1 00:00:02,290 --> 00:00:08,920 Put it in the chart. I don't think anyone will. 2 00:00:08,920 --> 00:00:15,280 OK, it's increasing now. So here numbers. Let's give it one more minute. 3 00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:21,610 I'd say. Yeah, I think so, because there's a bit of a. 4 00:00:21,610 --> 00:00:53,900 It's rapidly increasing, say. You know, we have 34 now. 5 00:00:53,900 --> 00:01:10,990 Thirty six, thirty eight now, yes. 6 00:01:10,990 --> 00:01:16,150 OK, great. I think it's time to start. 7 00:01:16,150 --> 00:01:20,350 So it's a great pleasure to have Holly Kennard here. 8 00:01:20,350 --> 00:01:27,520 You know her as a department lecturer. She teaches phonology, psycholinguistics and historical linguistics. 9 00:01:27,520 --> 00:01:32,740 And I Googled her quickly to check when she submitted her defeat. 10 00:01:32,740 --> 00:01:38,560 And I can't believe it's already 2013. I thought it was much more recent. 11 00:01:38,560 --> 00:01:44,320 It was all Pratten Morphos syntax. Bratten is an insular Celtic language. 12 00:01:44,320 --> 00:01:52,720 So that comes from the British Isles, originally belongs to the Britannic branch rather than Guidoni, which is Irish and Scots. 13 00:01:52,720 --> 00:02:05,480 Gaelic and Breton speakers escaped or left these islands and moved on to Britain in France in the early Middle Ages. 14 00:02:05,480 --> 00:02:11,000 Holly has recently been at a post doc working on gender and stress assignment, 15 00:02:11,000 --> 00:02:17,750 especially in loanwords from French to Britain, and today she's going to talk about Habab more generally. 16 00:02:17,750 --> 00:02:24,740 So thank you very much for agreeing to talk to us. And we're looking forward to your talk. 17 00:02:24,740 --> 00:02:30,470 Thank you. Thank you for that introduction. And it's great to be able to be here and talk to you. 18 00:02:30,470 --> 00:02:37,060 I'm going to share my screen. I hope it works. Is it working? 19 00:02:37,060 --> 00:02:41,170 And yet you see this light excellent. 20 00:02:41,170 --> 00:02:51,610 So today I'm going to talk to you about my research that it's research that I started during my postdoc and that I've been working on since then. 21 00:02:51,610 --> 00:02:59,740 I did the field work during my postdoc and a lot of data still to analyse, but I'm getting there. 22 00:02:59,740 --> 00:03:05,480 So for those of you who haven't heard of Britain before, and it's a Celtic language as well, 23 00:03:05,480 --> 00:03:12,940 with with and unlike the other languages spoken in Western Brittanie, 24 00:03:12,940 --> 00:03:23,320 the most recent survey of speakers was in twenty eighteen and there are thought to be around two hundred and ten thousand speakers, 25 00:03:23,320 --> 00:03:29,590 which is actually more than the survey takers expected given the previous survey. 26 00:03:29,590 --> 00:03:35,830 So it's a little bit healthier than when we kind of thought before this survey. 27 00:03:35,830 --> 00:03:39,880 However, given that the population of Britain is about four point six million, 28 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:46,210 it's still very definitely an endangered language, and particularly because the majority of speakers are older. 29 00:03:46,210 --> 00:03:53,620 So in 2013, seventy nine percent of the speakers who took part in the survey were aged over 60. 30 00:03:53,620 --> 00:03:58,990 And this is because there's there's a history of language decline and now revitalisation, 31 00:03:58,990 --> 00:04:03,790 which led to a gap in language transmission following the Second World War. 32 00:04:03,790 --> 00:04:10,570 So this was a this is the an end to transmission from parent to child. 33 00:04:10,570 --> 00:04:19,840 What Dorien calls the demographic tip. So this is the point at which several decades of language decline and negative 34 00:04:19,840 --> 00:04:27,160 feelings surrounding the language lead lead to this break in transmission. 35 00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:32,920 Following this, from about the 1960s onwards, there have been various language revitalisation efforts. 36 00:04:32,920 --> 00:04:37,090 So these have led to the increased visibility of Britain. 37 00:04:37,090 --> 00:04:45,700 So such as in Britain, signage in attempts to end the stigma that had become attached to being a Breton speaker. 38 00:04:45,700 --> 00:04:53,500 The establishment of better medium education in the 1970s has led to a new generation of Russian speakers or, say, a generation. 39 00:04:53,500 --> 00:05:00,520 It's a wide age range than that now, and these are often called the new speakers of Britain. 40 00:05:00,520 --> 00:05:07,690 So new speakers or the Neopolitan or that the new speakers of Britain are those 41 00:05:07,690 --> 00:05:11,560 who've acquired the language by means other than intergenerational transmission. 42 00:05:11,560 --> 00:05:16,810 So they haven't acquired it from their parents at home in the normal way. 43 00:05:16,810 --> 00:05:20,980 It's a they constitute a small number of today's speakers. 44 00:05:20,980 --> 00:05:28,150 So in 2018, five percent of speakers were aged under 40, which is not very many. 45 00:05:28,150 --> 00:05:34,690 However, of those speakers aged 15 to 20, for 90 percent of them were new speakers. 46 00:05:34,690 --> 00:05:38,140 So speakers who did quite Britain through formal education. 47 00:05:38,140 --> 00:05:46,420 So in Britain, medium education began in nineteen seventy seven with the establishment of the D1 school system. 48 00:05:46,420 --> 00:05:55,540 So Daewon means germination. This idea that you're planting a seed to get new speakers of the language. 49 00:05:55,540 --> 00:06:06,700 And it started with a single primary school today that are nearly nineteen thousand pupils across Britain and the North Atlantic Department, 50 00:06:06,700 --> 00:06:13,690 which is not officially part of Britain anymore, and who are in some sort of Britain media of education, 51 00:06:13,690 --> 00:06:20,680 which is about three percent of pupils in Britain. This doesn't sound very much, but it is actually there has actually been a year on year increase. 52 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:24,640 So I, I generally check the figures every year. 53 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:32,440 So in 2018 there were eighteen thousand three hundred and thirty seven pupils in Britain, media education. 54 00:06:32,440 --> 00:06:38,920 And if I look back to 2015, there were fifteen thousand six hundred and ninety six pupils in Britain making education. 55 00:06:38,920 --> 00:06:45,700 So it is increasing year on year, but it's still a very small proportion of the total number of pupils in Britain. 56 00:06:45,700 --> 00:06:54,310 And it's been it's been commented on that younger speakers sound different in some way from older or traditional speakers. 57 00:06:54,310 --> 00:06:59,470 So I'm interested in why this is and how this varieties different. 58 00:06:59,470 --> 00:07:04,420 So various claims have been made in the literature about new speakers Britain, 59 00:07:04,420 --> 00:07:09,580 and they generally come under two headings, purism and French influence. 60 00:07:09,580 --> 00:07:19,090 So new speakers are said to use a very CELTA sized like to avoid French loanwords in Britain and to use words that are neologisms, 61 00:07:19,090 --> 00:07:24,100 usually belt usually built on Welsh bits. 62 00:07:24,100 --> 00:07:25,540 At the same time, 63 00:07:25,540 --> 00:07:36,060 they are said to lack traditional phonological features such as Breton's dress patterns or patterns such as the on between words and good luck. 64 00:07:36,060 --> 00:07:39,750 Came off of ideological features, including mutation, 65 00:07:39,750 --> 00:07:48,420 so it has been claimed that new speakers don't use mutation in their bratten, they're said to lack parts of the verbal paradigm, 66 00:07:48,420 --> 00:07:56,940 such as the different forms of the verb to be and to use a an analytical structure for prepositions, 67 00:07:56,940 --> 00:08:01,660 not use the traditional inflected prepositions that the Celtic languages have. 68 00:08:01,660 --> 00:08:06,180 They are also said to have a preference for subject initial word order. Now, 69 00:08:06,180 --> 00:08:13,920 a lot of the research I've been doing since my default has looked at how far these claims are true because more recent research is 70 00:08:13,920 --> 00:08:22,200 challenging these these claims and building a much more nuanced picture about what Newspeak is Breton is like and why that might be. 71 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:27,690 So today I want to talk to you about grammatical gender across the generations of speakers. 72 00:08:27,690 --> 00:08:32,350 So Britain has two genders, masculine and feminine, typical. 73 00:08:32,350 --> 00:08:36,690 And we're quite used to this this kind of gender system. 74 00:08:36,690 --> 00:08:45,630 However, there are few cues to gender that it's hard to tell what gender a word is just from looking at it or knowing what it means. 75 00:08:45,630 --> 00:08:53,310 There are some semantic links, so nouns that refer to women and girls and female animals tend to be feminine. 76 00:08:53,310 --> 00:08:59,550 Whereas for men and boys, male animals, those sorts of things tend to be masculine. 77 00:08:59,550 --> 00:09:05,580 There are also some morphological markers, so there are some feminine suffixes. 78 00:09:05,580 --> 00:09:12,720 For example, the simulative marker n always makes the noun feminine as well as singular, 79 00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:17,100 which is very interesting, but I'm fortunate to have time to go into it today. 80 00:09:17,100 --> 00:09:25,470 And gender is expressed through limited patterns of agreement and the mutation of nouns and adjectives. 81 00:09:25,470 --> 00:09:30,840 So you can see I've done this multicoloured diagram, so we've got gender that. 82 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:35,040 So we've got agreement with the numerals two, three and four. 83 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:43,170 We have mutation of the noun following the indefinite or definite article and we have mutation of a following adjective in brettler. 84 00:09:43,170 --> 00:09:44,620 Most adjectives followed. 85 00:09:44,620 --> 00:09:54,390 Now I've also drawn a little bubble going off to the side, which is to say that the noun itself mutates following the numerals. 86 00:09:54,390 --> 00:10:02,580 So we've got a kind of interaction between the gender of the noun and the mutation patterns in different ways. 87 00:10:02,580 --> 00:10:07,980 This is an opaque system which relies, as you can see, heavily on mutation. 88 00:10:07,980 --> 00:10:18,360 So given that it's been claimed that younger speakers don't use mutation or don't use mutation correctly, what do younger speakers do? 89 00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:24,510 Are they maintaining the mutation and therefore are they maintaining the traditional patterns of grammatical gender? 90 00:10:24,510 --> 00:10:31,560 There are also various patterns of language change that have been observed not just amongst younger speakers, 91 00:10:31,560 --> 00:10:36,640 but older speakers with respect to grammatical gender and mutation. 92 00:10:36,640 --> 00:10:42,150 So I'm interested in those as well. So I've been talking about mutation as though everybody knows what it is. 93 00:10:42,150 --> 00:10:47,640 But if you haven't come across Celtic languages before, you may not have come across mutation either. 94 00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:52,140 So initial consonant mutation is found in all the Celtic languages. 95 00:10:52,140 --> 00:10:57,300 It's a change in the initial consonant of a word under certain morphos syntactic conditions. 96 00:10:57,300 --> 00:11:02,460 So although it's a phonological phenomenon, it's triggered by the syntactic context. 97 00:11:02,460 --> 00:11:09,690 So for example, the word for house is T, but if I talk about his house, I would say a deep voice thing. 98 00:11:09,690 --> 00:11:16,710 But if I talk about my house, I have Muzzi to have fricative. Bratten has four different types of mutation. 99 00:11:16,710 --> 00:11:22,830 The two I'm interested in today are clinician and Spirent ization, but we also have production and the mixed mutation. 100 00:11:22,830 --> 00:11:31,530 They're not relevant for gender. In addition, voiceless stops become voice stops or stops become fricatives. 101 00:11:31,530 --> 00:11:41,280 The cluster GWAR is reduced and the Nazel also becomes a fricative, whereas inspirer integration voices, stops become fricatives. 102 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:51,750 And for those of you not familiar with Breton orthography, the C apostrophe H DiGRA is is a fricative. 103 00:11:51,750 --> 00:11:57,180 So it's either glottal fricative or the vena fricative depending on the context and the speaker. 104 00:11:57,180 --> 00:12:02,880 And I'm not going to worry too much about which it is in, but in particular examples. 105 00:12:02,880 --> 00:12:09,780 As long as it's a fricative, it's been mutated. Spart analyzation is more structured in use. 106 00:12:09,780 --> 00:12:18,930 The definition, as you could see in the previous slide, it affects fewer consonants, but it's also found in fewer contexts than the mission. 107 00:12:18,930 --> 00:12:27,000 And there's a kind of current of change whereby winterisation is being replaced by clinician in its traditional contexts. 108 00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:36,480 So replacement of sporran translation by the initial following, the numerals three four nine, for example, is well attested. 109 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:40,830 And sometimes this is attributed to language attrition, so Dresser, for example, 110 00:12:40,830 --> 00:12:48,750 claims that this is because all the speakers aren't speaking Breton enough anymore and they're forgetting how to do the mutation properly. 111 00:12:48,750 --> 00:12:53,940 Hennesy, on the other hand, claims that this is normal language change and it in fact, 112 00:12:53,940 --> 00:13:01,860 it's attested in the language to the best Platania, the data which was gathered just before and just after the First World War. 113 00:13:01,860 --> 00:13:07,350 And it's widespread in a largely central area of low brittanie. 114 00:13:07,350 --> 00:13:12,240 And this change seems to have been in progress since at least the start of the 18th century. 115 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:16,860 It seems to begin with the numerals and then spread to other Spirent ization contexts. 116 00:13:16,860 --> 00:13:25,650 And this is echoed by Ledoux, who talks about teenage speakers acquiring Spier integration late so it's somehow difficult to acquire. 117 00:13:25,650 --> 00:13:30,830 So to give you an example, this is a page from the Atlas. I don't expect you to be able to see anything on this. 118 00:13:30,830 --> 00:13:37,710 This is just to show you what it looks like. And then we can zoom in and see this area here. 119 00:13:37,710 --> 00:13:43,770 And the I mean, the response is not in the IPA because this is much earlier than that. 120 00:13:43,770 --> 00:13:54,270 But you can see that in these examples that I've ringed in red, the the consonant has been knighted. 121 00:13:54,270 --> 00:14:00,210 This is obviously dogs, by the way, the key. And so they become a piggy. 122 00:14:00,210 --> 00:14:10,650 But in these examples, it's the traditional hope. Hopefully you can see it ring in blue, the traditional he or he tricky. 123 00:14:10,650 --> 00:14:18,430 So even in this quite small, small area, we've got variation. 124 00:14:18,430 --> 00:14:22,780 So before I tell you about quite exactly what I did, 125 00:14:22,780 --> 00:14:29,080 I want to show you the patterns of gender agreement and mutation that I'm going to be talking about. 126 00:14:29,080 --> 00:14:36,610 So I've given you four nouns to masculine and feminine, and I've got them in four different contexts. 127 00:14:36,610 --> 00:14:44,710 So following the indefinite article, following the numeral two, the numeral three, and with the adjective small. 128 00:14:44,710 --> 00:14:51,190 So you can see, first of all, that the form of the numeral changes. 129 00:14:51,190 --> 00:14:56,290 So the masculine and masculine nouns we have down three. 130 00:14:56,290 --> 00:15:01,450 But for feminine nouns we have Du Antia so far straightfoward. 131 00:15:01,450 --> 00:15:15,430 Then we move on to mutation and you can see that we get the mission of the of the noun for feminine nouns following the following the article, 132 00:15:15,430 --> 00:15:19,480 unless they begin with duh with the coronal stop. 133 00:15:19,480 --> 00:15:27,820 We also get the mission of all nouns following the numeral two and we get an admission of the adjective following the following. 134 00:15:27,820 --> 00:15:38,380 A feminine now sorry. And in contrast we have Spirent ization of masculine nouns that begin with PCA with the V to stop the voices, 135 00:15:38,380 --> 00:15:49,150 to stop following the article, not otherwise. And then we get Spirent ization following the numeral three. 136 00:15:49,150 --> 00:15:55,780 So that goes across masculine and feminine nouns. And this is the system I'm going to be talking to you about today. 137 00:15:55,780 --> 00:16:02,470 So this is Britain has an opaque gender system. The queues to gender are contradictory and they're not readily available. 138 00:16:02,470 --> 00:16:07,150 For example, the nation can apply to both masculine and feminine and masculine nouns. 139 00:16:07,150 --> 00:16:15,850 So usually it's a marker of feminine, singular nouns, but it also applies to masculine, plural nouns when they refer to humans. 140 00:16:15,850 --> 00:16:23,620 So the nation is signalling both masculine and feminine and singular and plural, which is a very confusing system. 141 00:16:23,620 --> 00:16:27,670 Added to this. Only certain consonants undergo each type of mutation. 142 00:16:27,670 --> 00:16:37,060 So if the consonant doesn't mutate, if it's not a consonant that can mutate, there's no Q to gender from the mutation. 143 00:16:37,060 --> 00:16:44,080 So then no one knows, for example, is free, but the foot doesn't mutate, so we just get a free. 144 00:16:44,080 --> 00:16:49,930 There's no clue to gendered it. It's masculine, but we can't tell that from looking at it. 145 00:16:49,930 --> 00:16:53,950 And in addition to this, there are some nouns we would expect to mutate that don't. 146 00:16:53,950 --> 00:17:02,500 So this can be a systematic exception, such as feminine nouns beginning and following the article, or it can be one off. 147 00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:07,000 So the noun plaque, which is the word for girl, is feminine, 148 00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:14,050 but it doesn't mutate following the article APLA and it's just one of those idiosyncracies. 149 00:17:14,050 --> 00:17:17,830 The mutation of adjectives is further conditioned by additional phonological factors. 150 00:17:17,830 --> 00:17:22,540 And I'm going to tell you about those when we get to the discussion of adjectives so that it's fresh in your minds. 151 00:17:22,540 --> 00:17:26,290 Opaque systems such as this are much more difficult for children to acquire. 152 00:17:26,290 --> 00:17:31,690 And this is particularly true in the minority language context where the input is very reduced. 153 00:17:31,690 --> 00:17:35,830 And this has been shown for Welsh by Thomson Gathercole, for example. 154 00:17:35,830 --> 00:17:42,400 So given the claims that younger brettler speakers do not maintain mutation patterns, how to speak, use me, 155 00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:48,820 use mutation in these gender dependent contexts, and do the younger speakers differ from all the speakers? 156 00:17:48,820 --> 00:17:52,270 How much variation is there? So today I don't have to. 157 00:17:52,270 --> 00:17:56,080 I would like to tell you about the numeral agreement as well, but I just don't think I've got time. 158 00:17:56,080 --> 00:18:00,820 So I'm going to talk about mutation in these three contexts. 159 00:18:00,820 --> 00:18:09,370 So mutations are now following the article mutation of the noun, following the numeral and mutation of the following object. 160 00:18:09,370 --> 00:18:17,230 Descriptions of Standard Bratten maintain its prioritisation after the numeral maintains by intersession after the numeral sorry, 161 00:18:17,230 --> 00:18:19,330 which contrasts with traditional varieties. 162 00:18:19,330 --> 00:18:25,870 But we don't know what Breton's speakers today are actually doing and we don't know whether there are differences between older and younger speakers. 163 00:18:25,870 --> 00:18:27,640 So to try and answer these questions, 164 00:18:27,640 --> 00:18:34,120 I did fieldwork itself with Brittany and I worked with three groups of Breton's because of different ages and from different linguistic backgrounds. 165 00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:38,440 So I had eight older adults, all of whom grew up speaking Gretton. 166 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:40,060 Most of them can't read and write Brechtian. 167 00:18:40,060 --> 00:18:47,890 They were completely schooled in French and a lot of them didn't speak any French before they went to school and then had eight younger adults. 168 00:18:47,890 --> 00:18:54,130 They all speak better on a daily basis, but most of them didn't speak Brechtian at home when they were growing up. 169 00:18:54,130 --> 00:18:58,060 They've acquired it in some other way. So they are new speakers. 170 00:18:58,060 --> 00:19:04,900 And then I have teenage speakers who I call my Lethe because they are students at the least. 171 00:19:04,900 --> 00:19:10,660 So little student that if you want in, I suddenly say, like the French say. 172 00:19:10,660 --> 00:19:18,520 So students age 15 to 18 and this is the only school of this level. 173 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:23,880 For Britain, it's an immersion school. The students come from a variety of linguistic backgrounds, 174 00:19:23,880 --> 00:19:30,270 but few of them come from exclusively Breton speaking homes now over the course of several fieldwork visits. 175 00:19:30,270 --> 00:19:37,590 I worked with about 60 students. But as is the nature of going into schools every time you go, it's a different set of students. 176 00:19:37,590 --> 00:19:43,260 So I'll tell you as we go along, how many students took part in the different exercises that I did. 177 00:19:43,260 --> 00:19:46,680 And when I go into my field work, here's a map of Brittany. 178 00:19:46,680 --> 00:19:53,820 I'm usually based around here in Tampa. So when I work with my adults because I'm working in this sort of area here, 179 00:19:53,820 --> 00:20:05,550 I've drawn a very wobbly ring around so as so as far west as that coastline and then east going up towards central Brittany and Cafe. 180 00:20:05,550 --> 00:20:12,450 And so tearless my data are used for the nouns and the numerals to start with. 181 00:20:12,450 --> 00:20:19,350 I used elicitation task where I selected 36 nouns and 16 masculine, 20 feminine, 182 00:20:19,350 --> 00:20:26,930 18 mutating and 18 didn't mutate, which is because I was interested in the form of the numeral. 183 00:20:26,930 --> 00:20:30,990 And to get these, I used a set of four pictures for every noun. 184 00:20:30,990 --> 00:20:39,720 I had a single suffix, a cat, for example, the cat on its own, a cat and two cats and three cats. 185 00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:45,150 And then something to give me the plural to give me an unmuted for cats. 186 00:20:45,150 --> 00:20:53,850 I should say that in Britain and I think you know the Celtic languages as well, following the numeral, you use the singular form of the noun. 187 00:20:53,850 --> 00:20:59,430 So we have ohis doggers, but the plural is Keesha. 188 00:20:59,430 --> 00:21:04,260 Just in case that seems a little bit odd to elicit the adjective data, 189 00:21:04,260 --> 00:21:10,440 I use a very similar elicitation task and I used almost the whole set of nouns again. 190 00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:16,560 So there were 15 masculine and feminine nouns and I used a set of two pictures this time. 191 00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:21,960 So I showed them both at once and I had a large example of something and a small example. 192 00:21:21,960 --> 00:21:33,360 So a big chair and a small chair to get the mutation in two different adjectives. 193 00:21:33,360 --> 00:21:41,070 I always use pictures because partly because my older speakers don't read and write better for the most part, 194 00:21:41,070 --> 00:21:45,270 and also because given the regional variation there is in Britain, I'd much, 195 00:21:45,270 --> 00:21:50,490 rather than used a noun they were familiar with was that normal noun rather than try and Mutata, 196 00:21:50,490 --> 00:21:54,600 now that they're not familiar with as a result, I do get variation in the data. 197 00:21:54,600 --> 00:22:00,150 So I've picked my 36 nouns, but I didn't necessarily get quite those nouns from everybody. 198 00:22:00,150 --> 00:22:04,620 So there's a bit of variation, but I think it makes for more natural speech. 199 00:22:04,620 --> 00:22:12,630 Right. Let's jump in straightaway and look at mutation in singular nouns following the indefinite article. 200 00:22:12,630 --> 00:22:20,100 And so the expected pattern is that we get an admission of feminine nouns except those that begin with D and no mutation of masculine nouns, 201 00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:27,120 except those that begin with K, in which case we get suburbanisation and largely but masculine nouns. 202 00:22:27,120 --> 00:22:35,610 This is what we find very few masculine nouns when mutated. So we're getting perske or pest fish. 203 00:22:35,610 --> 00:22:44,910 There are ten instances amongst the students where the noun is mutated and seven of them are equally, which is bad. 204 00:22:44,910 --> 00:22:46,770 And we've a few of that I've given you. 205 00:22:46,770 --> 00:22:59,490 I think this is because they tend to use the noun bed in the expression go to bed and the preposition ta da course is the mission. 206 00:22:59,490 --> 00:23:05,370 So they hear it much more often as well. Then it's Grealy and I. 207 00:23:05,370 --> 00:23:12,150 I haven't really analysed the plural data yet, but I did get when you say they been mutated, 208 00:23:12,150 --> 00:23:17,730 known as the plural as well, which I shouldn't have gone got. 209 00:23:17,730 --> 00:23:24,150 However, it's a really small proportion of of the data, six point twenty five percent of relevant responses. 210 00:23:24,150 --> 00:23:30,450 So I think it's not terribly significant for masculine nouns, beginning with K, 211 00:23:30,450 --> 00:23:36,060 this is entirely as expected, got universal corporatisation across my one hundred and forty two responses. 212 00:23:36,060 --> 00:23:43,230 So this is alive and well this mutation. Let's look at feminine nouns because here we get a bit more variation. 213 00:23:43,230 --> 00:23:48,510 So here we would. So this is only feminine nouns that we expect to mutate. 214 00:23:48,510 --> 00:23:56,790 So no exceptions like plus and no nouns that begin with D so we should expect the whole of this graph to be light blue. 215 00:23:56,790 --> 00:24:05,400 And you can see there are some exceptions. But for the adults, well, for starters, there's not really a difference between older and younger adults. 216 00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:15,210 They there's a little there's a small proportion of words where the mutation is not used and we would expect it to be used. 217 00:24:15,210 --> 00:24:26,580 A lot of these are this noun. Monic, which is a glove and the dictionary says this is feminine, and about half of my speech was that it was feminine, 218 00:24:26,580 --> 00:24:36,060 but about half thought it was masculine, or at least they treated it like a masculine noun because I also got the masculine numerals with it. 219 00:24:36,060 --> 00:24:46,800 So this is just a bit of a funny noun. And you'll see the Nisei students of 32 took part in this task. 220 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:51,240 And you see there's a little bit of Spirent ization such as this, 221 00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:55,830 mostly nouns that begin with K actually then this is obviously a very strong pull 222 00:24:55,830 --> 00:25:02,100 towards prioritisation with these conditional nouns and then some odd ones as well. 223 00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:05,700 And I can't show you the English speaker variation as a graph. 224 00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:10,050 It's too it's too there's too many speakers for the adults. 225 00:25:10,050 --> 00:25:15,360 There isn't much into speaker variation. They all look pretty much like this for the students. 226 00:25:15,360 --> 00:25:24,290 There's a range from thirty three point three percent to 100 percent commission, but for twenty nine speakers, that's at least 50 percent. 227 00:25:24,290 --> 00:25:28,350 In addition, for 17 speakers, at least seventy five percent of the nation. 228 00:25:28,350 --> 00:25:38,480 So there is a big range, but they're sort of they're concentrated at the more limited and rather than less manageable. 229 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:44,660 So for the most part, this pattern seems to be being maintained now, 230 00:25:44,660 --> 00:25:51,200 I did wonder if the Nishan following the numeral two would be easier for speakers. 231 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:58,750 You don't need to know anything about the noun to use the nation following the numeral two. 232 00:25:58,750 --> 00:26:04,690 It's all it's always there, and however, that's not what I found. 233 00:26:04,690 --> 00:26:20,350 In fact, following the following the numeral two, we get much more of a much more unexpected mutation creeping in, so much more corporatisation. 234 00:26:20,350 --> 00:26:27,730 So we're getting this pattern where we get a hostile Doha's instead of us. 235 00:26:27,730 --> 00:26:31,570 And this is true of all three groups, although, as you can see, much, 236 00:26:31,570 --> 00:26:37,510 much more common amongst the students and they're emitting the mutation much more often as well. 237 00:26:37,510 --> 00:26:46,180 Interestingly, the younger adults are using clinician more bilic by a small amount than the older adults. 238 00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:54,340 So it's almost like that that they're doing the will even more than the traditional speakers. 239 00:26:54,340 --> 00:26:55,760 I have this category unknown. 240 00:26:55,760 --> 00:27:03,100 There weren't very many nouns in this category, but there were a few where I just got a really weird excuse me mutation here. 241 00:27:03,100 --> 00:27:10,640 And so like Pearl, which is Spayd, I get Duvalle from from one speaker. 242 00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:17,590 It's almost like they've done the mutation twice. But then what? They're so few and I'm not terribly worried about these. 243 00:27:17,590 --> 00:27:20,860 I'm not I don't think there's a pattern to to be seen. 244 00:27:20,860 --> 00:27:27,940 So I I'm going to show you some of the anti speaker variation I get amongst the students for this. 245 00:27:27,940 --> 00:27:38,200 So this is a horrible graph. But what I'm trying to show you is that that the range of mutation goes from mostly clinician 246 00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:47,500 on the left to hardly any clinician on the right and quite a lot of admitted mutation. 247 00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:59,200 So I'll come back to why that might be in a moment. Looking now at mutation following the numeral three, so this is only nouns that can Spirent ties, 248 00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,920 and so we would expect the holder of this graph would be dark blue. 249 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:09,820 That's not what we find. And that shouldn't be a surprise, actually, because as I showed you earlier on, 250 00:28:09,820 --> 00:28:15,700 Late Edition has been replacing Spier integration for at least 100 years. 251 00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:23,200 So the older adults, as we would expect as traditional speakers used mostly in the younger adults, 252 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:30,400 a kind of half and half, which again, isn't very surprising because they're getting input in Britain, 253 00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:38,530 both from traditional speakers and from books about Brett on the the standardised form of the language, 254 00:28:38,530 --> 00:28:44,470 the norm, which says that you should get Spirent ization following three. 255 00:28:44,470 --> 00:28:52,330 So I'll show you the older adults by speaker. You can see there's a little bit of variation on this. 256 00:28:52,330 --> 00:28:58,960 These two speakers at the end, I thought were particularly interesting because they have more spine winterisation 257 00:28:58,960 --> 00:29:03,400 than the others that both speakers who interact with younger speakers much more. 258 00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:09,810 So one of them plays better music and one of them is involved in brettler medium theatre. 259 00:29:09,810 --> 00:29:18,280 And so I thought it was interesting that they're sort of that the people that they talk to, their interlocutor's include younger speakers. 260 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:28,160 And I don't think that's true of any of the others. Looking at the younger adults, you'll see that there are some speakers who use a lot more. 261 00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:35,800 Nishan So they're much more like all the speakers. And then I have a bit of an outlier there who just omits the mutation a lot. 262 00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:42,160 So I thought this was interesting because one of my speakers commented on it. So said who's the speaker towards the left? 263 00:29:42,160 --> 00:29:44,320 This is what she said to me about mutation. 264 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:50,800 So after we've done the task with what she seemed a bit worried about, about how she'd done and it's not a test. 265 00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:55,150 I tell them it's not a test, but people still worry that they can do it wrong. 266 00:29:55,150 --> 00:30:01,510 And she said, I wanted to tell you something about the mutation of the area because I mixed between the normal form, 267 00:30:01,510 --> 00:30:06,850 the ordinary form and the form used in the pig go down, which is not the same. 268 00:30:06,850 --> 00:30:13,690 And so I do a bit of both sometimes. And so the pig is a region in the south of Brittanie. 269 00:30:13,690 --> 00:30:22,150 My map isn't very clear, but the best one I could find. But the we go down is the kind of dark blue bit, the very bottom that sort of goes to a point. 270 00:30:22,150 --> 00:30:28,970 So that's the the area the area she's talking about. 271 00:30:28,970 --> 00:30:34,390 And so that's where she grew up. And so she switched. 272 00:30:34,390 --> 00:30:44,890 She knows that she's doing a little bit of both the so she doing back the standard and the traditional for looking at the leaf, the students. 273 00:30:44,890 --> 00:30:54,220 Unsurprisingly, we get quite a lot of quite a mixture. 274 00:30:54,220 --> 00:30:55,640 There's. 275 00:30:55,640 --> 00:31:04,490 There's more prioritisation than a mission on the whole, but for a lot of speakers, that's just mutation or mutation at all in most of these contexts. 276 00:31:04,490 --> 00:31:09,580 So. When I compared the data from the D.C. students, 277 00:31:09,580 --> 00:31:17,590 it looked like some of the speakers were doing Spirent imitation after three, but not an admission after two, 278 00:31:17,590 --> 00:31:25,720 which seemed a bit confusing because intuitively I felt like if they could do mutation after three, that was almost harder than mutation. 279 00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:33,970 After two, because it's prioritisation, there's much more. So it's less widely used and there's much more variation in the input. 280 00:31:33,970 --> 00:31:37,990 So I was left wondering whether speakers were applying the mutation rules. 281 00:31:37,990 --> 00:31:42,670 And what I found was that some of them were using just a single form. 282 00:31:42,670 --> 00:31:48,070 So it was like they had the UN mutated form and the mutated form and that was it. 283 00:31:48,070 --> 00:31:54,580 So for feminine nouns, they this wasn't a problem. 284 00:31:54,580 --> 00:32:01,450 So they would get so Barch boat, we'd get a whole Thuc, which mutated, mutates following the article, 285 00:32:01,450 --> 00:32:06,700 and then we would get an admission following the numeral two, but didn't sound like class. 286 00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:09,730 So Kat, this is a masculine now. 287 00:32:09,730 --> 00:32:19,420 So you get Aloha's but then we dect Doha's because it's like that's the mutated form that they just repeat following the numeral two, 288 00:32:19,420 --> 00:32:25,110 even though we would expect clinician here. So I think it's safe to say. 289 00:32:25,110 --> 00:32:28,950 That these speakers have not fully acquired the mutation rules, 290 00:32:28,950 --> 00:32:39,960 they're sort of on a stepping stone towards full proficiency and the quick summary of the now the patented nouns before we talk about objectives. 291 00:32:39,960 --> 00:32:51,930 So all the speakers maintain the mission following numeral two, but they also use the mission for Voiceless stops in when for three, 292 00:32:51,930 --> 00:32:58,050 there's some very variability for speakers who interact with Standardbred on younger speakers either 293 00:32:58,050 --> 00:33:06,060 maintain the mission in 2x and superimposition three X or they maintain the mission following two. 294 00:33:06,060 --> 00:33:14,940 But then they use the additional voices stops in following three and most use the mission at least some of the time after three. 295 00:33:14,940 --> 00:33:24,020 So even if they use prioritisation intimidation some of the time. They they most speak because are using litigation as well, 296 00:33:24,020 --> 00:33:32,780 and there's a lot of variation amongst the U.S. that there's a combination of negligence prioritisation. 297 00:33:32,780 --> 00:33:40,310 They admit the mutation a lot. And I think that's not really a surprise because they're getting different sorts of input from different speakers. 298 00:33:40,310 --> 00:33:45,680 So this is just summarises what I said. This is what the older adults are doing most in the nation. 299 00:33:45,680 --> 00:33:51,800 We only really see corporatisation of masculine thinking announced following the article, 300 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:59,030 whereas the younger adults, we have a little bit of spiritism following three. 301 00:33:59,030 --> 00:34:02,600 We don't get with the older and the older adults, I should say. 302 00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:10,460 Also, although we're getting clinician following through, it's only affect those stops that would be affected by Spirent causation. 303 00:34:10,460 --> 00:34:12,410 So it's only the voiceless stops. 304 00:34:12,410 --> 00:34:21,830 Even though normal nutrition affects more consonants than this, it's only affecting those stops that would be affected by the Nishan. 305 00:34:21,830 --> 00:34:27,230 So I hope that's clear. So I'm going to move on and talk about mutation in adjectives. 306 00:34:27,230 --> 00:34:29,420 So I was really interested to see what happens with adjectives. 307 00:34:29,420 --> 00:34:34,850 A lot of research that's been done into mutation in Keltic because he just looked at nouns. 308 00:34:34,850 --> 00:34:40,730 And so I was interested to look at adjectives also because they're a bit more complicated. 309 00:34:40,730 --> 00:34:45,890 So this is in a similar way to the nominal mutation. 310 00:34:45,890 --> 00:34:52,770 We get delineation of adjectives following feminine thinking, nouns, masculine, plural nouns that refer to humans. 311 00:34:52,770 --> 00:34:58,310 And this is the same context. But there are phonological constraints. 312 00:34:58,310 --> 00:35:04,910 So all adjectives, Canaanite following feminine singular nouns and in vowels or sonorants. 313 00:35:04,910 --> 00:35:13,880 But if the noun ends in an obstruents, only adjectives beginning but got GWAR into the night. 314 00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:18,190 So that's the voiced stops and the cluster minus does. 315 00:35:18,190 --> 00:35:21,830 So you might remember that there are additional restrictions on. 316 00:35:21,830 --> 00:35:30,110 There are actually some varieties of Breton would never, never land rights, even where the books should say it should. 317 00:35:30,110 --> 00:35:36,800 So I've given you a little table here to have plus and course and you can see that plus 318 00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:42,140 mutates following both feminine nouns but not following the masculine noun or its course. 319 00:35:42,140 --> 00:35:46,040 Only you Tait's following the noun that ends in a sonorant. 320 00:35:46,040 --> 00:35:54,930 So I hope that that's clear. In this study I'm going to tell you about today, I'm only using adjectives to begin with, 321 00:35:54,930 --> 00:36:03,210 but it's already clear that mutation can be very valuable across because I want to reduce the factors that might induce further variation. 322 00:36:03,210 --> 00:36:07,920 But it would be interesting to go back and look at other adjectives as well. 323 00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:15,540 One thing at a time. So following feminine nouns, we expect adjectives to mutate. 324 00:36:15,540 --> 00:36:22,770 So these adjectives begin with Bayt. So we would expect this whole graph to be light blue, but that's obviously not what we find. 325 00:36:22,770 --> 00:36:30,060 So for all speakers, there's quite a few cases where they don't mutate the adjective. 326 00:36:30,060 --> 00:36:31,200 And you'll see again, 327 00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:39,000 we get this kind of almost like a hyper correction pattern amongst the younger adults they're doing are doing it more than the traditional speakers. 328 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:47,790 What's interesting is that unlike some of the other groups that I've shown you, there is nothing to speak of variation amongst all three groups. 329 00:36:47,790 --> 00:36:57,720 So these are the older adults. You can see it varies a bit between sort of half and half, lots of attention and no mutation at all. 330 00:36:57,720 --> 00:37:09,720 There's less variation amongst the younger adults, but we still we're still seeing a bit xq, for example, who's the speaker seconded from the right? 331 00:37:09,720 --> 00:37:13,380 This was my speaker who did slightly odd things following the numeral three. 332 00:37:13,380 --> 00:37:19,710 So I think there's something going on with the mutation patterns there for that speaker and then the students. 333 00:37:19,710 --> 00:37:27,060 I'm sorry, it's another horrible graph. And you don't need to take in anything other than the fact that there's a speaker variation. 334 00:37:27,060 --> 00:37:33,630 So, OK, for example, uses quite a lot of emotion, rather like the the adults. 335 00:37:33,630 --> 00:37:42,270 But then there are a lot of speakers who have to use any at all. So I wondered what was conditioning this variation, if anything. 336 00:37:42,270 --> 00:37:46,530 And so I looked first at whether or not the noun mutates. 337 00:37:46,530 --> 00:37:54,930 Now the adjectives should mutate, if not as feminine, regardless of what form that noun takes. 338 00:37:54,930 --> 00:38:02,640 But I found that for the adults, they were more likely to mutate the adjective if the noun itself mutated. 339 00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:10,500 So yes, the noun mutates. No, it doesn't. You can say it does make a difference for both groups of adults, but not for the students. 340 00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:17,400 And actually, I had some speakers comment on this. It's obviously a cue just to whether they should be type the adjective. 341 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:23,040 So I was doing this interview with H X, but her husband, A.J., was there. 342 00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:28,800 He wasn't really taking part, but he was sort of nosily watching over her shoulder. 343 00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:35,790 And they have this interaction where they discuss this this particular picture. 344 00:38:35,790 --> 00:38:39,150 So the then the picture was a family, 345 00:38:39,150 --> 00:38:52,950 but actually he chimes in with a big household before she used the word family and she says, yes, so and teargas costs. 346 00:38:52,950 --> 00:38:56,940 And then she wonders to herself, is it not vasts? 347 00:38:56,940 --> 00:39:03,150 Is it should it not be meakem? You take it mutated form. And he says, well, oh, no, no. 348 00:39:03,150 --> 00:39:08,970 And then he said he works through it point by point, you say, and teargassed. 349 00:39:08,970 --> 00:39:14,160 Yes. You don't say undig with a mutation. 350 00:39:14,160 --> 00:39:19,500 She agrees. No, no. It's on teargassed. So it's glass. 351 00:39:19,500 --> 00:39:23,100 It's it's big without any mutation, she says. Oh, yes. 352 00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:29,310 Yes, very well then. And she said again. But then she tries it out with another noun. 353 00:39:29,310 --> 00:39:36,720 So family family's feminine actually doesn't mutate, but she still knows that it's feminine, a foamy pass. 354 00:39:36,720 --> 00:39:42,930 And he agrees that if I wasn't doing this over the Internet, I'd have played the excerpt because it's quite funny. 355 00:39:42,930 --> 00:39:55,440 But I hope you can see how they're using this information about whether they now mutex or not. 356 00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:58,440 I also looked at whether the final consonant makes a difference. 357 00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:04,230 Now, it shouldn't make a difference because these are adjectives that begin with B, so they should mutate regardless. 358 00:40:04,230 --> 00:40:15,120 However, it does seem to make a difference. So if the noun ends in a sonorant, speakers are more likely to mutate the adjective. 359 00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:26,490 I think it's probably that the the rule for adjectives that begin with voice to is sort of bleeding into all adjectives. 360 00:40:26,490 --> 00:40:33,960 There's some confusion over when to apply this rule about word, final sonorants and vowels and when not. 361 00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:43,470 So I think that's probably what's going on here. As a final point, I looked at whether adjectives would be mutated following masculine nouns. 362 00:40:43,470 --> 00:40:47,130 I've already been looking at the context where we expect the nation. 363 00:40:47,130 --> 00:40:52,140 What about when we don't expect it? Well, largely we don't get it. 364 00:40:52,140 --> 00:40:56,760 So it's not that speakers just randomly mutate it. 365 00:40:56,760 --> 00:41:06,780 They are there's not very much mutation of masculine adjectives following masculine nouns, which is what what we would expect. 366 00:41:06,780 --> 00:41:13,770 And we have to bear in mind, of course, there are some instances of nouns that speakers seem to think are feminine, 367 00:41:13,770 --> 00:41:18,540 even though the the books in the masculine. So that happens as well. 368 00:41:18,540 --> 00:41:29,430 So let me give you a quick summary. So the results are showing lots of variation in the mutation of attributive adjectives. 369 00:41:29,430 --> 00:41:36,900 The mutation is largely maintained by the adults, but there's a lot of variation amongst the students. 370 00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:46,270 And it seems to matter whether the noun mutates because there's a link that tells you tells you about the gender of the noun and. 371 00:41:46,270 --> 00:41:50,620 That's the end of the now and also seems to make a difference, 372 00:41:50,620 --> 00:41:56,680 even though we don't expect it to be relevant for adjectives that begin with, B, it still seems to play a role. 373 00:41:56,680 --> 00:42:02,350 So I hope I just got time to tell you a little bit about variation amongst Berniece, 374 00:42:02,350 --> 00:42:07,630 because as we saw on a few of the graphs as a lot of variation from one speaker to another. 375 00:42:07,630 --> 00:42:14,740 So I looked at their linguistic background and very briefly, so I asked them whether they spoke Breton at home. 376 00:42:14,740 --> 00:42:22,300 If so, how much and with whom and whether their parents or grandparents spoke Breton. 377 00:42:22,300 --> 00:42:30,910 And to some extent, I found students who use Bressan at home with their parents are more likely to maintain the expected mutation patterns. 378 00:42:30,910 --> 00:42:39,600 So I have this table which tells you about some of my some of the students I worked with, whether they had Bratten at home, how much they used it. 379 00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:49,540 And I used it with how their interlocutor's how how that these fellow Breton's because bratten and how much they use mutation. 380 00:42:49,540 --> 00:42:52,810 And so I could compare for example, 381 00:42:52,810 --> 00:43:05,890 epee who uses mutation almost 100 percent following the article and over half of the time on the objective with Speaker Cuvee for example, 382 00:43:05,890 --> 00:43:09,850 who there's a fair bit of mutation following the article, 383 00:43:09,850 --> 00:43:20,110 but he never mutates the adjective and we can compare how much they use Bratten at home, who they use it with and how their parents know better. 384 00:43:20,110 --> 00:43:20,890 However, 385 00:43:20,890 --> 00:43:32,690 it's very clear that this is a kind of broad brush approach and it's much more there's much more to it than just do your parents be Breton to you? 386 00:43:32,690 --> 00:43:38,600 There are issues with self reporting, how much is sometimes what do they mean when they tell me they speak better and 387 00:43:38,600 --> 00:43:43,520 sometimes it's hard to unpack that and it's certainly not true of all speakers. 388 00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:52,400 So some seem to use mutation much more, much less than others who seem to have very similar home backgrounds based on what they've told me. 389 00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:58,010 I also found that having a sibling who spoke and seemed to make no difference at all. 390 00:43:58,010 --> 00:44:02,810 So this is all kind of it's it's starting to get quite interesting. 391 00:44:02,810 --> 00:44:14,390 But I would need much more information about linguistic linguistic background to have a a more accurate assessment of the role that that plays. 392 00:44:14,390 --> 00:44:22,250 So in conclusion, Britain has complex patterns of gender and initial consonant mutation and an opaque 393 00:44:22,250 --> 00:44:26,560 system of grammatical gender so that cues are not readily available to speakers. 394 00:44:26,560 --> 00:44:32,030 All the speakers have quite clear intuitions about gender, but younger speakers may not. 395 00:44:32,030 --> 00:44:39,560 And linguistic linguistic change has led to competing mutation patterns, for example, following the numeral three. 396 00:44:39,560 --> 00:44:44,810 But despite this opaque system, adult new speakers are maintaining traditional patterns. 397 00:44:44,810 --> 00:44:49,610 So this is counter to what has been claimed about new Russian speakers. 398 00:44:49,610 --> 00:44:56,150 And this is true of mutation of nouns following articles and numerals. 399 00:44:56,150 --> 00:45:01,610 Although there's some disagreement and there's a combination of prioritisation following three. 400 00:45:01,610 --> 00:45:04,100 Not a surprise, given the input, 401 00:45:04,100 --> 00:45:12,500 the patterns of adjectival mutations to show a high degree of variation in all speaking groups so that both groups of adults and the students, 402 00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:20,990 because it's a more complex system, I suspect, and and there's a lot of variation that I can be observed amongst the teenage speakers, 403 00:45:20,990 --> 00:45:28,200 which I think reflects an extended process of acquisition and a low level of input in Britain and a variety of backgrounds. 404 00:45:28,200 --> 00:45:37,310 So just leads me to say thank you very much with two different mutation patterns for listening. 405 00:45:37,310 --> 00:45:50,850 Thank you, Holly. That was fascinating. We have a bit of time for questions, so if you could indicate raise your hands. 406 00:45:50,850 --> 00:45:59,220 Yes, Kastin, please. I don't know if I should be asking the first question, because in a way, 407 00:45:59,220 --> 00:46:06,950 it's perhaps not something directly that you might speak to directly given your paper, 408 00:46:06,950 --> 00:46:12,650 but you had to extend it acquisition there as that on your last slide. 409 00:46:12,650 --> 00:46:24,340 And I was just wondering, given the complexity of the mutation system and given that gender is a trigger for mutation, 410 00:46:24,340 --> 00:46:30,480 what do we know, if anything, about a native acquisition? 411 00:46:30,480 --> 00:46:37,670 So first language acquisition and the acquisition of gender and the acquisition of the mutation patterns. 412 00:46:37,670 --> 00:46:42,830 It seems to me that they have to be linked. Right, that you couldn't have done that then. 413 00:46:42,830 --> 00:46:51,200 And it seems to me that you'd almost have to kind of acquired on a one on an item by item basis, but I don't know. 414 00:46:51,200 --> 00:47:02,000 So do you ever find that, you know, do children overgeneralised these patterns in the finitely overgeneralise mutation patterns? 415 00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:09,000 Young children often use only the mutated form of the noun, whether or not there's a trigger for mutation. 416 00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:14,120 So they use just the mutated form when they we would expect in a mutated form. 417 00:47:14,120 --> 00:47:19,220 I think so all the speakers seem to have quite clear intuitions about the gender of nouns, 418 00:47:19,220 --> 00:47:26,120 whereas from speaking to younger speakers, they tell me that mutation, not gender, is hard. 419 00:47:26,120 --> 00:47:32,120 It's hard to know the gender of a noun, and if it doesn't mutate, they don't really know what the gender should be. 420 00:47:32,120 --> 00:47:35,450 So they have. So I wasn't able to tell you about the form of the numeral, 421 00:47:35,450 --> 00:47:43,990 but that data seems to show that when the noun when the noun doesn't mutate, speakers aren't really very sure of what. 422 00:47:43,990 --> 00:47:48,200 You also have the example of glove, right, where you can say, well, 423 00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:54,950 maybe there's a defined variation there, but at the same time, it kind of seems an unlikely item. 424 00:47:54,950 --> 00:47:56,660 Right. And it struck me as odd. 425 00:47:56,660 --> 00:48:05,840 And I I talked about this research in Brittany, and before I did my kind of reveal, I asked the audience what what they thought. 426 00:48:05,840 --> 00:48:11,150 Did they think it was a masculine and feminine noun? And they were all amazed to find that they didn't agree like. 427 00:48:11,150 --> 00:48:17,480 So I don't know what it is about love. It's a very weird one, but there are a few others that behave like that as well, 428 00:48:17,480 --> 00:48:23,720 including so Kryten is a whistle and it has a feminine looking ending. 429 00:48:23,720 --> 00:48:32,900 It's a feminine. A lot of people thought it was masculine. OK, so there's this there's some variation goes on. 430 00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:37,310 And can I just follow up with, again, the kind of somewhat off the piece? 431 00:48:37,310 --> 00:48:49,490 The question is when judging competence in Britain, just so I'm asking in part their studies about German, that actually, you know, 432 00:48:49,490 --> 00:48:57,830 you can be quite a poor speaker, but if you've mastered the gender system like German speakers, think you a better German speaker than you are. 433 00:48:57,830 --> 00:49:06,830 And I was wondering if that holds true for mutation patterns or whether or whether they're any kind of any information on them. 434 00:49:06,830 --> 00:49:13,670 Oh, I think so. This is so purely anecdotally, I think it depends on the mutation. 435 00:49:13,670 --> 00:49:20,180 So I think that's reflected in the data. So if you don't do a mutation following the article when you should, that really stands out, 436 00:49:20,180 --> 00:49:27,890 whereas mutation in other contexts following two and three, I think there's a bit more leeway there. 437 00:49:27,890 --> 00:49:33,800 And I think that's reflected in what I'm seeing actually. Yes, I think it depends on the context. 438 00:49:33,800 --> 00:49:41,960 Yeah. OK, thank you. OK, Charles is next. 439 00:49:41,960 --> 00:49:53,570 Thanks for the talk and all the interesting data. I was curious about the Rodeck, and you had a lot of these cases with this dealer fricative, 440 00:49:53,570 --> 00:50:00,500 and I'm wondering if that interacts with the mutation at all, because you have this. 441 00:50:00,500 --> 00:50:05,300 If the product is more like the French one and it's a dorsal, 442 00:50:05,300 --> 00:50:12,270 is that going to lead to some kind of more germination like pattern like you saw in the other kids? 443 00:50:12,270 --> 00:50:23,180 Yeah, and so so it kind of depends on the speed at the the speakers don't have a right to that, although it's spelt with an off, it's just a vowel. 444 00:50:23,180 --> 00:50:30,840 So I was the youngest because it varies from speaker to speaker. 445 00:50:30,840 --> 00:50:34,790 So some of them are very influenced by the spelling. 446 00:50:34,790 --> 00:50:45,160 So you do get an erratic. Whether that leads to germination, I don't know, I can't think off the top of my head, 447 00:50:45,160 --> 00:50:55,660 but you would think you would more usually get the glottal fricative in that context following the robotic than you would get the vena fricative. 448 00:50:55,660 --> 00:51:04,720 So a traditional speaker would definitely use a glottal fricative. A younger speaker might not because they've learnt that C apostrophe H equals her. 449 00:51:04,720 --> 00:51:09,460 And so they just do that everywhere regardless. I don't want to answer your question. 450 00:51:09,460 --> 00:51:19,060 Yes. More. Great and Ross. 451 00:51:19,060 --> 00:51:28,540 Sorry, nothing hugely profound to say, but I'm just so there's so many similarities, of course, 452 00:51:28,540 --> 00:51:37,780 including the work for Glove's, but today's rules apply to plurals at all or just to singular. 453 00:51:37,780 --> 00:51:44,590 It's just well, yeah, it's just a singular nouns, because you don't get the same pattern of mutation with plural nouns, 454 00:51:44,590 --> 00:51:48,790 so masculine plural nouns that refer to humans mutate. 455 00:51:48,790 --> 00:51:55,540 So I know. Yeah, yeah. So the gloves come in pairs. 456 00:51:55,540 --> 00:52:03,270 I speak as one who struggles with gender roles, but also struggle. And. 457 00:52:03,270 --> 00:52:12,500 I wanted to say I've lost my blood travels a lot, not knowing, not knowing the gender that just had a couple of comments. 458 00:52:12,500 --> 00:52:19,610 There are huge parallels. And the young people I know are there in the gap, but they're in your generation gap. 459 00:52:19,610 --> 00:52:21,680 So so it's difficult to compare. Exactly. 460 00:52:21,680 --> 00:52:33,280 But what struck me was hearing no, I've heard over many, many years parents correcting gender in young people and their were one speakers. 461 00:52:33,280 --> 00:52:38,150 So this is it language change or is it an L2 effect? 462 00:52:38,150 --> 00:52:39,890 Is is an interesting one. 463 00:52:39,890 --> 00:52:49,370 And I found myself wondering towards the end of your talk whether actually that mutation is going to survive longer and or is that, 464 00:52:49,370 --> 00:52:58,790 I think, overstating the case a bit. But that was that was just a minor quote, contribute. 465 00:52:58,790 --> 00:53:05,940 That's me. So really interesting stuff. You. 466 00:53:05,940 --> 00:53:09,620 Thank you. And RTT. Yes. Thank you. Thank you, honey. 467 00:53:09,620 --> 00:53:24,230 That was that was pretty amazing. Can I can I ask a question about the interaction of your gender and mutation and Mexico and the stress patterns. 468 00:53:24,230 --> 00:53:32,030 So you heard I remember correctly there was a difference between the simulative and suffix 469 00:53:32,030 --> 00:53:41,630 and the non cingulate and the shift in the property or the metrical stress versus the gender. 470 00:53:41,630 --> 00:53:55,010 Now, when you put this together, I was just wondering if you had any correlation between making errors in mutation versus metrical patterns. 471 00:53:55,010 --> 00:54:05,570 Were there any were they more consistent with the let's see what the Mexico partners ought to be more? 472 00:54:05,570 --> 00:54:09,080 Were the variations sort of equal? Yeah. 473 00:54:09,080 --> 00:54:15,860 So there are so there are certain speakers. It's particularly obvious amongst the younger adults because there's fewer of them. 474 00:54:15,860 --> 00:54:25,190 So I have more data on each speaker and there are some speakers who stand out who don't use the mutation as often as you expect. 475 00:54:25,190 --> 00:54:31,400 And you also transfer French strength into Bratten so that we get word final stress. 476 00:54:31,400 --> 00:54:37,550 So the type of pattern I'm looking at here should have an ultimate stress, should have. 477 00:54:37,550 --> 00:54:41,840 And that's what the old speakers do. But the some of the younger speakers use final stress. 478 00:54:41,840 --> 00:54:47,810 So there are those speakers who sort of stand out as sounding quite second language like. 479 00:54:47,810 --> 00:54:55,580 But in general, I would say that speakers are better at mutation and they are at maintaining stress patterns. 480 00:54:55,580 --> 00:55:02,600 So it's that that's sort of more easily acquired than the stress. 481 00:55:02,600 --> 00:55:06,950 And but it is interesting because obviously, if you had a single active suffix, 482 00:55:06,950 --> 00:55:13,100 you've made a word longer and your stress shifts and then that makes the noun feminine as well. 483 00:55:13,100 --> 00:55:17,000 So it's yeah, they they do sort of go together. 484 00:55:17,000 --> 00:55:21,590 Yeah. That's what I was thinking, because you make it longer, you would stress would shift, 485 00:55:21,590 --> 00:55:29,120 then you have a gender shift and on top of mutation you think you can ask about the gloves again. 486 00:55:29,120 --> 00:55:34,720 So you have to manage. Right. And so the ECUs is a suffix I suppose. 487 00:55:34,720 --> 00:55:40,160 No, it looks like a suffix and that is the diminutive suffix though. 488 00:55:40,160 --> 00:55:48,300 That's a diminutive Exxaro one. Yes, but so it sounds like a suffix, but it's not. 489 00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:54,110 And it is also a singular form. But that doesn't stop speakers from adding the singular suffix. 490 00:55:54,110 --> 00:55:59,930 Now that makes sense. Yeah. So minigun. 491 00:55:59,930 --> 00:56:10,040 So if you get a shift in stress and it definitely becomes feminine and then speakers do treat it as a feminine now, but not all speakers do that, OK? 492 00:56:10,040 --> 00:56:15,620 That makes sense. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you. And I see Rose has a hand up again. 493 00:56:15,620 --> 00:56:22,990 But that Victorinox. I've asked the question yet. Thank you. 494 00:56:22,990 --> 00:56:24,640 Thanks. It was very interesting talk. 495 00:56:24,640 --> 00:56:38,820 I was wondering whether you found cases of transference of gender from French as revealed on the the mutation processes and. 496 00:56:38,820 --> 00:56:47,280 So, no, not as much as I would expect, but I think that's because there's variation in the mutation anyway. 497 00:56:47,280 --> 00:56:58,170 So there are for example, there are some students who don't do the expected mutation even in nouns like I go so well, not so. 498 00:56:58,170 --> 00:57:05,940 There are two ways to go, one of which mutates and one which doesn't. But yet we still we're still not getting mutation there. 499 00:57:05,940 --> 00:57:15,010 So I think the semantics is not playing as big as much of a role as I kind of expected that it would. 500 00:57:15,010 --> 00:57:23,370 I I've looked a little bit at loanwords from French because obviously, unlike which borrowing from English, from Britain, 501 00:57:23,370 --> 00:57:28,980 is borrowing from French and French has gender, though, do they maintain the gender of the noun when they borrow it? 502 00:57:28,980 --> 00:57:33,180 And while sometimes they do, but sometimes they don't. 503 00:57:33,180 --> 00:57:39,420 And I think that's partly due to the fact that Britain has a lot more masculine and feminine nouns. 504 00:57:39,420 --> 00:57:43,950 It's a very unequal split. So there's a tendency to make things masculine. 505 00:57:43,950 --> 00:57:52,060 And unless they think in which case they might be feminine, I would think because of just, you know, if they borrowed that gender, 506 00:57:52,060 --> 00:58:01,030 not the loanword, not not the whole world, just the just the gender they apply, you know, gender that you find in the French correspondence. 507 00:58:01,030 --> 00:58:12,250 For now, don't mutate, maybe. And what's more interesting is that the oldest, because they do everything, as you would expect, 508 00:58:12,250 --> 00:58:18,280 for masculine and feminine nouns, but for their masculine and feminine labels that belong to French. 509 00:58:18,280 --> 00:58:27,520 And so they will tell you that tree is masculine, despite the fact that they're using a feminine numeral, a mutating it following the article. 510 00:58:27,520 --> 00:58:32,830 I'm finding that in Catalan Spanish. It's super interesting. Thank you. 511 00:58:32,830 --> 00:58:42,590 Thanks. And if I can come in, it's also interesting that I mean, a few years ago, 512 00:58:42,590 --> 00:58:53,240 I came across somebody who's doing some psycholinguistic experiments on gender wells and this idea that gender kind of means mean something. 513 00:58:53,240 --> 00:58:58,730 And then I went and did some experiments and they some of the speakers spontaneously commented to me that they 514 00:58:58,730 --> 00:59:05,870 thought it was really bizarre to be asked whether chairs or clubs or whatever were masculine or feminine. 515 00:59:05,870 --> 00:59:14,720 And incidentally, Glove's shows that if people are making that feminine, then there's not a contact from French. 516 00:59:14,720 --> 00:59:20,690 But the last question I had was, um, whether are notoriously in worst dictionaries. 517 00:59:20,690 --> 00:59:29,030 I've just looked up a small one. I've got there are that there is an abbreviation for a masculine noun, its abbreviation for feminine noun, 518 00:59:29,030 --> 00:59:36,920 and then there's an igby, which is both because a lot of nouns vary in gender according to where they are. 519 00:59:36,920 --> 00:59:44,030 And so they can tell you more about that. I just wondered, is that the case in Britain or is that just not enough? 520 00:59:44,030 --> 00:59:48,740 Yes. So there are some things that you say can be masculine and feminine. 521 00:59:48,740 --> 00:59:56,240 And so Buckett site is one of them and they're usually nouns that don't mutate. 522 00:59:56,240 --> 01:00:00,710 I, I would hesitate to say they're all nouns that don't mutate. But that makes sense, right? 523 01:00:00,710 --> 01:00:13,130 Exactly. Q But then I found some in my data that the dictionary was very clear that said they were feminine or masculine and that I found variation. 524 01:00:13,130 --> 01:00:19,940 So I don't quite I think there's more variation than the dictionaries let on even. 525 01:00:19,940 --> 01:00:26,120 Oh interesting. Yeah. I think you can ask about the orthography. 526 01:00:26,120 --> 01:00:36,230 So you mentioned the older speakers are schooled in French and they're not comfortable reading or writing Breton. 527 01:00:36,230 --> 01:00:42,770 To what extent do they struggle reading it? I would have thought it's a fairly shallow orthography, right? 528 01:00:42,770 --> 01:00:47,150 Yeah. They'd be able to speak of struggle to to read. 529 01:00:47,150 --> 01:00:52,400 And it's it's quite regular, but it's not the same as French. 530 01:00:52,400 --> 01:00:57,200 So it's like for English speakers reading Welsh. Right. 531 01:00:57,200 --> 01:01:03,020 Well, she's quite, quite regular. But you have to know what the rules are in the first place. 532 01:01:03,020 --> 01:01:07,040 So yeah, they they struggle to read and write better, 533 01:01:07,040 --> 01:01:17,360 which is then a shame because there's a whole area of Britain that's not accessible to them because because they're not literate. 534 01:01:17,360 --> 01:01:26,060 So, yeah, I can see there's a question from the chat if the concept of a masculine feminine distinction is bizarre 535 01:01:26,060 --> 01:01:34,700 to these speakers because they have a more native nomenclature for these genders and not that I know of. 536 01:01:34,700 --> 01:01:44,870 No, they I mean, so these little these little snippets that I get from them while while we're chatting about the task in the middle of the task, 537 01:01:44,870 --> 01:01:52,130 they don't then volunteer. I would I would call it this. They just say things like, oh, you know, it's really odd because trees are masculine noun. 538 01:01:52,130 --> 01:02:03,910 And yet in Britain we're treating it like it's a feminine. Isn't Britain strange and some kind of comment? 539 01:02:03,910 --> 01:02:21,500 OK, great. Are there any more questions? I can see chart and see how that just says thank you, Tumbi, yes. 540 01:02:21,500 --> 01:02:28,970 Yes, hello, Holly, I just wondering about the I think my cameras aren't working, but I guess you can hear me. 541 01:02:28,970 --> 01:02:38,240 Yeah, right. I did it. So the phonetics of of the nation and sort of the how how sort of categorically 542 01:02:38,240 --> 01:02:42,530 one might be knighting as opposed to just doing connected speech processes. 543 01:02:42,530 --> 01:02:52,130 Do you have do you have a nightmare trying to decide whether something is in fact a voiced version of what it otherwise would be? 544 01:02:52,130 --> 01:02:59,240 Is there do you have to do a lot of sort of acoustic analysis to decide whether you have a case of the nation? 545 01:02:59,240 --> 01:03:02,150 And so I have done some acoustic analysis. 546 01:03:02,150 --> 01:03:11,780 Largely, it's quite clear that it's more difficult with the kind of voice stops to fricatives actually in connected speech. 547 01:03:11,780 --> 01:03:20,900 And it yeah, it's largely it's clear if I'm not if I'm really not sure and I can't tell from the from looking at the waveform. 548 01:03:20,900 --> 01:03:23,180 And I just excluded from the from the data. 549 01:03:23,180 --> 01:03:34,960 And largely it is clear and I did I did some work where I, I looked at whether the whether the mutated form of the phonemes had the tattoo done, 550 01:03:34,960 --> 01:03:44,180 for example, whether that was the same as you got in a word where the other mutated form, where it was the normal, um, mutated. 551 01:03:44,180 --> 01:03:50,000 And they do seem to be the same if you look at things like the voice onset time and the duration. 552 01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:55,140 So it is a proper phonemic. Change, if that makes sense. 553 01:03:55,140 --> 01:04:04,670 Yeah, yeah, OK, that's great. Thank you. Thanks. OK, great. 554 01:04:04,670 --> 01:04:16,610 I think we should all thank you very, very much for a very informative and clear talk, very clear model of clarity today and. 555 01:04:16,610 --> 01:04:44,565 Yeah, thank you. Peter.