1
00:00:08,380 --> 00:00:12,630
OK. Hello, everyone, and thank you for coming.

2
00:00:12,630 --> 00:00:17,810
I'd like to welcome today our speaker. Vastly.

3
00:00:17,810 --> 00:00:25,410
She's a social anthropologist who is currently pursuing APHC at the Museum of Cultural History at the University of Oslo, Norway.

4
00:00:25,410 --> 00:00:30,660
Her research is based on long term ethnographic fieldwork amongst Tibetans in Dharamsala,

5
00:00:30,660 --> 00:00:37,710
and her PLDT project is concerned with the practise and performance of Buddhist rituals and daily life amongst laypeople.

6
00:00:37,710 --> 00:00:42,210
She has also contributed to the volume bodies and balance the Tibetan medicine.

7
00:00:42,210 --> 00:00:51,030
That's edited by our Oxford colleague, Teresa Hoefer. In her talk today, Enga will discuss what she refers to as empowered objects,

8
00:00:51,030 --> 00:00:56,490
small objects such as amulets and charms that people wear on their person and to explore the usage,

9
00:00:56,490 --> 00:01:02,790
practise and significance of these objects in terms of their connexion to Tibetans everyday lives, concerns and experiences.

10
00:01:02,790 --> 00:01:07,370
So welcome Enga. And please start your chest pastry.

11
00:01:07,370 --> 00:01:13,040
Thank you. They used the ballot.

12
00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:23,760
OK, I will try to share reproachfully. OK, can you see?

13
00:01:23,760 --> 00:01:28,800
Great. OK. Thank you. Hi.

14
00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:34,470
And thank you for the invitation and for giving me this opportunity to present my work.

15
00:01:34,470 --> 00:01:38,070
I appreciate any questions or comments that you might have.

16
00:01:38,070 --> 00:01:45,840
And yet, before I stop my talk, I also want to add that my research is based on long term ethnographic fieldwork.

17
00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:53,490
It's been a long process and I started doing fieldwork in 2008 for my M.A. continued with a field trip in 2012.

18
00:01:53,490 --> 00:02:00,390
But my peach tea and weeds brief trips to the field in 2013 and 15th.

19
00:02:00,390 --> 00:02:03,980
My main actor will ethnographic field site that's been set up,

20
00:02:03,980 --> 00:02:12,950
but I have also visited other Tibetan settlements in India as well as I have stayed with Tibetans in Kathmandu for about three months.

21
00:02:12,950 --> 00:02:21,400
OK. So let's get started. And I will start with ethnographies.

22
00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:28,420
Suddenly, one morning during Fugere, when I was at home eating breakfast, young Shin phoned Young Shin.

23
00:02:28,420 --> 00:02:34,690
A woman in the early 60s was one of the Tibetans that I spent most time with during fieldwork.

24
00:02:34,690 --> 00:02:40,820
Most of the Tibetans I interacted with and the telling of times came face often stayed with,

25
00:02:40,820 --> 00:02:46,680
with ordinary Tibetans striving to make a life a living in India.

26
00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:53,040
On the phone, Youngson asked me to come to a home in the lower part of the town, lower Dharamsala.

27
00:02:53,040 --> 00:03:01,410
That same day last night, her husband, Dorji, had shared shared with her the news that her material girl had died.

28
00:03:01,410 --> 00:03:06,600
Her uncle had died of old age in this home in a Tibetan settlement in Osaka.

29
00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:16,320
The bungalow. Also, young Shin and Dodi had lived from the mid 1970s until they moved to that until 2005.

30
00:03:16,320 --> 00:03:23,310
Instantly, Young Shin was preparing for immediate departure. She told me on the phone and off the young Shin's call,

31
00:03:23,310 --> 00:03:31,320
I hurried to a home to keep a company for the entire day until the evening when she boarded the overnight bus to Delhi.

32
00:03:31,320 --> 00:03:36,960
Just before Young Shin left her home, she did some last essential preparations.

33
00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:44,100
She took up the clothes that you were already inside their home. A blue flowered shirt and a green skirt.

34
00:03:44,100 --> 00:03:50,550
She'd been found. A black and white wound's doing it. Several small objects attached to it.

35
00:03:50,550 --> 00:03:56,340
She'd put the tread, the roof, her head, so that the objects fell neatly over her chest.

36
00:03:56,340 --> 00:03:59,340
The object, the oil contained with this power.

37
00:03:59,340 --> 00:04:09,970
She covered the objects with a thick green tuba and her colourful as she dressed a transparent plastic bag filled with small orange seeds.

38
00:04:09,970 --> 00:04:13,860
Naturally, it fell for Majuba young shin site.

39
00:04:13,860 --> 00:04:21,840
They don't put the bag somewhere inside the dress. I thought she was ready to leave, so I picked up the bag and headed to the door.

40
00:04:21,840 --> 00:04:26,130
Then I turned to look for her young. She was still inside the living room.

41
00:04:26,130 --> 00:04:31,620
I saw her lightening, but the lamp incense stick. The smoke of the insects filled the room.

42
00:04:31,620 --> 00:04:38,790
Bittersweet. Next, she turned to the Shosha train with her palms pressed together.

43
00:04:38,790 --> 00:04:42,960
Her lips move. She mumbled words I couldn't understand.

44
00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:47,250
The palms still together should turn the body to another wall.

45
00:04:47,250 --> 00:04:53,970
And the pictures of the 14th Dalai Lama and the Buddhist protect your faith is naturally.

46
00:04:53,970 --> 00:04:57,630
I guess that you prayed for a safe journey and a second life there.

47
00:04:57,630 --> 00:05:05,040
She turned to me and smiled. Now I'm ready. We left the house and doorjamb and I would have had to bust them from there.

48
00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:12,990
Supported by Buddhist power. Young Shin embarked on a several days long journey of the Indian companies.

49
00:05:12,990 --> 00:05:17,670
In this talk I want to focus on the small objects that young Shin had attached to

50
00:05:17,670 --> 00:05:28,990
the black and white balloons doing and which she carried as she left her home.

51
00:05:28,990 --> 00:05:37,240
The objects that young Shin carried, as you can see in the picture, are different in different design, but also in age and the objects.

52
00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:42,140
Power was provided by different sources. Leaving your home.

53
00:05:42,140 --> 00:05:47,720
She carried a great number of empowered objects, being prepared to meet potential obstacles.

54
00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:55,550
The layer of ritual protection. Young Shin would not only carry these objects on the person when travelling.

55
00:05:55,550 --> 00:05:59,520
It was an integrated part of what being in everyday life.

56
00:05:59,520 --> 00:06:09,320
So when young she left outside their home, even for daily errands, she carried on a Buddhist temple, small of these powerful objects.

57
00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:14,060
But I have chosen to call and power objects during my fieldwork.

58
00:06:14,060 --> 00:06:18,500
I learnt that these objects are generally popular amongst Tibetans.

59
00:06:18,500 --> 00:06:29,640
And I observed and learnt by talking to people that people of all ages carry one asylum and pilot objects.

60
00:06:29,640 --> 00:06:39,640
And in this talk, I will explore how my intellectual is used and understood this practise of using empowered objects, to my knowledge,

61
00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:44,770
there is not a singular Tibetan terms that covered used Pokemon objects with protective

62
00:06:44,770 --> 00:06:50,790
qualities commonly applied in daily conversations with the term to which I proposed.

63
00:06:50,790 --> 00:06:54,940
If a local variant of the Tibetan term Sumba protection,

64
00:06:54,940 --> 00:07:03,550
some people also simply use the term to love the children and parent when referring to these objects.

65
00:07:03,550 --> 00:07:11,740
And I follow Geoffrey Samuels and understand Jin love of a blessing, power inherent in sacred sites, objects and landscapes, deities,

66
00:07:11,740 --> 00:07:22,960
and then come to speaking and which contains the quality to transform mere themes or useless objects into potent, effective ones.

67
00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:31,680
And Gin Love is in most instances, the force that makes these objects potent and effective.

68
00:07:31,680 --> 00:07:37,590
Two powerful objects, popularity. Amongst Tibetans, just not the new phenomena.

69
00:07:37,590 --> 00:07:46,460
Two Tibetans in exile from this recession, Tibetan in the 1950s, and then the best ski like Gurewitz wrote a book, Deportment of Dick.

70
00:07:46,460 --> 00:07:52,130
S Quotations start the most important means by which Tibetans tried to come up.

71
00:07:52,130 --> 00:07:57,140
Thousands of flosses rotation stops. He's talking forces.

72
00:07:57,140 --> 00:08:05,750
I hope I'm not. And should be more graphically scrutinised in regard to the context of study.

73
00:08:05,750 --> 00:08:13,010
Usage of empowered objects is also mentioned in more recent studies amongst Tibetans in exile.

74
00:08:13,010 --> 00:08:18,950
For instance, by Jeffrey Semillas Taylor, the team law and due process.

75
00:08:18,950 --> 00:08:24,710
However, in these studies, the usage of empowered objects is mentioned only in passing.

76
00:08:24,710 --> 00:08:32,890
And they're not the focus of study and thus leave the mythical potential of these objects unexplored.

77
00:08:32,890 --> 00:08:43,220
And so I aim to contribute with new insights on the usage of empowered objects in daily life amongst Tibetans living in.

78
00:08:43,220 --> 00:08:46,110
A boat. I mentioned the English term amulets.

79
00:08:46,110 --> 00:08:58,370
This is the term used in a handful of books and articles like one from John Blair, said Mike Douglas Scopes Gay, Lesbian, but and Hildebrandt.

80
00:08:58,370 --> 00:09:04,770
These studies mainly describe variations of empowered objects, often based on Buddhist scriptures.

81
00:09:04,770 --> 00:09:10,780
They do not explore the usage of impact with objects in people's daily life in these writings.

82
00:09:10,780 --> 00:09:16,590
I mean, listen, chummed and tally's my terms applied in this talk.

83
00:09:16,590 --> 00:09:20,700
I used I have avoided the term and let's so show instead.

84
00:09:20,700 --> 00:09:28,380
I suggest term empower the objects are some biolab term to cover all objects infused with Buddhist powers.

85
00:09:28,380 --> 00:09:35,640
The term powderkeg I propose shed light on the dynamic feature of this object.

86
00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:41,820
Jeanne, love is an active pelican for us that can be generated and subsequently transform

87
00:09:41,820 --> 00:09:47,810
marriage things into potent objects through techniques the post can increase,

88
00:09:47,810 --> 00:09:55,890
but true usage. The power of the object can also be reduced just to emphasise this dynamic efficacy

89
00:09:55,890 --> 00:10:02,850
of them powered objects conceptualise the production and usage as a technology.

90
00:10:02,850 --> 00:10:08,630
Right, technology. I'm inspired by the finish of the colleges should be out, Velma,

91
00:10:08,630 --> 00:10:18,870
who had used the concept technology to denote practises of performances rather than ready made things and which might be efficacious.

92
00:10:18,870 --> 00:10:29,350
The methods and beings to production department objects become conduits with protective and sometimes also enhancing qualities.

93
00:10:29,350 --> 00:10:43,670
And the practise of, you know, fusing and powered objects. When conceptualised as a technology, reveal how the potent objects are efficacious,

94
00:10:43,670 --> 00:10:48,270
efficacious and acted on the subjects themselves by shaping interest.

95
00:10:48,270 --> 00:10:57,560
Well, there is a simple activities. I will not turn to variations of them powered objects.

96
00:10:57,560 --> 00:11:06,580
In. But eight to nine Jews.

97
00:11:06,580 --> 00:11:10,650
And she loved the terms used in everyday conversations.

98
00:11:10,650 --> 00:11:15,440
Tibetans also supplied more specific terms, but a different subject than hair.

99
00:11:15,440 --> 00:11:25,090
Get there under the general umbrella and powder it. Amongst the popular objects with infused with these powers that show could.

100
00:11:25,090 --> 00:11:31,260
Protective stuff. So do protective codes that predict protective tread.

101
00:11:31,260 --> 00:11:39,190
So we'll do a commonly produced and distributed teachings and rituals such as the colour cheque, the rituals.

102
00:11:39,190 --> 00:11:44,880
It could also be acquired. But if someone pushes.

103
00:11:44,880 --> 00:11:50,120
Some call it a commonly produced in one mysterious, but also in Mexico.

104
00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:56,250
As is depicted in the next.

105
00:11:56,250 --> 00:12:04,500
Amongst the empowered flushers in this particular object is the mindset of Manushi, as well as astute logical calculations,

106
00:12:04,500 --> 00:12:15,810
but also blessed powder that consisted of piece of clothing previously worn by the 14th Dalai Lama, as well as pulverised precious Pils.

107
00:12:15,810 --> 00:12:25,710
This tumour could contain several powerful ingredients, Tibetan's that I directed with Carrie did and come to light,

108
00:12:25,710 --> 00:12:30,740
for instance, due to the yet to this year being that obstacle years.

109
00:12:30,740 --> 00:12:40,200
And in terms of the Tibetan doing the calendaring and to protect against the many obstacles that could potentially occur during this particular year,

110
00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:49,440
some people also had been advised to acquire this rat for Kong in order to keep a good husband and wife relationship.

111
00:12:49,440 --> 00:12:55,230
So the purpose of using unempowered of Jesh lab manyfold,

112
00:12:55,230 --> 00:13:02,160
then you also there is also the payment set to provide the to Tibetan soldiers

113
00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:06,410
in the Indian army and which were also attractive amongst many soldiers,

114
00:13:06,410 --> 00:13:13,710
too. I was told that it turns out sometimes they're sold at the black market to a high price.

115
00:13:13,710 --> 00:13:20,090
And disempowered objects was quite attractive. I felt, particularly amongst men.

116
00:13:20,090 --> 00:13:29,120
Also a picture of the Dalai Lama or any other accomplished monsters, as well as ritual objects such as the melon or rosary, could be.

117
00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:34,330
Couldn't your vagina transform into an unpowered one? Well, show clothes from Rinpoche.

118
00:13:34,330 --> 00:13:40,280
It could be used as an empowered object this term and powered object.

119
00:13:40,280 --> 00:13:48,360
It's a number of different objects that I also see blessed tub with substances as part of this category,

120
00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:54,270
such naturally natural Chang Min and amongst Annable Manly reboot.

121
00:13:54,270 --> 00:14:00,960
And it was produced at the annual menu ritual that takes place in Sublett coming from some lab,

122
00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:05,520
and they're popular amongst many Tibetans that met and following.

123
00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:12,920
Do we choose the money we built could be obtained at the natural shamans produced during those instances.

124
00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:18,460
When Niching embodies the cutin and touch and new to orange coloured bamboo seeds,

125
00:14:18,460 --> 00:14:23,420
the childnet could be obtained this way too, but it could also be acquired.

126
00:14:23,420 --> 00:14:29,950
Free of charge at the natural ones theory whenever one need to use objects.

127
00:14:29,950 --> 00:14:33,260
And these blessed substances could be eaten.

128
00:14:33,260 --> 00:14:43,040
But people also carry them on their body, like putting one of several time or money reboot in a small box and tied around their neck.

129
00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:50,610
Young people also told me that they used to pay ChildNet terms papers in school aiming for a good school

130
00:14:50,610 --> 00:15:00,090
results and people should put them inside pulses that were shipped to other parts of the country.

131
00:15:00,090 --> 00:15:12,140
And let me also add that there are objects which have not been empowered from both sides, so it would be perceived to contain a natural in power.

132
00:15:12,140 --> 00:15:21,830
And these are still held to be powerful. And then this group of protective objects of various precious stones.

133
00:15:21,830 --> 00:15:28,190
Can go back there, you can see it.

134
00:15:28,190 --> 00:15:35,650
Did you see which perhaps was the most attractive one amongst the Tibetans I interacted with,

135
00:15:35,650 --> 00:15:40,930
the shades of the colours varied for several Tibetans told me that they perceive that the sea,

136
00:15:40,930 --> 00:15:46,000
which was most black in colour, gave the best protection on the surface of the sea.

137
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:49,140
A circle, pardon me, eyes.

138
00:15:49,140 --> 00:15:56,620
And I was told that this even and I might be had the best protective qualities of the popular stones with protective qualities.

139
00:15:56,620 --> 00:16:01,540
Were Choco's you. You sure do.

140
00:16:01,540 --> 00:16:14,700
And Pearl morphic. Noteworthy age be significant metre in terms of the stones, Perkasie, the old ones considered to be more potent than the new one.

141
00:16:14,700 --> 00:16:28,370
And people also told me that precious stones inherited from late family members added yet another layer to the already powerful object.

142
00:16:28,370 --> 00:16:35,830
An. More all of these objects could also be brought in when the stories in order to have a consecration

143
00:16:35,830 --> 00:16:42,940
at ritual Robinett perform until swimming to potent objects into more powerful ones subsequently.

144
00:16:42,940 --> 00:16:52,830
Also, to protect the qualities would increase his potential to increase the potency underlines the dynamic character of the Jicks power.

145
00:16:52,830 --> 00:16:59,820
Remember that this years as a technology consisting of practises not there where they might.

146
00:16:59,820 --> 00:17:03,870
Oh, well, some people only kept one and powered objects.

147
00:17:03,870 --> 00:17:16,770
Others carried a number of them and not mix between one object and objects with innate or and infused powers and other instances.

148
00:17:16,770 --> 00:17:21,120
What could one could conjure up on to one object?

149
00:17:21,120 --> 00:17:38,100
Great engine increasing the power of the object. A rosary is an example of this process.

150
00:17:38,100 --> 00:17:48,070
The Tibetans I interacted with often kept a rosary and got a everybody on the tool in their hands reciting prayers on my dress.

151
00:17:48,070 --> 00:17:52,660
The Fingers Touch wrote to be that the times simultaneously as the month was a third,

152
00:17:52,660 --> 00:17:59,170
turning to fingers gently from Lumbees to the other as one finished the month out and started repeating

153
00:17:59,170 --> 00:18:06,430
the mantra Use the rosary as a significant device for the daily prayer recitation in general.

154
00:18:06,430 --> 00:18:11,200
To help of the Buddhist potency and to count the number of months.

155
00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:19,690
Once one recited, the rosary was more over not only a device in order to count the number of recited mantras.

156
00:18:19,690 --> 00:18:28,920
I was told that by the entering of my prayers, the rosary was transformed into a powerful object with protective qualities.

157
00:18:28,920 --> 00:18:36,880
It became an empowered object in which the winner of the rosary became actively involved in the production.

158
00:18:36,880 --> 00:18:45,850
Recitation of prayers by a lay person must have always held them perceived to generate powerful objects to increase the potency of the rosary,

159
00:18:45,850 --> 00:18:54,340
the rosary most commonly brought to sites of beings that radiated powerful and to love and to collect some of this love.

160
00:18:54,340 --> 00:18:59,500
Tibetans were constantly vigilant for every possibility to receive Jin.

161
00:18:59,500 --> 00:19:05,770
And then they kept their rosary ready attends when the blessing power was within reach.

162
00:19:05,770 --> 00:19:15,490
For instance, people brought the rosary to rituals such as we truly lament naturally and bodies to including passing the net passing natural.

163
00:19:15,490 --> 00:19:23,910
People held the rosary in their hands, ensuring doesn't it shouldn't within power to object to what is whistling Brent.

164
00:19:23,910 --> 00:19:33,370
The desired potency was also accumulated from, for instance, a TRO used by a push in the Trone.

165
00:19:33,370 --> 00:19:37,470
It was perceived to radiate its wimpishness, blessing.

166
00:19:37,470 --> 00:19:41,710
And in order for a lay person to incorporate some of their blessing,

167
00:19:41,710 --> 00:19:49,990
a common practise just touched their head as well as a rosary or any other object, one to the best.

168
00:19:49,990 --> 00:19:50,830
For instance,

169
00:19:50,830 --> 00:20:00,460
once young children anywhere in the monastery Blackcomb during their rituals ordered and chip a huge tank up what day of the day they heard it inside.

170
00:20:00,460 --> 00:20:04,290
The main thing, though, approaching the Tomka.

171
00:20:04,290 --> 00:20:12,180
Young Shin bent her head, touched the tongue into four heads in respect, but also did gain some of the blessing invoked.

172
00:20:12,180 --> 00:20:20,320
By the time I got there, after a young shin left to Rosarita to come to join up, she explained.

173
00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:24,760
This was a technique to garner gin love that did Tounkara,

174
00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:34,190
I did it and I observed free and I frequently observe this practise in temples, other often teachings by allowing the.

175
00:20:34,190 --> 00:20:46,390
And another source of lab. It's near holy places to which Tibetans bow to each one can perform pilgrimage at.

176
00:20:46,390 --> 00:20:49,370
And significant at any significant length any minute.

177
00:20:49,370 --> 00:20:56,640
A common Tibetan practise is common practise is to collect stones, pinches of soil and other substances and empowered.

178
00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:01,550
We decide to love it, also possible to bring objects from home.

179
00:21:01,550 --> 00:21:07,190
Commonly a rosary to which the gene lover decides can be common.

180
00:21:07,190 --> 00:21:16,920
But every encounter with holy places. Powerful beings, and for each month, I respected the potency of the rosary with enhanced.

181
00:21:16,920 --> 00:21:24,030
This idea of increasing the power, this also underlines the fact that beats from the Dalai Lama's rosary.

182
00:21:24,030 --> 00:21:33,870
I was told was distributed from Michelle Fist to his followers to be perceived to contain much, much to love, to love temple.

183
00:21:33,870 --> 00:21:36,480
And in one obtained one of these potent beats.

184
00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:46,070
This piece of that this piece of the Dalai Lama sorcery would then be attached to one's own, be tied to a string of war around in.

185
00:21:46,070 --> 00:21:54,570
Likewise, I also encounter Tibetans who added to their rosary precious, those inherited from late pioneers.

186
00:21:54,570 --> 00:22:00,810
Well, so this practise, I was told, increased the power of the.

187
00:22:00,810 --> 00:22:09,380
And in this picture, you can see it was taking during colour, right, that's in the guy in 2012.

188
00:22:09,380 --> 00:22:12,890
And it is the statute had been empowered to choose.

189
00:22:12,890 --> 00:22:17,720
And people used their rosary to collect some of the blessing from the St. Jude.

190
00:22:17,720 --> 00:22:22,280
I was told it was such shampoo.

191
00:22:22,280 --> 00:22:32,750
And some Tibetans claim that amongst all add to us available, the rosary could be the most powerful and protective one of us.

192
00:22:32,750 --> 00:22:43,660
If the rosary had been in contact with and refused to love radiating from holy places in pushchairs and powerful and powered object.

193
00:22:43,660 --> 00:22:54,970
I have also aimed to show in this section that Rosary, the rosary powers could be enlarged to several genella generating and gathering techniques.

194
00:22:54,970 --> 00:23:03,390
And with the rosary in their hand, people became actively involved in the making of an empowered object.

195
00:23:03,390 --> 00:23:23,270
And more on the efficacy of DOJ was also based, the other parameters such as trust and the idea of keeping the object key to which I will turn.

196
00:23:23,270 --> 00:23:33,080
So first of all, despite the great number of empowered objects available, people did not critically obtain or used potent objects.

197
00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:38,790
The practise was based upon trust or faith.

198
00:23:38,790 --> 00:23:49,580
And turning to make no Griffy, I should pursue this assertion and explore the parameters of trust in terms of the efficacy of potent objects.

199
00:23:49,580 --> 00:23:56,690
One in the home of dodgin young children, Dudney Dodgier, showed me unempowered dog day designed as a clue.

200
00:23:56,690 --> 00:24:05,920
He said this is made of milk from snow lineman's and it's very powerful touch temple, doGet proclaimed.

201
00:24:05,920 --> 00:24:10,470
Yes. Don't you said the appeal was covered in black.

202
00:24:10,470 --> 00:24:18,480
And they kept it carefully in his palm. My one who was president in the room to start to love.

203
00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:28,670
He added, I don't believe in snow line, Smith and Dodges started to explain, but was only halfway an explanation when he stopped and kept quiet.

204
00:24:28,670 --> 00:24:33,920
Do do I too? I suspected the laughter of my one.

205
00:24:33,920 --> 00:24:40,150
Doug, you put the pill on the train and we did not talk more about guilt consecrated with snow.

206
00:24:40,150 --> 00:24:52,140
Milk. Instead, to underscore the significance of faith as a parameter for the effect of the empowered objects, Dodgier started to tell a story.

207
00:24:52,140 --> 00:25:02,130
This story, Dodger recounted the famous story of the Tibetan who went on pilgrimage from Tibet to India, funded his departure.

208
00:25:02,130 --> 00:25:07,710
His mother requested the army to bring back a relic of the Buddha.

209
00:25:07,710 --> 00:25:11,630
The sun, however, was able to field his mother request yet.

210
00:25:11,630 --> 00:25:16,940
He did not want to arrive home empty handed. That's your phone.

211
00:25:16,940 --> 00:25:22,890
Two to four dug up and meeting his mother. And he presented a Doug Stewart attitude of the Buddha.

212
00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:28,050
The mother was happily who happily received the two faces on the author ambush.

213
00:25:28,050 --> 00:25:37,550
The two daily A.D.s, she received many spiritual realisations as a result of her religious practise.

214
00:25:37,550 --> 00:25:42,050
The story told by doGet emphasise the twist of fate.

215
00:25:42,050 --> 00:25:47,480
That's a significant parameter in the usage and the effect of the empowered object.

216
00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:56,570
Tibetans do not gain them, do not gain the empowered objects, arbitrary or indifferent to the power source.

217
00:25:56,570 --> 00:26:05,880
It is it is significant for the technology of making, if efficient, powerful objects.

218
00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:11,510
Does to vary these powered objects are the body, I argue it's also a performance of trust.

219
00:26:11,510 --> 00:26:16,730
Trust in the abilities of the Buddhist potency to empower and hair and follow.

220
00:26:16,730 --> 00:26:24,530
Martin Mills was argued that trust is never simply a static belief about the world and therefore expressive.

221
00:26:24,530 --> 00:26:32,230
Instead, performance of trust is an essentially instrumental ritual within the moon.

222
00:26:32,230 --> 00:26:40,300
Let me turn to another parameter related to that, to the tune US efficacy, as other mentioned.

223
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:46,500
A significant parameter for the objects to be effective is gin, love, gin, love,

224
00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:56,980
it's understood as an active and fixed force and subsequently how people engage with it and move the department objects from their body method.

225
00:26:56,980 --> 00:26:57,640
For instance,

226
00:26:57,640 --> 00:27:10,390
the powered object infused with gin of the perceived to be negatively influenced by an activity is generating so much dirt and pollution deep.

227
00:27:10,390 --> 00:27:18,040
And. Yet generated by polluting substances and one handling of the object.

228
00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:22,510
Dust notwithstanding differences in design, quality and purpose.

229
00:27:22,510 --> 00:27:27,250
Well, an object had to be handled with care in order to not be used to power.

230
00:27:27,250 --> 00:27:34,510
For instance, these objects should not be stepped over in the same way as the dog bodies dumped in.

231
00:27:34,510 --> 00:27:42,970
Such an eye. I was told, would generate so fat and potentially reduce cancer potency, making them useless.

232
00:27:42,970 --> 00:27:50,740
Similarily one should not put too much. When a chair or a pillow, which one normally was symptom would should better remove it.

233
00:27:50,740 --> 00:28:00,250
When sleeping during sexual intercourse. Once when I talk to a person who had participated in war carrying the total.

234
00:28:00,250 --> 00:28:05,890
He suggested that the powerful empowered objects could not protect soldiers were

235
00:28:05,890 --> 00:28:12,770
killed because it had been contaminated by activity that generated so far death.

236
00:28:12,770 --> 00:28:17,440
So really. So where are we moving the protective objects from?

237
00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:19,680
People's bodies. The objects,

238
00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:32,050
they usually put them in the home transgression or any place in the room at a considerable high level to make sure that the objects were kept clean.

239
00:28:32,050 --> 00:28:34,540
Exploring different parameters.

240
00:28:34,540 --> 00:28:43,120
That is constitutive for the efficacy of the empowered object, show how their production and usage of two can be understood as a process,

241
00:28:43,120 --> 00:28:56,300
as a technology and the ready things in production of them pound objects and the use and Petain and the day the electical coming into being.

242
00:28:56,300 --> 00:29:02,250
And the idea that certain activities could potentially reduce the power of the object to

243
00:29:02,250 --> 00:29:10,060
let the object actually led the object to into influencing people's treatment of it.

244
00:29:10,060 --> 00:29:12,090
It is that idea, correct? Wait.

245
00:29:12,090 --> 00:29:22,510
We got to handling of subject I supposed to trust what a placement together Reggie Love that is constitutive of the efficacy of the.

246
00:29:22,510 --> 00:29:27,600
And the object was not something added to religious practise. It was an integrated part of it.

247
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:34,710
And he uses everyday life. People told me that they felt that they were using them powered objects.

248
00:29:34,710 --> 00:29:39,230
Still, the potent objects do not only hold an emotional effect.

249
00:29:39,230 --> 00:29:49,450
One took one of my intellectual's. Emphasise this to me when you said it is not only emotional to not want to have a real protective effect.

250
00:29:49,450 --> 00:30:12,310
I will not turn to some of obstacles to the obstacles that the objects work to protect the users against.

251
00:30:12,310 --> 00:30:19,450
Previously, I showed the picture opted to not provided by the histology Department of Mexican Doe Jakes provided

252
00:30:19,450 --> 00:30:27,850
from this department can be made a central purpose was tailor made for this specific purpose.

253
00:30:27,850 --> 00:30:36,420
Such a categorisation, I think, is relevant for oil empowered, obtain specific purposes could be particular illnesses.

254
00:30:36,420 --> 00:30:41,170
And one why I mentioned some power objects can exemplify this point.

255
00:30:41,170 --> 00:30:48,010
One of the objects that was tight, that was tied to the black and white one Twente that you carry as a session.

256
00:30:48,010 --> 00:31:00,490
When a body was object coloured by the clothes, she explained about the object like pointing to a box that light up on the table in her living room.

257
00:31:00,490 --> 00:31:05,260
She said this wax is the. Laughter But Devecser hair.

258
00:31:05,260 --> 00:31:08,320
She nodded to us. The object wrapped in a red glow.

259
00:31:08,320 --> 00:31:17,320
It's more special because of not the mantra has been recited on its back, its legacy and protects from stroke and epilepsy.

260
00:31:17,320 --> 00:31:27,400
One time we fainted and my mother became very worried. Worried for me, she asked my uncle, who lived in seeking to visit my living in this vicinity.

261
00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:34,060
My uncle had to ride a horse for two days to reach dilemma and to get this.

262
00:31:34,060 --> 00:31:42,500
Young should emphasise the difference between a marriage in the works and then the pilot one.

263
00:31:42,500 --> 00:31:55,680
Upon which a number of mantras have been recited. It also pointed out the usefulness of Perdis potency in terms of recovery and maintenance of how.

264
00:31:55,680 --> 00:32:04,680
Also, the object was acquired long time ago, and this exemplifies some of the potency of the object, was an independent in play of time.

265
00:32:04,680 --> 00:32:12,530
As long as it looks clean. And.

266
00:32:12,530 --> 00:32:17,640
As already mentioned, some people also carried empowered powered objects to counteract misfortune during

267
00:32:17,640 --> 00:32:22,650
their four years and others to counteract harm that might be caused by gossip,

268
00:32:22,650 --> 00:32:29,250
gossip or backed by a misunderstanding is exemplified with the words of Pamela.

269
00:32:29,250 --> 00:32:36,400
She said, When I'm out in the street, I always meet people who like me and who don't like me, the people who don't like me.

270
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:40,480
My back by car were my to protect me against.

271
00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:49,440
Bye bye. But after Tomas backbite will make many of the lazy and give high headache in the evening.

272
00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:58,430
Flotations. More, our Dharamsala is the site for a potential major earthquake in 2012.

273
00:32:58,430 --> 00:33:06,470
The town experienced a number of minor earthquakes and during that time, dam powered objects became significant to.

274
00:33:06,470 --> 00:33:14,010
Some people also stopped to sleep. The dam powered optics around a body inputting natural children under the pillow when sleeping.

275
00:33:14,010 --> 00:33:17,530
The objects were important to to protect against earthquake,

276
00:33:17,530 --> 00:33:25,340
although people would generally say that as long as the Dalai Lama lived in town, nothing dangerous could happen.

277
00:33:25,340 --> 00:33:31,870
The Dalai Lama's power was perceived to come direct, even a major earthquake.

278
00:33:31,870 --> 00:33:41,670
And in general. A general, the people I acted with navigated daily life with these empowered objects to protect against obstacles.

279
00:33:41,670 --> 00:33:49,540
Meeting was unfortunate. Plus by fortune at that point, I explained to that to this very important.

280
00:33:49,540 --> 00:33:55,690
For example, let's say two people are travelling on a bus. One person is staring at the other, one missional.

281
00:33:55,690 --> 00:34:01,010
Then an accident happens. The bus driver stopped the road and followed them.

282
00:34:01,010 --> 00:34:08,760
At that time, if somebody would survive the accident, it would lead the person who lives to West.

283
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:15,680
Pamela's example suggests that in those cases, when major obstacles such as accidents encountered them,

284
00:34:15,680 --> 00:34:20,170
powered up object will be protected and can even save a person's life.

285
00:34:20,170 --> 00:34:25,950
That is, if the person still embodied the life would say.

286
00:34:25,950 --> 00:34:35,460
Similarly against religious tench, astrologer Tensen underlined the connexion between a powered object and then Brundidge life was set.

287
00:34:35,460 --> 00:34:42,480
Tensing told me quotation stops Life is like a but the time will come when the lumps.

288
00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:50,700
But there has finished. But with the help to love, it is possible the hands of the best from vanishing due to encounter obstacles.

289
00:34:50,700 --> 00:34:52,440
Quotations stuck.

290
00:34:52,440 --> 00:35:04,780
In other words, the empowered objects had its benefits as long as the embodied lifeless [INAUDIBLE] was still existing and exhausted.

291
00:35:04,780 --> 00:35:09,940
Disempowered objects are, as shown, used for general, but also for particular purposes.

292
00:35:09,940 --> 00:35:13,540
In any case, the practise of carrying gift objects, objects,

293
00:35:13,540 --> 00:35:21,440
they argue can be understood as a technology, but object and object can be used as actively involved.

294
00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:26,140
Recent technology applied to maintain health in a broad sense of the work,

295
00:35:26,140 --> 00:35:34,030
as well as two powerful objects, became an empowering tool to proactively engage with everyday life,

296
00:35:34,030 --> 00:35:41,210
to gain a sense of control over the uncertainties related, for instance, to a major earthquake or otherwise,

297
00:35:41,210 --> 00:35:49,360
and in which the materialisation of Blessing's provided, quote, complete comfort and a ritual protection.

298
00:35:49,360 --> 00:35:56,340
And the end of this presentation, I will turn to a story I shared with me by a Tibetan pashing.

299
00:35:56,340 --> 00:36:05,580
Kashi is a man in the 50s, born in Tibet, but escaped in there in the 1980s, coming to India from Tibet as a teenager.

300
00:36:05,580 --> 00:36:13,380
She spent his first guest in India as a student that efforts to be an arm's length keeping Dennis.

301
00:36:13,380 --> 00:36:18,540
He was eager to return to Tibet, if only for a visit to his family.

302
00:36:18,540 --> 00:36:26,510
He told me that the returned to Tibet less dangerous because he had escaped some years ahead.

303
00:36:26,510 --> 00:36:31,500
And since he was not in possession of a passport nor a visa notwithstanding,

304
00:36:31,500 --> 00:36:39,810
he set out on the journey and he had to cross the borders between the past and Tibet without any radical documentation.

305
00:36:39,810 --> 00:36:44,760
This is how Tashi and narrated how he was able to cross the border to Tibet.

306
00:36:44,760 --> 00:36:48,870
He said, quote, My family members stayed behind in Tibet.

307
00:36:48,870 --> 00:36:56,670
So we've flown in India. And I miss them very much. Therefore, I decided to go to Tibet even if I knew the trip would not be easy.

308
00:36:56,670 --> 00:37:05,550
It was even dangerous. I did not have any passport. I became very nervous when I approached the border between the PA and Tibet.

309
00:37:05,550 --> 00:37:12,120
I had heard so many stories of torture of Tibetans by Chinese officials.

310
00:37:12,120 --> 00:37:20,400
I remember that I was behind some Nepali business people. When I crossed the border, I was shown I was in my hand and pocket.

311
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:26,800
I carried Natural Chung-In while I crossed the border. I also requested natural place.

312
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:31,710
And somehow I was able to cross without any asking questions.

313
00:37:31,710 --> 00:37:39,150
I felt so relieved. A woman from Purser asked how I had been able to cross the border without any papers.

314
00:37:39,150 --> 00:37:44,390
I don't know how it happened in my thinking. It was due to natural power.

315
00:37:44,390 --> 00:37:52,750
China's is tough, shameful. And I also carried Chung meant to give it to my family in Tibet.

316
00:37:52,750 --> 00:37:57,790
Fundaments remembers the orange colour balancing some power, but by natural,

317
00:37:57,790 --> 00:38:07,900
the Tibetan Buddhist protector and Tashi stories shows how how Buddhist powers in metallised forms are used by people.

318
00:38:07,900 --> 00:38:13,620
Also, movement movements in present days to political realities.

319
00:38:13,620 --> 00:38:18,270
The empowered objects had a transformative effect on the social environment.

320
00:38:18,270 --> 00:38:24,310
Moreover, influence uses movements, perceptions and emotions to trust.

321
00:38:24,310 --> 00:38:29,000
Performed by recitation of prayers and the practise of using a pilot object,

322
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:37,630
natural's power was perceived to bring protection and principle in border crossing between the potential death.

323
00:38:37,630 --> 00:38:44,530
It must employ to enhance one's being and to navigate the political border regime.

324
00:38:44,530 --> 00:38:51,910
Also, people seem to have prayers ready at hand if misfortune threatens anyone needed support and protection,

325
00:38:51,910 --> 00:38:59,570
for instance, depraved to female day-care daughter, mothers, couple of DuraSite during troubled times to pray for my.

326
00:38:59,570 --> 00:39:09,510
Is a short one from time to time. So that's how I was perceived to invoke the goddess potency for support and protection to those echoing the words.

327
00:39:09,510 --> 00:39:15,180
I became curious why it was necessary to carry and powered objects on the body.

328
00:39:15,180 --> 00:39:22,410
And there was a recitation of prayer, seemed to encompass the same effect, asking this question to my own.

329
00:39:22,410 --> 00:39:27,680
He said. Prayer service every Sunday the same.

330
00:39:27,680 --> 00:39:32,810
And when polls showed in their pocket, Tibetans could go to temples for shopping.

331
00:39:32,810 --> 00:39:40,460
But since we cannot know when we are hit by parch your net, but it is better to use much every day.

332
00:39:40,460 --> 00:39:46,490
Do not be seen as a double security quotation ends to her,

333
00:39:46,490 --> 00:39:53,990
it does not come to see him as a double security or as a layer of protection and as one of several ways

334
00:39:53,990 --> 00:40:02,780
to actively engage with and to work on local mundane concerns and in certain peace of daily life.

335
00:40:02,780 --> 00:40:11,310
And similarly to understanding that the month of Dolma would invoke powers that affect the device.

336
00:40:11,310 --> 00:40:20,530
The listener and environment. So did the empowered objective fact he used to sort of blow this social environment somewhat aside,

337
00:40:20,530 --> 00:40:27,330
yet potent and with his powers that a powered object for EU, for everyone.

338
00:40:27,330 --> 00:40:37,720
And it was a way to empower oneself. Dynamic technology.

339
00:40:37,720 --> 00:40:47,590
Less, more overt, I hope. In part, constitutive in the communication of a Tibetan Buddhist lifeform.

340
00:40:47,590 --> 00:40:51,510
OK. Thank you. Thank you.

341
00:40:51,510 --> 00:41:09,303
Enga.