1 00:00:00,020 --> 00:00:07,230 But, John, for having me also thank you to the former organiser of the group Catalina. 2 00:00:07,230 --> 00:00:12,870 I'm not sure if she's here with us today, but I'm very grateful to be here. 3 00:00:12,870 --> 00:00:16,770 It's always been a bit of an ambition and a dream, I think, 4 00:00:16,770 --> 00:00:24,720 for every international law to be invited to give a presentation at the Oxford Discussion Group. 5 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:31,590 I must confess that I didn't expect to be in my slippers when I was giving this presentation. 6 00:00:31,590 --> 00:00:38,680 So that's quite an interesting and quite different take on my original idea of what this would be like. 7 00:00:38,680 --> 00:00:49,500 But I'm very excited to be here from the comfort of my own home office to speak to all of you about my speech. 8 00:00:49,500 --> 00:00:58,170 But more specifically, a section that deals with the use of obituaries to understand a bit more about the invisible 9 00:00:58,170 --> 00:01:04,230 college of the international lawyers and of the international legal profession in general. 10 00:01:04,230 --> 00:01:11,380 So I'm going to try to share my PowerPoint. I'm not really going to be. 11 00:01:11,380 --> 00:01:25,170 Using it very much. But I have a couple of pictures, which I think will be interesting for us to look at together. 12 00:01:25,170 --> 00:01:32,880 So really. So first of all, starting with the title. 13 00:01:32,880 --> 00:01:39,840 I think what I want to persuade all of you today is that even though it is click bait, 14 00:01:39,840 --> 00:01:47,880 it is much more than click bait to be looking at obituaries in of international lawyers. 15 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:53,820 I think that there are a lot of interesting insights to be gained from this exercise. 16 00:01:53,820 --> 00:02:05,940 And what I hope to do with you today, rather than go into too much detail about the findings of my research on this issue. 17 00:02:05,940 --> 00:02:10,740 We'll actually be talking more broadly about each method. 18 00:02:10,740 --> 00:02:17,530 So different methods through which I looked at these obituaries and why I've done so. 19 00:02:17,530 --> 00:02:30,290 And. Also, many debates that surround or the underlying thread of this presentation will be on the politics of method in international 20 00:02:30,290 --> 00:02:40,260 legal research more broadly and why I believe that we should take a very that kind of debate very seriously. 21 00:02:40,260 --> 00:02:46,050 So the idea of politics, of method is going to be underlying the whole presentation. 22 00:02:46,050 --> 00:02:57,150 So I'm kind of leaning in to the teachings of especially black feminist authors like Bell Hooks or Audrey Lord. 23 00:02:57,150 --> 00:03:03,270 I'm gonna be in there are a lot of white men in this presentation. So just just the start. 24 00:03:03,270 --> 00:03:09,390 I think I'll owe you some some intersectional feminism. 25 00:03:09,390 --> 00:03:15,540 Using stories is one of the best ways of getting people to engage with theory. 26 00:03:15,540 --> 00:03:18,690 And this is what I'm going to try to do with you today as well, 27 00:03:18,690 --> 00:03:26,310 which is I'm going to tell you the story of how I came about using obituaries and the ways in which I have 28 00:03:26,310 --> 00:03:33,780 used them to shed light on the functioning and composition of the invisible College of International Lawyers, 29 00:03:33,780 --> 00:03:45,990 not only to pull you into the discussion, but also as part of a deliberate move to a disclose my position naledi, 30 00:03:45,990 --> 00:03:55,900 which I think is key in research in general and definitely in my research in particular and also. 31 00:03:55,900 --> 00:04:00,970 This this move towards personalism and MTI scientism, 32 00:04:00,970 --> 00:04:10,300 that kind of underlines also a bit of this exercise of unveiling the people behind the law, which is what my research tries to do. 33 00:04:10,300 --> 00:04:21,040 So as my presentation has revealed at the beginning, I didn't study international law initially in the U.K., 34 00:04:21,040 --> 00:04:25,900 so my first degree was from Brazil, which is where I'm from. 35 00:04:25,900 --> 00:04:31,210 And I will was always very much public international law feme. 36 00:04:31,210 --> 00:04:35,770 So at the very beginning, I was doing the jesup. 37 00:04:35,770 --> 00:04:42,460 I tried to do model United Nations and all of these things and a lot of things studying from international law 38 00:04:42,460 --> 00:04:50,860 from the global south were relatively clear to me in the sense that the disparities of power between countries, 39 00:04:50,860 --> 00:05:03,340 for example, and how some state practise counted more than others was always part of how international law was taught to us and how I understood it. 40 00:05:03,340 --> 00:05:14,020 However, some things from the global south or from the semi periphery were invisible to me about the functioning and the making of international law. 41 00:05:14,020 --> 00:05:24,900 One of them being. What are the actors that practise international law beyond diplomats, beyond the people acting for states rights? 42 00:05:24,900 --> 00:05:43,660 So in 2013, I attended The Hague Academy course where I had the pleasure of being taught in the general course by James Crawford. 43 00:05:43,660 --> 00:05:54,040 And what are the things that struck me was how he would come in to give the lectures straight across 44 00:05:54,040 --> 00:06:01,180 the garden from where he was pleading on behalf of Australia in the whaling in the Antarctic case. 45 00:06:01,180 --> 00:06:08,410 So this person was talking to us about his practise at the International Law Commission, 46 00:06:08,410 --> 00:06:11,560 about his practise as counsel before the International Court of Justice, 47 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:18,880 whilst practising at the International Court of Justice during the during the course. 48 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:26,680 He was also in the audience. There were members of the court that would come to watch the lectures. 49 00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:40,900 He would engage in banter with some of his opposing counsel, like Professor Alan Pilly, who was acting for Japan at the time. 50 00:06:40,900 --> 00:06:49,040 So it was clear and also he offered to sign or copies of Bromley's principles, which we all had, that he edited. 51 00:06:49,040 --> 00:06:55,940 And Ian Brownlee was his former page supervisor when they were both at Oxford. 52 00:06:55,940 --> 00:07:00,990 So. That struck me as very interesting for many reasons. 53 00:07:00,990 --> 00:07:04,230 First of all, it was my first kind of peering into you. 54 00:07:04,230 --> 00:07:13,050 What does international law practise look look like beyond the roles of diplomats and what states do? 55 00:07:13,050 --> 00:07:23,090 And also the absence of that window into this kind of personal social aspect of international law through textbooks, 56 00:07:23,090 --> 00:07:28,260 especially if we're looking at sources of international law literature. 57 00:07:28,260 --> 00:07:32,790 The emphasis is very much on it states, obviously. 58 00:07:32,790 --> 00:07:41,130 And, of course, with good reason. But there is very little, if any, attention given to individuals, 59 00:07:41,130 --> 00:07:49,170 individual members of the profession in the making of international law and in the practising of international law in mainstream literature. 60 00:07:49,170 --> 00:07:53,850 So that was in the back of my mind when I started my page. 61 00:07:53,850 --> 00:08:06,690 And I decided that I wanted to look into the role of individual international lawyers in the making of international law more generally. 62 00:08:06,690 --> 00:08:11,970 And so I started to think a little bit about how I was going to do that. 63 00:08:11,970 --> 00:08:21,870 So how was going to procure this information that wasn't perhaps easily found in this international decisions themselves? 64 00:08:21,870 --> 00:08:33,510 Because obviously the majority of courts womb's otherwise other than through dissents in separate opinions, have judges names on the decision. 65 00:08:33,510 --> 00:08:38,790 Right. So that's part of the anecdotes that people tell. But it's not really part of the mainstream discourse. 66 00:08:38,790 --> 00:08:45,180 How how is that going to attain knowledge or be able to peer in to these these 67 00:08:45,180 --> 00:08:51,060 relationships and the role that individuals might have in the making of international law, 68 00:08:51,060 --> 00:09:02,630 what their careers, career paths look like, et cetera? So the first thing that I thought about was looking at rosters of international institutions. 69 00:09:02,630 --> 00:09:10,400 And this is what many people that do very interesting work on the international legal profession, 70 00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:17,870 like Dizzily Eve Dizzily and Bryant Garthe in commercial arbitration, 71 00:09:17,870 --> 00:09:25,700 Sara Desailly works on international judges, specifically the International Criminal Court. 72 00:09:25,700 --> 00:09:32,570 Daniel Ben, for example, works with building networks of arbitrators and looking at rosters. 73 00:09:32,570 --> 00:09:40,230 And that was a very interesting way of going about it that I felt like a little bit of. 74 00:09:40,230 --> 00:09:45,450 What I want to look at, which was the role that. 75 00:09:45,450 --> 00:09:54,450 The double hatting or the Doublemint function, well, that Oscar Schachter mentions in his article in The Invisible College of International Lawyers. 76 00:09:54,450 --> 00:10:03,000 What is missing from looking at individual rosters? So I needed something that would give me a little bit more insight into career paths. 77 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:09,540 And another thing that would be missing if I was looking at rosters would be this. 78 00:10:09,540 --> 00:10:15,970 The mentorship, friendship and social elements of that is part of the profession, 79 00:10:15,970 --> 00:10:27,250 so this idea that I mentioned that people are often in opposing sides of the same case at the International Court of Justice that often 80 00:10:27,250 --> 00:10:38,740 chairs move around the that usually chair in the in the human wheel chair would move around in often in relationships or mentorship. 81 00:10:38,740 --> 00:10:43,240 So if you think about Adorno, McNair and then here Lauterpacht, 82 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:50,530 that was obvious to me that there was some relevance to this and this would be missing if I was looking at individual rosters of courts. 83 00:10:50,530 --> 00:10:56,890 So there is there are a lot of constraints that come with taking an institutional approach. 84 00:10:56,890 --> 00:11:05,380 And then there was another option, which was to look at individual stories, undertaking, for example, 85 00:11:05,380 --> 00:11:17,930 interviews that would allow me to look at anecdotes about the international legal profession and lived a little bit more of this human element. 86 00:11:17,930 --> 00:11:20,360 However, a problem that that posed, 87 00:11:20,360 --> 00:11:32,000 other than obviously the logistical issue and the training issue of undertaking such a large social legal style project such as this. 88 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:38,780 Would be that a lot of the people I wanted to talk about were no longer with us. 89 00:11:38,780 --> 00:11:49,880 Right. Hence obituaries. The idea kind of came to me because I've always really enjoyed reading them. 90 00:11:49,880 --> 00:11:59,870 So it's one of those really kind of weird obsessions that I had was to read obituaries published in specifically in the British, 91 00:11:59,870 --> 00:12:02,540 your Book of International Law, which was the source that I used. 92 00:12:02,540 --> 00:12:11,690 But also when Ian Bradley passed away, there was a series of obituaries entomologist published to him. 93 00:12:11,690 --> 00:12:18,440 When I when I was an undergraduate and I remember reading that in different international law blogs, 94 00:12:18,440 --> 00:12:25,670 and I was really fascinated by the human element that was always there. 95 00:12:25,670 --> 00:12:37,800 And obituaries come with a set of limitations, of course, because they. 96 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:44,970 Specifically, if if by employing the British yearbook obituaries, which were the obituaries that I used, 97 00:12:44,970 --> 00:12:55,830 you have restrictions in terms of nationality, etc., and biases that will happen if if you look at this type of source. 98 00:12:55,830 --> 00:13:01,290 But I felt that complementing that with other studies, like the ones that I mentioned on Roster's, 99 00:13:01,290 --> 00:13:05,670 I would be able to paint a really interesting picture that unveiled some other 100 00:13:05,670 --> 00:13:13,560 aspects that wouldn't be available if I was looking at other types of sources. 101 00:13:13,560 --> 00:13:24,120 So they allowed me a break, spent X amount of time, so from the 1920s to the present, in the case of the British yearbook, 102 00:13:24,120 --> 00:13:32,070 they allowed me to look at the lives and the works of international lawyers, both dead and alive. 103 00:13:32,070 --> 00:13:38,280 So the people that wrote the obituaries in that are still part of this network today. 104 00:13:38,280 --> 00:13:45,600 They revealed association beyond a single institution or a series of international institutions. 105 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:58,030 And they also. Gave an insights into the relationships, personal relationships that I mentioned before. 106 00:13:58,030 --> 00:14:06,460 Sometimes people mention that obituaries are particularly exaggerated form of that 107 00:14:06,460 --> 00:14:14,080 might overstate the role that some individuals had in the making of international law. 108 00:14:14,080 --> 00:14:20,320 And they have. I thought myself about the criticism that may emerge from that. 109 00:14:20,320 --> 00:14:27,370 But one of the things that struck me as I was undertaking this research was that actually 110 00:14:27,370 --> 00:14:33,160 there was a great degree of candour that came out in these types of contributions as well. 111 00:14:33,160 --> 00:14:41,650 So there was a lot of exaggeration, I'm sure, in the adulation in the setting because of the very nature of the type of contribution. 112 00:14:41,650 --> 00:14:47,590 But there was also a lot of candour. So I can give you two examples right now. 113 00:14:47,590 --> 00:14:52,420 The first, the the men in the wig is Lord Phillimore, 114 00:14:52,420 --> 00:15:01,690 who you may know from the draughting of the PCI J statutes, his obituary from nineteen twenty nine. 115 00:15:01,690 --> 00:15:07,600 Both stated that he had a successful but not brilliant career at the bar, 116 00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:12,790 alluding to the role of his father as an eminent member of the Admiralty Courts 117 00:15:12,790 --> 00:15:18,830 as allowing for him to enter the profession through this particular way. 118 00:15:18,830 --> 00:15:26,770 And his A also says that his career, his early career was supported by competence rather than by genius, 119 00:15:26,770 --> 00:15:30,540 which I think is quite an interesting turn of phrase. 120 00:15:30,540 --> 00:15:44,460 Another example of candour is of the man on the right of the screen, George Schwartz and Berger, whose obituary was published in nineteen ninety two. 121 00:15:44,460 --> 00:15:54,610 And he is referred to as lacking tact to avoid treading on toes and the skill to apply bomb to the wounds he caused. 122 00:15:54,610 --> 00:16:03,100 So I think that there is a lot of adulation, but also a lot of candour and a lot of interesting titbits that give you insights 123 00:16:03,100 --> 00:16:11,410 into more about the international legal profession than one would perhaps expect. 124 00:16:11,410 --> 00:16:21,850 So I began reading all of these obituaries and gathering information about them, about these people. 125 00:16:21,850 --> 00:16:30,790 And I soon realised my original idea was that part of this exercise would result in 126 00:16:30,790 --> 00:16:36,880 a family tree of sorts where I could kind of indicate where people worked and when, 127 00:16:36,880 --> 00:16:42,640 but then who they were succeeded by who their lines of mentorship were, etc. 128 00:16:42,640 --> 00:16:53,490 But. Over time, I realised that the relationships were much more complex than I initially anticipated. 129 00:16:53,490 --> 00:16:58,260 And that in itself, it gives you a lot of food for thought. 130 00:16:58,260 --> 00:17:08,220 But certainly it makes it a lot more difficult to translate these relationships into very simple binary. 131 00:17:08,220 --> 00:17:17,200 This person was the mentor to that person. Kind of approaches that required a little bit of refinement. 132 00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:24,910 And I anticipated. That I would need help with this. 133 00:17:24,910 --> 00:17:30,640 I used one of my personal connexions in this case, 134 00:17:30,640 --> 00:17:40,900 which is my co-author from the piece in the Leiden Journal that was linked in the invite's to this event, 135 00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:47,680 which is Nicola Redeemers, who works on network analysis, his specific work. 136 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:52,660 He's at the University of Liverpool and his work specifically dealt with patterns of 137 00:17:52,660 --> 00:17:58,540 citations in different international courts and tribunal and tribunals jurisprudence. 138 00:17:58,540 --> 00:18:10,280 And speaking to him, I realised that that might be a very interesting way to gather the data that I found. 139 00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:14,120 Of relationships between people and their career paths. 140 00:18:14,120 --> 00:18:23,900 Using that same type of social network analysis technology to make a point about the invisible college. 141 00:18:23,900 --> 00:18:30,370 So I'm gonna try to open. Another page. 142 00:18:30,370 --> 00:18:40,940 We'll see how well we do with this. Because part of Nicolaas genius is that he managed to create an interactive version of the network as well. 143 00:18:40,940 --> 00:18:52,610 So it's not just static. And it allows you to explore a lot of different aspects of different relationships and people's career paths over time. 144 00:18:52,610 --> 00:19:00,630 So I'm going to try to share this screen with you. 145 00:19:00,630 --> 00:19:13,800 See if that works, if you can see here in particular. I'll show you the full network first return to full network so you can see. 146 00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:17,700 Here, the number of participants in the network. 147 00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:26,820 There are a lot of things that you can learn from just the broad visual visualisation itself and you can read about that in the paper. 148 00:19:26,820 --> 00:19:34,680 But one of the things that you can do very easily is zoom in to specific people. 149 00:19:34,680 --> 00:19:40,470 And see what type in the strength of relationships that they had with other people. 150 00:19:40,470 --> 00:19:51,930 So basically what Nicole and I did together was brainstorming the best way of displaying all this type of data, both about the individual nodes. 151 00:19:51,930 --> 00:19:59,600 So the individual people that are here, but also their the connexions and the strength of connexions between actors. 152 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:07,020 So here, for example, you have Lord McNair, who was your chair of international law at Cambridge, 153 00:20:07,020 --> 00:20:12,180 who was also a judge of the International Court of Justice in the European Court of Human Rights. 154 00:20:12,180 --> 00:20:18,480 And you can see him connected here to research, Sir Hirsch Lauterpacht. 155 00:20:18,480 --> 00:20:30,470 But also, for example, Max Huber here. You can see all of these people were mentioned in his obituary and in other obituaries as connected to him. 156 00:20:30,470 --> 00:20:38,450 And you can see here the difference in strengths of connexions between people, so the relationship between him and Max Gruber was, 157 00:20:38,450 --> 00:20:42,620 according to, of course, the information that isn't the obituaries, relatively inchoate. 158 00:20:42,620 --> 00:20:47,420 So it's a quite a thin line, you can see between both of them. 159 00:20:47,420 --> 00:20:51,890 Whereas his relationship with Lauterpacht was quite strong in comparison. 160 00:20:51,890 --> 00:21:01,820 You can see the the thickness of the line here. That represents an higher number of ways in which these two people were said to have connected. 161 00:21:01,820 --> 00:21:12,780 So US lines of succession in different educational and international institutions, mentorships, friendships, etc. 162 00:21:12,780 --> 00:21:22,630 So the first. Point that we get to then is. 163 00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:27,520 The role of empirical methods, right, 164 00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:35,740 in investigating the profession and employing the empirical lens to look at the same the same set of information, 165 00:21:35,740 --> 00:21:41,830 which are the obituaries and the type of things that we can learn from employing such a method. 166 00:21:41,830 --> 00:21:54,520 So I think some of the conclusions that Nicole and I got to from employing such social network analysis are highlighted in the paper. 167 00:21:54,520 --> 00:22:03,670 And I've already alluded to some of them here. The first one being the complexity of the relationships in question that kind of 168 00:22:03,670 --> 00:22:12,310 defy or don't quite come through by nearly mere narration of these relationships. 169 00:22:12,310 --> 00:22:23,770 Also, the fact that the relationships are relationships of mentorship, friendship, thick anonymity is successions and even family ties. 170 00:22:23,770 --> 00:22:31,450 In some cases, they help illustrate narration and stories beyond anecdotes. 171 00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:40,330 And in doing that, they allow us to unveil aspects of the profession that perhaps wouldn't be clear otherwise. 172 00:22:40,330 --> 00:22:49,750 They also do something which I believe is very important, which is bolstering critiques for more diversity in the higher echelons of the profession. 173 00:22:49,750 --> 00:23:00,820 Of course, as I said before, there is very little there is a lot to be said about the British nature of these relationships. 174 00:23:00,820 --> 00:23:13,630 But we do see that there are other nationalities represented in the British yearbook, obituaries in their particularly relationships between with. 175 00:23:13,630 --> 00:23:22,120 Members of the American and European Academy and a group of practise of international lawyers. 176 00:23:22,120 --> 00:23:37,310 We have zero African members of this network, zero Latin American and one Asian person who was memorialised in the British yearbook. 177 00:23:37,310 --> 00:23:42,650 Also, issues surrounding the representation of gender over time. 178 00:23:42,650 --> 00:23:51,290 Only two obituaries of women were published in the British year book of over 70 that were published since the 1920s. 179 00:23:51,290 --> 00:23:58,220 One of them being of Joyce Gutteridge, was the first woman legal adviser at the Foreign Office, and the other one, 180 00:23:58,220 --> 00:24:08,720 Julian White, who was the first woman elected professor in mainland Britain, who was a professor at Manchester. 181 00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:15,680 Other women do appear as connexions in the obituaries as well. 182 00:24:15,680 --> 00:24:21,540 And you can read it a little bit more about that in our paper. 183 00:24:21,540 --> 00:24:30,540 So this is kind of the empirical lens over obituaries, but they're also I also use them in other ways. 184 00:24:30,540 --> 00:24:38,520 And one of them I called doctrinal implications of these obituaries. 185 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:44,040 Of course, the term doctrinal in itself is difficult to define. 186 00:24:44,040 --> 00:24:49,010 I use it as a internal legal perspective aspect. 187 00:24:49,010 --> 00:24:58,140 And in what way have I used obituaries from a doctrinal through a doctrinal lens? 188 00:24:58,140 --> 00:25:08,250 Mainly to directly contradict the sources narrative that sees states as the main actors in international 189 00:25:08,250 --> 00:25:15,690 law making or that deliberately in fact exclude individuals in the form of teachings of publicists, 190 00:25:15,690 --> 00:25:26,160 for example, from mainstream lawmaking narratives. And you can see several examples of anecdotes in which people have been said to have 191 00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:36,750 contributed to the development of specific legal provisions or legal doctrines you have here. 192 00:25:36,750 --> 00:25:44,460 Sir Ian Sinclair, that worked at the Foreign Office and whose obituary is said in his obituary, 193 00:25:44,460 --> 00:25:54,180 is said to have contributed to the acceptance of the commercial exception to state immunity cases. 194 00:25:54,180 --> 00:26:02,600 And on the right here, we have Sir Clarence Will for Jenckes, who was director general of the International Labour Organisation, 195 00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:15,960 in whose obituary mentions his role in contributing to the internal law of the ILO in particular, but of international organisations law in general. 196 00:26:15,960 --> 00:26:23,280 So this is kind of the kind of the doctrinal implications or the directly legal implications that 197 00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:31,170 can be that come through in obituaries that wouldn't otherwise perhaps be present in other sources, 198 00:26:31,170 --> 00:26:41,040 such as judgements like I mentioned, where the role of individual judges is often obfuscated by the collective nature of the work. 199 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:50,220 It's the same case with, for example, the International Law Commission, where although you have a special rapporteur for each projects, 200 00:26:50,220 --> 00:27:02,970 there might be variance into the extent to which certain people have contributed over time to a particular project into individual provisions. 201 00:27:02,970 --> 00:27:14,700 In, for example, the articles on state responsibility end obituaries give a a little bit more insight into that and help illuminate that. 202 00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:26,430 The third and final lens through which I have looked at obituaries and have used obituaries to fuel my research 203 00:27:26,430 --> 00:27:34,410 on the role of individual members of the profession in the making of international law is a critical lens. 204 00:27:34,410 --> 00:27:39,060 And when I say critical, again, I use that in quotation marks, 205 00:27:39,060 --> 00:27:51,900 because what is critical research in a critical method in international law in particular is open to a lot of debate. 206 00:27:51,900 --> 00:28:07,760 But what I do believe that obituaries do is they allow international lawyers to open their minds to the role of individuals in particular. 207 00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:15,900 So of a big strand of critical literature such as David Kennedy and Marty Cuscuna. 208 00:28:15,900 --> 00:28:29,730 Emmies is to open room for international lawyers as agents to be responsible for their own roles in the development. 209 00:28:29,730 --> 00:28:34,120 The making and practising of international law. 210 00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:42,480 And I believe that obituaries are right with stories of individual contributions, of stories, 211 00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:48,720 of successes and failures that individuals have had in championing certain projects. 212 00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:55,980 Also the development of certain sensibilities and our understanding of these sensibilities. 213 00:28:55,980 --> 00:29:02,750 So bolstering critiques that. Call for more diversity in the profession, 214 00:29:02,750 --> 00:29:10,400 more transparency in how we address the role of individuals in the making and the practising of international law, 215 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:15,260 their responsibilities in the ethics of international lawyers. 216 00:29:15,260 --> 00:29:24,530 But I do believe that they also help us do that with a tone that is in listening and opens room for imagination. 217 00:29:24,530 --> 00:29:35,000 So Isabelle really specifically has written about policing, policing, critique and the types of critique that are open to us in international law, 218 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:43,550 in the dangers and pitfalls of taking an exclusively negative, perhaps view of the discipline. 219 00:29:43,550 --> 00:29:50,540 And what I believe that obituaries do is awaken us to the sensibilities that there is a lot of despair to be had. 220 00:29:50,540 --> 00:29:59,510 But there is also a lot of room for imagination of the profession, imagination of new futures for the discipline, 221 00:29:59,510 --> 00:30:07,190 empowerment in holding individuals responsible for their actions in this Milliyet. 222 00:30:07,190 --> 00:30:18,860 And also, they allow one to employ perhaps a more subversive tone when talking about the lives of international lawyer. 223 00:30:18,860 --> 00:30:29,310 So this personal tone. Breaks through this idea of international law as only something that is made in the abstract by states, 224 00:30:29,310 --> 00:30:37,990 and it allows us to connect with it from a more personal perspective. 225 00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:45,200 So my conclusions at last. 226 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:56,740 I've mentioned. That I looked through different lenses at one same object, which are obituaries of international waters, 227 00:30:56,740 --> 00:31:06,790 the three lenses that I looked at them through are the empirical one in what I call doctrinal or more strictly legal one. 228 00:31:06,790 --> 00:31:13,540 And a critical one. And I believe that all of these different lenses. 229 00:31:13,540 --> 00:31:19,960 And looking at obituaries in particular gives us many insights into the profession. 230 00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:31,090 The empirical lens allows us to map out the social network whereby ideas can move within international law and the relationships, 231 00:31:31,090 --> 00:31:36,520 the complexity of relationships that exist between members of the profession. 232 00:31:36,520 --> 00:31:49,060 It also allows us to have a better bird's eye view of the career paths that international lawyers take over time beyond a single institution. 233 00:31:49,060 --> 00:31:56,950 And they also allow us to really see the lack of diversity in the international legal profession in general and bolster 234 00:31:56,950 --> 00:32:08,170 critiques for increasing the role in the participation of certain groups in the high echelons of the profession. 235 00:32:08,170 --> 00:32:11,260 From a doctrinal perspective. 236 00:32:11,260 --> 00:32:22,150 Individual instances in which people have contributed to the development of the law in how they have done so allows us to critique, 237 00:32:22,150 --> 00:32:31,540 understand and in in better understand the role of individuals in the making of international law, 238 00:32:31,540 --> 00:32:42,130 which is largely absent from the literature on sources of international law and on international law making in general and from a critical lens. 239 00:32:42,130 --> 00:32:50,890 Looking at obituaries allows us to think about the responsibility and the role of international members and international lawyers, 240 00:32:50,890 --> 00:32:53,170 individual members of the profession. 241 00:32:53,170 --> 00:33:06,370 It allows us ourselves to increase the transparency about how these individuals work and the way in which this group is organised. 242 00:33:06,370 --> 00:33:13,990 It also allows us to connect with personal aspects of the profession, not just the negative sides, 243 00:33:13,990 --> 00:33:24,450 but also the positive sides in a way that is and listening in allows for room for reimagine nation of the profession. 244 00:33:24,450 --> 00:33:31,570 And also helps us switch a little bit of this narrative that international law is and should be impersonal, 245 00:33:31,570 --> 00:33:39,330 it allows us to connect with the personal nature of the discipline, underlining this exercise. 246 00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:48,650 As I mentioned before. There are issues, there are questions of method. 247 00:33:48,650 --> 00:33:57,190 That's. That have come to me many times as I was undertaking this project, 248 00:33:57,190 --> 00:34:09,000 the first one is something that Young Clobbers talks about in his 2013 speech at the European Society of International Law. 249 00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:14,100 Conference, which was a need to move away from methodological fragmentation. 250 00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:20,610 So focussing on the politics of method, as I did on this presentation, 251 00:34:20,610 --> 00:34:28,620 showing that looking at the same object through different lenses can yield complementary but different results, 252 00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:33,420 allowing for a fuller picture of something, an object of study. 253 00:34:33,420 --> 00:34:43,920 B, the obituaries or any other object of study and international law allows us to transcend and discover more about our own objects of study. 254 00:34:43,920 --> 00:34:59,750 In practise. I also hope to have through the narration of this long extended strenuous process of research have raised. 255 00:34:59,750 --> 00:35:10,130 Raised some questions about the academic effort as a process rather than just something that is an outcome, 256 00:35:10,130 --> 00:35:17,270 which is often what you get when looking at only the finished products of someone's research. 257 00:35:17,270 --> 00:35:24,060 And also, the idea behind this presentation is to. 258 00:35:24,060 --> 00:35:33,180 Talk a little bit more about the fact that often we benefit from moulding our 259 00:35:33,180 --> 00:35:38,520 message on the basis of our research question and not the other way round, 260 00:35:38,520 --> 00:35:50,190 so open it. Openness and cross pollination between different methodological lenses can actually be an extremely worthy exercise. 261 00:35:50,190 --> 00:35:54,420 So I hope that you enjoyed my presentation. 262 00:35:54,420 --> 00:36:00,480 I have concluded it. And if you have any questions, I would. 263 00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:10,920 I would love to hear your thoughts. Thank you. Thank you, Louise. 264 00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:16,287 That's really in a creative and informative presentation.