OK. So hello, everyone, and thank you for coming. So I'd like to welcome our speaker today, as you shall.
She is a PHC student, an art historian from So Ask the University of London and is supervised by Christine Lewis on its.
And that's how we met.
And her research focuses on the sunlit Tibetan Buddhist imagery during the Ching dynasty with an iconographic and stylistic approach.
She explores how they reflect the development of Buddhist doctrine.
In particular, she's concerned with how these monuments maintain an identity of their own.
That was not totally monopolised by the imperial agendas. So today you will be discussing the fun Quaalude, the whole of the Buddhist efflorescence.
One of the most complex and prominent Buddhist monuments in the Forbidden City that was constructed during the long period.
She will be showing us around this highly complex, iconographic system.
And with comparisons to other Buddhist monuments,
she will explore how it relates to the development of Buddhist exile graphy in the perspective of the pre-school during the 18th century.
So I hope you enjoy the talk and all the beautiful images that she will be showing us.
And yes, you can please stop.
A father, and it's a great chance to be here to talk about my research on the British iconographic Penso and Menger record thing,
the 18th century to say at the very beginning form hello is part of my set, my research project.
I'm still working on it. There are many Confucians and many things I don't really understand.
So I'm very looking forward to your suggestion and advices.
So it has been widely known that during the age of channel there were large
outpouring of Tibetan Buddhist imagery may by and May for to channel in court.
Yeah. Oh, so many researchers discussing the purpose of Mantra's patron nature of Tibetan Buddhism, especially gluba school.
So the first is for the state protection and legitimisation.
The second is the emperor's self promotion as a tracker about him and said the purely private, socia,
logical reasons Tibetan Buddhism was demonstrated extremely important on Ching Empire Construction,
as was the Channel Emperor's Autumn Rulership and his political Stracke chick aiming at keep the territory of India,
Asia, especially those inhabited by Mungo's and Tibetans.
So amongst a number of Buddhist monument erected during the channel period, Vampyre Law is one of the most prominent and mysterious shiny things.
It contends a huge Buddhist icon, iconographic racket Penson classifies according to the four classic Tantra of the glue perversion,
the complicated iconographic Panjim,
which contains more than seven hundred brown bronze statues and six mysterious two parts inside a building, as we can see the map.
The building is situated in the north eastern part of Iran in show Palestinians show going on in the north eastern part of the Forbidden City.
The building itself is first constructed on the city's seventh year of the
channel Rain three 1772 and finished at a forty first year of the channel Rain.
So it stood 1776. It had two floors and the building is horizontally divided into seven equal sections.
So each room is not big. Approximately three point five times four point five metres.
The metre room is called Meanjin. So literally the bright room,
the ground floor of the Meanjin displays the sculpture of the bronze Diana Buda and surrounding by the paintings of the Buddha's life story.
It is sad the standing Buddha is the biggest bronze statue in the Forbidden City.
The first floor of Meanjin display a big wood lacquered sculpture, objects on Kabah surrounded by his life story.
And we will come back to this room later.
The other six sections from the west to the east are relatively named as one patch, a perimeter room to house father, 10 to room stray.
His mother, Ruth Tanesha Room two, is the house father of ten chat rooms.
Is the highest moderate Tantra room floor is the room of yoga.
Tantra Room five Chandru 10. Trah Room six.
Action Group 10 Transorbital Crater. Route 10 trap. So that is why these kind of buildings call hoping for a law.
So six classes of Buddhist shrine each side room are arranged according to the same format.
So as we can see on upper floor, this is the upper floor.
There are paintings and bronze statues of the nine men deity flanked by two communards.
So each cabinets contains sixty one deities. Noticeably the asseri size bronzes, bronze statues inside a cabinet and also came back to it later.
So on the ground floor, each side room contains a huge question.
So it's art. That's the cabinets. And this is the ground floor.
So each side room contains a huge quantity. Stupas surrounded by NIJ, Guardian, DHT, depicted hanging Towncar paintings.
I put Patrick huge painting his fuse, like when I walk in front of the corridor on the ground floor to feeling really like a reading,
the reverse perspective painting of Patrick huge.
What is very unusual is there is a huge opening between the ground and upper floor,
so therefore there is little space of each side room has left for the visitors to rituals like prostration or meditation.
As we can see, the quantum is about. Could be built from the top through the opening, which is really, really sitting in a Himalayan contacts.
There is only one staircase connecting both floors.
In fact, the exterior of the western part of building for the visitors are designed to follow the one way road by entering from the middle.
The visitor will be welcomed by the big standing Buddha. They need to make a choice to return either right or left.
So after finishing the ground floor, he will step out of the building, climb up and to the first floor and keep out his journey.
All the rooms are connected by by a small, very slim corridor.
As we can see, the travelling route and the whole architectural design doesn't indicate any kind of hierarchy of the four
tundra which are commonly perceived is that the design declare a very equalitarian tradesman sort of duties.
Each room are situated in paralysing positions. In other words,
deny DHT on the northern wall of the highs to find a Tantra will not be expected to be more superior than deny DHT of
the same position of the rim of creation is that it only emphasised the superior position of doing about a the room.
Yeah, actually st's on a by placing the centre of the room.
A huge wooden like a statue of Plunker Bar is venerated as a real person as we can see the picture.
A don't about this place actually in a Life-Size dragon strong with yellowish
embroidered cushions on the back and the penis under the dragon's throne.
There is a delicate wood footstool, so it's only a back dressing.
Monastic robe with intricate brocade is flanked by two branches of flower with lota and a lotus enthroned on the on top,
which indicate he's the manifestation of mandatory. In front of him.
Yes, in front of him, there is a sumptuous. Like a table on the table.
Here is another bronze statue of Zonker on the back of the strohm it stays.
It was created at a 46 46 year of the chandlery, according to the style of a bronze alloyed sculpture of Stone Kibar from Pasha Lampl.
When I was doing my future in Beijing on the original zonk about taken by the pension Lahmar from Kashagan pool was being exhibited.
And this is that song about. And this one also got the inscription on the back stating it was amongst a number of statues,
the pension that my brooch as a gift to the to the general emperor on the year of the 40 FIPS subchannel ring.
So he says 70, 80. In fact, here's another similar zone cover created by dementia caught on the 46 year of the tandem ring immi taking this one.
Now it using the Taipei Palace. New Gem. Let's go back to the room that's only the search.
How bad is depicted on the tank? A painting of Songhai best life story just behind the lacquered huge wooden statue.
I'd like to have him painting of the Buddhist lifestyle right on the ground floor,
which is composed of nine paintings covering the northern, western and eastern wall.
The Pentiums don't keep a lifestyle. Rick was specifically made as a whole, according to the size of the room.
So the arrangement of the Ekwall six room may correspond to what's unique about Spline in the great exposition
of the great Tanesha that four classes of 10 try at different but equal doors of entering the larger vehicle.
So don't give us idea. Arthur takes planting his disciples.
Kindred just packs the introduction to the Buddhist tantric system as he is placidly space.
There's no discrepancy between the teaching of both the creature and the chariot.
Tantra and that of the pyramid has school concerning the message of becoming a Buddha.
Literature was a clear sign the division of the father and the modern Tantra and
the high yoga Tanesha and challenged the other kinds of division of other school,
for example, which division of Marda father and Nondurable Central.
According to various kind of criteria.
However, what I'm referring here is just my speculations seem to another Buddhist pension, which is not far away from Fanfarlo.
It is the view wagger as showing the slides are designed as a horizontal tower as the highest yoga 10 chart on the top.
On top is the three most important golu Patty Demn as the GWI has a much larger Harrill than
some vira on top and then on the yoke the duty of yoga tantra on the on the second floor,
the tire on the first floor and the creature on the ground floor.
Those are the. The DTM. There you go.
I love the desire foul by law, as was the classification of Buddhist DHT, a particularly important sense from the 20 seconds here of the channel Rain.
So he says 1757 to the forty fifth year of the channel rain.
So he's 70, 80. The Channel Emperor actually constructed eight these kind of buildings, which is clearly hoping for the safe classes.
Buddhist shrine. While Fun Parlow is only one of the eight.
Four of them are constructed inside a palace. Well, the other four are relatively located in jayhawkers or chunder.
And the indiscernible palace in town.
And then it is no exaggeration to say that this kind of building pinned down old important Tibetan Buddhist landscape of Manchu court,
which absolutely demonstrates its significance. According to the Palace Archive, the first found level is still way out.
Go now. Originally in the gentle Galong guarding the Palace Museum was first constructed in the twenty second of the channel REI.
The six stupa was ready to be made of six six kind of material, namely Brownes, Cassone, silver, sandalwood, glass and gold.
So where are the rest of the looping follow at the six classes of Buddhist bearding?
Well, only one and half remains. The formal one is from Pirlo, which we are discussing, and the later one is portion alone.
Nowadays, apart from the stupas inside about Shango, old interiors are gone.
Fortunately, between the 1926 two, 1927,
Baron Von Helps 10 and his associate photographer Benjamin March got permission at the time to document the bronze statue of Foshan Law.
Though these photographs are finally went to the light of the Havert library,
and it was later published in 1937 by Eugene Clark as the very renowned book To Lie Amazed Pens.
So on the left, that's about Shango, the picture of Dutch Paul Shango taken in 1930s and the right is what is now,
and that is the pictures in the 1930s.
And now what is like of the interior? Now in Russian law.
So therefore, we have to set of brands of branches of the six side room one frankweiler and another one is about Santillo.
By comparing the branches of fashion law in Venezuela, I noticed first the duty of each.
The companies of each room are almost saying, which come 10 confirms the content of the iconographic pens of each room remains.
However, their spatial arrangement at these arrayed would be arranged.
Note designer of this building deed as the Faber is.
Each sculpture is inscribed with your name in Chinese in the front and the root.
The room name on the back of the throne. So here is their Shan, your dofor.
So it must be a one of the city five who does. And on the back is inscribed to find.
So it must be in the room one. The room of Patroni perimeter.
Apart from the central room,
each room have pieces of a caption of foreign languages on the blue background paper indicating an idea, peace of the room.
That's the nightman duty as well as the important Penneshaw of this room.
The four languages. I'm a. Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetans.
So in sound they are 24. Captioned In fact, Francois Lowe was on the ground forward.
The room had the captions, the archive, the palace archive states of the 40 40 first year of the channel.
Ray shows that the Chinese caption was written by handling was not specifically name which handling, but the rest was right.
And by Carol Theodore J.
So I want to spend a little bit time talking about the channels pertinent to this, said Chang shek, who could, quote, took it to Robert Dorji.
Since he was not only the most important Lamonte about the Lama in the mental Kord thing,
the 18th century Ozo whomping, the most influential lama at a vast Tibetan plateau.
As a childhood friend of the Prince Hong Lee, who later become the channel emperor,
he was regarded as a person who established the paramount temple, making and collecting Tibetan Buddhist image,
promoting an authentic system of iconography, translated a large number of Tibetan Buddhist text and created a number of sophisticated art PJAK,
as well as the Buddhist philosophical writings. Very interestingly, the two very renowned iconographic books attributed to Rowby Dorji,
the three hundred sixty Buddhist deities on on the right and the iconography of 300 DHT on the left.
So as the name indicates, the three Hendry's contends three henges, Lama and DHT.
In copying in the format of Tibetan patcher, we sat on Data Prepays by Robert Dorji.
The 360 contends 360 Hand Illumination illustrated the image in the format of Chinese Bicke.
The three hundred is traditionally regarded as the first Penson ever produced properly how to create,
to help autist or to broaden this practical and practical interest for Tibetan style monks.
It is also considered as an authoritative and compilation of guru and DHT with a sanctioned vision of Rubia Dorji.
Similarly, since Ruby Dorji made numerous FSD standardising translation chanting practised practising Buddhist Riccio's,
the 360 is interpreted as an instrumental Pennsy and will be Dorji created under the Emperor's order.
Throughout my study I discover that Oh just Re Hanjin 360.
I created as a gloopy pension and associated with Robert Dorji at different extent in different ways.
Many discrepancy in terms of iconography and classification.
In my point, you need a boob can be regarded as that authoritative book with Ruby George sanctioned
vision Sengstacke created for the purpose of mass production and merit making.
Nevertheless,
it demonstrated that Buddhist pendulum at the time can shift according to his function papers and his materials only by looking to this child.
The pencil I could possibly know where the pencil is suppressing, how it is constructed,
why it is arranged, arranged in this way, and possibly who design it.
So let's go back to over building and start with room for his room for it is relatively easy.
No room for it is the room of yoga tend to deny devotees of this room.
So that's the room for it to deny Mandir to young northern wall.
The painting ended up bronzes are the same Sacto building flanked by two carpenters.
Each company is contains sixty one deities.
The nine men did of this room are the sub of eight, Virgina was four hat and two arms in the centre surrounded by budget that do a jig to be that.
Yeah. To safety and to low key heavy Jiah, the oldest correctively at Paramount.
Yeah. But just that kooky amendatory that my dad do batteries.
Vira and now ocean is sharp. Only he Lokey of Vijaya is the worst for DHT and the rest.
Or our piece for Dieties.
So. So when we think about artistic representation of the data of yoga Tonja,
most of us probably would think about the Vaja that do mandala that have them on this
trade or the depiction of the five Buddha family asked of our children in the centre.
Shopian and easy to read my bobbye in the south. I mean, how about the whys?
And I'm a heisting and Knaus, which is commonly seen in many kinds of artistic materials.
So what are those men, Dieties? How they are related? Honestly, when I first look at these deities, I.
I even cannot find it. And then the representation of the navigation is sharp.
As cute as Kedrick chicks, they seem the introduction of Buddhist tantric system.
The most fundamental 10 trap of yoga can track is the Sabbath to that.
Gotta have us and garbanzo the as tads the tax of estudiantes half force actions namely that time time on round.
So is said Roger that to the victory over the three words.
The Trillo can be Jiah training the living beings.
So cheque out the mean bagga and achieving of objectives.
So Siddharta. And according to can you keep in that account the taxing some contends 28 Mendola each section had one man Mandela as budget.
I do not have underly Clokey of each. I am a Mandela said magic.
ADAC set Sabag Jack Gaffing Diana, Maham, Mandela and Savard SCD Maham Mandela.
It is obvious that do you miss ocal of the DHT associated with a ten track and very passably each.
Did he stand for the entire Mandela? So about what about a four Aditya cheese as we can see.
I'm a Daddo Adoree Smara is a Mandela of Menger Sreenevasan itI.
It can also be the form of Menger free with four faces and eight arms and will
Chinna [INAUDIBLE] is a Mandella of their Gandi parent shodan in Tantra.
As mentioned Bettini IQ Conetta can their gaddi partner showed the net as explanatory tension on
the part two of as TTR as was police for rating to add because it was used for funeral rites.
The text of their guide, the Perrineau showed the that describes Serkin Mendola seven five are trying
to Mendola as the basic Mendola of the old translation and the motion easier.
Mengele is the basic Mendeloff of the new translation. The Promacta have had respect but no doubt associated with Step-Parent Media.
Such a set of a Mendiola bad, pretty much a fact in the centre.
And the mandala is very similar to the budget that de Mendeloff.
It also include Shobha in the East. Read my Sambi in this souse.
I mean Pabbi in the West and I'm a high sitting in the north and I'm still working on book.
Yeah, well here Menjou Shray Night and Mohmad thing is associated wasted.
Tchang Grackle means content commentary of the industry and my son Gitti Agil.
At the current stage I couldn't offer a very clear interpretation of the night DHT of the room of can trap.
What I can be sure is docx.
DHT is not merely an icon for the purpose of worship, but represent of the very idea expanded in scripture's the classification of each clause of 10.
Try and you Hocker represent how JTA out to be classified in the real of the designer at that time.
Eighteenth century. So what about the dating. The two components.
Those two cabinets, as we mentioned earlier, the sticky one DHT of each cabinet.
They are three size DHT in each cabinet, as we can see, the first and the fifth row have the smallest size.
The second and forced row have the middle sized and the central row have the largest sized dieties this year of study.
I noticed that the two cabinet in the room of yoga Tantra actually contends the duty of three mandalas.
Namely, the magic that meant lack the demand that drove actress Ferrymen Dalat and the Naville she Neesham Mandela.
As we can see,
I marked the budget I do in pink diamond idolatries Vira in blue and the ocean is shot in green and the black one is the isolated single one.
But I think those black duty's, which is not associated to any Strood, any of the three Mendola is demanded to so itself can represent Mandela.
So if we look closer to the combinat, we we can notice that the size of each DHT actually doesn't matter.
For example, the body Sentebale of Foja that do Mandela the mahout sixteen.
My whole body stepped out of the budget that Mandela actually have to sign.
Some of them are smallest inside sized and some of them are medium sized.
Or if we look at the western combinat on the left side, the green on the fourth row, they are now washing ashore.
Mentalistic T. There are eight the eight nowish Oceania shaddy t, often evolutionism Mandela actually have to size.
So several of them are in the middle sized and the rest to one.
The last ones in the fixed row. So he's the smallest size but they actually are paralysing to yeti's on the inner circle of an emotional shell.
Mandela. Oh sir. There are some DHT I marked with two colours.
Actually there are dear to you. Share by two Mendels.
In this case is shared by Mojado Mandela and their God.
Apparent that showed Mandela. However, none of this tremendous that can be completed by the DOJ using this cop in this true communist.
As I'm marking this lies the Badger Badger to pen by Jack and that Bhajan LOLCat and the budget postpunk are missing in these three DHT.
On the right one would show is only the centre of Dhamar that directress merriment.
And as we can see, the word that my guess my macchi, ocana low, channa para and Pandora I'm missing.
It's very strange those for Binet matters and mysteriously put as a man to tease out off the room of China as a room.
Room five. So at the moment, I cannot identify those duties by consulting the voucher appley and the 10 Tresham.
Yeah. And what I can't I can't find is in the room.
Choose a room of the father. Five, father 10.
It compares the 30 to DHT of actual be by Joe Amendola.
Eighty eighty of my hatcheck rabbi Japan Mendeloff Shray on the room of the high smar the ten chart.
It contends there panchayat back Mandela because Pennicott That commander is huge and
he contends those five five small Mendelow series of very huge Mandella in room five.
The Cabinet contends the Garba Mandela,
which is described in the Virgin Abie some Moodies to track and Ozuna Mandela put that Hammat Butat Gamarra and then in the
room sex filled room of Qureia it contends to Mandela of the by Shapp Weishaupt Galluzzo Track and the pen Raksha Mandela.
However, I think my ID health those Mandela is very problematic because what I'm using now is the tax of Bodrov Lee and 10 trusts and my Chhaya,
which is composedly eleven sentry's. And I do think in a good petition they have their own.
They have their own tradition of Mandela as well as the relationship of the Nidhi Eighties.
So now they are the current stage. I'm looking at some glue pot tax and I hope in the near future I can give a
more solid textural and EMH interpretation of these six rooms of the crown.
So I, I shall finish here and a priest ask me questions.