1 00:00:19,140 --> 00:00:26,850 Good afternoon after a more general lecture on some technical aspects last Thursday. 2 00:00:26,850 --> 00:00:35,850 Today will be the first of three parts about the chronological development of rating models by now, mostly in the form of writing books. 3 00:00:35,850 --> 00:00:43,170 Two parts online this week and one. Fingers crossed at Oxford on the 25th of February. 4 00:00:43,170 --> 00:00:52,770 For now, we will dwell on the late 60s and early 70s century before the swerve that occurred in the course of French scripts, 5 00:00:52,770 --> 00:01:00,630 as we shall see, in 16 33, at the same time resetting the market for writing books. 6 00:01:00,630 --> 00:01:09,270 Again, I will not wade too far into content, which could keep us busy for an hour admiring just one book, 7 00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:16,140 but will rather try and chart that sea of paper in its surprising variety. 8 00:01:16,140 --> 00:01:25,950 From the shores of bibliography, or maybe navigating at least some currents across its surface in France and England, 9 00:01:25,950 --> 00:01:36,750 the production of printed writing models started late compared to Germany 15 19, Italy 15 20 to the low countries 15 40. 10 00:01:36,750 --> 00:01:41,660 Spain 15 48. Switzerland 15 49. 11 00:01:41,660 --> 00:01:51,800 I have already mentioned the first titles printed in Paris and London respectively are more Alphabeat Rivals on the list, published by John Wiley, 12 00:01:51,800 --> 00:02:00,180 15 61 and a book containing diverse sorts of hands by the French Huguenot Zonta Bocian and an Englishman, 13 00:02:00,180 --> 00:02:07,710 John Beldin, published by another French emigre to my vote wholly in 50 and 70. 14 00:02:07,710 --> 00:02:15,990 I have suggested that technical problems, technical difficulties might be part of the explanation for that late start. 15 00:02:15,990 --> 00:02:25,880 The Italian styles of writing relatively large and linear that is with moderate contrast between thick and thin strokes, 16 00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:34,230 were certainly easier to reproduce in wood woodblocks than the small Gothic cursive styles used north of the Alps. 17 00:02:34,230 --> 00:02:45,030 Only the best German block cutters could be asked to produce facsimiles such as the extraordinary 15 19 prints Binoy deafer. 18 00:02:45,030 --> 00:02:53,190 But before anything similar was attempted in French scripts and until until PEIA are more switched from wood to copper. 19 00:02:53,190 --> 00:03:02,220 Other writing masters and publishers had not remained idle. The earliest books they produced for instruction in handwriting are of two sorts. 20 00:03:02,220 --> 00:03:06,600 Both set in letterpress. First came. 21 00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:14,210 First came books of verse or prose to be used as raw material by masters for writing their own examples 22 00:03:14,210 --> 00:03:22,810 and second books set in type imitating cursive handwriting to be used by students for practise. 23 00:03:22,810 --> 00:03:32,020 The Bodleian houses a rare book by one year, a bear whips suitable for Moses. 24 00:03:32,020 --> 00:03:35,830 The Bodleian houses a rare book by one peer. 25 00:03:35,830 --> 00:03:39,430 A bear. Let me hold the view to issue Amanda B. 26 00:03:39,430 --> 00:03:47,290 Aviva, Rotterdam, 16 13. It is the only known copy of a late and foreign edition of that book. 27 00:03:47,290 --> 00:03:56,110 First printed in Paris half a century earlier. Fifteen fifty six belonging to a very short lived Zschau of moral and technical verse. 28 00:03:56,110 --> 00:04:06,340 By and for writing masters. Short lived. That is in literary composition with only two authors in the middle 15 fifties peer Abair and Jolin one. 29 00:04:06,340 --> 00:04:16,780 The former being the more successful. Get a Bears' career, despite some interest from literary historians, has remained murky. 30 00:04:16,780 --> 00:04:27,400 In fact, it can be reconstructed as a remarkable story of social climbing based on a greater talent for seeking patronage than for writing good verse. 31 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:36,470 His brother, Foxwell, on the other hand, is better known as quite a respectable poet and accordingly lived and died, it seems, in poverty. 32 00:04:36,470 --> 00:04:44,890 Peter was born at ASU down in the Bay Province in central France, possibly as late as fifteen 35 five, 33 00:04:44,890 --> 00:04:52,990 unless the evidence we find 10 years later is about another young student of the same name from fifteen fifty six. 34 00:04:52,990 --> 00:05:02,050 He appears as a writing master and in 15 64 as a sworn master, he was involved in the forensic examination of handwriting. 35 00:05:02,050 --> 00:05:09,370 Together with other colleagues, this is his signature at the bottom of that examination. 36 00:05:09,370 --> 00:05:22,420 In fifteen fifty six, he published last year to show diversity in quatrains of Decca syllables arranged by alphabetical order in 15 59. 37 00:05:22,420 --> 00:05:26,270 He expanded it under the title disclosure on split. 38 00:05:26,270 --> 00:05:38,790 Please let me have warned of blues as twic shoulder la dicky Lutu but peer Harbi metrically vaa Barry books vrd example mate. 39 00:05:38,790 --> 00:05:48,430 He exists. La dee da. So it says explicitly that this book is aimed at writing Masters as the main audience. 40 00:05:48,430 --> 00:05:58,570 It also contains two other parts on letter writing and on punctuation and accents from 15 69 when the publisher, 41 00:05:58,570 --> 00:06:05,880 Claude Meeka obtained a privilege for it. The title became Nutriment of Veve, which your mother gave you. 42 00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:11,800 Sorry. And Lumière. Why do you go from other Gav's in your father? 43 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:18,940 This is an illustration of the fifteen eighty one title page, still with the same title and the same publisher. 44 00:06:18,940 --> 00:06:23,740 Its publication History has remained very fragmentary and unclear. 45 00:06:23,740 --> 00:06:31,960 In fact, there were at least 28 different editions or issues into the first quarter of the 17th century, 46 00:06:31,960 --> 00:06:40,200 printed mostly in Paris and rule documented by only thirty five copies, several of which are now located. 47 00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:45,350 So that there may have been there must have been dozens more editions. 48 00:06:45,350 --> 00:06:56,320 The currently available information, as we find it compiled in the universal short title catalogue STC includes only half of these editions wide, 49 00:06:56,320 --> 00:07:03,310 including one or two phantoms that his editions created by errors in previous bibliographies. 50 00:07:03,310 --> 00:07:14,520 As often happens. Pyar Bear's father may have been a merchant, and he benefited from Connexions with financiers. 51 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:25,250 The 15 56 instruction as to he had dedicated to Nikolai Dupré, a banker from Lille, offering to instruct his children at the same time. 52 00:07:25,250 --> 00:07:31,370 The 15 Seventy-one addition was dedicated to the young daughters of How Will Mohle the King's Treasurer. 53 00:07:31,370 --> 00:07:40,780 His obligatory the department. By the same date, Abair was employed as a clerk by Mauro's son, Nicholas. 54 00:07:40,780 --> 00:07:45,270 The Treasurer General to Henry Duke of Oahu. 55 00:07:45,270 --> 00:07:52,620 His breakthrough came in fifteen seventy three, it seems, when he appears as a valette of the chamber to the same Henry. 56 00:07:52,620 --> 00:08:03,770 By then King of Poland and from the following King Henry, the third of France by 50 eighty five a bear was His Majesty's Scribe. 57 00:08:03,770 --> 00:08:12,180 Cleaver and his duties, based on his previous professional experience with more hope, remained mostly financial. 58 00:08:12,180 --> 00:08:18,150 In 15 77, he was in charge of paying the wages and debts of the royal household. 59 00:08:18,150 --> 00:08:23,580 From the following year, he became a royal secretary. So 50 in 78. 60 00:08:23,580 --> 00:08:29,160 In 58, he won. He was appointed bailiff and keeper of the seal of the artillery mysterious title. 61 00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:34,560 That means he was the judge of the district surrounding the royal arsenal. 62 00:08:34,560 --> 00:08:39,360 Finally, by fifteen eighty four, he was also a secretary of the Royal Chamber. 63 00:08:39,360 --> 00:08:46,530 All this together. He died in 15 97 and the inventory of his three houses, two in Paris and went outside, 64 00:08:46,530 --> 00:08:52,320 took over a week, showing considerable, considerable personal wealth and financial dealings. 65 00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:55,830 Very unusual in a write in an X writing M. 66 00:08:55,830 --> 00:09:06,120 Literary historians have poked fun at Pier Abboud's uninspired moral poetry that his odd idea of arranging verse in alphabetical order, 67 00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:14,070 forcing himself to include stanzas beginning with exotic names for initials K, X or Z. 68 00:09:14,070 --> 00:09:18,780 All this without taking into account the use of such texts in the scholars who 69 00:09:18,780 --> 00:09:23,910 have made fun of a bear have not taken into account the actual use of such texts. 70 00:09:23,910 --> 00:09:33,110 Clearly mentioned in the title itself. Not for literary enjoyment, but for examples of handwriting. 71 00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:42,140 The different sections of districts and quatrains of eight, 10 or 12 lines sorry, eight, ten or twelve syllables. 72 00:09:42,140 --> 00:09:51,980 It was also based on the needs of more or less advanced students, whether such poetry actually attracted any readers as such. 73 00:09:51,980 --> 00:09:58,080 It is difficult to say, but sales do prove that the product was in demand for what it was. 74 00:09:58,080 --> 00:10:02,910 And those texts actually do crop up in some 16th century writing books, 75 00:10:02,910 --> 00:10:12,390 including those of MO and Bocian 16 13 Rotterdam edition in the Borderland was presumably aimed at the many 76 00:10:12,390 --> 00:10:19,560 French schools of the low countries so that it could have been used by the great young Vandevelde himself, 77 00:10:19,560 --> 00:10:27,240 who was the master of such a French school in Rotterdam, precisely from 15 57. 78 00:10:27,240 --> 00:10:33,360 The printing press offered a new solution for showing French scripts in printed books. 79 00:10:33,360 --> 00:10:34,990 With the invention by a hobby, 80 00:10:34,990 --> 00:10:47,100 Alcohol of later became known as civility type that is type imitating the handwriting of formal documents or manuscripts, international style. 81 00:10:47,100 --> 00:10:50,940 It was seen as an alternative to italic type, 82 00:10:50,940 --> 00:10:59,790 which still had a foreign and Italian connotation at a time of strong anti Italian feelings and controversy rooted in the cultural, 83 00:10:59,790 --> 00:11:06,420 religious and political context of France. Guardroom calls his creation let off. 84 00:11:06,420 --> 00:11:10,680 Höss sways a diehard amongst French handwriting type. 85 00:11:10,680 --> 00:11:16,500 Let's say he himself immediately printed a book entitled Asterix, Your Kate Bolduan, 86 00:11:16,500 --> 00:11:23,580 Esteve Horse, or former Alphabeat again in alphabetical order up to Pardoel is our fault. 87 00:11:23,580 --> 00:11:27,350 Don't leave it Kleve idiocy later. Good. 88 00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:30,570 Couldn't would you? It would be so. 89 00:11:30,570 --> 00:11:38,480 French education, as you see, should begin with God and proper cursive ligatures or other proper cursive ligatures and God in that order. 90 00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:44,330 And in 21st century schools. This remains true, I must say only of ligatures. 91 00:11:44,330 --> 00:11:56,710 The fifteen fifty seven edition is lost, but here's a page from the fifteen sixty two edition page on abbreviations where you see that the the, 92 00:11:56,710 --> 00:12:04,920 the cursive treatment of letters plus abbreviation marks as a cheaper means of. 93 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:18,330 Producing writing models, civility type outlasted the adoption of copperplate printing at least eight such books were published anonymously, 94 00:12:18,330 --> 00:12:26,070 probably put together by the printers themselves in Lille and Paris before the end of the 16th century. 95 00:12:26,070 --> 00:12:30,600 Plus several by one writing master Jack Dillahunt. 96 00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:35,340 More on whom later. And eight were also printed in the low countries. 97 00:12:35,340 --> 00:12:40,320 All but one at Antwerp. The last one at Liden. 98 00:12:40,320 --> 00:12:51,750 Four in French and four in Flemish. So that civility type was used for both languages as the Gothic alternative, if you will, to to italic type. 99 00:12:51,750 --> 00:13:00,520 One more book appeared a do a writing book incivility type as late as 16 27. 100 00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:03,360 But that is a provincial phenomenon. 101 00:13:03,360 --> 00:13:14,110 But after sixteen hundred, as writing styles continued to change, the old fashioned civility type was used perhaps for learning to read. 102 00:13:14,110 --> 00:13:18,590 And books have good manners. Dan Rather than for writing instruction. 103 00:13:18,590 --> 00:13:25,440 And that surprisingly lasted well into the 19th century, the first third of the 19th century. 104 00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:35,000 In its first decades. Civility type was also largely associated with Calvinism, which might have made it suspicious in certain circles. 105 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:41,280 It was also used for at least two late editions of a Bales' meanwhile, too. 106 00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:45,960 Not to mention other books by our back, which I will not go into here. 107 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:52,990 I will limit myself to about writing books. 108 00:13:52,990 --> 00:14:02,590 The few surviving copies of such letter press models mostly appear as small oblong formats. 109 00:14:02,590 --> 00:14:10,030 In Quarto or Octavio. But some prove that the original format could be double the size. 110 00:14:10,030 --> 00:14:19,720 And in a vertical format, it is a book that is kept in the Library of Zurich with no title page. 111 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:26,270 But it's Ajayi Booth's example, a Late Edition from the fifteen 80s. 112 00:14:26,270 --> 00:14:40,520 And this is an early edition of the same book, 15 66 Leel in a vertical format and with full pages in which you see the example at the top and 113 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:51,650 blank paper underneath for copying the text one or more likely several times sometimes with, 114 00:14:51,650 --> 00:14:57,080 as we see here, an initial already in place that the student knows where to begin. 115 00:14:57,080 --> 00:15:01,130 This actually reflected the way in which writing masters, 116 00:15:01,130 --> 00:15:08,990 all school teachers would lay out their own exercises, which can be nicely observed in this unique, 117 00:15:08,990 --> 00:15:14,570 recently discovered set of leaves written by a writing master, 118 00:15:14,570 --> 00:15:21,350 at least by a master and his students in the middle age in the south of France in the early 17th century. 119 00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:33,650 You see two lines at the top here, very well written by the master in darker ink and with a fine a pen or with a maybe less pressure on the pen. 120 00:15:33,650 --> 00:15:39,870 And then the same two lines repeated over and over again by the student. 121 00:15:39,870 --> 00:15:46,790 And the rest of this exercise book has more elementary exercises with single letters, syllables, words, etc, 122 00:15:46,790 --> 00:15:56,510 before reaching this phase in which the student copies short texts of two lines, that later on he would have moved on to four lines. 123 00:15:56,510 --> 00:16:02,480 And so all that changed with pure. 124 00:16:02,480 --> 00:16:11,840 I mean, it was quite an extraordinary character. And his brief career had long lasting consequences for writing Masters in general. 125 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:21,500 He was born, it seems, circa 15, 30 that blew up in the LA Valley and a fervent Huguenot in fifteen sixty. 126 00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:28,520 He married a local girl. He'd been there, presumably from the successful family of painters of that name. 127 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:34,940 The first evidence we have is of his high reputation is his employment as voting master to the future. 128 00:16:34,940 --> 00:16:39,640 King Charles, the 9th born 50/50 crown. 129 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:47,340 Fifteen. Sixteen. And within a year or so more had become Secretary of the King's Chamber. 130 00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:53,100 But to cut a long story short or not, very long story, even shorter. 131 00:16:53,100 --> 00:17:01,110 He died in 15 69 by public execution for reasons that not all sources agree on. 132 00:17:01,110 --> 00:17:10,260 Although they certainly relate to his Calvinist faith, which inspired some risky activities, both editorial and otherwise. 133 00:17:10,260 --> 00:17:14,910 One explanation is that he had forged the king's signature. 134 00:17:14,910 --> 00:17:20,220 At least that is the explanation for the establishment by letters patent dated November 15th, 135 00:17:20,220 --> 00:17:32,220 70 of the Corporation of Paris writing masters who were heads forth entrusted with the forensic examination of forgeries. 136 00:17:32,220 --> 00:17:39,330 A few manuscripts by a more have been preserved. He was famous in particular for my nute writing micrograph, 137 00:17:39,330 --> 00:17:48,690 of which there are impressive examples in two maps of France dated 15 68, one in the BNF and one in the Morgan Library. 138 00:17:48,690 --> 00:17:54,900 I have one. I have a photograph of the one in the Morgan Library, but I'm not allowed to show it as usual. 139 00:17:54,900 --> 00:18:06,240 In fifteen sixty one, in collaboration with the of White and 50 Biddulph, he took part in the anonymous publication of a Calvinist catechism. 140 00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:14,010 John Calvin's formula, which you have here, printed in a new, remarkably delicate CVT typeface, 141 00:18:14,010 --> 00:18:24,270 which you see here at the bottom of the title page and cut by Philip Dolfi after models in the hand of a more. 142 00:18:24,270 --> 00:18:30,270 It is surprising that a more would have chosen to risk using that same distinctive type at the 143 00:18:30,270 --> 00:18:38,160 same time for the front matter of his own first writing book published that year by Lukwiya, 144 00:18:38,160 --> 00:18:44,010 the same the same publisher. Only this time, not anonymously. 145 00:18:44,010 --> 00:18:49,980 And he used that type name me for page of verse in praise of himself by no other than himself. 146 00:18:49,980 --> 00:18:52,920 So here's the title page. Remember this first book? 147 00:18:52,920 --> 00:19:05,150 And here is the page of verse by a horse with a close up of the typeface, which is the same as in the Calvin book. 148 00:19:05,150 --> 00:19:11,980 This first book by more, I will again not go into a detailed analysis of contents. 149 00:19:11,980 --> 00:19:20,210 I will just say that this book set the standard division of French writing books for one and a half centuries with the first part on French scripts. 150 00:19:20,210 --> 00:19:26,460 Always first, mainly destined for official business and the second part on Italian scripts. 151 00:19:26,460 --> 00:19:31,280 Increasingly, the kind of handwriting used by non-professional scribes, 152 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:39,830 by literary manuscripts, private letters, by the nobility, and specifically by women at least. 153 00:19:39,830 --> 00:19:47,530 So yes, this is the title page of the second part of the book which says Let was tell. 154 00:19:47,530 --> 00:19:56,090 So the Italian part of the book, at least half a dozen editions of this book are known by as many imperfect or fragmentary copies, 155 00:19:56,090 --> 00:20:02,750 mostly absent from us, T.S. from 15, 67 or maybe earlier. 156 00:20:02,750 --> 00:20:06,900 The title was changed to Alphabet and I've asked John TGT did it. 157 00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:12,830 So this is a new woodblock. It got there on Devecser, as is. 158 00:20:12,830 --> 00:20:24,830 Could you. As you see YAHA more, etc. As I have said last week, the 16th 13 edition is a surprise addendum, 159 00:20:24,830 --> 00:20:32,570 a recent one miraculously acquired in 2009 by the small town library of Santa Mol Lizzo. 160 00:20:32,570 --> 00:20:38,900 And you see this woodblock is the same as the one we have in fifteen sixty seven. 161 00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:49,820 A further edition, Deong, 15. 80 has created some bibliographical perplexity also on the death date of the author. 162 00:20:49,820 --> 00:20:54,140 Because this says all of you cohesion. It didn't go multipart, remember? 163 00:20:54,140 --> 00:20:58,670 But that's it. That's just a copy of what's in previous editions. 164 00:20:58,670 --> 00:21:07,640 And this one is actually just a pirate reproduction commissioned in Lille from a local block cutter by presumably this publisher, 165 00:21:07,640 --> 00:21:15,710 Louis Clark, amongst. I'm always second title and forbid arse off to do it. 166 00:21:15,710 --> 00:21:23,180 Fifteen, sixty six. Sixty. Sixty seven. As I've said, the first such book in copperplate, as you remember, 167 00:21:23,180 --> 00:21:34,190 is known by only four copies from at least three different printings, whereas his first book combined Woodblocks and Letter Press. 168 00:21:34,190 --> 00:21:45,420 This one was entirely engraved so that either book required only one kind of press, no printing press in the first case and a. 169 00:21:45,420 --> 00:21:50,630 Eroding press for. Prince in the second case. 170 00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:51,200 Nevertheless, 171 00:21:51,200 --> 00:22:00,320 the printing was still done in gathering's as it was done with letter Pressel woodblocks and you see the plates received signatures in the corners. 172 00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:07,730 You have a signature. A one hit to the first first leaf of the first Choire first gathering. 173 00:22:07,730 --> 00:22:16,340 These would soon disappear in subsequent writing books and the plates in later books were usually printed one by one, 174 00:22:16,340 --> 00:22:21,350 or at least the leaves were separated and reassembled one by one. 175 00:22:21,350 --> 00:22:29,210 Eighteen or nineteen originals of ammos prints are supposed to have survived as late as the mid 19th century, 176 00:22:29,210 --> 00:22:34,070 according to notes by a famous collector on paper. 177 00:22:34,070 --> 00:22:42,470 But I suspect they were actually very similar. They were the same as the only one that is now known. 178 00:22:42,470 --> 00:22:48,260 Still located a leaf in the Newberry copy of our most second book. 179 00:22:48,260 --> 00:22:53,900 This is described in that copy in the hand of Perjured himself. 180 00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:58,940 The little label that you see below as an original by the author. 181 00:22:58,940 --> 00:23:03,200 But in fact. So this is the handwritten leaf. 182 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,730 And this is in the same book, just opposite. We have this plate. 183 00:23:07,730 --> 00:23:11,480 You see how how similar they are, but not entirely similar. 184 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:23,420 And the handwritten page is actually a beautiful imitation of the plate itself by an owner of the book whose name is even provided by his ex Libras, 185 00:23:23,420 --> 00:23:27,650 which is clearly in hand. So his name is at the end of the book. 186 00:23:27,650 --> 00:23:28,260 It's here. 187 00:23:28,260 --> 00:23:42,410 Yoast, Greater Citizen of Solomon in Switzerland, 15, seventy-eight, solid, torn, easily identified as a young merchant who was age 25 at that date. 188 00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:48,190 So fine example of the skill of a student, but not of a master. 189 00:23:48,190 --> 00:23:52,230 That period of transition in technology, 190 00:23:52,230 --> 00:24:02,060 of editorial inventiveness and ensuing bibliographical complexity is well illustrated in the works of a master of whom we know next to nothing. 191 00:24:02,060 --> 00:24:10,430 Jack Doolally. He's only documented as far as I have been able to discover in fifteen sixty seven as a key Vaslui. 192 00:24:10,430 --> 00:24:23,930 So Swarm scribal Scrivner old university by eight titles are known under his name dateable 15 65 to some time between 50, 74 and 50. 193 00:24:23,930 --> 00:24:31,940 Eighty five. Seven titles by one copy. Each of which three are in Zurich, bound together or collected by the same. 194 00:24:31,940 --> 00:24:40,160 Probably the same writing master. And one dated 15 seventy-eight mentioned in fifteen eighty five developed yet the 195 00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:45,920 famous 16th century bibliographer but with no physical copy ever described since. 196 00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:51,800 So here again there must have been further editions, possibly very many. 197 00:24:51,800 --> 00:25:00,590 What is remarkable in this case in the extant copies, is the number of technical variations and combinations that we may observe. 198 00:25:00,590 --> 00:25:06,370 Fifteen, sixty five or thereabouts. AlphaBeta Daesung blah blah sorted. 199 00:25:06,370 --> 00:25:17,150 It already has pages constructed using both separate woodblocks containing texts and flourishes. 200 00:25:17,150 --> 00:25:21,830 Some of the flourishes made to be attached to the text as you see here. 201 00:25:21,830 --> 00:25:28,250 It's not quite as well attached as it should have been. 202 00:25:28,250 --> 00:25:34,070 Plus here, an alphabet of civility type. 203 00:25:34,070 --> 00:25:43,260 The same blocks together with others. And more than one civility type face reappear in different books in various combinations. 204 00:25:43,260 --> 00:25:50,160 You see this piece where we also type the capital P. 205 00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:54,780 This. Other book examples here. 206 00:25:54,780 --> 00:26:05,650 Fifteen. Eight or 69 specifically proclaims, as you on the title page, do lament the language equivalent, the opportunities. 207 00:26:05,650 --> 00:26:10,440 And yet it is entirely set in civility type. 208 00:26:10,440 --> 00:26:17,010 Except for the woodblock initials, whips and flourishes. 209 00:26:17,010 --> 00:26:27,710 This later copy the latest of all known books by Jelavic in the Newberry Library has two chaotic books banned together. 210 00:26:27,710 --> 00:26:33,630 The first these examples on the page yourself. It has alternating French and Italian plates. 211 00:26:33,630 --> 00:26:43,200 On the right you see the letter D here in perfect alphabetical order and totally random bits and pieces on the left, 212 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:48,360 including one plate which you see here and here close up. 213 00:26:48,360 --> 00:26:52,140 That is actually the title page of another book. 214 00:26:52,140 --> 00:27:07,260 The second book in the same binding is begins with the title page that has precisely those elements reused for its own title together with others. 215 00:27:07,260 --> 00:27:15,060 Note that alphabetically some lavallette. This is actually the same same woodblock or rather two woodblocks. 216 00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:26,670 You see, the two lines are not aligned in the same way. This the second line here has been extended with the word italic, slightly misaligned. 217 00:27:26,670 --> 00:27:35,350 If you look at the base line and all paradoxically in black letter, which is unexpected for the book supposed to be on italic writing, 218 00:27:35,350 --> 00:27:45,090 it's still the contents also belie the title, since they only include French scripts and nothing italic. 219 00:27:45,090 --> 00:27:54,270 All this leads one to surmise that the author had already died or at least had nothing to do with those adulteration of his work. 220 00:27:54,270 --> 00:28:02,910 He was self published at least fifteen sixty five and we know he was still alive in 67, but from sixty nine at the latest, 221 00:28:02,910 --> 00:28:10,980 the publisher, Claude Meeka, took over endlessly, recycling both the material and the author's identity. 222 00:28:10,980 --> 00:28:19,220 One might say for another decade at least. Meanwhile, in England. 223 00:28:19,220 --> 00:28:32,570 We've seen this one before. The life of John the Bocian is better known than many others, thanks to notes published by Bertolt Volpe in 1975 and 80. 224 00:28:32,570 --> 00:28:37,430 But some details can still be added, I think. I believe both. 225 00:28:37,430 --> 00:28:42,640 Shane was not only a relative of Abraham, Abraham ashamed. 226 00:28:42,640 --> 00:28:51,140 The Paris printer and publisher, but actually his son John apprenticed in fifteen fifty four at the age of 15 with another publisher. 227 00:28:51,140 --> 00:28:55,970 It's strange that this information should have been missed because it's you 228 00:28:55,970 --> 00:29:01,340 find it in the same places as information concerning the rest of the family. 229 00:29:01,340 --> 00:29:05,180 It is well known that he first emigrated to England, 230 00:29:05,180 --> 00:29:14,360 where he and John bailed and published a book containing diverse sorts of hands as well, the English as French secretary, 231 00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:24,830 Italian, etc., which shows that there was a market for the French language and the corresponding hands, 232 00:29:24,830 --> 00:29:31,670 the parts played by both authors, has been the object of some discussion. 233 00:29:31,670 --> 00:29:45,590 The most reasonable theory being that John bailed in was responsible for the examples in English scripts, and John de Bocian produced the others. 234 00:29:45,590 --> 00:29:58,940 It might be observed here that in the title page, which was originally all woodcut except for the date and one other line, 235 00:29:58,940 --> 00:30:03,800 the name John Beldin, precisely is set in type, not part of the original woodcut. 236 00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:14,090 So that suggests that the the idea of adding plates by Belgium to something originally by Bocian could have happened, 237 00:30:14,090 --> 00:30:19,550 could have come up after the woodblocks had been cut. 238 00:30:19,550 --> 00:30:28,880 There is further evidence to support the theory that this book is actually two books put together. 239 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:37,160 That is the alphabetical sequence. If you look at the alphabets, alphabetical sequence of plates and language by language, 240 00:30:37,160 --> 00:30:43,160 you will find that English plates cover the whole alphabet A to Z. 241 00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:47,150 Latin plates cover initials. C, d. 242 00:30:47,150 --> 00:30:52,130 E. O, French plates. E i. S. T and U, the Italian plates. 243 00:30:52,130 --> 00:30:57,320 D and E only. And Q in a later in a later edition. 244 00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:04,170 Which means that there is no overlap within one language, but there is always overlap between different languages. 245 00:31:04,170 --> 00:31:16,040 So it's quite a problem. It's possible at least that Bocian had planned on having full series for each language and that maybe that was overambitious. 246 00:31:16,040 --> 00:31:25,280 And the book in the end was built on the solid basis of an English alphabet with additional plates in various languages. 247 00:31:25,280 --> 00:31:31,850 By Bocian. I won't go into the very complex any sort of history of this book, 248 00:31:31,850 --> 00:31:39,170 which would be which would require much time looking at watermarks and other details. 249 00:31:39,170 --> 00:31:43,790 But that is something I have done that produces interesting results, too. 250 00:31:43,790 --> 00:31:55,490 As I mentioned last week, it shows at least that the three copies we know from 15, 70 are actually from three different editions later on. 251 00:31:55,490 --> 00:32:00,170 Both Shane travelled to Italy in the late 70s, returning via Leo, 252 00:32:00,170 --> 00:32:08,360 where he published the Tiso Dickey two in Fifteen Eighty, an admirable book of French and Italian scripts. 253 00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:20,310 There was only one edition, it seems, except for one slight variant in a copy that was sold recently where two woodblocks are inverted and in the. 254 00:32:20,310 --> 00:32:27,690 Alphabet of Gothic magic schools. But for some, 20 copies are known. 255 00:32:27,690 --> 00:32:38,400 Many of them imperfect. So it must have been quite successful anyway compared to previous French writing books such as Amore as a footnote. 256 00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:45,330 I shall add that the 15 50 edition, which is still mentioned in a number of modern catalogues, never existed. 257 00:32:45,330 --> 00:32:52,560 And as the result of a misprint, I think in the 1953 bibliography of writing books by Cloud your Bernat Cheaney that has 258 00:32:52,560 --> 00:33:00,480 spread like a virus despite repeated corrections and needs to be eradicated again and again. 259 00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:08,910 After returning to England, Beauchesne published around 15 ninety three, fifteen ninety five. 260 00:33:08,910 --> 00:33:16,820 A third book, more elementary this time, but also beautifully produced again of French and Italian scripts. 261 00:33:16,820 --> 00:33:29,330 Luckily, the kid too dedicated to the daughters of Gilbert Talbot of Shrewsbury, the only known copy of this book is now in the Newberry Library. 262 00:33:29,330 --> 00:33:38,940 So there's no way of guessing how successful this one might have been or if or whether Bocian might produce other books that had completely lost. 263 00:33:38,940 --> 00:33:43,080 Finally, around 16 10, Bershan taught to the children of James. 264 00:33:43,080 --> 00:33:47,610 The first that is Elizabeth, Princess Elizabeth and the future Charles. 265 00:33:47,610 --> 00:33:57,120 The first half a dozen manuscripts have also been associated with Bocian, either by his signature or by attribution. 266 00:33:57,120 --> 00:34:04,220 The Huntington Library. I will show you just to. Three manuscripts. 267 00:34:04,220 --> 00:34:11,750 Huntington Library has a spectacular copy of William Boyer's have roka you Loja from 15 67, 268 00:34:11,750 --> 00:34:17,240 attributed to his hand, the hand of Bowsher and including a map of England with my nute writing, 269 00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:26,720 not quite as much as in ammos maps of France, but there is much similarity between the two and most maps of France are from the following year. 270 00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:34,760 Fifteen sixty eight. Do you remember this leaf in the Houghton Library at Harvard? 271 00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:43,410 Dated fifteen seventy five shows both Shein at the height of his skills, although still before his trip to Italy, 272 00:34:43,410 --> 00:34:49,910 showing off multiple scripts including mirror writing, which you have here at the bottom of the page. 273 00:34:49,910 --> 00:34:56,910 Once again here, the pendant proves its superiority over printed reproductions, especially. 274 00:34:56,910 --> 00:35:03,300 At the time of woodcuts rather than copperplate engraving for Princess Elizabeth, 275 00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:09,720 Beauchesne wrote a delightful little book of scripts around 16 Heaven. 276 00:35:09,720 --> 00:35:17,310 Ever so slightly less confident maybe than his earlier work, but proudly signed on the last page, which you see here at the bottom. 277 00:35:17,310 --> 00:35:23,600 At the age of seventy two and a half, John drew on the Bush-Cheney tarty sway. 278 00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:31,560 You are 72 and a half is in French and Italian languages. 279 00:35:31,560 --> 00:35:42,300 But the scripts are entirely Italian. It may be a sign that French scripts by then were felt to be slightly less necessary, but more probably. 280 00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:50,590 I would guess Elizabeth was trained in the Italian style only because she was a lady. 281 00:35:50,590 --> 00:35:58,320 And italic scripts were specifically used in female education. 282 00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:05,560 No new writing books appeared in Paris during the last fifteen years of the 16th century. 283 00:36:05,560 --> 00:36:16,210 The dramatic period of the last war of religion, yet a new generation of calligraphers was on the rise. 284 00:36:16,210 --> 00:36:20,770 The leading figure amongst them from a young age was Gaeul. Look at you. 285 00:36:20,770 --> 00:36:25,600 You see had fifteen eighty one. Nothing was known until now. 286 00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:30,790 His early years, but a little is now emerging. He was born at all. 287 00:36:30,790 --> 00:36:34,440 We already knew at fifth in 15, 52 or 50. 288 00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:39,100 In 53, I believe I said 54 last week. Sorry for that. 289 00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:48,840 And his earliest work. Never reproduced before is a stunning manuscript dated 15 75. 290 00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:55,800 Now, who will this manuscript was clearly written in Imitation of Amore. 291 00:36:55,800 --> 00:37:09,180 You see the title page similar to that of a mom. And inside you see the separation between French and Italian script using the same title pages. 292 00:37:09,180 --> 00:37:17,340 You recognise this one from the page we saw in Amore and also in an effort to outperform, it seems, the master. 293 00:37:17,340 --> 00:37:23,880 Notably in feats of graphy. This is one page and a close up. 294 00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:37,640 You can hardly see what the text says, it's a religious text, an instruction on these lines of religious instruction. 295 00:37:37,640 --> 00:37:42,090 From seven three, from fifteen seventy six to fifteen eighty four. 296 00:37:42,090 --> 00:37:52,820 Again, you have worked as secretary to foreswore Duke of also it also began teaching around fifteen eighty the age we saw in that portrait. 297 00:37:52,820 --> 00:37:58,160 Then after and also died in fifteen eighty four began you became secretary to King Henry the 298 00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:05,240 third and his successors up to sixteen twenty one but with no wages from fifteen ninety nine. 299 00:38:05,240 --> 00:38:11,690 So just, just an honorary title if you like, rather than real employment. 300 00:38:11,690 --> 00:38:16,700 He died at sometime between sixteen, twenty nine and sixteen thirty two. 301 00:38:16,700 --> 00:38:26,660 Not sixteen, twenty four as was previously thought. The loss of his wages was the result of bitter conflict with another scribe, 302 00:38:26,660 --> 00:38:33,560 Zonda Blackhall, over the title of Secretary of the Chamber and a key your what? 303 00:38:33,560 --> 00:38:37,850 At the same time, the rivals were also racing to produce their writing books, 304 00:38:37,850 --> 00:38:45,500 and Berghof snatched Luganda else engraver Simon Freesias before the Daniele's work was entirely done, 305 00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:50,600 at least according to the victim, who went on to publish what he had in fifteen ninety nine. 306 00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:55,460 And we've seen that book by you. Again, you began. 307 00:38:55,460 --> 00:39:01,010 You could boast that he had done more than anyone to bring French handwriting to perfection. 308 00:39:01,010 --> 00:39:09,530 Over the course of a generation from his early years, he had worked on a more rounded, less gothic, 309 00:39:09,530 --> 00:39:20,620 perfectly regular style of French script, originally somewhat slanted, as you see here in the whole manuscript, especially the slanted S. 310 00:39:20,620 --> 00:39:28,150 And finally, quite upright, you also see a bit of micrographs at the bottom in the same type of script. 311 00:39:28,150 --> 00:39:36,940 And then here again, a plate that we've seen before with a close up of the final stage of his Frej script. 312 00:39:36,940 --> 00:39:46,570 The later generations credited Luganda with the creation of the French led to the Noss, 313 00:39:46,570 --> 00:39:52,840 a script largely destined for institutional use and in no way limited to financial business. 314 00:39:52,840 --> 00:39:58,120 Later called LA Honda, which has remained practically to this day, the archetype. 315 00:39:58,120 --> 00:40:04,560 A friend of the French style in handwriting. The influence of. 316 00:40:04,560 --> 00:40:12,650 Léogâne Yales models, even before publication, seems to have permeated the work of other masters such as Louis Mohanad from BIU, 317 00:40:12,650 --> 00:40:22,950 whose little book of scripts and an actual little book of scripts dated 15 ninety seven, was recently acquired by the University of Toronto. 318 00:40:22,950 --> 00:40:33,110 Yes, I think there's another place here by Mohalla, where you see a script that is quite similar to those by Gunya. 319 00:40:33,110 --> 00:40:37,970 And then. Here is a very Late Edition. 320 00:40:37,970 --> 00:40:51,260 Uh, fifteen thirty seven. Fifteen thirty eight by, uh, by Michel volume four of the plates, uh from uh. 321 00:40:51,260 --> 00:40:58,100 The three books by Luganda. But with a new letterpress title page. 322 00:40:58,100 --> 00:41:09,140 So rather than on Dragana. I would like to dwell on Baucom less well-known name whose production raises more unusual questions. 323 00:41:09,140 --> 00:41:14,660 And the Bodleian has copies of both his books, which is a further reason, one of which is quite exceptional. 324 00:41:14,660 --> 00:41:24,080 That is the one you see here. There were actually two Bighorns, John, fifteen sixty one, 62 to 16, 13. 325 00:41:24,080 --> 00:41:32,060 And John Batiste, known as Batiste's, was born before fifteen seventy four, died sixteen thirty two. 326 00:41:32,060 --> 00:41:38,150 Their father, John had held there. The roll call joined the family. 327 00:41:38,150 --> 00:41:44,090 Their father had held various important offices in the royal household. 328 00:41:44,090 --> 00:41:49,190 Then in 50 90, John became royal secretary and he found you wanted. 329 00:41:49,190 --> 00:41:57,620 What is your take? This is the title that was then disputed by by again, you by 50 97 at the latest. 330 00:41:57,620 --> 00:42:07,620 He was allowed to share those titles with his brother. But just because he lost, meaning Batiste was his designated successor. 331 00:42:07,620 --> 00:42:19,080 In case he should die. But he was also appointed to instruct Henry, Prince of Condé from sixty seven to Cycos 67. 332 00:42:19,080 --> 00:42:31,120 It was he practised rather than his brothers has been assumed, who gave handwriting lessons to the Diffa, then King Louis the 13th. 333 00:42:31,120 --> 00:42:39,400 Continued taking lessons after even after his coronation. This is this is the young dolphin in 16, 04. 334 00:42:39,400 --> 00:42:46,090 A remarkable manuscript kept in the library of New Shortell in Switzerland contains part of the substance of those lessons, 335 00:42:46,090 --> 00:42:52,510 which were described at the same time by Louise physician John F, a wife in his famous diary. 336 00:42:52,510 --> 00:42:58,120 So here you have a page is the binding arms of France. 337 00:42:58,120 --> 00:43:06,070 And in Nevada. And here you have three lines because you mean presumably in the hand of Baptist, the big hall. 338 00:43:06,070 --> 00:43:15,120 And then these lines in the hand of the young pupil. 339 00:43:15,120 --> 00:43:23,130 Batiste also taught Henry, the fourth's queen, that he had emadi chief and their various sons and daughters. 340 00:43:23,130 --> 00:43:29,760 The history of the two books by the by the book [INAUDIBLE] is particularly convoluted. 341 00:43:29,760 --> 00:43:36,450 The privilege proves that preparations were underway by 50, 97 in fifty ninety nine. 342 00:43:36,450 --> 00:43:45,000 We know that the book was signed an agreement deciding that plates and prints would be equally divided between them. 343 00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:55,410 The first book on Crystal Guffey is The More Elementary Collection, containing two line examples so that beginners supposedly, 344 00:43:55,410 --> 00:44:07,110 which may have been planned first but based on its front matter, was published circa sixteen 04 and dedicated to the Dauphin. 345 00:44:07,110 --> 00:44:11,430 And the copy in the Bodleian is actually the dedication copy, 346 00:44:11,430 --> 00:44:23,120 as you see from the fleur de lis all over the covers and the dolphins in the centre and corners. 347 00:44:23,120 --> 00:44:31,800 The pissy dog, Huffins, is remarkable for the way in which it deliberately fuses the work of both brothers. 348 00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:37,200 The title page names the author do book Harpaz Young. 349 00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:41,580 No first name. Sickert there. 350 00:44:41,580 --> 00:44:43,640 Ordinaire Rashawn. Would you what? 351 00:44:43,640 --> 00:44:57,120 And that's the title that belongs belong to John Vanderheyden, which applies to Bettys and made his ruling party, which would have applied to both. 352 00:44:57,120 --> 00:45:03,530 The volume was dedicated to the young Henry Prince of County, who is being taught by Baptists, 353 00:45:03,530 --> 00:45:09,300 and the preface specifies that the book comprises plates by Bhatti's signed as such. 354 00:45:09,300 --> 00:45:16,070 Also adding that he was responsible for inventing new abbreviations and for some of the flourishing. 355 00:45:16,070 --> 00:45:25,160 But by looking at the initials of the plates, it becomes quite clear that the book was actually compiled from two alphabetical sequences. 356 00:45:25,160 --> 00:45:33,110 And here again, it's the same kind of observation that I have made on on the book by both Shane and Beldin. 357 00:45:33,110 --> 00:45:37,990 One sequence almost complete by John. And one less so by Betties. 358 00:45:37,990 --> 00:45:43,850 So it seems each might have had his own project before they chose to merge. 359 00:45:43,850 --> 00:45:49,880 The 50 97 privilege mentioned John first and Bhatti's only by extension. 360 00:45:49,880 --> 00:45:57,490 But in 60, you know, to a specific privilege was then issued mentioning only Battiste. 361 00:45:57,490 --> 00:46:01,550 The two brothers also lived together. One wonders whether they might have been twins. 362 00:46:01,550 --> 00:46:07,840 We don't know when Betties was born. He might have been as old as his brother. They had their differences, though, John. 363 00:46:07,840 --> 00:46:17,030 The Protestant had three sons. John again, Junior, a mathematician and able calligrapher. 364 00:46:17,030 --> 00:46:27,880 Paul, who died young, and Maximilien. That's named after Maximilien between the son of the Duke of Soulis, who had presented him for baptism. 365 00:46:27,880 --> 00:46:32,560 That would have been his godfather in Catholic terms, but not Protestant. 366 00:46:32,560 --> 00:46:38,670 Baptists, on the other hand, a Catholic never married, but later took charge of the education of young Maximilien, 367 00:46:38,670 --> 00:46:43,080 who had expressed a wish to leave his mother and became a Catholic. 368 00:46:43,080 --> 00:46:55,230 After his father died, thus causing a small political scandal amongst Huguenots, Xiong died in 16 13, 369 00:46:55,230 --> 00:47:08,070 leaving the plates of the banks to Gadhafi to his son, John Junior, who continued to exploit them, and Battisti kept those of the besieged Guffy. 370 00:47:08,070 --> 00:47:15,480 From that point, he had the title page modified. If you compare these two title pages, you see what has changed. 371 00:47:15,480 --> 00:47:22,050 This is from a later printing. To which I shall return later. 372 00:47:22,050 --> 00:47:31,800 You see the main one of the main differences here is the addition of A B Baptist within the initial D of Dubal home. 373 00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:37,980 This was the first change. And the next change, which you also see in this later plate, is here. 374 00:47:37,980 --> 00:47:48,080 So they're holding onto a key vanderheyden change to a cliff under some measure, stick meaning the king. 375 00:47:48,080 --> 00:48:00,080 In 16, 33, 16, 34, after the death of Battisti, his plates also went to his nephew, who then began publishing both books together, 376 00:48:00,080 --> 00:48:08,330 changing some dates here and there within the plates as a way of updating the whole thing and also adding a few more leaves, 377 00:48:08,330 --> 00:48:14,330 which would come as a surprise at that late date from plates probably engraved at the same time originally. 378 00:48:14,330 --> 00:48:23,930 The quality shows they were certainly by Simon Freesias in the first place, but which had never been printed before, deliberately left out. 379 00:48:23,930 --> 00:48:29,030 One may suppose for various reasons, one being that one of the plates, for instance, 380 00:48:29,030 --> 00:48:35,200 is in Italian, and it would have been the only place in that language in the book. 381 00:48:35,200 --> 00:48:39,490 So the letter L. is missing from the sequence by John. It's the only one. 382 00:48:39,490 --> 00:48:44,010 It's that plate in Italian. 383 00:48:44,010 --> 00:48:55,680 John Junior or John Rau, the third after his grandfather did not bother to renew the front matter either, which had run out in the meantime. 384 00:48:55,680 --> 00:49:04,590 But his first initiative, as soon as he laid hands on all the plates, was a new dedication to King Louis, the 13th, written in his own hand. 385 00:49:04,590 --> 00:49:13,650 And here you see what a calligrapher he was himself in gold on purple in a combined volume containing both titles, 386 00:49:13,650 --> 00:49:20,790 both books with Gold and Blue Borders throughout, which is now at the hotel library and a splendid object. 387 00:49:20,790 --> 00:49:33,070 It is Jaw Junior died in sixteen forty and the plates then went to an important newly established print cell up here. 388 00:49:33,070 --> 00:49:40,930 Yet this is the same plate we saw just earlier with the recognise these changes here. 389 00:49:40,930 --> 00:49:45,690 You have the imprint of market here at the bottom. 390 00:49:45,690 --> 00:49:53,760 That was the latest stage being a methodical businessman. It had the plates numbered, as you see here. 391 00:49:53,760 --> 00:50:01,470 This little number inscribed in the margin, but in no logical sequence since they were probably jumbled when he received them. 392 00:50:01,470 --> 00:50:06,570 And this has caused some confusion in recent scholarship over the original order of the plates. 393 00:50:06,570 --> 00:50:13,440 That is just the order imposed by by Mahat, which has nothing to do with the order wanted by the authors. 394 00:50:13,440 --> 00:50:18,450 Finally, not yet added one more plate that had always been left out. 395 00:50:18,450 --> 00:50:23,410 Maybe the sort of private joke that it was better not to print. 396 00:50:23,410 --> 00:50:29,160 It's an example, actually, based on a legal petition against the Birkhoff's old foe, 397 00:50:29,160 --> 00:50:35,750 Ghulam Lugano, since his players I miss you of WAAPA who commanded Roubaud what? 398 00:50:35,750 --> 00:50:42,080 Paul Zonda book horse secret there, etc. And then the last line quoted you. 399 00:50:42,080 --> 00:50:46,740 And again, you give up to me a default. Do you go to a bar? 400 00:50:46,740 --> 00:50:54,550 So this must have come to my head with the other plates and you reprinted it without thinking any more about it. 401 00:50:54,550 --> 00:50:59,430 But the brothers certainly would not have liked him to do so. 402 00:50:59,430 --> 00:51:05,940 That happened just after the just after look at your own book had been republished by Michette Volo show. 403 00:51:05,940 --> 00:51:10,200 So it was like the duel taking off again. 404 00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:21,090 Decades later. Mahi, it seems to have sold very few copies since by then, 405 00:51:21,090 --> 00:51:28,110 the book could become outdated or even totally obsolete because of the 16 33 reformation of France. 406 00:51:28,110 --> 00:51:32,580 French scripts, which I have mentioned in which we will discuss next time. 407 00:51:32,580 --> 00:51:37,330 But it may have been of some interest already to collectors of prints. 408 00:51:37,330 --> 00:51:46,690 And at least Michel de Mahola and Samuel Peeps bought copies of the latest state, presumably from directly from the shop of Pierre. 409 00:51:46,690 --> 00:51:52,380 Yet in total, those two books were in print for most of half a century, 410 00:51:52,380 --> 00:52:01,110 and the many differences one can observe by surveying as many copies as possible only start to make sense in chronological sequence. 411 00:52:01,110 --> 00:52:11,160 Not as inconsistencies in single copies of a more or less homogeneous edition, but as a series of changes over decades, 412 00:52:11,160 --> 00:52:21,660 part accidental and part deliberate dateable only thanks to new biographical data on the authors and their families. 413 00:52:21,660 --> 00:52:28,070 So I would like to end this chronological sequence just with a fast forward, if you will. 414 00:52:28,070 --> 00:52:37,310 Shedding a few more books that are biblio graphically, much less complex, because essentially they were much less successful. 415 00:52:37,310 --> 00:52:42,430 And so there are very few copies left. 416 00:52:42,430 --> 00:52:51,150 And so there's much there is much less to observe in this case than in other books of the time, such as the Bolkonsky. 417 00:52:51,150 --> 00:53:00,600 In general, one must insist on the except exceptional flowering of writing books that happened in Paris around sixteen hundred, 418 00:53:00,600 --> 00:53:07,890 and that was entirely the making of Simon Freesias. 419 00:53:07,890 --> 00:53:13,530 This is all the more apparent since immediately after freesias left the production of 420 00:53:13,530 --> 00:53:22,950 new writing books seised in Paris and was not resumed before a quarter of a century. 421 00:53:22,950 --> 00:53:27,690 Produced his own books. After some time, it's all between two six sixty. 422 00:53:27,690 --> 00:53:32,290 No. 160 No. Two. And here I'll show you just the title pages. 423 00:53:32,290 --> 00:53:36,810 New done Ricky to tell yet. Did you feel software to. 424 00:53:36,810 --> 00:53:42,750 So he's a beautiful calligrapher himself. He has terrible spelling mistakes in French being being a foreigner. 425 00:53:42,750 --> 00:53:49,750 But the handwriting is absolutely superb. And the engraving naturally, too. 426 00:53:49,750 --> 00:54:02,010 He also produced this ought to be also undated, but from the same period, also very finely engraved. 427 00:54:02,010 --> 00:54:10,440 And this is one remarkable plate in a private collection in London, which is from an unidentified book by freesias. 428 00:54:10,440 --> 00:54:13,450 What's interesting here is that it seems to be unfinished. 429 00:54:13,450 --> 00:54:32,260 And what we have is lettering engraved as outlines before the engraver actually added probably crosshatching for the black parts inside the letters. 430 00:54:32,260 --> 00:54:38,350 Then we have just a few books in grade four, other writing masters. 431 00:54:38,350 --> 00:54:48,370 Just a couple of books by the same freesias. This one is unsigned, but the style seems to be that a physicist is for the title pages and ornaments. 432 00:54:48,370 --> 00:54:55,600 This is a remarkable book by a mate, by a master called Pure Lubic, 60. 433 00:54:55,600 --> 00:55:10,730 No one here. A book that contains large decorative alphabets, including one for ladies interested in embroidering handkerchiefs or anything else. 434 00:55:10,730 --> 00:55:16,900 Pure is an interesting figure. I could have gone into more detail on his biography. 435 00:55:16,900 --> 00:55:23,200 Who, amongst other interesting aspects, had some connexions in the art world. 436 00:55:23,200 --> 00:55:28,720 He actually eventually became the grandfather of the famous painter Chatel Lubar, 437 00:55:28,720 --> 00:55:36,400 which may explain why we also have this splendid portrait of this medal hitherto identified. 438 00:55:36,400 --> 00:55:48,550 The name says Bettles Bayeux. Which medal scholars have always wondered who the name might be might indicate. 439 00:55:48,550 --> 00:55:55,380 And this is certainly the writing masterpiece. Then we also have this other book engraved by Friz. 440 00:55:55,380 --> 00:56:03,200 Yes, he'll be our vineyard. This one also known only from a couple of copies. 441 00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:12,400 Tivoli. It says Tivoli. Somewhere at the top up here, Tivoli shut down Dickie to etc. 442 00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:22,340 The situation, as I've said, contrasts strongly with the situation in Paris from 60 No. 443 00:56:22,340 --> 00:56:26,000 Two more to the city to the mid 16 20s. 444 00:56:26,000 --> 00:56:37,040 And the interesting development in the meantime was the the publication of the earliest writing books produced in the provinces. 445 00:56:37,040 --> 00:56:40,970 And I'll just mention the names and cheque, the title pages. 446 00:56:40,970 --> 00:56:50,430 This this book we've seen before. Let me hold are key to by Morehouse's just a handy published at Avignon. 447 00:56:50,430 --> 00:56:58,610 You remember the name of the engraver blocked out here. Nothing was known about just handy. 448 00:56:58,610 --> 00:57:04,400 Plenty is no. Now I could name his 11 children and so on. We'll leave that aside for now. 449 00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:10,610 Then we have probably the most important, suddenly the most important non Parisian book of the period listserv. 450 00:57:10,610 --> 00:57:22,000 De Luca Mata, who bourguignon also publishing Avenue, which is entirely in the Italian style, as one would expect, of a book published at Avignon. 451 00:57:22,000 --> 00:57:33,260 That was still, as you know, papal territory. This is a book that had was more successful than others, was reprinted in 16 28, 452 00:57:33,260 --> 00:57:41,300 is known through various copies and exerted a long lasting influence, especially on English writing masters. 453 00:57:41,300 --> 00:57:51,870 So we might we will mention it again in the discussion of later English scripts. 454 00:57:51,870 --> 00:57:59,700 Matthau also was only a name up to now. I could tell the fascinating story of his life. 455 00:57:59,700 --> 00:58:06,000 He was an ex monk. His mother was a leper and all sorts of other fascinating details. 456 00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:07,680 Then we have Nikolai Gugino. 457 00:58:07,680 --> 00:58:18,300 This was an interest is interesting because compared to the other ones, compared to the previous books engraved in Avignon, very ably engraved. 458 00:58:18,300 --> 00:58:24,060 This is a book engraved in diesel by local people. 459 00:58:24,060 --> 00:58:35,730 One clockmaker, one goldsmith and coin engraver and one Putera and metal engraver, meaning someone who made parts for machines rather than artworks. 460 00:58:35,730 --> 00:58:41,310 And Goodenow is better known as a playwright, and his writing samples are extremely rare. 461 00:58:41,310 --> 00:58:46,710 This is a unique book. There are the plates and the people take notes, you know. 462 00:58:46,710 --> 00:58:51,900 You can notice here at the bottom of the plate that this was published by Michelle von Lothrop. 463 00:58:51,900 --> 00:59:00,750 So it's a late printing by the same publisher as the late publication of Gillmer Kenya. 464 00:59:00,750 --> 00:59:07,560 Then we have Phos was the one who engraved his own book in Sixteen Fifteen in Moola, 465 00:59:07,560 --> 00:59:15,150 later republished in the young sixteen twenty five and sixteen, sixteen and sixteen fifty four. 466 00:59:15,150 --> 00:59:21,350 And then we have not a leg is an interesting case. The only book published in Marseilles. 467 00:59:21,350 --> 00:59:24,170 The style is somewhat more rustic, 468 00:59:24,170 --> 00:59:31,380 but the contents are also interesting because they include all kinds of documents that you would not find elsewhere, 469 00:59:31,380 --> 00:59:44,670 such as documents relating to trade and maritime transport like this one shaji or no did you, etc. 470 00:59:44,670 --> 00:59:53,820 This one has some bibliographical interest because if you compare Dimbulah and Legler, 471 00:59:53,820 --> 01:00:00,900 some of the plates by Dimbulah show up again in the book by a leg with additional signatures. 472 01:00:00,900 --> 01:00:07,500 You see, this is the same plate, first by Dimbulah, then in the Allegro book with his signature at the bottom. 473 01:00:07,500 --> 01:00:18,940 So the case of piracy. The style of these books is close to that of Lugano, the early 60s, hundreds, 474 01:00:18,940 --> 01:00:23,010 but with some further developments, especially these first lines in tall, 475 01:00:23,010 --> 01:00:32,460 elaborate letters that are more baroque, if you're making in style that are typical of the signal of the first third of the 17th century. 476 01:00:32,460 --> 01:00:41,430 And all in all, the influence of such books is clearly shown in a few manuscripts. 477 01:00:41,430 --> 01:00:49,170 We know from the early 17th century I would show just this one remarkable manuscript in the BNF with a binding 478 01:00:49,170 --> 01:00:57,300 that shows it was destined for the King by an author who was a notary public in Shatila in central France. 479 01:00:57,300 --> 01:01:04,650 His name was Batali Middle Level. And this seems to have been a project for a further publication. 480 01:01:04,650 --> 01:01:16,170 You can see a manuscript that is close to the appearance of printed writing books, including the frames around the calligraphy. 481 01:01:16,170 --> 01:01:22,790 This is the title page Le Leba, Ekiti Moody on the. 482 01:01:22,790 --> 01:01:34,480 Etc. His remarkable dedication page with the extraordinary flourishing in the same style as Parisian massive past masters sorry, 483 01:01:34,480 --> 01:01:49,320 of the early 17th century. This is a page that shows you the same style of baroque flourishing on the first on the first line. 484 01:01:49,320 --> 01:02:03,970 And here's a close up just to show you. This is the last the last image to show you the perfection that such a scribe could attain. 485 01:02:03,970 --> 01:02:08,860 Not even a professional writing master, but a notary public with an interest in calligraphy. 486 01:02:08,860 --> 01:02:20,810 His script here is as good as anything produced in the form of engravings by by Simon Freesias and others. 487 01:02:20,810 --> 01:02:32,350 Thank you for listening to me today. The next lecture will be about French writing books after 16. 488 01:02:32,350 --> 01:02:43,646 Thirty three from sixteen thirty three. The reformation of French scripts.