1 00:00:03,550 --> 00:00:08,770 Thank you very much, Nick, for that generous introduction. It's a pleasure to be part of this conference. 2 00:00:08,770 --> 00:00:18,250 I'll be speaking today as my titles slide indicates about the rise, persistence and surprising end of female personifications of the comments on BAPS, 3 00:00:18,250 --> 00:00:27,260 which is to say, artistic representations of the continents as women on maps. 4 00:00:27,260 --> 00:00:34,970 And I'll begin with talking about an earlier tradition, which is male representations of the continents, 5 00:00:34,970 --> 00:00:42,370 specifically the sons of no us no as represented representatives of the continents. 6 00:00:42,370 --> 00:00:49,780 So the Bible says that after the flood, after Noah's flood, no one divided the world. 7 00:00:49,780 --> 00:00:52,330 Amongst his three sons. 8 00:00:52,330 --> 00:01:06,450 And in the course of mediaeval interpretations of the Bible, the the air is allotted to Noah's three sons keen to be identified with the three cut. 9 00:01:06,450 --> 00:01:12,970 And so the so-called old world, that is to say, Asia, Europe and Africa. 10 00:01:12,970 --> 00:01:18,910 And we see the sons of Noah associated with those three moments in mediaeval map one day. 11 00:01:18,910 --> 00:01:27,760 So here we have a ninth century map on Monday illustrating a manuscript of Isidore's at the Málaga Eye and zooming in. 12 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:34,540 We have a text here that says behold. Thus, the sons of Noah divided the world after the flood. 13 00:01:34,540 --> 00:01:46,660 And we have Asia associated with notice sun, some in Europe with Yaphet and Africa with Chen. 14 00:01:46,660 --> 00:01:51,470 And in other cases, we can see these sons of Noah represented graphically, 15 00:01:51,470 --> 00:02:01,690 as in this famous mountain Monday by young men so which appears in his flirtatious score from a manuscript from the 15th century. 16 00:02:01,690 --> 00:02:07,780 Here's Asia at the top of the map. We see Noah's Ark prominently represented. 17 00:02:07,780 --> 00:02:14,770 And then we have some representing Asia. Yaphet representing Europe. 18 00:02:14,770 --> 00:02:27,700 And Chad representing Africa. And this these associations of the three continents with the three sons of Nowhat continued. 19 00:02:27,700 --> 00:02:35,230 We see that association here in a world map in Hartmans Shale's Chronic CRM, A14 93, 20 00:02:35,230 --> 00:02:44,820 where we have the three sons of Noah looking in on the map from the borders. 21 00:02:44,820 --> 00:02:52,890 So, yeah, I'll now talk about the appearance of female personifications of the cup on this in a cartographic context. 22 00:02:52,890 --> 00:02:59,820 So these female personifications were developed in the 16th century. 23 00:02:59,820 --> 00:03:08,880 And I'm going to look at here. And one of the first appearances of these personifications in a cartographic context. 24 00:03:08,880 --> 00:03:15,930 Put an asterisks there with a citation below of a work in which I look at some earlier 25 00:03:15,930 --> 00:03:21,240 appearances of female personifications of the contents in cartographic context. 26 00:03:21,240 --> 00:03:26,250 But I'm really getting into the heart of the matter here. 27 00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:34,930 The representations that had the greatest influence. And that would be on the title page of Abraham Morti leases, 28 00:03:34,930 --> 00:03:42,340 the Endre Morbus Tara from which fifteen seventy, which is the first Alice in the modern sense of the word. 29 00:03:42,340 --> 00:03:49,180 And we can see that Europe is represented as a woman at the top of the title page. 30 00:03:49,180 --> 00:03:58,030 So in a hierarchical position, the top hierarchical position, she's seated, 31 00:03:58,030 --> 00:04:07,120 clothed and has a globe and cross indicating European geographical knowledge and Christianity. 32 00:04:07,120 --> 00:04:11,650 We have Asia represented as a woman clothed in whole holding a sensor. 33 00:04:11,650 --> 00:04:18,740 The sensor is typical attribute of personifications of Asia. 34 00:04:18,740 --> 00:04:23,560 Africa mostly naked. And so we're moving down the hierarchy of the continents. 35 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:33,410 And then we have America naked and lying on the ground. And the only partly discovered southern continent. 36 00:04:33,410 --> 00:04:43,270 And because the southern condom was only partly known, it's represented as a bust rather than a complete human figure. 37 00:04:43,270 --> 00:04:53,830 And if we move from a choreographically context, which is to say that the title page of an atlas into a map proper, 38 00:04:53,830 --> 00:05:00,660 this is the earliest female personifications of comments that appear on a map. 39 00:05:00,660 --> 00:05:06,840 Which is Petrus Plenteous is a world map in two hemispheres of fifteen ninety four. 40 00:05:06,840 --> 00:05:12,730 And we see those representations in the four corners of the map. 41 00:05:12,730 --> 00:05:20,120 And we'll go through those in order top to bottom and left to right. 42 00:05:20,120 --> 00:05:29,320 So here's Europe with a cornucopia indicating economic abundance and symbols of Europe in power. 43 00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:34,040 We can see. Books. 44 00:05:34,040 --> 00:05:40,310 Astronomical instruments. And a gun. And we can see a battlefield in the distance. 45 00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:48,550 And sailing ships. Asia is again depicted with a censor and a rhinoceros. 46 00:05:48,550 --> 00:05:55,630 A typical attribute of personifications of Asia. And we see some exotic animals. 47 00:05:55,630 --> 00:05:59,590 Not all of which actually pertain to Asia. The elephants, of course, do. 48 00:05:59,590 --> 00:06:03,430 The giraffe does not. 49 00:06:03,430 --> 00:06:14,590 In the lower left corner, we have actually two personifications Mexicana representing North America and Pear Awana representing South America. 50 00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:20,830 Again, both as women and in both cases, we can see representations of cannibalism. 51 00:06:20,830 --> 00:06:31,210 Of course, cannibalism was very typically ascribed to inhabitants of the new world in the 16th century. 52 00:06:31,210 --> 00:06:37,090 And in the lower right, we have a personification of Africa with a crocodile, which is very typical, 53 00:06:37,090 --> 00:06:43,510 and to the left personification of Magellanic, which is the southern continent. 54 00:06:43,510 --> 00:06:51,900 So we see here the direct influence of the title page of TULIS is an Atlas. 55 00:06:51,900 --> 00:06:56,720 This is really quite remarkable map from the early 17th century. 56 00:06:56,720 --> 00:07:01,280 That actually represents the transition from the Sons of No. 57 00:07:01,280 --> 00:07:06,980 Representing the continents to the female personifications that we've just seen. 58 00:07:06,980 --> 00:07:08,520 And that is a world map by your article. 59 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:17,010 Tom Diocese sixty eight, the printed map that survives and only one example, which is in the Royal Geographical Society in London. 60 00:07:17,010 --> 00:07:23,030 And the contrast on the map is not great. So just to orient ourselves, here is Africa. 61 00:07:23,030 --> 00:07:28,220 South America and North America. And we'll zoom in on North America, 62 00:07:28,220 --> 00:07:37,190 which we can see that the interior of the continent is occupied by a spectacularly large cartouche, some decorative sea. 63 00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:48,490 And as I said, this scene represents precisely this transition from representing the continents by the sons of Noah to representing them with women. 64 00:07:48,490 --> 00:07:54,250 So here we have a genealogical table of the descendants of Noah. 65 00:07:54,250 --> 00:08:01,900 We have Noah himself and his three sons in these round cells surrounding the main scene. 66 00:08:01,900 --> 00:08:06,650 So Noah and his sons are on the periphery of the scene. 67 00:08:06,650 --> 00:08:11,590 And in the middle, we have the unification of the comments as women. 68 00:08:11,590 --> 00:08:18,910 Each of the personifications carries a banner with some information about the continent that she represents. 69 00:08:18,910 --> 00:08:22,300 And then there's also a few lines of firsts about that continent. 70 00:08:22,300 --> 00:08:34,700 So here's Africa with her lines of verse, America and her lines of verse Europe in the centre, of course, with her banner and lines of first. 71 00:08:34,700 --> 00:08:41,330 And a show with her banner headlines it first and as you can see, they're actually five personifications. 72 00:08:41,330 --> 00:08:46,130 I believe that what we're to understand is that there are two personifications of America. 73 00:08:46,130 --> 00:08:53,750 One for North America, one for South America. And that was probably done so as to generate this nice symmetry. 74 00:08:53,750 --> 00:08:59,270 But in any case, this really is an absolutely remarkable image in that it very consciously 75 00:08:59,270 --> 00:09:04,700 represents this transition from representing the continents by the sons of Noah, 76 00:09:04,700 --> 00:09:11,430 which is to say by males to representing them as women. 77 00:09:11,430 --> 00:09:16,860 So these female representations of the continents, these personifications of the continents, 78 00:09:16,860 --> 00:09:25,390 continued to be depicted on maps throughout the 17th and even into the 18th century. 79 00:09:25,390 --> 00:09:32,370 I'll just show a couple maps that will give us an idea of that long tradition. 80 00:09:32,370 --> 00:09:37,730 So this is a large map of the Americas. 81 00:09:37,730 --> 00:09:46,690 And on personifications of the continents, as women very commonly appeared on maps of the continents. 82 00:09:46,690 --> 00:09:52,990 This map was hand coloured by the famous colours, Dirk Yonts one sentence. 83 00:09:52,990 --> 00:09:58,750 I had this image courtesy of Barry Riverman Maps. It's the colouring is really spectacular. 84 00:09:58,750 --> 00:10:09,080 We zoom in on the title Cartouche. We can see we have a personification of America with a feather headdress and skirt and gold, 85 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:13,460 which is of course associated with a new world and an alligator and various 86 00:10:13,460 --> 00:10:18,230 other attributes of the new world or things that were common in the new world. 87 00:10:18,230 --> 00:10:26,290 A parrot. Pineapples, bananas, more feathers. 88 00:10:26,290 --> 00:10:33,170 An armadillo sugar cane. And so forth. 89 00:10:33,170 --> 00:10:36,800 Moving on now to Allard's map of Africa. 90 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:46,410 So another Continental now map out another personification of that continent as a woman zooming in on the title Cartouche. 91 00:10:46,410 --> 00:10:53,040 We have the personification of Africa with gold jewellery and a bow and arrow, of course. 92 00:10:53,040 --> 00:11:00,660 Africa was an important source of gold and we have other images that are representative of Africa. 93 00:11:00,660 --> 00:11:10,550 So pyramids, an ostrich, a lion, serpents and a crocodile. 94 00:11:10,550 --> 00:11:20,430 So those images will have to suffice to represent this long tradition of depicting the contents as women en masse. 95 00:11:20,430 --> 00:11:28,250 I now move forward to the disappearance of personifications, other comments from Mass in the late 18th and 19th centuries, 96 00:11:28,250 --> 00:11:32,870 and the way you know, these representations on the comments. 97 00:11:32,870 --> 00:11:41,440 As women transitioned off maps is very interesting. So first, I'll show a map on which they do appear. 98 00:11:41,440 --> 00:11:48,110 By Roberta and D his map of seventeen forty three. 99 00:11:48,110 --> 00:11:53,890 We zoom in at the top of the map. We can see the four personifications of content. 100 00:11:53,890 --> 00:12:02,230 So we've we've come to recognise from their attributes attributes such as the feather headdress of America. 101 00:12:02,230 --> 00:12:11,220 I now move on to another world map made some years later by the father and son now. 102 00:12:11,220 --> 00:12:16,160 So Gil and D.A. and Roberta Valco D. Made in 1778. 103 00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:25,320 And in this cartouche, we do not see the female personifications of the continents and get the attributes of the personifications. 104 00:12:25,320 --> 00:12:36,770 Are there these attributes of the comments? Are there? So at the top of the map, we have some of the same attributes of Europe as we saw earlier, 105 00:12:36,770 --> 00:12:45,210 including here, the bowl alluding to the myth if you roba and scientific instruments. 106 00:12:45,210 --> 00:12:54,660 And then the bottom of the map on the left, we have symbols of Asia, Campbell, the umbrella that we saw, 107 00:12:54,660 --> 00:13:03,180 the parasol that we saw earlier associated with the person on vacation of Asia and also Asian porcelain. 108 00:13:03,180 --> 00:13:13,320 On the right. Symbols of America. The feathered headdress and bow and arrows that we saw associated with personifications of America earlier. 109 00:13:13,320 --> 00:13:24,890 But here without the personification. And then in the bottom symbols of Africa, elephants, lions and coral. 110 00:13:24,890 --> 00:13:29,630 And we see this same pattern in other maps. 111 00:13:29,630 --> 00:13:35,360 That is to say, attributes of personifications without the personifications themselves. 112 00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:46,190 And I think court to recognise it. The more elaborate decoration of maps was declining during this period. 113 00:13:46,190 --> 00:13:55,730 And so the the these very elaborate images of these women representing the comments went away, but we still see these reminders of their presence. 114 00:13:55,730 --> 00:13:59,180 So here in this map, we still have the feather headdress. 115 00:13:59,180 --> 00:14:08,220 Bow, arrow and shield that in an earlier manner might have been worn by a personification of America. 116 00:14:08,220 --> 00:14:14,300 And this is John John Views Map of the World from 1774. 117 00:14:14,300 --> 00:14:27,700 If we zoom in on at the top of the map and first on the side of the map, representing the Americas on the left. 118 00:14:27,700 --> 00:14:38,110 We have symbols, reveries, denting America the the typical feathered headdress, skirt bow club and palm tree again. 119 00:14:38,110 --> 00:14:43,810 The clothing is something that a person of Caisson of America would have been wearing in the earlier map. 120 00:14:43,810 --> 00:14:52,240 Now the personification is missing. I'm sorry. And on the right, we have an Asian dragon banner. 121 00:14:52,240 --> 00:15:01,510 The sensor that we've often seen carried by a personification of Asia and the Islamic Crescent. 122 00:15:01,510 --> 00:15:10,090 And on the right, we have European Canon Sail, a painting, pallet, sculpture. 123 00:15:10,090 --> 00:15:14,530 So symbols of European technical process. 124 00:15:14,530 --> 00:15:25,780 And again, in an earlier map, we might have seen a personification of Europe with these same items holding some of these same items. 125 00:15:25,780 --> 00:15:33,610 And on the right, we have an African deep palm ivory, a spear and a lion skin. 126 00:15:33,610 --> 00:15:42,850 And we began in an earlier map we might have seen a personification of Africa holding the spear, wearing the lion skin, holding the ivory. 127 00:15:42,850 --> 00:15:52,560 Things of that nature. So we've had this this transition from male representations of the continents to female representations 128 00:15:52,560 --> 00:16:00,210 of the continents in the 16th century and then the disappearance of the females themselves. 129 00:16:00,210 --> 00:16:09,630 But there are attributes, the attributes of those personifications of the continents remain on the maps for some decades. 130 00:16:09,630 --> 00:16:18,800 And it's just worth mentioning the hierarchy of the positioning of these vestiges, 131 00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:22,520 of the personifications of this continent, of the colonies on this map. 132 00:16:22,520 --> 00:16:26,630 So we have Europe and Asia near the centre, 133 00:16:26,630 --> 00:16:38,030 which I think was understood as the more prestigious position with Africa and America at the edges on the periphery. 134 00:16:38,030 --> 00:16:47,870 Thank you very much. Thank you, Chet. That's absolutely amazing tour through the personification of continents using women. 135 00:16:47,870 --> 00:16:59,750 Absolutely terrific. I'd like to begin by referring to a comment in the chart which suggests that the Latin names of the continents are feminine, 136 00:16:59,750 --> 00:17:06,530 suggesting that in classical antiquity, the personification of the continents was already regarded as female. 137 00:17:06,530 --> 00:17:16,520 So wasn't the female personification of continents from the 16th century simply a return to the practises of antiquity? 138 00:17:16,520 --> 00:17:17,510 Yes, it was. 139 00:17:17,510 --> 00:17:28,340 So Europe, of course, is female and in the myth of Europe and the bull in artistic depictions of that myth, she is represented as a woman. 140 00:17:28,340 --> 00:17:29,960 So, yes, 141 00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:40,730 the Renaissance was the rebirth of classical studies and this systematic representation of the economies as women harkens back to classical antiquity, 142 00:17:40,730 --> 00:17:52,070 of course. It's worth mentioning that Martin Volle similar in in suggesting the name America for the New World. 143 00:17:52,070 --> 00:18:03,200 Specifically mentioned is the fact that he's proposing the feminine form of the word because the other continents have been represented as women. 144 00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:10,320 So why do we see this transition from the male personification to female? 145 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:19,580 And. Following on from that. Why do you think the female images were eventually dispersed with dispensed with? 146 00:18:19,580 --> 00:18:29,770 Yes, well, the fact that the condoms had been represented by the sons of Noah, there were three sons of no other words, no changing that. 147 00:18:29,770 --> 00:18:40,790 The discovery of the fourth part of the world, which is to say the new world, entailed that a system of representation was no longer adequate. 148 00:18:40,790 --> 00:18:47,690 So that was certainly at least one factor in this setting the setting aside 149 00:18:47,690 --> 00:18:55,250 of the earlier representation of the comments by means of the sons of Noah. 150 00:18:55,250 --> 00:18:59,030 With regard to the second part of your question. 151 00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:11,480 I think there was a gradual decline in elaborate declaration of of mass in the late 17th, sorry, late 18th and 19th centuries. 152 00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:12,830 And I think I mean, 153 00:19:12,830 --> 00:19:24,890 I'm inclined to see the the gradual disappearance of female personifications from mass as as part of that decline in elaborate decoration, 154 00:19:24,890 --> 00:19:33,020 for example, one can also see that Sea Monster has become less and less common en masse during the same period. 155 00:19:33,020 --> 00:19:41,900 So the overall level of decoration on mass was in decline during this period. 156 00:19:41,900 --> 00:19:54,070 You have any indication as to how the use of the consumer might have responded to the personification of the continents and female form? 157 00:19:54,070 --> 00:20:08,360 That's a very good question. I don't I don't have data about how those images were perceived and and responded to in it. 158 00:20:08,360 --> 00:20:17,260 We can see some adjustments in the hierarchy of the personifications on the continents over time. 159 00:20:17,260 --> 00:20:26,260 So, for example, the as we saw on our Julius's title page, the personification of America was in a very low hierarchical position. 160 00:20:26,260 --> 00:20:30,610 And in the late 18th and even early 19th century, 161 00:20:30,610 --> 00:20:41,020 there are few images where America has sort of attained, if you will, of a higher hierarchical position. 162 00:20:41,020 --> 00:20:46,480 But that's not quite the same as hearing someone's reaction to these depictions. 163 00:20:46,480 --> 00:20:50,170 And I'm afraid I don't have information about that. OK. 164 00:20:50,170 --> 00:20:56,777 Well, thanks ever so much chat after that horrific presentation.