those fragments can be matched with the Krako proofs, their family resemblance as close. 93 00:11:54,220 --> 00:12:02,890 As for the wall calendar, a portion of the Finnish calendar for which this is a proof printed on vellum did survive as waste 94 00:12:02,890 --> 00:12:08,800 in the binding of a 15th century manuscript from the convention of the Benedictines of Cherno, 95 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:20,190 northwest of Mights, was preserved in the Londis bibliotheque of Wiesbaden but was lost and presumably destroyed in World War Two. 96 00:12:20,190 --> 00:12:27,390 This wall calendar is one of the great puzzle pieces of early mind sprinting for although the planetary positions of the 97 00:12:27,390 --> 00:12:36,360 calendar were calculated for the year for 1848 by an extensive body of typographical evidence to which I subscribe. 98 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:42,090 The calendar could not have been printed before, about four, 1856, before 1857, 99 00:12:42,090 --> 00:12:49,710 a time when the planets mentioned would have been nowhere near any of the Sudhakar location stated in the calendar. 100 00:12:49,710 --> 00:13:02,030 But this is not our immediate problem. The survival of these printed proof leaves in a single binding suggests that all three were printed at 101 00:13:02,030 --> 00:13:09,080 nearly the same time and represent three more or less concurrent projects of the decay shop in each case. 102 00:13:09,080 --> 00:13:13,040 These are very early proofs, for they were not printed under a press, 103 00:13:13,040 --> 00:13:22,310 but rather by rubbing the paper from the back over the ink to types, the same process used for printing many of the early black books. 104 00:13:22,310 --> 00:13:29,900 This created deep impressions and makes the surrounding Quad's locking up the types in place very conspicuous. 105 00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:33,560 They were not blocked off from the inking by Friskies. 106 00:13:33,560 --> 00:13:40,460 In fact, these Krakow proofs we see slide 15 please provide us overall with perhaps the sharpest, 107 00:13:40,460 --> 00:13:46,940 cleanest impressions we possess of the decay font type by type. 108 00:13:46,940 --> 00:13:49,520 Slide 16, please. 109 00:13:49,520 --> 00:14:02,050 The crack partial page of the Latin Bible covers Genesis 319 to 416 with gaps with the beginnings of the lines and column trimmed of. 110 00:14:02,050 --> 00:14:09,160 As first calculated by Karl Famer, who published a classic monograph on the Krakouer proofs in 1948, 111 00:14:09,160 --> 00:14:14,110 the fully set page would have been in two columns of 40 lines each. 112 00:14:14,110 --> 00:14:21,160 And if such a Bible began, as it surely would have with Jerrems to prologues K1 and K2, 113 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:27,430 as we have short-handed them, this would have been the recto of the seventh leaf of the book. 114 00:14:27,430 --> 00:14:37,510 We can go further in our calculations, as already noted several times, the decay type is considerably taller in body than the Gutenberg Bible type, 115 00:14:37,510 --> 00:14:45,170 and the columns of this proof page are wider than the columns of the Gutenberg Bible, the full type page. 116 00:14:45,170 --> 00:14:52,930 This decay type setting would have been about 330 by 215 millimetres to large a page to print. 117 00:14:52,930 --> 00:15:03,970 As a Royal Folio, Gutenberg must have been experimenting with the production of a Latin Bible and even larger format an imperial folio. 118 00:15:03,970 --> 00:15:14,950 Looseleaf dimensions would have been about 47 by 34 centimetres, compared with a Royal Folio of about 40 or 41 by 30 centimetres. 119 00:15:14,950 --> 00:15:27,220 And in a roundabout way, we see slide 17, this reflects on another overlooked bibliographical curiosity in the workings of the DKA shop. 120 00:15:27,220 --> 00:15:32,090 In late 14, 54, the deck, Sharpe printed a brief German pamphlet, 121 00:15:32,090 --> 00:15:40,660 a warning to Christianity against the Turks generally called the Turkish calendar because it is presented in calendrical form, 122 00:15:40,660 --> 00:15:51,400 going month by month through the year for 1855 and ending Slide 18, please, with a New Year's greeting for that year. 123 00:15:51,400 --> 00:16:00,450 The only known copy, once belonging to the German humanist Konrad Pottinger, is in the brochure, states Bibliotheque in Munich. 124 00:16:00,450 --> 00:16:06,390 The bibliographical curiosity is it this pamphlet was printed as an octavo, 125 00:16:06,390 --> 00:16:13,020 that is, it was printed on by FOLIA of Korder sheets of paper and the unique copy, 126 00:16:13,020 --> 00:16:22,770 although rather cut down at the bottom and outer margins, is even in its trim state, too large to have been made of quarter sheets of royal paper. 127 00:16:22,770 --> 00:16:32,190 Thus it must have been printed on imperial paper. The implication, although we have frankly reached the limits of our evidence, 128 00:16:32,190 --> 00:16:39,060 is that the Decay Shop had some specific reason even in the closing months of 14 54, 129 00:16:39,060 --> 00:16:48,860 when the Gutenberg Bible was still under production, to be acquiring rare and expensive imperial paper. 130 00:16:48,860 --> 00:16:57,110 The other significant point about this trial printing of a Latin Bible using the dictatorship and planned is an imperial folio, 131 00:16:57,110 --> 00:17:02,420 is that the text was set from a manuscript, not from the Bible. 132 00:17:02,420 --> 00:17:04,520 Besides many small difference, 133 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:13,430 there are three places on the page where the wording of the Krakow proof differs from the corresponding text of the Gutenberg Bible, 134 00:17:13,430 --> 00:17:17,590 one of the three is illustrated here, slide 19. 135 00:17:17,590 --> 00:17:26,210 This may be a little hard to see in column A of the Krakow proof we see, although the column is shaved on the left, 136 00:17:26,210 --> 00:17:32,570 the indentation for a two line initial space to begin Chapter four of Genesis with 137 00:17:32,570 --> 00:17:39,800 the words Adam the A to be supplied by the lubricator Adam Véro conservatism. 138 00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:51,040 And so Adam New Eve. Well, in the Gutenberg Bible, the words are transposed, Kaganovich Véro, Adam, Avon. 139 00:17:51,040 --> 00:18:00,520 The apparatus of the room, Old Testament does not record any manuscript concerning containing the words transposed as in the Gutenberg Bible. 140 00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:07,030 In fact, in a rare oversight, the editors of the Rome Old Testament did not even notice the Gutenberg Bible reading, 141 00:18:07,030 --> 00:18:18,990 although in principle they ought to have. The mental and Bibo of the five edition set directly from the Gutenberg Bible for are anonymous 142 00:18:18,990 --> 00:18:25,050 inundated within this early group only the fourth 1862 Fust and Shiffer Bible has a call, 143 00:18:25,050 --> 00:18:30,190 often giving a clear statement of city press and date. 144 00:18:30,190 --> 00:18:35,230 Consider the mental Bible, which we treat as the second Bible to be printed, 145 00:18:35,230 --> 00:18:40,600 nothing in it reveals any of the information found in the first in Shiffer, California. 146 00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:50,430 And indeed, the mental and Bible can be seen as the forgotten monument, the forgotten great monument of the early years of European printing. 147 00:18:50,430 --> 00:18:58,440 The copy of the mental and Bible at the University Library of Freiburg in Briscoe has to lubrication dates slide 20, 148 00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:04,500 14, 60 at the end of Vol. one and 14 61 at the end of Volume two. 149 00:19:04,500 --> 00:19:12,510 This copy belonged to the Augustinian hermit's of Oberndorf on the Neckar, about 50 miles southeast of Strausberg. 150 00:19:12,510 --> 00:19:20,680 The older literature has therefore dated the additions not after 14 61 based on the later lubrication date. 151 00:19:20,680 --> 00:19:32,020 However, the Mentone Bible, which could be bound in either one or two volumes, was set like the Gutenberg Bible in four concurrent composition units, 152 00:19:32,020 --> 00:19:41,410 and so the entire edition would have been completed at essentially the same time if Volume one has bound the Fryeburg copy, 153 00:19:41,410 --> 00:19:51,760 had its lubrication completed in 14 sixty, this strongly implies virtually necessitates that the addition as a whole was completed that year, 154 00:19:51,760 --> 00:20:00,430 even if the lubricator of that particular copy did not finish his application of Volume two until the following year. 155 00:20:00,430 --> 00:20:08,410 It is worth noting that the paper stock of the mental and Bible fits well with that date, four is the identical paper on which were printed, 156 00:20:08,410 --> 00:20:16,090 the paper copies of the first impression of the minus Catholic on presumably the production of Johann Gutenberg, 157 00:20:16,090 --> 00:20:25,860 financed by Conrad Murray with its explicit call of one date of 1860. 158 00:20:25,860 --> 00:20:31,050 Although almost none of the books printed in mental and shop contain college funds, 159 00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:35,430 there is a documentary record showing that mental and who can currently held the 160 00:20:35,430 --> 00:20:41,220 Office of Episcopal Notary and Strausberg must have been the printer of this Bible. 161 00:20:41,220 --> 00:20:52,350 Not that is literally the compositor or the pressmen, both presumably plural individuals, but the master or chief financer of the printing shop. 162 00:20:52,350 --> 00:20:59,040 The municipal archives of Strausberg Preserve, a contract dated 14 October 14 61, 163 00:20:59,040 --> 00:21:06,210 in which the parish priest of St. Andrew and Strausberg promised to pay mental and 12 Ryan Gulden for a 164 00:21:06,210 --> 00:21:14,340 Bible paying equal instalments of four gold in each the last payment due on All Saints for 1862 and two. 165 00:21:14,340 --> 00:21:25,360 It was added in annotation in which mental and attested that he had actually received full payment by the beginning of May 14 62. 166 00:21:25,360 --> 00:21:32,860 And yet there is a sense in which the mental and Bibo appears mysteriously as if out of nowhere we have nothing equivalent to 167 00:21:32,860 --> 00:21:41,800 the Helma Spurger instrument or the report of a neo silvius for the Gutenberg Bible to give us any sense of its gestation. 168 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:52,740 Strausberg printing history begins with an impressive Royal Folio with no hint of any earlier Quazi experimental printing to have led up to it. 169 00:21:52,740 --> 00:21:56,460 Because the earliest documents have meant Alan's life and Strausberg reach 170 00:21:56,460 --> 00:22:03,510 back into the 14 40s because Gutenberg resided in Strausberg into the 14 40s, 171 00:22:03,510 --> 00:22:10,350 the date at which he returned to mines is not after 14 48, but cannot be pinned down more closely. 172 00:22:10,350 --> 00:22:19,080 It is often men suppose that the two men knew each other. It has been speculated that mental and even journey to mines to learn the printing trade. 173 00:22:19,080 --> 00:22:27,950 But this is a pure guess I don't like. Sending to people from one town to another, if we don't have a clue whether it happened or not, 174 00:22:27,950 --> 00:22:37,100 the most striking feature of the mental and Bible is how widely different in character its font is from that of any of the early meit's types, 175 00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:44,750 both the texture or quadrotor format to the decay type in the Gutenberg Bible types and the smaller types, 176 00:22:44,750 --> 00:22:54,170 the smaller fonts used in the Cyprus indulgences of 14 54 and in the 14 59 Dorado's first and Shiffer mentalism. 177 00:22:54,170 --> 00:23:02,690 Could we see Slide 21, please? Mentone was an accomplished scribe and presumably the font is his own design in its basis. 178 00:23:02,690 --> 00:23:12,500 It is a gothic rotunda. But the capital letters are oversized by comparison with the miniscule as the offenders are exaggeratedly tall. 179 00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:17,480 The Letter A. has a single loop, as in more cursive or hybrid scripts. 180 00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:28,860 And there is one striking humanist element an exuberant ampersand folie twice the width of the letter ET for which it substitutes. 181 00:23:28,860 --> 00:23:38,340 By happy accident of survival, a collection of proof pages survived for the first volume of Mental Unsurpassable at Cambridge University Library. 182 00:23:38,340 --> 00:23:44,880 They were purchased by Henry Bradshaw at an 1870 Sotheby's auction for the grand figure of four pounds, 183 00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:53,880 17 and six and so on the library shelves for more than a century until they were looked at closely. 184 00:23:53,880 --> 00:24:03,540 These proofs were mostly printed not on the royal paper of the main print run, but rather on less expensive chancery paper of roughly half the size. 185 00:24:03,540 --> 00:24:12,570 Plus every proof leaf is not a half life of a royal sheet, but a full chancery sheet with horizontally running chain lines, 186 00:24:12,570 --> 00:24:16,980 with the watermark centred in either the top or the bottom half of the leaf, 187 00:24:16,980 --> 00:24:22,260 and with the original forward running horizontally across the centre of the page, 188 00:24:22,260 --> 00:24:28,090 showing where the paper had been folded when it was originally packed into Reames. 189 00:24:28,090 --> 00:24:35,560 Only a few of the leaves have hand correction's, marking small changes to be made in the setting before the print run began, 190 00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:40,120 the great majority of the leaks seem to be what can be called final proofs, 191 00:24:40,120 --> 00:24:47,890 which were checked against earlier marked proofs to verify that any called for changes had been carried out correctly. 192 00:24:47,890 --> 00:24:54,610 These proof leaves also show that the type font itself was still being modified as the printing began. 193 00:24:54,610 --> 00:25:04,870 The Ascender We see Slide 22, please the Ascender of the letter T in the earliest state of the page that is the Cambridge proof of one. 194 00:25:04,870 --> 00:25:14,650 Recto was hardly present at all and the cross stroke predominated, making the letter ambiguous in appearance while the page was still in proof. 195 00:25:14,650 --> 00:25:23,650 Almost all these ambiguities were replaced by ones of more conventional shape with a clear ascender and a slightly broader crossbar. 196 00:25:23,650 --> 00:25:29,290 But the first of the T's remain on the page in the word Frontiere. 197 00:25:29,290 --> 00:25:39,070 As a result, at least one in cannibalised has transcribed the first word of tearooms preface as frare with a sick after the second. 198 00:25:39,070 --> 00:25:51,030 Suppose it are. But that's supposed R is in fact the earliest form of T in mental illness type Nosik is called for. 199 00:25:51,030 --> 00:25:55,950 Unlike the Gutenberg Bible, no copies of the mental and bi, but were printed on vellum, 200 00:25:55,950 --> 00:26:00,750 nor, so far as we know, was there an an accompanying table of rubrics, 201 00:26:00,750 --> 00:26:04,020 the spaces left in the mental and Bible for book and prologue, 202 00:26:04,020 --> 00:26:10,200 to actually show no signs of being specially planned for particular wordings of teacherly. 203 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:18,840 Most commonly there is a single blank line, sometimes to sometimes less than a full line in no discernible pattern. 204 00:26:18,840 --> 00:26:23,940 The mental and Bible was significantly rarer than the Gutenberg Bible, about 30 copies, 205 00:26:23,940 --> 00:26:32,840 surviving as against 49 integral copies and 15 copies documented by binding waste for the Gutenberg Bible. 206 00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:38,330 Extensive study of the early prognosis of copies of the mental and Bible by Eric 207 00:26:38,330 --> 00:26:44,670 White reveals that many had ownership's in Strasbourg in the surrounding region. 208 00:26:44,670 --> 00:26:52,850 Others were sold eastward to Bavaria and Austria, and some were sold down the Rhine with early ownership's traced to Bompard, 209 00:26:52,850 --> 00:26:58,730 south of Koblentz, to Cologne and to denounce Lokken, north of Cologne. 210 00:26:58,730 --> 00:27:05,570 At this time, the very early 14 60s, most copies of the Gutenberg Bible had already been sold. 211 00:27:05,570 --> 00:27:12,010 So the mental and Bible would have been the only printed edition available. 212 00:27:12,010 --> 00:27:20,320 A British library copy, you see, slide 23 is of special interest, its flight leaves contain an early manuscript, 213 00:27:20,320 --> 00:27:27,460 an elaborate acrostic eulogy of mentalism by Ziggs meister Allen Benedict, 214 00:27:27,460 --> 00:27:35,230 formerly of Oricon Afra in Augsburg, and then later at the Abbey of Burbach in southern Alsace. 215 00:27:35,230 --> 00:27:45,210 And Eric White has recently been able to localise its distinctive replications to Strausberg and to a named artist, Johan Klingner. 216 00:27:45,210 --> 00:27:50,790 It may be noted that the copy of the Mental InVivo at Queen's College in Oxford has its first leaf, 217 00:27:50,790 --> 00:27:57,590 an expert facsimile copied from the British Library copy. 218 00:27:57,590 --> 00:28:00,800 The 36 line Bible. 219 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:10,910 For centuries, the 36 line Bible printed with a late version of Gutenberg's DOCTYPE has been a more prominent and cleanable than the mental and Bible. 220 00:28:10,910 --> 00:28:15,350 As for a long time, it was seen as a candidate for being the first printed Bible, 221 00:28:15,350 --> 00:28:20,780 as described from from the recollections of Oelrich to sell the first printing of Cologne, 222 00:28:20,780 --> 00:28:26,090 who had learnt the craft of printing and Mintz's early years of typography. 223 00:28:26,090 --> 00:28:30,560 By Charles account, in the Cologne Chronicle of 14, 1990, 224 00:28:30,560 --> 00:28:38,810 the first Latin Bibo had been printed by Gutenberg using a large type, he said, of the sort found in printed missiles. 225 00:28:38,810 --> 00:28:41,420 This points to a texture, a quadrotor font, 226 00:28:41,420 --> 00:28:52,640 and the only two in Conable Bibles to meet the specification are indeed the Gutenberg or 42 line Bible and the decay type 36 line Bible. 227 00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:58,340 The fact that a copy the 42 line Bible was lubricated in 456, 228 00:28:58,340 --> 00:29:09,260 whereas the only lubrication date known for the 36 line Bible was for 1861, created a presumption in favour of the 42 line Bible. 229 00:29:09,260 --> 00:29:11,630 Next slide 24, please. 230 00:29:11,630 --> 00:29:20,420 But it was not until Carl Jasco, in a seminar of his students, made a close side by side comparison of the two editions in 1890. 231 00:29:20,420 --> 00:29:33,070 That real proof could be given that the 42 line Bible was earlier, the specific proof being that the 36 line Bible was such from it and. 232 00:29:33,070 --> 00:29:35,380 If you look here, 233 00:29:35,380 --> 00:29:49,060 you see what the Beast 36 compositor below did that line of the Gutenberg Bible with the initial H that begins high ticket Dominus Aigo. 234 00:29:49,060 --> 00:29:59,520 Then there's that little bracket book contest is the end of the line above Kwiat Angelus domain, I forgot to suggest. 235 00:29:59,520 --> 00:30:11,250 But the capacity of the 36 line Bible didn't have a lubricated copy in front of him, and so he just sent word by word what was in front of him, Heidi. 236 00:30:11,250 --> 00:30:19,860 Dominus aigo for Cartus EST, which has no meaning, whatever a Doxey popular Mr etc. 237 00:30:19,860 --> 00:30:28,560 So the only way you get that accident is if you have the Gutenberg Bible in front of you as you're setting your type. 238 00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:35,340 The fact is that the 36 line Bible was printed with a deck type automatically creates a connexion. 239 00:30:35,340 --> 00:30:43,650 However, it is to be interpreted with Gutenberg's minds workshop and easily a half dozen different scenarios have been written 240 00:30:43,650 --> 00:30:54,110 by scholars and playwrights since Yatsko first established the fundamental relationship that b 36 as a child of B 42. 241 00:30:54,110 --> 00:31:04,820 The tantalising Krakouer fragmentary proof of a falling Bible set with a DKA type has opened the door to still more scenarios at this moment. 242 00:31:04,820 --> 00:31:14,540 The Gazump catalogue began to occur in its online version has swallowed up the Krakouer Bible proof into its entry for the 36 line Bible, 243 00:31:14,540 --> 00:31:20,510 treating it as a prober, talk or trial printing for the 36 line Bible. 244 00:31:20,510 --> 00:31:30,440 This cannot be right. The partial typesetting of a fallen Bible is intended as an imperial folio printed in mind circa 245 00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:39,680 14 57 cannot be considered a trial for a 36 line Bible in Royal Folio printed in Bamburgh. 246 00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:49,260 Not after 14 61. The type apart nothing matches. 247 00:31:49,260 --> 00:31:54,180 The fundamental problem is that the dictatorship itself was indeed used in two printing shops, 248 00:31:54,180 --> 00:32:01,710 in two different cities, first in minds as early as the early 40s and 50s and is late at a minimum is 14, 249 00:32:01,710 --> 00:32:12,790 56 and second in Bamburgh, where a chancellory folio edition of the German fable book Edelstein uniquely preserved of Orphan Beetle. 250 00:32:12,790 --> 00:32:23,110 As a call often stating that it was printed in Bamburgh on Valentine's Day for 1861 and another German edition known as The Fear Historian, 251 00:32:23,110 --> 00:32:35,320 the Four Histories has a colourful and dated 14 62 not long after St. Valborg feast the 1st of May and naming that printer as Albrecht Fister. 252 00:32:35,320 --> 00:32:47,050 Thus, the 36 line Bible has been in a kind of Solomonic tug of war between two cities, some 120 miles apart west and east on the river mein. 253 00:32:47,050 --> 00:32:51,730 Two great English authorities, Robert Proctor and BMC one, 254 00:32:51,730 --> 00:32:58,180 came down without qualification for the Western city meit's placing the 36 line Bibo in the 255 00:32:58,180 --> 00:33:06,960 shop of a blandly titled printer or printers of the 31 line indulgence and 36 line Bible. 256 00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:14,670 We can say today with confidence that this was the wrong answer and that the 36 line Bible was printed in Bamburgh. 257 00:33:14,670 --> 00:33:20,430 Such is the slow rate of progress. And in cleanable studies with Bloomberg, 258 00:33:20,430 --> 00:33:29,190 we are now back to the localisation made by Georg Wolfgang Pouncer in 1796 in Volume four of 259 00:33:29,190 --> 00:33:37,850 his annuls Typographically retracting his earlier assignment of the 36 line Bible to MIT's. 260 00:33:37,850 --> 00:33:40,070 Slide 25, please. 261 00:33:40,070 --> 00:33:48,830 The most accurate census of copies has been made by Eric White, who has corrected many earlier errors and obscurities and provenance. 262 00:33:48,830 --> 00:33:59,900 By his count, 14 integral copies survive on paper and seven vellum copies, plus at least one paper copy or documented by binding waste. 263 00:33:59,900 --> 00:34:08,660 It is almost a paradox. The paper copies were more successful at surviving than their vellum siblings. 264 00:34:08,660 --> 00:34:16,250 The indications that the 36 line people whispering in Bloomberg are various and convincing two of the integral copies are in 265 00:34:16,250 --> 00:34:25,280 bindings localiser able to bamburgh the copy at the Bibliotheque Nacional de France contains the painted arms of a doctor of laws, 266 00:34:25,280 --> 00:34:36,680 an imperial diplomat, painter Kannur. Amongst the many church leaving's he held, bringing him a large income was a canon of Bamburgh Cathedral. 267 00:34:36,680 --> 00:34:43,610 We note parenthetically that this copy was earlier in the Harlene collection and so was amongst the printed books purchased 268 00:34:43,610 --> 00:34:52,940 from the second Earl of Oxford's widow by Thomas Osborne in Oxford in 1743 Latin catalogue of the Harly in library. 269 00:34:52,940 --> 00:35:01,580 It is number 59 in Osborne's catalogue, and the entry was very likely composed by the impecunious Samuel Johnson. 270 00:35:01,580 --> 00:35:14,410 He tells us only that it is an old edition, a disco antique printed with square letters, painted initials in three volumes of Russia leather. 271 00:35:14,410 --> 00:35:20,530 The memorial book or totin book of the Franciscans of Koeberg recordset in 14 63, 272 00:35:20,530 --> 00:35:27,010 the prince bishop of Bamburgh Georg von Schaumberg presented to them a printed Bible. 273 00:35:27,010 --> 00:35:30,790 This is certainly the copy of the 36 line Bible, 274 00:35:30,790 --> 00:35:37,060 of which three vellum leaves are in the state's archive of used as wrappers on 275 00:35:37,060 --> 00:35:45,790 account books of the hospital of St. George there for the years 1078 1079 in 1909. 276 00:35:45,790 --> 00:35:51,520 And recently Eric White discovered that the paper copy of the 36 line Bible, 277 00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:57,730 now divided between the Rylance Library in Manchester and the Chardy Library in Princeton, 278 00:35:57,730 --> 00:36:07,270 had originally been given by the same Bishop Gheorghe in 14 68 to the Benedictines of our in Lower Franconia, 279 00:36:07,270 --> 00:36:12,880 the gift inscription being preserved on a vellum flyleaf of the first volume. 280 00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:22,360 This copy belonged to The Shot and Closter in Pittsburgh and was sold to Lord Spencer by the Scottish Benedictine of that Abbey Alexander Horne, 281 00:36:22,360 --> 00:36:28,720 who was very active in supplying early printed rarities to both Spencer and to George the third. 282 00:36:28,720 --> 00:36:37,930 In January 1881, Horne wrote to the Earl. Your Lordship must not forget to keep the first leaf as it preserves the date. 283 00:36:37,930 --> 00:36:40,030 But when the volumes will rebound in England, 284 00:36:40,030 --> 00:36:48,810 the documentary Flyleaf was thrown away warns autograph letter in the British Library preserves the evidence. 285 00:36:48,810 --> 00:36:56,880 So our simplest picture of the 36 line Bible must be that it was printed in Bamburgh under the patronage of Prince Bishop Georg, 286 00:36:56,880 --> 00:37:00,930 that the printing shop was under the direction of Olbrich Fister, 287 00:37:00,930 --> 00:37:06,720 who was recorded in a number of Bamburgh documents as, amongst other things, secretary to the bishop, 288 00:37:06,720 --> 00:37:13,710 and that the types required from were acquired from Gutenberg Shop in might this roughly at the time and the later 289 00:37:13,710 --> 00:37:22,060 14 50s when Gutenberg Zohn energies were focussed on production of the already mentioned massive Latin dictionary, 290 00:37:22,060 --> 00:37:33,690 the Catholic one of Yohannes Balbus completed in 1914 60, the Bumbry project would have required a considerable outlay of money for type making for. 291 00:37:33,690 --> 00:37:37,890 Whereas the mine's Dekay shop must have been small, 292 00:37:37,890 --> 00:37:46,290 the Bloomberg Bible Shop required sufficient type for concurrent setting of large pages in for composition units, 293 00:37:46,290 --> 00:37:53,520 although a direct connexion cannot be drawn. It has been noted that in December 14 15 for 1859, 294 00:37:53,520 --> 00:38:03,240 the large sum of 523 pounds was removed on loan from the dome shots by the canons of the cathedral and that by May 14 61, 295 00:38:03,240 --> 00:38:14,580 the loan had not been repaid. You see slide 26, please, in the earliest settings of the 36 line Bible, this type looks, in fact, remarkably fresh, 296 00:38:14,580 --> 00:38:25,760 sharper than we find it in most of the DKA type printing and minus the fragmentary Krakouer proof impression's apart. 297 00:38:25,760 --> 00:38:34,160 Of the early editions of the Vulgate Bible, the 36 line barber was by far the most extensive in terms of royal score sheets. 298 00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:42,560 It's 884 leaves come to 442 sheets and each copy almost 90 percent of arem of paper. 299 00:38:42,560 --> 00:38:51,800 This is well over twice the length and paper of the contemporary mental and Bible, which was set with 49 as against 36 lines to the column. 300 00:38:51,800 --> 00:38:54,890 And in a much narrower font. 301 00:38:54,890 --> 00:39:02,400 The Bamburgh Edition was planned to be bound in two volumes, the first ending in Psalms, the second beginning in Proverbs. 302 00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:10,940 But because of the excessive thickness of volumes this entailed, six of the surviving copies were bound in three volumes Volume two, 303 00:39:10,940 --> 00:39:15,920 ending with Lamentations and Volume three, beginning with Baruch. 304 00:39:15,920 --> 00:39:25,440 This was not a natural firebreak or textual break and was also awkward in separating the prophets into two different volumes. 305 00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:32,370 The 36 line Bible was sold with a printed table of rubrics of which binding waste fragments survive. 306 00:39:32,370 --> 00:39:38,420 It copies the Gutenberg Bible stable of rubrics, but the spaces left in text for supply, 307 00:39:38,420 --> 00:39:45,660 the rubrics was not closely calculated as it was in the Gutenberg Bible. 308 00:39:45,660 --> 00:39:54,900 The 36 Bibo has a curious duo aspect, that is, it has two peculiarities, the one contingent upon the other. 309 00:39:54,900 --> 00:40:04,020 In the first days that it was being printed, the Bible was set from a manuscript, not from the Gutenberg Bible. 310 00:40:04,020 --> 00:40:12,330 That manuscript was used for setting the first nine pages of the first composition unit, beginning with Jerrems Prologues. 311 00:40:12,330 --> 00:40:20,640 That's pages one Rechter to five Recto over the first Choire and also for the first three pages of the second composition unit, 312 00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:27,660 beginning with Jerome's prologue to First Chronicles and continuing on to the beginning of Chapter two. 313 00:40:27,660 --> 00:40:36,780 That's one recto to two recto of the 28 Squire when the compositor the first unit began setting five verse. 314 00:40:36,780 --> 00:40:43,980 So the page on which Jerome's general prologue ends in his prologue to the Pentateuch begins, 315 00:40:43,980 --> 00:40:50,820 that compositor now had a copy of the Gutenberg Bible available and used it as a setting copy. 316 00:40:50,820 --> 00:40:58,050 And similarly, the compositor setting First Chronicles got leaves of the Gutenberg Bible in front of him as a replacement 317 00:40:58,050 --> 00:41:04,080 for the manuscript he had been using just when he began to compose the fourth page of his stint. 318 00:41:04,080 --> 00:41:15,860 That is, to Versova the choir he was working on. Then, just as with the Gutenberg Bible, a decision was made to increase the additional size. 319 00:41:15,860 --> 00:41:19,190 We have no idea of the addition, one of the 36 line Bible, 320 00:41:19,190 --> 00:41:25,430 but the survival record strongly implies it was considerably less than that if the Gutenberg Bible. 321 00:41:25,430 --> 00:41:31,160 So the figures given here are purely arbitrary, given only to suggest a relative scale. 322 00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:42,200 Let us say that originally the print run was a 50 copies after only five or so of the first quarter had been set in, printed this at just the time. 323 00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:46,010 It will be recalled that a Gutenberg Bible entered the printing shop. 324 00:41:46,010 --> 00:41:53,540 It was decided to increase the additions to, let's say, 80 copies, therefore from six recto to ten verse. 325 00:41:53,540 --> 00:41:58,130 So of that first quarter, that's the second half of the five sheets. 326 00:41:58,130 --> 00:42:07,070 Fifty impressions of those pages were printed on the sheets that already had their first halves printed pages one Rechter to five or so. 327 00:42:07,070 --> 00:42:15,020 Then 30 more copies were printed on sheets whose first five leaves were blank and those blank leaves would have to be printed later, 328 00:42:15,020 --> 00:42:21,950 filling them with the missing text. See, slide 27, please. 329 00:42:21,950 --> 00:42:27,590 The two settings of the first gathering of the 36 line Bible are easy to distinguish for the 330 00:42:27,590 --> 00:42:33,890 manuscript originally used has a large number of textual variants from the Gutenberg Bible, 331 00:42:33,890 --> 00:42:38,210 starting with Jerome's first sentence beginning Fruita Ambrosio's. 332 00:42:38,210 --> 00:42:48,070 And so you see setting A setting B even lay out the initial space for Froster and Brosius in different ways. 333 00:42:48,070 --> 00:42:56,320 It has not, however, been previously noticed that there are two settings, not just of pages, one Rechter to five Recto, 334 00:42:56,320 --> 00:43:04,480 but also a five Verso, despite the fact that it was set from the Gutenberg Bible and not from a manuscript. 335 00:43:04,480 --> 00:43:11,530 The reason is that the addition was not increased, was not increased until six Recto began to be printed, 336 00:43:11,530 --> 00:43:17,360 meaning that, say, 30 more copies of five verse also had to be printed. 337 00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:27,680 The first setting, let's see, slide 28, please, the first setting, a five versus starts off at a different place from the second setting. 338 00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:37,770 As I think you can see. The Setting B starts with ensuring the continuation of Christian or Sehar base, 339 00:43:37,770 --> 00:43:44,920 which is the fourth line down in the first setting, so they start in very different places textually. 340 00:43:44,920 --> 00:43:53,110 The second composer had to take this into account and adjust to setting to make sure to end his page with the same 341 00:43:53,110 --> 00:44:00,730 words as the first composer had done so that the text would read smoothly onto the following page six Rechter. 342 00:44:00,730 --> 00:44:10,480 Could we see slide 29, please? The words on that page are upward a Barajas. 343 00:44:10,480 --> 00:44:19,270 And when we put the two settings, A and B on the left, be on the right side by side, we see how the second compositor achieved this. 344 00:44:19,270 --> 00:44:31,440 After it first varying, he copied the line endings of the first setting exactly for the last 10 lines, making sure he ended up in the right place. 345 00:44:31,440 --> 00:44:35,550 Just as with a mix setting states of the different copies of the Gutenberg Bible, 346 00:44:35,550 --> 00:44:40,650 they're mixed setting states of the surviving copies of the 36 line Bible. 347 00:44:40,650 --> 00:44:43,320 And so, as with the Gutenberg Bible, 348 00:44:43,320 --> 00:44:52,350 there is that same fundamental distinction to be drawn between any particular copy of the edition that is a given sample sheets. 349 00:44:52,350 --> 00:44:59,580 And the addition is an entity that is all the sheets that were printed and all the combinations of ways in which those sheets 350 00:44:59,580 --> 00:45:09,450 were gathered into saleable copies of four possible variants of the 36 line Bible are represented by at least one copy. 351 00:45:09,450 --> 00:45:18,090 That is, you could have quires one and 28, both in the first setting setting a that's true of the shyte copy. 352 00:45:18,090 --> 00:45:23,760 You could have them both in the second setting or setting B as in the British Library or King George. 353 00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:34,800 The third copy you could have the first Choire setting a the 28 square setting B as in the Leipzig University Library copy. 354 00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:47,630 And to round it out you could have Choire one in setting Bikfaya 28 in setting a as Indiana University library copy. 355 00:45:47,630 --> 00:45:57,080 Agustin Slatin Bibles we postpone to our last lecture, the next printed Bible in chronological sequence, first insurors 14 62. 356 00:45:57,080 --> 00:46:03,470 Edition four is already noted. This is the edition whose path led forward to a long line of text. 357 00:46:03,470 --> 00:46:12,250 Your successors and the relations and differences between it and its immediate descendants need to be looked at in some detail. 358 00:46:12,250 --> 00:46:13,930 The second printing of Strausberg, 359 00:46:13,930 --> 00:46:21,790 Heinrich Augustine dominated the market for Latin Bibles in the second half of the 14 60s, publishing three editions, 360 00:46:21,790 --> 00:46:33,610 the only three appearing between 14, 66 and 14, 69 or possibly very early, 14, 70, always text derived from the Gutenberg Bible. 361 00:46:33,610 --> 00:46:43,570 Of the three editions combined, about 160 copies survive each copy, having apparently a very limited vellum issue of one or two each. 362 00:46:43,570 --> 00:46:51,210 Their strongest selling area was east of Strausberg across Swabia, Bavaria and Austria. 363 00:46:51,210 --> 00:47:00,350 Heinrich Agustín M.A of some university, was a citizen of Strausberg in the early 14th 40s and he must have been acquainted with 364 00:47:00,350 --> 00:47:07,080 Gutenberg there as they were both members of a civic association called the councillor, 365 00:47:07,080 --> 00:47:14,370 who each paid a tax efficient for the half maintenance of a horse towards the defence of the city. 366 00:47:14,370 --> 00:47:20,520 Again, a variety of scenarios can be written by which Augustine would have come to be involved in typography, 367 00:47:20,520 --> 00:47:28,890 particularly as he apparently surrendered his citizenship in Strasbourg between the years for 1857 and for 1859. 368 00:47:28,890 --> 00:47:31,740 So there we do have a hint of travels, 369 00:47:31,740 --> 00:47:42,270 but we will remain simply with this three Latin Bible additions or unsigned and undated slide 30, please, of his first edition. 370 00:47:42,270 --> 00:47:54,030 Four copies have lubrication dates of 14 66 one the 24th of May 14, 66, and the same year Agustín was granted a letter of protection. 371 00:47:54,030 --> 00:48:01,560 Naming him specifically as a book talker and affording him trading privileges by the elector Palatine Friederich, 372 00:48:01,560 --> 00:48:10,290 the first Egleston Second Bibo edition, hardly distinguishable in overall appearance from his first of that edition. 373 00:48:10,290 --> 00:48:16,050 Four copies bearing lubrication or purchased dates of 14 68. 374 00:48:16,050 --> 00:48:24,270 Then for his third edition, a used his examplar a different copy of the Gutenberg Bible from the one he had in 14 66, 375 00:48:24,270 --> 00:48:32,390 and this copy is very fortunately preserved in Cambridge University library slide 31, please. 376 00:48:32,390 --> 00:48:38,600 As the keystone of a choice and spectacular group of early printed books and manuscripts 377 00:48:38,600 --> 00:48:44,390 concentrated on Bibles that were quietly given in 1933 by a London barrister, 378 00:48:44,390 --> 00:48:51,760 author William Young, graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, in the 1970s. 379 00:48:51,760 --> 00:48:57,160 This copy had apparently been acquired in Strausberg, around 7500 by Charles Hope, 380 00:48:57,160 --> 00:49:05,650 first Earl of Hopetoun, possibly sold to him or his agent by the Collegiate Church of St. Pierre Luján. 381 00:49:05,650 --> 00:49:13,900 The details cannot be prenda pin down precisely, but at least five other incurables with this provenance entered the hoped house library. 382 00:49:13,900 --> 00:49:21,190 And one other expert in Cambridge has a also a close connexion with Strausberg. 383 00:49:21,190 --> 00:49:27,670 It is a copy of mental illness edition of Aristotle's Nikke MacKean Ethics with an inscription 384 00:49:27,670 --> 00:49:35,890 by one in four Rasiah saying he had acquired it personally from one on the 10th of April 14 69. 385 00:49:35,890 --> 00:49:46,580 And we know a bit about Fresia. Second other surviving cannibals in his recorded as a SEAL bearer of the Bishop of Strausberg. 386 00:49:46,580 --> 00:49:51,860 As you see, the Cambridge Gutenberg Bible is a very handsome copy with extensive illumination 387 00:49:51,860 --> 00:49:57,140 of quality that can be localised to Strausberg and also with handsome, 388 00:49:57,140 --> 00:50:02,120 sometimes rather lively, alternating red and blue chapter initials. 389 00:50:02,120 --> 00:50:09,830 But it's historically significant features an element that you might say makes the copy less clean. 390 00:50:09,830 --> 00:50:17,870 That is the extensive marginal markings on almost every page beginning to end of small hash or hatch marks. 391 00:50:17,870 --> 00:50:23,540 It is these marks aligned with unobtrusive vertical strokes within the lines of type, 392 00:50:23,540 --> 00:50:28,430 which proves that the Gutenberg Cambridge Gutenberg Bible Slide 32, 393 00:50:28,430 --> 00:50:36,410 please was the exemplar inexistent shop for setting his third edition of the Latin Bible. 394 00:50:36,410 --> 00:50:44,090 With exceptions, only where there are identifiable and indicative accidents in the setting of Agustin's third edition, 395 00:50:44,090 --> 00:50:50,960 these marks or rather the strokes within the lines to which they attach Mark exactly the last word of a 396 00:50:50,960 --> 00:50:58,580 particular page of Agustin's setting and show the compositor at what were to begin setting the following page. 397 00:50:58,580 --> 00:51:05,300 And you see that here you see Gutenberg Bible at the top. 398 00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:10,250 The last word, Tazi second line up. 399 00:51:10,250 --> 00:51:16,680 That's the stroke marking the division between Fluminense and Tazi. 400 00:51:16,680 --> 00:51:23,940 Negotiations, Bible Fluminense ends one page, Tazi begins another. 401 00:51:23,940 --> 00:51:28,590 Existence seems to have had some axis of ambition with this third printing of the Bible, 402 00:51:28,590 --> 00:51:36,990 by contrast with this first two, it marks the first use of a second font of the same Gothic Rotunda style as his first, 403 00:51:36,990 --> 00:51:42,120 clearly influenced by the font of first and shivers 14th 62 Bible, 404 00:51:42,120 --> 00:51:48,120 but enlarged in size to essentially the body height of the Gutenberg Bible equestrians. 405 00:51:48,120 --> 00:51:55,470 First two editions were set in columns of 45 lines and copies contained 496 leaves. 406 00:51:55,470 --> 00:52:01,870 This third edition was made much larger, set to columns of 41 lines and a full copy contained. 407 00:52:01,870 --> 00:52:08,100 632 leaves just 11, leaves less than the Gutenberg Bible itself. 408 00:52:08,100 --> 00:52:16,860 It was issued with a table of rubrics who's actually changed the wordings in many places from the table of the Gutenberg Bible. 409 00:52:16,860 --> 00:52:20,640 There also survives. Slide three, please. 410 00:52:20,640 --> 00:52:28,380 A broadside printed advertisement for the addition by existing with great claims of its careful colation by men 411 00:52:28,380 --> 00:52:37,260 deeply immersed in the humane arts and by then rather old fashioned boast that it was produced not by pen or read, 412 00:52:37,260 --> 00:52:45,180 but by the ingenious art of stamping letters. 413 00:52:45,180 --> 00:52:52,770 Presumably, a sign of the role of these learnt men was an extensive, though sporadic campaign of intimidation, 414 00:52:52,770 --> 00:52:59,700 where alternative readings from some manuscript of the Bible that they had on hand were added to the text. 415 00:52:59,700 --> 00:53:08,640 Such emendations were written in the margin in some places, it being understood that the compositor would incorporate them in its type typesetting, 416 00:53:08,640 --> 00:53:13,380 but in many other places findable only through side by side colation. 417 00:53:13,380 --> 00:53:22,380 The Gutenberg Bible itself is not marked, and presumably the emendations and the existing additions were made at an invisible proofing 418 00:53:22,380 --> 00:53:30,090 stage in order some 180 written marginal emendations and the Cambridge Gutenberg Bible, 419 00:53:30,090 --> 00:53:35,550 but clustered in relatively few places across the four major composition units. 420 00:53:35,550 --> 00:53:40,800 And there is more than double that number of hidden or silent emendations. 421 00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:46,440 They are so scattershot in their balance of positive and negative readings that it cannot be said 422 00:53:46,440 --> 00:53:53,190 that this is a texturally improved presentation of the Vulgate Bible in each composition unit. 423 00:53:53,190 --> 00:54:01,020 It appears that the secondary correcting manuscript was not brought into play until a number of choirs had already been set. 424 00:54:01,020 --> 00:54:12,130 For instance, in the first composition unit, starting with the Pentateuch, there is no marginal imitation made until Chapter seven of Deuteronomy. 425 00:54:12,130 --> 00:54:22,530 Parenthetically. After I first wrote about the Cambridge copy, another scholar suggested that the emendations might reflect a Bible of InDesign use, 426 00:54:22,530 --> 00:54:28,250 but gave no evidence, for instance, of some indicative into some reading. 427 00:54:28,250 --> 00:54:35,690 It can be stated positively that there is no evidence in favour of the suggestion and a flood of evidence against it, 428 00:54:35,690 --> 00:54:44,480 for example, one of the books that was amended was apocryphal for Ezra, a book that was not included in the Vinda same Bible. 429 00:54:44,480 --> 00:54:47,160 This in itself is curious and revealing. 430 00:54:47,160 --> 00:54:58,010 As for Ezra, was absent from the strong majority of Algate Bibles of the 13th century and after and was even rarer before the 13th century. 431 00:54:58,010 --> 00:55:05,960 In my sample group of 85 15th century Bible manuscripts, only 13 include for Ezra. 432 00:55:05,960 --> 00:55:17,120 This gives us, however, slide 34, a particularly interesting emendations that the existing compositor did bring correctly into the text. 433 00:55:17,120 --> 00:55:21,560 And depending on your eyesight here in the first. 434 00:55:21,560 --> 00:55:25,310 This is for Ezra, the beginning of for Ezra, Chapter three. 435 00:55:25,310 --> 00:55:34,190 And here in the first verse of chapter three of four, Ezra, we find written in the margin of the Cambridge Gutenberg Bible, 436 00:55:34,190 --> 00:55:42,110 that very phrase Aigo Celotto Kwiat Ezra Isolation, also known as Hazra. 437 00:55:42,110 --> 00:55:48,870 It was intentionally removed from force or by an editor in the Gutenberg Bible Shop. 438 00:55:48,870 --> 00:55:54,150 And of course, it was there because all manuscripts for Ezra had it. 439 00:55:54,150 --> 00:55:59,910 Because the Gutenberg Bible is version of as was sifted down into the Clementine Vulgate, 440 00:55:59,910 --> 00:56:06,150 these authentic words of Chapter three disappeared from view until the later 19th century, 441 00:56:06,150 --> 00:56:10,720 when forestry began to be edited by scholars for manuscripts. 442 00:56:10,720 --> 00:56:20,910 But all the time the words were lurking within this existing printing of the Latin Bible, unnoticed and copied by later printers. 443 00:56:20,910 --> 00:56:25,260 We see slide 35, there is one other well, 444 00:56:25,260 --> 00:56:35,730 even smaller place where we see a reflection of the layout of the unknown manuscript used to Naga Stein's shop for various emendations, 445 00:56:35,730 --> 00:56:42,840 the book of Three, Yusra and the Gutenberg Bible was divided into nine chapters, as it still is today, though, 446 00:56:42,840 --> 00:56:47,430 with some change of placement of a couple of chapter numbers and as it was in a 447 00:56:47,430 --> 00:56:54,120 large number of Paris Bibles and other Bibles influenced by Paris choppering. 448 00:56:54,120 --> 00:56:57,090 In Pakistan's third edition, editorially, 449 00:56:57,090 --> 00:57:06,930 the number of chapters was increased from nine to 12 by marking off three more places where two line initials were to be set. 450 00:57:06,930 --> 00:57:16,420 We can see one such mark in the Cambridge Gutenberg Bible. It's. 451 00:57:16,420 --> 00:57:27,360 The. Little bow in front of the word, I know the second line down, and that means make a chapter here, that's the instruction. 452 00:57:27,360 --> 00:57:36,060 And if you look over in the margin, very small, you see 19 exi x, 453 00:57:36,060 --> 00:57:46,380 this indicates that the manuscript used for amending had its three Asira Chaptered according to an older system, 454 00:57:46,380 --> 00:57:50,130 a system which divided the book into 27 chapters, 455 00:57:50,130 --> 00:58:00,840 rather like the old Capitola divisions of other books of the Bible Bibles writing three Azu with 27 sometimes variants of 25 or 26 chapters 456 00:58:00,840 --> 00:58:11,220 are not rare and continued into the 15th century as a parallel system to the more standard nine chapters and these many Chapter three, 457 00:58:11,220 --> 00:58:21,330 as was almost always marked through Chapter 19 at exactly this place, the modern equivalent of Chapter eight, verse six, 458 00:58:21,330 --> 00:58:32,700 not fair not far from US Beeliar manuscript to a Bible written in Italy in the later 13th century contains both three and four Ozora and it's three. 459 00:58:32,700 --> 00:58:45,160 Ezra has 27 chapters with Chapter 19 being eight six exactly like what is on the screen. 460 00:58:45,160 --> 00:58:51,970 One last page of the Cambridge Gutenberg Bible should be looked at for it contains a marginal hand correction, slide 36, 461 00:58:51,970 --> 00:59:01,660 please, that was not made an existential preparatory to setting, but many years earlier in mights in the Gutenberg Bible Shop. 462 00:59:01,660 --> 00:59:07,240 This page is a good candidate for being a marked proof page of the Gutenberg Bible. 463 00:59:07,240 --> 00:59:12,790 In any case, it contains the earliest known textual state of this page. 464 00:59:12,790 --> 00:59:20,780 The text is First Chronicles Chapter three, verse 22 in the margin notes two words. 465 00:59:20,780 --> 00:59:31,280 Theoretically, a name to be inserted at Sisa Sulphate at SISA six in number six Numero. 466 00:59:31,280 --> 00:59:40,020 In all weather copies, can we see slide 37? ATSDR is set in type. 467 00:59:40,020 --> 00:59:47,030 So that's an instruction for a correction to be made and. 468 00:59:47,030 --> 00:59:56,150 Go back briefly to 36 and it's 37 again, to make those put those two little words into the second line. 469 00:59:56,150 --> 01:00:02,900 In fact, they had to reset eight lines of that column to come out even again. 470 01:00:02,900 --> 01:00:04,160 As noted earlier, 471 01:00:04,160 --> 01:00:12,650 the Cambridge copy of the Gutenberg Bible was handled carefully and Eggleton shop for it was and was to be maintained as a saleable copy, 472 01:00:12,650 --> 01:00:16,460 even some 14 years after it sheets were printed. 473 01:00:16,460 --> 01:00:23,810 The placement of the compositor, your marks on certain pages show us that at the time it was used for copy setting. 474 01:00:23,810 --> 01:00:31,190 It already contained its illuminated major initials, but it had not yet been lubricated at several places. 475 01:00:31,190 --> 01:00:35,090 The restrictions lie on top of the compositors marks, 476 01:00:35,090 --> 01:00:47,090 which thus occupy the middle stratum as the sheets moved from the artist's workshop to the printing shop and then on third to the Lubricator shop. 477 01:00:47,090 --> 01:00:55,990 Thereafter, the copy was bound and sold, but apparently never left Strausberg until it made its way to England more than two centuries later. 478 01:00:55,990 --> 01:01:02,980 In the final lecture, we will examine first insurors 14 62 Bibo and its fruitful line of descendants. 479 01:01:02,980 --> 01:01:09,737 Thank you.