1 00:00:03,030 --> 00:00:14,540 We have one more minute to go, so then we can then look, you don't want to look. 2 00:00:14,540 --> 00:00:39,810 Yes, it has started the pudding. Well, thank you so so yeah, yeah, I think. 3 00:00:39,810 --> 00:00:46,860 Shall I wait another minute. OK, what do you think it's up to you. 4 00:00:46,860 --> 00:00:50,550 I think maybe a minute. It's just a quarter past now. 5 00:00:50,550 --> 00:01:14,820 Yeah, right. I can usually have a quota past because people who have power plant power plants are rapidly filling up. 6 00:01:14,820 --> 00:01:30,710 So that's good. All right. 7 00:01:30,710 --> 00:01:45,780 Was. So if you don't the to story, we don't want it to show on the screen. 8 00:01:45,780 --> 00:01:56,340 Don't point it to the screen, pointing down, down, down, and maybe like that, you can push it over. 9 00:01:56,340 --> 00:02:09,540 No, it's not good for the light, the light, but not enough light, or do you want a little bit more light? 10 00:02:09,540 --> 00:02:13,850 Julian, shall I begin then? Sure. OK, great. 11 00:02:13,850 --> 00:02:21,060 Everyone, we've managed to get teams going and we've managed to all be here, which is amazing. 12 00:02:21,060 --> 00:02:28,050 And it's my very, very, very great pleasure to welcome Professor William Labov today. 13 00:02:28,050 --> 00:02:32,700 When linguists begin their careers there very rarely think that they are going to become linguists. 14 00:02:32,700 --> 00:02:40,740 I mean, that's almost never happens since we don't get it in school or we are not even told what linguistics is all about. 15 00:02:40,740 --> 00:02:50,310 As an undergraduate, professor, William Labov did his degree from Harvard and then went on to do industrial chemistry. 16 00:02:50,310 --> 00:02:53,670 So he was an industrial chemist for quite a long time. 17 00:02:53,670 --> 00:03:02,520 But fortunately for us, he came back to linguistics and then he since the sixties, it's been an amazing field. 18 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:09,840 He was responsible for several influential studies and seminal publications in 1970, 19 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:15,480 and the discipline of language variation then changed just it wasn't just in North America. 20 00:03:15,480 --> 00:03:26,190 It was all over the world. And it rapidly spread. Even in Calcutta, which mistrusted anything, modern sociolinguistics language variation crept in. 21 00:03:26,190 --> 00:03:36,420 They couldn't stop it. Go. I'm just going to another to go on and on because it's it's Bill that we want to listen to and not to not me. 22 00:03:36,420 --> 00:03:42,120 But I would like to end with one of his best quoted maxims. 23 00:03:42,120 --> 00:03:48,420 And that's like the most general and most deeply held beliefs about language is the golden age principle. 24 00:03:48,420 --> 00:03:53,010 At some time in the past, language was in a state of perfection. 25 00:03:53,010 --> 00:03:58,530 So nobody accepts that language changes and it's good that it does change. 26 00:03:58,530 --> 00:04:02,730 So no one ever says goodness. The way young people speak is wonderful. 27 00:04:02,730 --> 00:04:08,970 In the midst of the pandemic, there were so many webinars and I was invited also to take part and say, 28 00:04:08,970 --> 00:04:14,790 goodness me, these words that are coming out of nowadays usage is just dreadful. 29 00:04:14,790 --> 00:04:19,350 Language is changing all because of covid. But it is. 30 00:04:19,350 --> 00:04:27,840 It is. It is. It reminds me always of what Bill said, that every new sound will be heard is ugly. 31 00:04:27,840 --> 00:04:32,790 Every new expression will be heard is improper, inaccurate and inappropriate. 32 00:04:32,790 --> 00:04:40,740 Given this principle, it is obvious that language change must be interpreted as nonconformity to establish norms and 33 00:04:40,740 --> 00:04:45,960 that people will reject changes in the structure of language when they become aware of them. 34 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:55,200 And that was available. So enough about me. I'm going to pass the microphone on to Gillian and Bill and we have tried this out. 35 00:04:55,200 --> 00:05:00,900 So it's going to work. I'm sure it's going to work. So, Gillian, over to you. 36 00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:07,350 Squaring sharing screen. Yes, over to you. 37 00:05:07,350 --> 00:05:15,960 It hasn't hasn't come in yet. And you said, no, not yet. 38 00:05:15,960 --> 00:05:24,460 OK, then I've done something wrong. Can you hear me still? I'll try to go back to your shrink screen sharing again. 39 00:05:24,460 --> 00:05:31,230 Sharing, sharing. OK, there we are. 40 00:05:31,230 --> 00:05:35,370 I think this is it. Just go now. 41 00:05:35,370 --> 00:05:47,360 You're seeing it. Yeah, you're seeing it. That's perfect. Yes. I want to do the slide show. 42 00:05:47,360 --> 00:05:52,190 Occurrence. OK, now are you seeing the title? 43 00:05:52,190 --> 00:05:57,290 That's excellent. Yes. OK, good, we're good to go, right? 44 00:05:57,290 --> 00:06:03,150 Yes. OK, now you're gone, you're doing now. 45 00:06:03,150 --> 00:06:10,670 Well, I'm very pleased to be back in Oxford and visiting. 46 00:06:10,670 --> 00:06:17,360 This is where it was six years ago that I was working. 47 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:28,940 And here we are following up some same that. 48 00:06:28,940 --> 00:06:40,020 We'll talk about it here today is a rather intricate combination of speech and recordings with the assistance of my colleague Ann. 49 00:06:40,020 --> 00:06:54,180 Pretty much very close co-workers doing. But we may get mixed up at some point, in which case you just have to forgive us and welcome to Google. 50 00:06:54,180 --> 00:07:08,530 One of the saddest parts of the human experience is we don't remember the images of childhood fade away with a depressing certainty. 51 00:07:08,530 --> 00:07:16,930 One direction of the tape recorder after World War Two was not advertised as a solution to this problem, 52 00:07:16,930 --> 00:07:29,870 when I bought my first machine in the early 1960s, the first of six decades of recording conversations with strangers. 53 00:07:29,870 --> 00:07:38,790 We'll be here with Martha's Vineyard. Well, my friend, documentary filmmaker Murray Lerner. 54 00:07:38,790 --> 00:07:45,380 He had invited me to visit in the summer home on the island of Martha's Vineyard. 55 00:07:45,380 --> 00:08:01,380 I don't interested. In each of the local dialect, words like pride and why we're starting to sound world wide and we. 56 00:08:01,380 --> 00:08:09,330 On the side of the story, the change. While conducting and recording interviews with local residents, 57 00:08:09,330 --> 00:08:20,690 Mori advised me to scrap a little Journal article in favour of the three thousand dollar nag nag with three. 58 00:08:20,690 --> 00:08:32,510 We used to capture the subtleties of Pearlman's violin in his Oscar winning film for Multimodality 59 00:08:32,510 --> 00:08:41,280 and the contract contrasting styles of Joan Baez and Bob Dylan at the Newport Folk Festival. 60 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:52,530 Like earlier in the year, we were lost in 1992 on the Paris metro about the tapes, 61 00:08:52,530 --> 00:09:03,320 we have been told back in 1962, before we judge the news would be good for no more than 40 years. 62 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:15,530 Rather than pessimism turned out to be premature. In 2012, the Vineyard recording's was doing good at all. 63 00:09:15,530 --> 00:09:28,310 Now, they have been digitised in the sociolinguistic archive at the University of Pennsylvania or Future Secure. 64 00:09:28,310 --> 00:09:42,650 We can hear what you said in 1962, the startling clarity, nautical miles close to a thousand sociolinguistic engines, what I heard on my cell. 65 00:09:42,650 --> 00:09:50,240 Well, with another 10000 recorded by Paul Fieldworkers, quality research assistants, 66 00:09:50,240 --> 00:10:00,940 many students in my course, of course, on the study of each community. 67 00:10:00,940 --> 00:10:12,930 So here are all these recordings. We'll move with your one here. 68 00:10:12,930 --> 00:10:20,400 The question remains. What is worth remembering from this enormous pile of words? 69 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:28,880 We're in the science of linguistics may be helpful in finding out which words carry the most meaning. 70 00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:39,310 And the signs of sociolinguistics points towards the speakers we would most like to hear from as time goes on. 71 00:10:39,310 --> 00:10:48,940 In the study of languages and dialects, the subject and investigator are generally not well known to each other. 72 00:10:48,940 --> 00:10:55,450 This is certainly the case with the great majority of conversations in our archive, 73 00:10:55,450 --> 00:11:04,170 which were initiated by linguists who do still talk to people quite often known to them what is. 74 00:11:04,170 --> 00:11:15,150 Screen. More than a year ago, covid-19 was prevented us from having conversation. 75 00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:24,110 There's no one on the street, girls in my living room or kitchen, let alone in the home of someone you just met. 76 00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:37,350 We anticipate the time when we can venture out again to record the experience of others in ways that enrich our understanding of the world, 77 00:11:37,350 --> 00:11:47,910 before we do, we may be able to use some of these older recordings and see what they have to tell. 78 00:11:47,910 --> 00:11:53,230 His presentation will focus on four speakers from our time. 79 00:11:53,230 --> 00:12:05,720 And then. First, we'll hear from two men, both Americans and then from two women, one American and one British. 80 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:12,140 All were strangers to the interviewer when we were strangers to the. 81 00:12:12,140 --> 00:12:22,590 Well, before we go on to my own exploratory interviews on the fourth of our student, Jerry Francis. 82 00:12:22,590 --> 00:12:34,850 We begin these studies, those rumours working a variation of language forms, the geography, age, social studies on social media. 83 00:12:34,850 --> 00:12:45,540 In every case, conversation with a stranger opens the way to understanding of what the community wants or where he's going. 84 00:12:45,540 --> 00:12:56,430 NEWSROOM will focus on how people use their linguistic resources to convey what they have to tell us. 85 00:12:56,430 --> 00:13:10,150 What we want to do. And we will be looking at the degree of feature known as eloquence. 86 00:13:10,150 --> 00:13:15,480 Our focus on passages involving two particular kinds of eloquence. 87 00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:25,230 In operations, you're both generalisations, strengthening our belief in what we believe to be true. 88 00:13:25,230 --> 00:13:37,880 Indonesian speakers report events that are outside of our own experience, reshaping what we believe to be possible. 89 00:13:37,880 --> 00:13:43,100 Listening to how people evaluate their experience as they talk about, 90 00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:50,780 we come to an appreciation of their community norms as well as their rhetorical tolerance. 91 00:13:50,780 --> 00:14:00,900 There was really no use when my home for listening to them to bring us to a better understanding of what eloquence is. 92 00:14:00,900 --> 00:14:06,530 Bonson Wahlquist is memorable. 93 00:14:06,530 --> 00:14:15,110 I would not surprise me if you find it difficult to forget them in the days that followed. 94 00:14:15,110 --> 00:14:26,790 Most of the publications based on linguistic engines deal with the use of grammar and phonology as target and include. 95 00:14:26,790 --> 00:14:42,440 But some will lose also focus on the speaker as conversational partner on McCallie as a book, extremely common eloquence in two thousand five. 96 00:14:42,440 --> 00:14:52,150 Reduce the gun style, the working class men and women in interviews, he conducted an air show in the 1980s. 97 00:14:52,150 --> 00:15:03,950 The word eloquence in its title turns our attention to how will the speaker succeed in what they're trying to do for the Loosley? 98 00:15:03,950 --> 00:15:16,340 The conversation with the strangers we'll hear from today, you observe the speakers convictions and the valuation of the world as they see it. 99 00:15:16,340 --> 00:15:22,800 You may remember much of what they have to say in the words with which they said it. 100 00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:31,350 You may not agree with them. But you may also find that their view of reality has become a part of yours. 101 00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:39,810 Granted, they were strangers to their command of the English language, they become people that, 102 00:15:39,810 --> 00:15:52,590 you know, remember being carried away with us as a part of a recognition of what can be. 103 00:15:52,590 --> 00:15:58,450 First. We'll hear from Donald Poole. 104 00:15:58,450 --> 00:16:08,020 Zone two was the second person I interviewed and on the island of Martha's Vineyard in 1961, 105 00:16:08,020 --> 00:16:21,770 he was an eighth generation descendant of Yankee Whaley's and a fisherman who was one of the key figures on the island village of Tillmann. 106 00:16:21,770 --> 00:16:27,180 He was also or typical for his generation. 107 00:16:27,180 --> 00:16:35,460 Of the sound change I was then studying, which affected the walls of two ward glasses or an oh, 108 00:16:35,460 --> 00:16:44,850 reversing the direction of Change, which has been operating since the 17th century, referred now to these changes. 109 00:16:44,850 --> 00:16:49,620 Centralisation with the role of right. 110 00:16:49,620 --> 00:17:02,040 Here it is. Right. We are many intermediate forms was in done bulls rotation of Troy, which you hear on the next line. 111 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:08,200 You may be most familiar with this change as Canadian reason. 112 00:17:08,200 --> 00:17:14,400 Not only right, we also went out in about. 113 00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:21,650 Results of the study of this ongoing world change on Martha's Vineyard were reported in my paper. 114 00:17:21,650 --> 00:17:28,570 The social motivation was change, which was also my masters as a. 115 00:17:28,570 --> 00:17:40,420 One has been argued that this change represented the symbolic claim to local rights and privileges. 116 00:17:40,420 --> 00:17:44,970 In my interviews with Donald Poole and other local people, 117 00:17:44,970 --> 00:17:56,800 I came to realise they were under pressure from the wealthy mainland summer people who were growing up as much desirable property as they could. 118 00:17:56,800 --> 00:18:06,720 Here is Whirlpool's. You're going to say it. 119 00:18:06,720 --> 00:18:13,290 You're going to read it this time to see you people who come down here to Martha's 120 00:18:13,290 --> 00:18:19,140 Vineyard don't understand the background of the old families of the island. 121 00:18:19,140 --> 00:18:27,850 Oranges from that way, our thoughts to an outbreak, I'm speaking now of the descendants of the old families. 122 00:18:27,850 --> 00:18:32,250 Well, we were interested in the rest of America. We'll start over here. 123 00:18:32,250 --> 00:18:41,250 Of course, the water belongs to you and we don't have anything to do with those forgotten all about the maritime tradition 124 00:18:41,250 --> 00:18:50,600 and the fact that it hadn't been for the interests with the early settlers of this country took in the ocean. 125 00:18:50,600 --> 00:19:05,810 As will fishermen on a seaman merchant sailors, this country couldn't have existed before this colony would have been a failure. 126 00:19:05,810 --> 00:19:18,050 As my interview with Don to proceed, it became clear that he was more than a fisherman. 127 00:19:18,050 --> 00:19:26,860 He was a full time advocate of the importance of work as a calling and ideology. 128 00:19:26,860 --> 00:19:35,720 The one that Labour identified with the Protestant ethic we talked about. 129 00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:42,740 I asked him, what reason do people have to work harder than they have to to earn a living? 130 00:19:42,740 --> 00:19:50,360 In these excerpts from Donald Poole, noise in the background that you hear is not a defect in the tape recording, 131 00:19:50,360 --> 00:19:55,310 it's actually the sound of crickets in the summer evening. 132 00:19:55,310 --> 00:20:02,210 But I can answer that for you, because I've already worked it up myself and argued before we as many minutes of satisfaction, 133 00:20:02,210 --> 00:20:09,800 of feeling that you have accomplished something over and above the bare necessities of life. 134 00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:16,340 You take pride in doing the best that you can according to your ability. 135 00:20:16,340 --> 00:20:26,320 I don't have to go fishing. I can quit right now and be comfortable. 136 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:28,690 Well, just as long as I draw the breath of life, 137 00:20:28,690 --> 00:20:37,450 I'll be done by one in this picture helpless and one when we're doing all that I can as much as I can. 138 00:20:37,450 --> 00:20:43,980 The best of my ability and knowledge, because I take a pride in doing so. 139 00:20:43,980 --> 00:20:50,170 And I know when I feel that I'm doing something important, I'm happy you're doing that. 140 00:20:50,170 --> 00:20:53,950 And I would be sitting around a big man with a little conscience. 141 00:20:53,950 --> 00:21:04,390 Can't sit still. This passage has restored to, you know, an alternate dimension of his rhetoric. 142 00:21:04,390 --> 00:21:11,040 And begins to answer the question, is speech worth saving? 143 00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:17,840 We do observe some instances of the phonetic variable, in other words, like InterOil. 144 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:23,120 But there is only a small contribution to the rhetorical effect. 145 00:21:23,120 --> 00:21:30,550 But also, here is freedom in terms of changes in pitch for events featuring. 146 00:21:30,550 --> 00:21:44,380 I'll leave it to you, the audience. The judge, just how much recorded speech was held to Paul's rhetorical impact? 147 00:21:44,380 --> 00:21:49,490 Well, I think you agree with simply reading it silently to yourself. 148 00:21:49,490 --> 00:21:55,280 Will fall short, fall short of what he achieves with his voice. 149 00:21:55,280 --> 00:22:01,650 How much is eloquence impaired with the loss of the original recording? 150 00:22:01,650 --> 00:22:17,510 I've used the conventional bull type to represent increased one one three dots to represent a cause which can be interpreted here. 151 00:22:17,510 --> 00:22:22,420 As the thing to put into his choice of the word. 152 00:22:22,420 --> 00:22:36,740 Important. With the passage we just heard who moves to his high style, Richard, comparatives and superlatives are generally Lebaran. 153 00:22:36,740 --> 00:22:41,180 What is the average speaker will say as best I can? 154 00:22:41,180 --> 00:22:47,680 To leverage this to the best of my ability and knowledge. 155 00:22:47,680 --> 00:22:51,850 In the less eloquent response, the will cause, 156 00:22:51,850 --> 00:23:02,910 as long as I draw the breath of life might have been as long as I live here, possibly as long as I read. 157 00:23:02,910 --> 00:23:09,980 The diagram shows the temple close just as long as I draw the breath of life. 158 00:23:09,980 --> 00:23:19,110 In the structural position to the right of the main goals it modifies. 159 00:23:19,110 --> 00:23:27,940 Well organised organisations here to start with this quote, Just as long as I draw the breath of life, 160 00:23:27,940 --> 00:23:45,730 certainly giving a performance and scope over the conflict sentence involves. 161 00:23:45,730 --> 00:23:52,840 Although in this passage, Paul refers to the rest of America in another context, 162 00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:58,030 he seems to regard the Vineyard as being totally separate from America. 163 00:23:58,030 --> 00:24:01,210 When I asked him about his school schooling, 164 00:24:01,210 --> 00:24:13,290 he said he had been in America for a couple of years when returned to the island for his last two years of high school, as he put it. 165 00:24:13,290 --> 00:24:17,840 Oh. OK, sorry, this is OK. 166 00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:25,690 There we are, sorry, everybody. We had a couple of years in America at the Methodist boarding school. 167 00:24:25,690 --> 00:24:31,540 Decided to move backward, well, on my feet, the saltwater. 168 00:24:31,540 --> 00:24:46,620 The nerves in. On the day ampoules go, one would wonder what his house without my tape recorder. 169 00:24:46,620 --> 00:24:59,840 I was incautious enough to pose a big question at the end of the meal was the food was good, what is it? 170 00:24:59,840 --> 00:25:06,010 He was known for a good 15 seconds. 171 00:25:06,010 --> 00:25:17,760 There is a. We're 10 things that make up a Yankee, and the first is the fear of a living God. 172 00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:27,350 I tried desperately to recall the phone so I wasn't able to remember. 173 00:25:27,350 --> 00:25:33,580 Next week, we'll hear from today was Henry very good? 174 00:25:33,580 --> 00:25:40,110 So when I interviewed almost a decade later. Wonderful, 1970, 175 00:25:40,110 --> 00:25:45,120 I was travelling through the Lower South with the idea that I might be able to 176 00:25:45,120 --> 00:25:53,120 interview speakers with strongly developed patterns of the local dialect in the area. 177 00:25:53,120 --> 00:26:01,070 Whiter than urban, Atlanta had been heavily influenced by immigration from northern areas. 178 00:26:01,070 --> 00:26:07,440 So I decided to go to suburban town or east of. 179 00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:16,320 Away from the city centre. There I saw Henry. 180 00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:21,900 Glenda is going some grey haired man in working class, 181 00:26:21,900 --> 00:26:29,710 I introduced myself and someone introduced interested in the changes that were taking place in the New South, 182 00:26:29,710 --> 00:26:36,390 invited me to sit down with the men's room when we talked for several hours. 183 00:26:36,390 --> 00:26:42,600 His wife and other members of the family joined in Josiane. 184 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:49,890 Morgan was born in 1912, the family of rural workers. 185 00:26:49,890 --> 00:26:59,380 On 13, he was working for a dollar and a half a day as a little boy for his grandfather, who is section foreman, 186 00:26:59,380 --> 00:27:11,220 he graduated high school when he was 16, went to work as a mechanic for the southern mill job before he was born to do. 187 00:27:11,220 --> 00:27:18,330 He was strong in his conviction, mechanics were born not well, 188 00:27:18,330 --> 00:27:25,050 you can find boards you can send to school for mechanic and go to school and work to never be a mechanic. 189 00:27:25,050 --> 00:27:32,690 After going to school instead and do they're not a mechanic, they'll get by, but they're not a mechanic. 190 00:27:32,690 --> 00:27:42,890 We stayed with that company for 43 years. At the time, the interview was informing the rural girl's. 191 00:27:42,890 --> 00:27:49,730 Well, along with Gordon's conviction that the cameras were born, not made. 192 00:27:49,730 --> 00:27:56,010 He also had a strong belief in provisions of the. 193 00:27:56,010 --> 00:28:02,940 Like many others who do. He was aware that many others do not. 194 00:28:02,940 --> 00:28:13,530 In the course of the evening, I asked him what happened when someone that you knew had a feeling that something was going on. 195 00:28:13,530 --> 00:28:28,400 And when you do that answered positively and emphatically thumping on his chest puts me on the warm. 196 00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:37,650 We then gave me two accounts of what we had foreseen coming against. 197 00:28:37,650 --> 00:28:48,480 These were only tests of my ability to believe what he was about to tell me he could do, and I lost my oldest boy. 198 00:28:48,480 --> 00:28:54,580 He was 20 years old now with cancer tumour in the brain. 199 00:28:54,580 --> 00:29:02,460 When he died with the cancer. I got sick. 200 00:29:02,460 --> 00:29:14,050 I thought Obama said we can't win on air for about six or eight months and I went to air doctor, they said he never knowingly. 201 00:29:14,050 --> 00:29:20,150 So I went to bed one night. He can't drink. 202 00:29:20,150 --> 00:29:30,810 Come home. We were talking certainly I just turned around and I said, Neil, when are you going to come get me just like that? 203 00:29:30,810 --> 00:29:35,100 He said that it's going to be a long time to come get you. 204 00:29:35,100 --> 00:29:42,080 And then I got where? I'm not bothered anymore about anything. 205 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,240 Don't worry about anything, go that day when they tell me, go, come get me. 206 00:29:45,240 --> 00:29:50,490 I know I'm ready to go. If you don't believe that, you can have my wife, 207 00:29:50,490 --> 00:30:00,740 they have told me about it and that's the only thing it does when it comes to lying to you for long term de. 208 00:30:00,740 --> 00:30:05,810 And then I go with. And I mean, if you let me know when you get ready to come get me. 209 00:30:05,810 --> 00:30:16,990 Do I get that much faith in every. One indicates the extent to which he expects this ruling. 210 00:30:16,990 --> 00:30:26,110 We now are, you know, with the. Well, the argument give Edward and I actually believe. 211 00:30:26,110 --> 00:30:37,620 But the most remarkable demonstration of his linguistic commitment is the complex structure of the final sentence in this narrative. 212 00:30:37,620 --> 00:30:46,400 We call the tunnel cruise of his philosophy of hard work began with a frontal adverbial called. 213 00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:50,010 Was long ago, the birth of one. 214 00:30:50,010 --> 00:31:01,580 Here we go, invokes screams You remember the time when the sun will come to tell God that is ready to take it to the next world. 215 00:31:01,580 --> 00:31:17,360 Well, to begin with, no important recalls that day when you tell me you don't get subordinate's because shown here on the left, 216 00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:29,160 although I'm ready to go. The rhetorical rhetorical device of holding turn calls, 217 00:31:29,160 --> 00:31:44,090 why waste that time resolving the issue and leaving Garden to accept that his own death will be in the future for a long, long time? 218 00:31:44,090 --> 00:31:50,030 I mean, I'm not bothered anymore about anything, don't worry about anything that you would need to me go come get me. 219 00:31:50,030 --> 00:32:00,690 I am ready to go. Why this confidence in this story is supported by the word Archil, 220 00:32:00,690 --> 00:32:16,050 which reinforces assertions that are hard otherwise to accept here that his beloved son will appear to him as the angel of the. 221 00:32:16,050 --> 00:32:26,430 The news examined so far presented us with the conversation of working class man who was known as conversational partner. 222 00:32:26,430 --> 00:32:33,420 We now turn to the narrative talents of two women, one on each side of the Atlantic, 223 00:32:33,420 --> 00:32:49,130 each with an extraordinary capacity to see through the eyes of others, each with the rhetorical skills to knowledge AM. 224 00:32:49,130 --> 00:33:01,720 But, you know, in the summer of 1971, he was always travelling with my that we recorded to the Tyneside area of Northeastern. 225 00:33:01,720 --> 00:33:11,620 I was hoping to get some interviews with members of the jury down in the coal mining area. 226 00:33:11,620 --> 00:33:23,390 Walking through a residential area of gated, OK, of course, a group of children, nine, 12 years old, playing together on the street. 227 00:33:23,390 --> 00:33:29,160 Although they hey, kids, get over here. Only occasional. 228 00:33:29,160 --> 00:33:37,700 I pointed to the nearest house when I asked who was there, a girl answered by the. 229 00:33:37,700 --> 00:33:45,560 When they walked up the steps and knocked on the door, the woman in her mid 30s answered. 230 00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:57,230 I told you he was. I wanted to interview kids to find out about the rules of the game they play, 231 00:33:57,230 --> 00:34:08,840 she said for awhile that I would stop by afterwards and let her know how I made up or spend a half hour with the kids. 232 00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:14,280 When I finished, I knocked on the door again. Marginal came out. 233 00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:22,310 I told you what a good time I had talking with the daughter of a friend of mine sometime when you are a few minutes. 234 00:34:22,310 --> 00:34:27,440 Really good to see what it was like when you were growing up. 235 00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:32,570 He's a. Well, now it is not about. 236 00:34:32,570 --> 00:34:44,420 On humans level, I was sitting in your living room rather than running with poison to most of the time, but he didn't say what? 237 00:34:44,420 --> 00:34:52,600 Toni Morrison, the reading whilst boarding, whether her neighbourhood was a friendly one. 238 00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:59,850 I expect the U.S. to get an answer right now, yes or not very. 239 00:34:59,850 --> 00:35:07,300 She will know no words from me unless you insert yourself. 240 00:35:07,300 --> 00:35:20,640 She's in support of this general resolution within Sahgal for military conflict, which told me more about one another than I could ever disagree. 241 00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:31,670 The whole version of narrative presented was a chapter in my 2013 Cambridge book, The Language of Life and the. 242 00:35:31,670 --> 00:35:40,750 Margie's account, also established in my mind, was one of the most eloquent speakers of the English language that I have No. 243 00:35:40,750 --> 00:35:50,590 She knew the story was there was and she ran from the first who knew what when the first moved in, 244 00:35:50,590 --> 00:36:00,830 I thought one of the friends and part of that wonderful got on pretty well together, you know. 245 00:36:00,830 --> 00:36:11,150 What this point margin brings up a first is that we set up a whole series of conflicts between her and other women in the neighbourhood. 246 00:36:11,150 --> 00:36:17,570 This was an exchange of insults between her son when the son of Renagel. 247 00:36:17,570 --> 00:36:24,930 On this journey of a more serious violation, Republicans will call the boy's mother. 248 00:36:24,930 --> 00:36:36,740 What could be heard by anyone in the neighbourhood? MODIS neighbour comes out, she comes out of the backyard known as the back garden, 249 00:36:36,740 --> 00:36:43,520 where she came out all when you could have heard it all over the road, you know, so. 250 00:36:43,520 --> 00:36:47,750 Oh, well, I don't know. I'm tempted to tell you. 251 00:36:47,750 --> 00:36:56,120 I mean, I don't think I think I'm straight in. And I remember distinctly I have a bunch of politicians because I had just watched them 252 00:36:56,120 --> 00:37:02,360 over and I went into the back and she was in her backyard and actually at the bench. 253 00:37:02,360 --> 00:37:15,910 She got the lot. I travel a lot, so I couldn't get to each other. 254 00:37:15,910 --> 00:37:25,700 Gordon. Rowhouses and gates are separated by war and you see in the slide. 255 00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:30,570 So the two women couldn't get to each other. 256 00:37:30,570 --> 00:37:39,360 Well, margins over to my stores as a whole thing in the next segment, we'll have to translate this. 257 00:37:39,360 --> 00:37:45,000 Well, the fight intensifies as the women go to the front door. 258 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:52,110 She says, If I can get my hands on you now, you get your letter translated by get me hands on you, 259 00:37:52,110 --> 00:38:00,130 you know as well as the front door and the front door was stuck inside of it, you think? 260 00:38:00,130 --> 00:38:07,190 The one. In spite of this point was inconclusive. 261 00:38:07,190 --> 00:38:17,070 Why are you concerned that might? Openness for crime figures come thick and fast amongst them. 262 00:38:17,070 --> 00:38:24,680 So we get one, we go through the system. 263 00:38:24,680 --> 00:38:32,240 Made for me to put down, Jones recalled. 264 00:38:32,240 --> 00:38:41,020 I said him I couldn't get to bed without on my mind against me, caught on grounds, fulminated Libertopia say did you say when I was little? 265 00:38:41,020 --> 00:38:45,360 I said, You got to come down and make us all this little Das's. There's only the three of them. 266 00:38:45,360 --> 00:38:49,080 And I said that nearly killed me. Oh, is what I. She's a big Louthan. 267 00:38:49,080 --> 00:38:56,960 Just sit in, Mr. Secondo. Not that she could do much but to come. 268 00:38:56,960 --> 00:39:07,280 So get that sitting on the stage. But what got me, the man never showed the faces when they all had me. 269 00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:13,190 Nobody come out of as soon as the female June coming down the street, the men to the door. 270 00:39:13,190 --> 00:39:19,880 All was did there was now tomorrow, the whole street was up in arms and I spoke to them for three years. 271 00:39:19,880 --> 00:39:38,810 It was all settled. Martin reports that some neighbours made modest efforts to repair the breach the last years with body mounting resistance. 272 00:39:38,810 --> 00:39:47,230 Next. Martin. And then there was one day I was hanging a line in the bathroom. 273 00:39:47,230 --> 00:39:54,070 I just walked around it and I looked through the state when I got a statement of what I couldn't move 274 00:39:54,070 --> 00:39:59,110 beyond the gas price because the gas was pouring and I didn't know where to stop then was for the gas. 275 00:39:59,110 --> 00:40:05,890 I was stuck with one leg on the basketball and on the windowsill or behind the. 276 00:40:05,890 --> 00:40:16,620 But the thing was, if I hadn't gone to. But never mind the water in the garden and one of them happens to look at pictures of alien children, 277 00:40:16,620 --> 00:40:23,370 all the is not really able to turn against me like a miniature screaming and just turn the gas off. 278 00:40:23,370 --> 00:40:30,930 And I came downstairs and she just started just thinking everything was forgotten, wasn't it? 279 00:40:30,930 --> 00:40:36,720 And then, of course, we had the mommy died, a husband died over here. And we've been friendly ever since. 280 00:40:36,720 --> 00:40:52,040 And even now she'll say, I don't know why it all started. When we have finally warned you, not elegant summation. 281 00:40:52,040 --> 00:41:00,080 Sorry to hear this, but the thing was, if I hadn't gone out and defended myself when I did what I mean, 282 00:41:00,080 --> 00:41:11,950 I just wouldn't have been able to go out and defend yourself, because if you don't love, you might as well be in. 283 00:41:11,950 --> 00:41:22,980 As in many other stories in Hawkeye, Marg's narrative unfolds as a series of short. 284 00:41:22,980 --> 00:41:33,780 Rapid fire causes build the tension, along with the phenology insulation on lexical features of the vernacular. 285 00:41:33,780 --> 00:41:45,930 What she arrives at an evaluation of these events in terms of our own laws, we are going to fund it hypothetically. 286 00:41:45,930 --> 00:41:54,090 Then themselves, when I did that, if you don't, you might as well be dead. 287 00:41:54,090 --> 00:42:05,520 The thing was, if I hadn't gone out and defended myself when I did what I mean, I just wouldn't have been one of. 288 00:42:05,520 --> 00:42:15,080 You've got to go out and defend yourself, because if you don't let him, you might as well be. 289 00:42:15,080 --> 00:42:27,380 We return now to one city of Philadelphia where last week is 90 year old St. Paul's fierce loyalty to the place where he. 290 00:42:27,380 --> 00:42:32,630 This is growing in St. Are you? 291 00:42:32,630 --> 00:42:37,580 Whose language is what is going to all the rights and privileges? 292 00:42:37,580 --> 00:42:40,220 Also, dolphins, legal warriors. 293 00:42:40,220 --> 00:42:54,120 I was moved to tell the story of her mother's going to work in a place where she was denied such rights on privileges, facing hostility and violence. 294 00:42:54,120 --> 00:43:05,370 Gloria Steinem is a 66 year old black woman we interviewed in 1981 by Cherie Francis when a graduate student in linguistics 560, 295 00:43:05,370 --> 00:43:09,730 of course, on the story of this beach community. 296 00:43:09,730 --> 00:43:21,020 In 1925, when Gloria was only 10 years old, she went to an event that is preserved in chilling detail in her memory. 297 00:43:21,020 --> 00:43:30,420 When the events of this story, we see how the abilities of a 10 year old over a mile are tested against the United Front, 298 00:43:30,420 --> 00:43:40,760 one of the most powerful forces in our society. The community police when the police administration. 299 00:43:40,760 --> 00:43:45,630 It is a violent struggle against overwhelming odds. 300 00:43:45,630 --> 00:43:55,760 In central Florida, Grindstones model is a person of extraordinary precision, courage and ingenuity. 301 00:43:55,760 --> 00:44:04,860 On the night side, family moved into a white neighbourhood, Gloria was alone with a younger sibling. 302 00:44:04,860 --> 00:44:12,030 The neighbours told the House. Well, no sooner did my mother get. 303 00:44:12,030 --> 00:44:25,180 Out of the house, then, oh, such an awful crash came through the window when I and I looked and there was a big stone. 304 00:44:25,180 --> 00:44:29,380 She told the children I ran to find her mother. 305 00:44:29,380 --> 00:44:38,490 We located a police captain. My mother said to the captain, what are you going to do about? 306 00:44:38,490 --> 00:44:48,810 And he says, well, maybe there is nothing we can do about. So anyhow, she said to him. 307 00:44:48,810 --> 00:44:53,250 Well, I know one thing you can do. And he said, what's that? 308 00:44:53,250 --> 00:44:56,490 She said, You can take me home, so take you home. 309 00:44:56,490 --> 00:45:05,730 She said, yes, and the police patrol. It's in the police patrol and they took us home. 310 00:45:05,730 --> 00:45:16,740 Well, Gloria's mother realised that the clamour of the police patrol, no one one girl would bring out the whole neighbourhood. 311 00:45:16,740 --> 00:45:28,380 Would you do? Well, Gloria remembers Watson when she told the story of this police patrol that they had, it went clang. 312 00:45:28,380 --> 00:45:38,380 And. All the neighbours came running out to see what was happening. 313 00:45:38,380 --> 00:45:42,520 Well, we got out of that police patrol before the patrol ever left, 314 00:45:42,520 --> 00:45:49,900 my mother turned and faced all those people that were standing around and she says, why you're doing this to me? 315 00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:56,510 I don't know. She says, I know that I am different from you. 316 00:45:56,510 --> 00:46:09,440 Colour wise, but in every other respect, I'm just the same as you are, and all I'm trying to do is provide a home for my family. 317 00:46:09,440 --> 00:46:15,260 She says it is winter time and it is cold and I cannot afford to be buying. 318 00:46:15,260 --> 00:46:20,730 We do. Now, she said. 319 00:46:20,730 --> 00:46:28,040 Whoever threw the stones. I don't know, but you can all see what has happened. 320 00:46:28,040 --> 00:46:35,660 And now I'm telling you that we're going to be here for a month, so you might just as well make up your mind to that. 321 00:46:35,660 --> 00:46:47,820 If you don't want me here, then you people get together and give me enough money to move somewhere else because I do not have it. 322 00:46:47,820 --> 00:46:53,460 Gloria, his mother's speech. We have a strong effect on the native. 323 00:46:53,460 --> 00:47:07,430 Well, the organisation. And strengthened by the use of WMD extraction on two crucial qualities. 324 00:47:07,430 --> 00:47:13,940 As we see in this little. W.H. calls why you're doing this. 325 00:47:13,940 --> 00:47:24,540 What do you think? I don't know. Wanted in the first part of the ocean to the over. 326 00:47:24,540 --> 00:47:35,880 With the second phase. The power and strength to in the. 327 00:47:35,880 --> 00:47:42,370 Is known is also the object of I don't know. 328 00:47:42,370 --> 00:47:50,380 By the end of the story, we were told that the Navy did that on glorious Wembley Stadium, the neighbourhood. 329 00:47:50,380 --> 00:47:56,980 Where do we go with everybody who you saw looting during that period of time that we were? 330 00:47:56,980 --> 00:48:05,640 My father became sick and the neighbours were as nice as anybody could ever have been. 331 00:48:05,640 --> 00:48:12,660 The parallels between the stories told by Gloria Steinem and Margie not were quite striking. 332 00:48:12,660 --> 00:48:17,940 Both in content and in the rhetorical devices that the. 333 00:48:17,940 --> 00:48:23,560 In both cases, the conflict began when a new family moved into the neighbourhood. 334 00:48:23,560 --> 00:48:29,610 One goal was resolved by the death of a father figure. 335 00:48:29,610 --> 00:48:37,470 God's grace, will you hold one more these calls, those will be the one we will give you, 336 00:48:37,470 --> 00:48:43,620 or don't you just think that everything was forgotten, wasn't it? 337 00:48:43,620 --> 00:48:51,750 And then, of course, we had the man who died, a husband died over here. And we've been friends since. 338 00:48:51,750 --> 00:48:58,260 Both women use hypothetical if as their amazing grammatical tool. 339 00:48:58,260 --> 00:49:07,910 This slide shows the funding of the important hypothetical you don't want to used as the condition of the rest. 340 00:49:07,910 --> 00:49:27,180 Of the complications of the end, glorious voice over mothers who children these. 341 00:49:27,180 --> 00:49:43,300 We noted earlier with two instances of W.H extraction by Gloria of whoever one Sisters-in-law rhetoric on the surface while the other opposition. 342 00:49:43,300 --> 00:49:53,750 We move this case to the you complain about the lack of support from the men on the street under what got me. 343 00:49:53,750 --> 00:50:07,010 In the past, where the female protagonist on the news when the men saw her from, you're going to be recruited behind the doors. 344 00:50:07,010 --> 00:50:10,970 But what got me, the men never showed their faces when they all had me. 345 00:50:10,970 --> 00:50:17,540 Nobody come out as soon as the female until coming down the street, the men to the door. 346 00:50:17,540 --> 00:50:24,380 As a marginal celebrity, we is polarisation of participants in glorious times, 347 00:50:24,380 --> 00:50:34,200 narrative one's own agenda while we, my over party undefendable in those lousy. 348 00:50:34,200 --> 00:50:39,400 The females were Archey Bernabeu incisal. 349 00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:51,460 The beginning with protagonist is 10 year old Gloria, who takes whatever action is possible, she is then replaced as protagonist by your mother. 350 00:50:51,460 --> 00:50:57,080 For exemplifies these attributes to work will be. 351 00:50:57,080 --> 00:51:04,230 You because have this extended narrative is. 352 00:51:04,230 --> 00:51:11,730 Underlined by the many obstacles placed in her way, she has to deal with the hostile neighbours, 353 00:51:11,730 --> 00:51:22,910 undependable husband or useless and prejudiced policeman when a police captain who is programmed to avoid responsibility. 354 00:51:22,910 --> 00:51:34,730 More determination and ingenuity find a path to neutralising, if not overcoming, these cumulative threats to her and her family. 355 00:51:34,730 --> 00:51:42,620 Knowing in advance that the clamour of the police wagon would bring the crowd of neighbours to the open, 356 00:51:42,620 --> 00:51:55,280 she was able to replace the hidden anonymous opposition, one that she would not directly. 357 00:51:55,280 --> 00:52:03,780 English word for speakers of English language estranges to me. 358 00:52:03,780 --> 00:52:14,860 On central issues of the life experience where they would be projected to a broader audience no one will disagree with. 359 00:52:14,860 --> 00:52:28,340 On the central issues in the regions of Europe, on the resources of the world, which is the conviction of these were important matters. 360 00:52:28,340 --> 00:52:34,450 When they left, no doubt about what they believe is the result of them. 361 00:52:34,450 --> 00:52:42,680 These speaker's words were reminders, of course, the decades ago. 362 00:52:42,680 --> 00:52:49,880 Memorable one day, Lindsay. Each in their own particular way. 363 00:52:49,880 --> 00:53:01,970 Working class, because none will be called education or do not yield to any will, no command of the English language. 364 00:53:01,970 --> 00:53:11,380 Well, now that you mention Google. But the moment when they summoned up the rhetorical resources of the language. 365 00:53:11,380 --> 00:53:19,000 Since we will be hearing the details of the ways in which Indonesia was involved, the voice, 366 00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:28,410 whether it is the phrasing of the design, points to the issues of central importance in their lives. 367 00:53:28,410 --> 00:53:35,940 Oh, and I can invest I can get that much faith in every. 368 00:53:35,940 --> 00:53:47,020 If I hadn't gone out and defended myself when I did. If you don't want me here, then you people get together. 369 00:53:47,020 --> 00:53:57,110 These are the voices of strange. They are taking from exploratory interviews, which precede quantitative analysis. 370 00:53:57,110 --> 00:54:14,420 These are the first steps to understanding which begins, as always, are you listening to what people have to say? 371 00:54:14,420 --> 00:54:25,610 Thank you so much. Thank you very much indeed. Do you want to stop sharing the screen so you can see if people have questions? 372 00:54:25,610 --> 00:54:29,570 OK, you just have to remind myself how to do that. 373 00:54:29,570 --> 00:54:39,810 It's the little things that you press again and then go back into that same sex drive and stuff during the spring. 374 00:54:39,810 --> 00:54:45,800 OK, that's intense scrolling, as I think your son said. 375 00:54:45,800 --> 00:54:50,750 That was wonderful. Thank you so much. Now time for questions. 376 00:54:50,750 --> 00:54:59,900 If you could please press the button. I will be able to see it on the participant list and then I'll call on you. 377 00:54:59,900 --> 00:55:09,530 So. Oh, is using the clock button properly after we had the first. 378 00:55:09,530 --> 00:55:28,970 Any questions, please? I need you to hand button those or something to indicate that you want to ask questions and know it until that silence. 379 00:55:28,970 --> 00:55:40,930 Everybody is struck dumb. No, I don't see any I don't see any Huns, at least yet. 380 00:55:40,930 --> 00:55:47,090 Yes, please, Drosnin Temple. Yes, I'm sorry. 381 00:55:47,090 --> 00:55:52,400 I've got over lively puppy trying to get my attention at the same time was asking the question. 382 00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:58,010 So all these days, all these data. But when do we stop? 383 00:55:58,010 --> 00:56:07,010 Because it's really striking that you're going right back to look at the, um, the individuals right back at the beginning. 384 00:56:07,010 --> 00:56:17,270 Do we just go on forever collecting data? So this is the very general and vague question, but I hope it makes sense. 385 00:56:17,270 --> 00:56:24,470 Well, I would I would just like to mention that, unfortunately, Bill has lost a hearing aid in the last days. 386 00:56:24,470 --> 00:56:33,860 So I'm going to repeat the questions very loudly for him to hear, because that's just a technical problem we're going to be seeing about tomorrow. 387 00:56:33,860 --> 00:56:40,370 So rather than ask when do we stop collecting all this data or should we just go on forever? 388 00:56:40,370 --> 00:56:47,450 You yourself in the speech went back to some of your earliest work. 389 00:56:47,450 --> 00:56:51,590 The idea is, do we just go on forever? 390 00:56:51,590 --> 00:56:54,950 It's not a good version of your question. Yes, it is. 391 00:56:54,950 --> 00:56:59,030 And by the way, it was an amazing pleasure to hear. 392 00:56:59,030 --> 00:57:03,130 So amazing to hear the early data as well as well. 393 00:57:03,130 --> 00:57:06,860 It's absolutely fascinating knowing the literature. But yeah, that's the question. 394 00:57:06,860 --> 00:57:10,730 It was amazing to hear those early voices and so surprising to us. 395 00:57:10,730 --> 00:57:18,140 We thought, you know, that those tapes wouldn't last. So what do you say, Bill? 396 00:57:18,140 --> 00:57:27,370 Well, we have the fact of language change, language doesn't stay still. 397 00:57:27,370 --> 00:57:34,730 What we can always follow along with this change in language. 398 00:57:34,730 --> 00:57:41,600 But I think that. It's a good question. 399 00:57:41,600 --> 00:57:50,780 In the light of what I discovered, when I teach a course on narrative, say. 400 00:57:50,780 --> 00:57:59,510 Children should. Go and ask their grandparents questions like these. 401 00:57:59,510 --> 00:58:05,350 It was one thing that happened in your life, but you never forget what would be. 402 00:58:05,350 --> 00:58:12,490 When they come back to me with the same question, they say, how come they never told me this before? 403 00:58:12,490 --> 00:58:20,150 The richness of human experience is not only. 404 00:58:20,150 --> 00:58:33,110 We have another question from Jaycee. See if you could speak nice and loudly, that would help, so I know I my friend said, is that better? 405 00:58:33,110 --> 00:58:37,400 Yes, yes, yes. Good, right. Bill, thanks very much. I enjoyed it greatly. 406 00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:43,640 I know you've done work on the people who lead linguistic change. 407 00:58:43,640 --> 00:58:51,830 And I imagine that not all the people you interviewed speak as eloquently and as elegantly as the people that you played us. 408 00:58:51,830 --> 00:59:02,000 Is there a correlation between people's rhetorical abilities, if you like, and the likelihood that they will be in the vanguard of change? 409 00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:10,930 They will be the leaders that people will will model themselves on them? 410 00:59:10,930 --> 00:59:17,350 Well, these people with these wonderful rhetorical skills, are they likely to be the leaders of change? 411 00:59:17,350 --> 00:59:25,180 Is it likely that people will model themselves on on speakers like these, or are the people who are leaders of change? 412 00:59:25,180 --> 00:59:30,290 Maybe not so rhetorically elegant and eloquent? 413 00:59:30,290 --> 00:59:39,660 Well, we come to your contribution to this. You, well, were amongst our oldest students one year. 414 00:59:39,660 --> 00:59:46,550 And we know just. California. 415 00:59:46,550 --> 00:59:53,330 Was then need to explore this new world came. 416 00:59:53,330 --> 00:59:59,360 With the concept of. 417 00:59:59,360 --> 01:00:11,840 Will. What do you have to do to change under the impetus of the using? 418 01:00:11,840 --> 01:00:20,740 Social issues. Well, the way we change is being so. 419 01:00:20,740 --> 01:00:26,630 One of the problems in the future, but. 420 01:00:26,630 --> 01:00:37,070 Studies of. Motion moving forward on that scale is always doing. 421 01:00:37,070 --> 01:00:47,810 Well. Well, who wants a diplomatic solution when we change every. 422 01:00:47,810 --> 01:01:00,220 So this what she calls the third wave is much more expensive than the word Panopto. 423 01:01:00,220 --> 01:01:04,470 You know, I think, as I if I could just jump in for a second. 424 01:01:04,470 --> 01:01:09,160 No, you found that Donald thought for his age was quite advanced. 425 01:01:09,160 --> 01:01:13,120 I mean, there were younger people who were farther advanced in that case than he was. 426 01:01:13,120 --> 01:01:25,270 But as in his age group, he was advanced. So one would think he was an advanced speaker, I'm sure of change over the decades of his own. 427 01:01:25,270 --> 01:01:33,650 Know, I think that Robert. Julie, in your video has turned itself off. 428 01:01:33,650 --> 01:01:39,210 Oh, no. And my techs just left their onesie a little circle. 429 01:01:39,210 --> 01:01:44,550 Yes. And for me, OK, you know, I can still see them. 430 01:01:44,550 --> 01:01:52,310 I can see them. Yeah, I can see the problem. Maybe should never mind. 431 01:01:52,310 --> 01:02:01,260 So, Damian is Damian Hall is the next question, please. 432 01:02:01,260 --> 01:02:06,630 Thank you, ADT, and thank you, Bill. That was wonderful. 433 01:02:06,630 --> 01:02:11,610 Thank you, Jillian, also. It's great. It's great to see you both. 434 01:02:11,610 --> 01:02:16,560 And my question is you. What do you think? 435 01:02:16,560 --> 01:02:26,880 Thank you very much. What do you think, if you can say is the most important contribution that all of this wonderful work has done? 436 01:02:26,880 --> 01:02:34,920 I really enjoyed listening just for what these people have said, what they meant. 437 01:02:34,920 --> 01:02:44,760 So we've we've all benefited greatly from the work over the last six decades that you've mentioned in the linguistic sense. 438 01:02:44,760 --> 01:02:49,230 But is that more important than these life lessons you've written books about? 439 01:02:49,230 --> 01:02:59,980 Both, after all. What do you think is the most important, in your own words, the linguistic analysis of grammatical and phonological structure? 440 01:02:59,980 --> 01:03:06,650 Are these kind of life lessons that these great people are telling us? 441 01:03:06,650 --> 01:03:12,740 Well, Damien, I want to question that I asked myself very quickly, 442 01:03:12,740 --> 01:03:24,260 and I don't have the answer to it because I wrote a fair amount of poetry when I was growing up. 443 01:03:24,260 --> 01:03:34,430 And in recent decades, we're expressing some of the same kinds of. 444 01:03:34,430 --> 01:03:50,420 Hearings that will go on from all the people I've interviewed, so we ask yourself. 445 01:03:50,420 --> 01:04:01,950 What are we up to? My answer to this is always the same as I give my students who ask me, what should I be doing? 446 01:04:01,950 --> 01:04:13,370 Answer is if you reach the age of 70, when you feel you haven't wasted your time, that will be sufficient. 447 01:04:13,370 --> 01:04:18,280 Wonderful. Thank you very much. 448 01:04:18,280 --> 01:04:22,160 Do we have any further questions, if not? 449 01:04:22,160 --> 01:04:24,970 Bill, can I ask a question? 450 01:04:24,970 --> 01:04:35,230 I noticed in the in the last of the four speeches you had, there was obviously a lot of interaction with the intonational phrasing as well as, 451 01:04:35,230 --> 01:04:45,700 let's say, the W.H. grunting and the syntactic structure. And they all had beautiful intonational contours with rises, et cetera. 452 01:04:45,700 --> 01:04:53,680 But not everybody has these. So there can be also languages, not necessarily who have are quite flat in there. 453 01:04:53,680 --> 01:04:57,790 And even in their questions, they do not necessarily rise. 454 01:04:57,790 --> 01:05:08,330 To what extent do you think the intonation and the sentence structure interact in terms of change? 455 01:05:08,330 --> 01:05:16,580 So I repeat that, no, he said, to what extent do you think internation, it can be quite variable, 456 01:05:16,580 --> 01:05:25,430 both in between speakers and different languages who have which some of whom some of which have quite flat intonation, even in questions. 457 01:05:25,430 --> 01:05:33,440 So do you think that there is a relationship between intonation and sentence structure in conveying meanings? 458 01:05:33,440 --> 01:05:37,250 Is that good enough authority? Yes. And if which one? 459 01:05:37,250 --> 01:05:45,880 He thinks that language change, I mean, contributes to more that more or less effects on language page which which more or less affects. 460 01:05:45,880 --> 01:05:48,740 Well, yeah, if you're a little neglected, 461 01:05:48,740 --> 01:05:57,590 to what extent the study of intonation and on January 1st of each year I find myself making a new resolution, 462 01:05:57,590 --> 01:06:05,240 which is a really good one, the standards of getting those people going. 463 01:06:05,240 --> 01:06:20,680 So. So when I first began studying linguistic variation, the task was to find linguistic variables which were most amenable to quantitative analysis. 464 01:06:20,680 --> 01:06:32,650 And it turned out that both systems have been the leaders in this field and that the technical apparatus for analysing was quantitatively along, 465 01:06:32,650 --> 01:06:35,890 three dimensions was laid out in the field. 466 01:06:35,890 --> 01:06:47,460 So we take programme programme that it's been used throughout the world now by allowing you to sit down and. 467 01:06:47,460 --> 01:06:53,870 In two weeks. We what you to take. 468 01:06:53,870 --> 01:07:05,500 Oh, yes, indeed. I mean, I use the same Nagra tape recorder, you had to do my first internation studies and they were very reliable indeed. 469 01:07:05,500 --> 01:07:07,680 Do we have any further questions? 470 01:07:07,680 --> 01:07:17,440 A bill has been sitting and talking for a full hour or so, perhaps one more question, and then we give him a rousing hand, if possible, 471 01:07:17,440 --> 01:07:29,800 with our little gadget, not a gadget, whatever you call this, the symbol that evely any further question, though, I don't want to just cut it short. 472 01:07:29,800 --> 01:07:37,480 This has been an amazing experience, but this, this for us has really made the pandemic viable. 473 01:07:37,480 --> 01:07:45,950 Is that having you here any, anything else, any comments, any questions. 474 01:07:45,950 --> 01:07:51,400 We have recorded this so we should be able to play it back again, which is wonderful. 475 01:07:51,400 --> 01:07:57,460 And Bill would be able to see it back again as well. Well, let me just make a last comment. 476 01:07:57,460 --> 01:08:01,060 I would like to say thank you for inviting Bill, 477 01:08:01,060 --> 01:08:07,270 and it's been great fun for me listening to some of these people who I've heard some before, but not all. 478 01:08:07,270 --> 01:08:17,440 And just to think of ourselves as being, you know, in your community, we do remember I can talk to it so fondly. 479 01:08:17,440 --> 01:08:21,460 We hope we'll get to see you in the reality. Yes. 480 01:08:21,460 --> 01:08:27,220 2006 it is. Yes. And thank you so much. 481 01:08:27,220 --> 01:08:30,910 And thank you so much. Thank you for a wonderful, wonderful talk. 482 01:08:30,910 --> 01:08:53,650 Thank you very much indeed. Thank you. 483 01:08:53,650 --> 01:08:58,090 I'll get back to you later. All right. Thank you. Bye. 484 01:08:58,090 --> 01:09:07,069 Well, but. Thank you, professor.