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We are very happy to welcome Marlina Ashburnham now into our seminar series,

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who is currently in all tucked away and ready to present something of her latest research project, which focuses on Buddhism agenda in Sikkim.

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She looks at historical and contemporary sources in case us, I reckon, and maybe two words about Marlina.

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She is a long term student and alumni of the Munich University.

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She studied and put him over and also under cut cut out.

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And she put out a very impressive catalogue on the bottom, kick you out there.

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And she's now going into more diverse avenues with this take on Buddhism, the role of women especially, and other related issues.

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Merlino, welcome. Had everybody and thank you for inviting me to present the bottom of my research.

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So why Buddhism and gender perspectives? And second, to provide you with some background.

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Sikkim is a tiny Indian state in the eastern Himalayas that is known as a state

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where women have more rights compared to other states of the Indian Union.

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Sikkim is also form up what is kingdom that has always had close ties with Tibet.

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But today, Buddhism makes up around only 27 percent Sikkim as some might the ethnic and my darling will say.

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That became the scene of religious disputes and confrontations of dialogues and inventive religious interactions.

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And of course, Sikkim is one of the so called Big You,

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a sacred hidden land that has been prophesied by my son, by the watering butcher as being a place of shame.

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Whenever Buddhism or Buddhist mosque, this would be endangering Tibet and different Tibetan moss.

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Those left Tibet during difficult times and went the Sikkim where they found new sponsors and followers of the Buddhist teachings.

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So when I first visited Sikkim for some research in 2010,

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I was scattering information on one Tibetan Buddhist tradition that will also spread across the Himalayas.

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And it's still practised there, namely the Bahbah Coquitlam, an offshoot of the took cogito.

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Like many scholars before I followed in the footsteps of important masses of Buddhist tradition,

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read the hagiographies, historical and philosophical writings.

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I visited monasteries connected to them, and even some years later,

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as I came back to carry out further research, I still focussed on monks of that tradition.

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But some observations that I made during both field trips made me think.

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Even years later, the Babiuk monastery in Sikkim is home to several monks and novices belonging to the Father Coggin tradition.

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During my first visit, young monks were playing at the meadow in front of the monastery.

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Monks stood together, chatting, and some years later, all monks rode the football match in a nearby village.

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When I reached Buddhist monastery but back at one corner, hardly visible from the main bar,

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there are found a small building nun sitting close and reciting Buddhist texts.

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During both visits, I saw them only in the small hut. So all the years of my research on the bar about tradition.

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I never came across much written or oral information on nunneries belonging to this tradition.

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Only some sparse information on some women are recorded in the hagiographies.

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That irritated me since Deleware and still are obviously breakfasting nuns.

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But it also seems to have been Blayse out of the radar somewhere in the background, both literally and metaphorically.

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And that was the starting point, to dig deeper in my sources and stop thinking about Buddhism and gender perspectives in Sikkim.

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And today, I'm going to share some of my thoughts and sides on my research on this topic.

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But let's start at the very beginning. They can times during the lifetime of put a shark,

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your Moonie daughters run not quite well come because they only cost huge marriage costs and

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there would only exist because of a husband to whom they had to bring four sons in that money.

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Could society. Buddhism was established. Might a different world view possible?

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Buddhism, beaches, religious equality.

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But the social convention was a social step, ordination of women, but even first refused in establishing announced tradition.

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But he was reminded by Ananda is disciple that according to Buddhism, women have the same ability to gain a life.

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Munder Mom. So a compromise was found in establishing announced tradition that was largely independent.

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And that was new in a brief monikered context. But nuns and monks were only equal when they were separated.

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Even the oldest and most honoured NRM had to bow down even before a novice monk.

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So put a Mauney thought equality for every human being.

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But reality was different. Also, it's within societies influenced by Tibetan Buddhism.

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Generally, women were regarded as liking a man's intellectual, having a very calm mind and processing higher within their abilities.

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The temptations since the birth of a woman imply the accumulation of bad karma in formal lives.

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They were deemed inferior to mom. Yes.

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Kirk Gibson, his dictionary, an interesting example in this context.

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[INAUDIBLE] gave them a word to use to denote the women. One reads M. at the Yankee about men.

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So a human being at the Struve, but only born as a female.

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S. Yes. That's wrong. Slate that. That.

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Owing to the fact that women were regarded as being less capable than men, women and nuns got less access to education.

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Often woman took basic wiles and stayed with their families,

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or they waited until their children were old enough and then took full novis vows and shined a nunnery for practising intensively.

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So bearing that background in mind, let's now turn to Sikkim.

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According to legendary accounts, glittering butcher visits came during the eighth century and prepare the land for future dissemination of Buddhism.

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By the way, many legends are recorded wearing guru Jim Butcher for three months.

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And I have the feeling mainly female demons that represent that breed Buddhist belief systems.

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And he converted them into protectors of Buddhist.

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However, in the centrists that followed, different Buddhist masters revered so-called threshers Thelma.

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There have been hidden by Goodridge inputs.

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In one time dogmatics, a guidebook to Sikkim rediscovered by recrossing Goodman in the late 4th and beginning of the 15th century.

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One comes across an interesting passage in regard to gender or to description of the imagination of women.

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One reads that Gotthard input Chip Ruffels side.

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That when there is a decline of morale and general law in Tibet and sentient beings become full of the five months,

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including all women looking for sexual intercourse and incest.

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When there was a time of war or great desire to eat that food such as red flesh and black and blood, then flee, flee to the hidden land here.

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And then in Sikkim there are sentient beings have respect for the Buddhist teachings and women got their pure bodies.

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Everything is better there. So obviously it was believed that women have higher will not within their abilities to temptations, as stated before.

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Or one could say that the decline in morale has, amongst others, was measured in terms of women sex lives.

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Otherwise, a general decline in Mouret could have been described, both man and woman thirsting for sexual debauchery.

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However, then during the 17th century, Sikkim was frequently opened by three Tibetan Buddhist masters belonging to running Muffat,

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namely by Cut-Off Kinta Songpol lots uncut Schechtman and not act Semper Chimp or Prince of Crickets in Thailand.

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They are throwing the first Chigwell or Buddhist ruler named Binstock Nunga, and he is Sido of three Masters and the first Buddhists king of Sikkim,

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sent out by quoted inputs in these three Tibetan masters and the first to cammies King are known as the prophesied natural shishi.

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The four yogis who are Prada's. This prophecy is contained in an address scripture revealed by rough modelling by the 15th century.

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According to this, four yogis what entered a hidden land through defrauders and as intended by God,

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it input and open the land for Buddhism and at the same time providing followers of the Buddhist faith with a safe place to practise.

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And each of these, knowing my masters, also establish first monastic complexes and second.

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By the way, as soon after the enthronement of the first word is King, the not a tradition became the more influential one, even more.

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Not a prince of Rigzin was kind of a royal preceptor, robust disposition through his son jump atención and the late to do his son,

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respectively, not that wrenching them under the rule of the fat sugar cheque, though none of this changed.

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And the tradition of Latz and Shinhwa, the Minjilang tradition took up this position mainly one day, then coasties replacement.

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The affair of not a grandchildren, grandson of Prince of which Rixton and wrote Preceptor with Ben there one more.

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The half sister of the sugar. It seems that this relationship involves not drenching going in lots of troubles.

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And then one more was the daughter of the put the niece, wife of the second Sugar Dancing Nun.

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Yet she's associated with the niece invasion of Sikkim after her father's death as she claimed the right of the throne.

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One cabinet had raised the question, to what extent? And then one more really was alone, responsible for all the actions against her half brother,

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the second Meece King that she was blamed for it, or whether other mighty people poured the strings.

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For example, her with the news relatives and strongly influence spend there one more or even more.

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Use her as a dummy or as a scapegoat. But this remains Rattus speculation.

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Eventually, this power struggle ended up in the murder of the first year gap through followers of the wrong.

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And as a consequence of this and the murder of Bendalong. Not much information is preserved about not a Grinch syndrome,

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and this might not be of a great surprise as he became a Best-Selling non grata to do his affair with one month.

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The half sister and antagonist of the third shibulal in order to compensate for the improper relationship.

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Different monasteries were built and the number of monasteries all around Sikkim grew over the centuries.

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Besides, many Tibetans visit that sick him.

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More sources deal with major Tibetans, but some females are also recorded.

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The most famous was Cheat's In Your Bedroom.

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Daughter of that darkling from the founder of the Min Minjilang monastery in Tibet.

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That dappling emphasised on the importance of educating women and their role in transmitting and practising their authentic Dammam.

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He met his daughter, Chid Semenya Beidleman, a natural leader chick.

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My barber was a hiding my lover and the incarnation of Latson Gembrook, one of the three masters that had open sic him.

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Born in Tibet, he travelled to Sikkim and gained a lot of power there.

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Even more on the chicken, the Bible. The monastery of my young sir developed into a durable institution having the monopoly on the throne.

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Month of the Buddhist king. These kings of Sikkim.

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However, while residing in Sikkim, he tried to invite ships and mingle Bidar and to seek him.

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But she only arrived as soon Glass invaded Tibet and especially threatened members of the NIMET tradition, which means relink along.

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However, it's a media badgering, but the royal welcome when arriving in Sikkim and she once again shaved her head.

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And don't the robes of a nun. Then she was allowed to transmit many teachings to faithful people of this land, including the king and high lamas.

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And as stated by the second, me scholar Kyrsten Dolce put the important contributions to see Keamy Spudis are said.

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Remember during the period of her exile in Sikkim, she transmitted many important teachings that remain vital parts of the name above tradition there.

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And the king, the Fox, Yogya, Yemen. Yeah, even married one of its immediate bodhran systems.

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But the marriage was not a happy one. Yes.

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Later the king became seriously ill and there was still no at the A throne.

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Everybody was concerned about the continuity of the Namgyal dynasty.

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As recorded in royal documents, the king thought the ministers on his deathbed that none was expecting his challenge.

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Then the king passed away and the ministers found who shortly afterwards gave birth to an heir.

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Interestingly, her name is not mentioned in any source.

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As far as I know that the name of the father belonging to the local Fortia, that ethnic group that was allowed to reign.

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So in this way, it is nameless, non descending from an appropriate family safe.

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The Namgyal dynasty in the 18th century.

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Over the centuries, mainly monastery's following Mingma or cogill, tradition, traditions, refounded and Sikkim.

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And this might also be one reason why celibacy was never really popular in sick.

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There have been several attempts to introduce celibacy and Sikkim, but without great success.

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Whereas the gallop, along with their strict monastic discipline, became dominant in Tibet.

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This tradition was never introduced in Sikkim. To give you a further example, within the battle about Coquet, by tradition that exists,

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one incarnational in which was my monastery, the Kagami Monastery in Truby, was founded on 60 Meece territory.

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And by the way, the Sikkim royal family also left in the Chumby Ballet during the summer.

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And they also had close contact with Parivar Masters.

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However, this part of the Trumpet Valley, they came up out of bed shortly after the establishment of this monastery.

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And after the debate. Yes. Out in the 1950s, most members of this monastery went to see him and the coqui monastery in exile.

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Was this average close to Bangkok, the capital of Sikkim. However, the respective incarnates run up only to only fully.

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Odey night ordained monks of that monastery. But also as being tantric monks married.

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But what about Chander in this context? With very few exceptions, they're active.

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Rose and Sikkim have so far been. They combine socially and culturally,

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expect that women usually marry and then take care of their children and the household until the children are grown up and unstopped own families.

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Once this task is fulfilled, several women decide to devote themselves.

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The Buddhist practises Debray intensively for what people love and thus become part of money umbrella communities,

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Villette's village structures that are also called money Larcom and that belong to superordinate monasteries.

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After all. Sick and today, there is a 50 percent loss in the election,

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reserving 50 percent of the seats in bunches, yet the woman said to punch up the punch yet.

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It's a local village, said government in rural India that was once run by five male editors and some special religious features and seek him out.

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Massacre Department of Sikkim. And does Keamy Songa represent the thief that represents the whole Buddhist community in the second misgovernment?

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Both Rochester monks and nuns may contest and vote for this position.

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However, in 2019 of more than 3000 riches that Songa members, only six in line will months.

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Nuns always think that in the background, almost invisible.

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Perhaps that is one reason why the cammies code is songa seat.

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Also mongst seat. And there are no records of proper nunneries and Sikkim prior to the 20th century.

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To illustrate the point further from the deep ethologists and explorer Lawrence Redl that travelled in India in the 80s and 90s and visited Sikkim,

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observe that I quote, Naans are admitted to a few monasteries.

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But their number is extremely small and individually they are illiterates, old and decrepit.

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One reason for this might be the fact that several monasteries accumulated political and economic power.

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Monks were advisers to the king and performed the stage rituals, and naans might not fit into this picture of monastic monasticism.

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Another reason might be that women had other opportunities to devote themselves to put his practises.

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At least one hundred and fifty money that comes out of this, that better access to the apartment of Sikkim, they are located throughout the state.

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These Villette's structures give Froome the women for fasting practises connected with other kiddish Mara.

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And for reciting on money at home the mantra associated with Abelow British for DePodesta of Compassion.

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So this is the most popular law Mantha in Tibetan Buddhism that disposer recited

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by devotees was accumulating sacred sites or donning prayer waves amongst others,

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in or around such money. Alarcon's.

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As noted by Holmes Electrum that the activities of these groups of women, the big thing in the resting potentials for older women,

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the practise put us in an intensive collective environment in modern Sikkim.

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Their activities also suggest how women in minority communities in South Asia,

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such as Nopal and Lecture, will make up the demographically significant portions of money.

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Amla communities have continued to sustain the traditions in the face of new mainstream cultural institutions.

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In a post colonial era. So he you see different types or size of such undemanding outcomes.

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The worth it says I need money. Larcom can mean spray a weird damper or shrine drew for months.

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And the government of Sikkim defines money like Cong's as Sepp Monastery's for women.

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That should have a one story single mention in a traditional architecture.

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A huge idol of Abelow Kiddish Farah, a tutor and at least eight nuns.

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And it should function during all monthly periodical ceremonies at important Buddhist events.

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To give you a further example, was on the rows of women when I was when I was visiting Sikkim in 2010.

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The wife of a buncha yet a leader of a religion also told me that once her

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children are old enough and she would not be needed anymore in the household,

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she would join the local money lab, come and devote herself to put us.

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That's what she's expected to do.

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As she told me, besides, even if there are around 100 Buddhist monasteries listed by the AKOS ecclesiastical department of Sikkim,

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only two gone bust, meaning nunneries are comprised in that list.

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However, they do exist more nunneries and Sikkim, even if the most of them are far off amongst monastic complex.

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One man, for example, that told me about her life used to talk about the nunnery at Tech that she first joined.

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But according to the information provided by the Christmas secret apartment of Sikkim,

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there exists that money come from nuns, but not the proper nunnery, however.

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Nancy, usually extra in the background and devoted themselves to Buddhist practises, including reciting mantras and fasting practises.

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I would not go to more recent religious challenges and seek him and the role of gender in such a context.

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That, however, I strongly associate that with old legends and religious beliefs.

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The 20th century marked great changes for Sikkim, the Namgyal dynasty came to an end and Secant became an Indian state,

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while in the past Tibetan mosquitos provided locusts with new infrastructures, including bridges, roads, sources of drinking water.

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In the 20th century, locusts were again provided with new infrastructures again, roads and bridges, especially in the north,

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where sick and sick and borders on Tibet and the Indian military is now permanently

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station and destress cited in a confrontation of may lead to a religious belief systems.

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Buddhism and Sikhism. Many military members are followers of Sikhism and realise elections that Buddhists connect with.

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Gruder departure to quote Anana, the first of totally down six quarters and the fun of Frager of the six traditions.

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For example, in the village June Thung, one finds footprints of quoted in [INAUDIBLE] on a rock where he too caressed.

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It is said that during the rest he throw away some rice seeds and thus rice could be called avoid.

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That then showed them where to to climatic and attitude treasons.

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Rice usually would not grow. However, the Sikh community that same story but connect these elections to good anana that showed done a sick road.

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Rora has been erected near the sacred rock connected the budget importune.

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On the one hand,

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one funds' plates from the second misgovernment labelling displays as a Buddhist pilgrimage site that is connected the quoted input chain.

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And on the other hand, one fonds plates from the Sikh community telling the same reactions of bloated inputs.

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But intending to Romanic. And it seems to me that this discourse did not begin until the 20th century before it seemed clear that this was put aside.

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To give you an example of this. The second mass, thus surname should stand with Ravid to stick him in 1724.

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Report that in his writings that he visited sacred sites connected to grow broader input [INAUDIBLE] in trunk them, including his throne.

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Most likely preferring to go to needle the stone recorded input should to progressed.

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However, this forward area in the Himalayas is prone to earthquakes.

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When a heavy F quake hit Sikkim in September 2011, Chungdam was hit worse, amongst others.

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The local Buddhist monastery and the local money home,

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the place for Buddhist nuns and glady devotees to offer prayers under the guidance of a tutor were damaged.

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Why the restoration was going on very slowly. A new large Sikh gurdwara was put in a rush.

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McWhirter knaidel. The debate, whether this is a safe place for put is a Sikh community, is a very sensitive form.

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Locals, for example, claim that their history is being rewritten by the intruders.

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Both sides claim their rights. And they even go to court because of it.

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Another recurring theme of contests that hydropower road cheques through Sikkim, which Nehru once name named Temples of modern India.

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The second ME scholar and Compa published Tibetan texts, and he wrote that the hidden length of Thamel Jong Sikkim is the feeding spring of India.

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And I would translate even more freely. Sikkim is what, a dollar of India.

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And now it is turning into its powerhouse.

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Already in the 1990s, some go getters and tried to stop such projects, which, according to them, disturb the safe environment.

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For example, in the 1990s, the government plans to build a hydro electric power station on the sacred random river river.

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That's the spot of the undrivable true ritual.

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That is one of the most important Buddhist festivals in Sikkim, which has been held for centuries, and which the sangha now so in danger.

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In 1995, around 500 monks from all over Sikkim gathered in Bangkok, the capital of Sikkim,

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and demonstrated against this project that was understood as a fence of the sacred land.

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They carried families with Please protect our sacred land.

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These monks were followed by sea cammies women that chant Braille's.

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That particular project was cancelled. Two years later, many orders have been realised.

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So people have a close relationship to nature, incorporate this in their religious practise and in daily life.

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In 2018, the 9th annual environmental conference for Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries and

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Nunneries was held at the humpbacked monastery and in the 17th Khartum up.

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Org Enduring Torture spoke via video. The 90 monastery trip.

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A scent that the extreme 34 monasteries and nunneries.

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Addressing climate change and the role of Buddhists in this context.

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See, he said that I quote to you to the importance of Tibet and the Himalayas as a source of water for millions of people downstream.

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I appeal to you all to also take up the responsibility of addressing climate change.

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We should see our actions of preserving nature and protecting the environment not only as ways of minimising climate change impacts,

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but also a Spotify Buddhist practise, because everything we do with benefit artists and then beings that a speaker

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at the conference was Mr. Pesche of Quiera from the United Manged Nations,

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and he stated that he strongly felt that monks and nuns have huge power as people dam the river listens to them.

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Thus, if they talk to laypeople about the environment and climate change, there is a big chance they might change people.

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So this organisation, Kovar York, which means the environment in Tibet,

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is a network of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and nunneries that are located in India,

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Nepal and put them and which have Chaundry made the commitment to help protect the

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Himalayan region from environmental degradation through their core initiative.

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The Karmapa wants to turn both Buddhist monasteries and nunneries into environmental leaders and problem solvers.

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Some say cammies monasteries are part of this organisation. But until now, no sicking meets nunnery, at least as far as I know.

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But Buddhist nun slowly start to stand up from the marginal position some are studying at Buddhist universities in India or even abroad,

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but only a few have taken active roles in society so far.

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To give you an example of an outstanding Buddhist nun, one nun, a Tibetan by rich and but born and sick,

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him, as she named it, left Sikkim because of the Karmapa controversy in the early nineties.

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She went on a ball and dental up where she joined the Central Institute of

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Higher Tibetan Studies and where she graduated on the Forest Philosophy Stream.

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She wrote a book on general Buddhist concepts, especially for Sikkim most readers.

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And she went to this mania for Happy Achee today.

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Besides of being a researcher at the Institute in Satina, focussing on Buddhists, lexicography is from Sanskrit, the Tibetan.

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She also became a visiting assistant professor at a number Namgyal Institute of Deep Ethology and Sikkim teaching master's students.

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Asking her about the rows of nuns,

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she stated that generally what is not in Tibetan Buddhists were mostly devoted to doing prayers and purchase and not much philosophical status,

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but lots of positive changes have occurred in the last decades now.

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Nuns in most of the nunneries do philosophical studies like in the monks monasteries.

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And there are many nuns now graduating as Kendalls Geisha, Mass, loban and chariot's in all four schools of Tibetan Buddhism,

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a huge achievement in this century, in the history of Buddhist nuns and Tibetan Buddhists.

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And of course, this naans curriculum vitae is certainly an exception for a C cammies nun.

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But it also shows that in that not all nuns work exclusively in the background.

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And some also start taking on active roles. But also, more generally,

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topics such as gender equality or the empowerment of women are recurring themes in security newspapers and at the same time the

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Hmong's have a strong position and voice to Sikkim and they come together and involved politically whenever they feel threatened.

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They remind, for example, traditional values for intensified Buddhist practises.

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Also reinterprets rituals that have changed due to environmental changes,

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or they collect evidence for protecting Buddhist predicaments, sites or a sacred landscape.

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In February this year, a Sikkim North Bengal put his complaint took place in Gangtok.

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The chief minister, which is see in the middle of this picture,

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highlighted that the Buddhist heritage is undergoing rapid transformation in its polity,

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as well as in cultural and social economic dimensions, creating strategic challenges.

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So also, policymakers recognise the ongoing transformation and the connected religious challenges amongst Buddhist communities in might the ethnic.

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And my dealing was sekhon and issues and debates, including disputes with other belief systems or how to deal with a safe environment and hydropower,

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hydropower projects or climate change, but also gender, gender equality and gender empowerment.

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Both of these religious challenges.

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And I close with a quote from the office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women United Nations from 2001.

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It is important to convince demographers that gender perspectives can strengthen their

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analysis and provide new insights about demographic processes and to demonstrate this,

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that this Titians the inadequacy of data that do not incorporate gender perspectives and fire cheekily.

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I add that in many other areas. It would be important and fruitful to include Chandos perspectives as well.

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And of course, I don't mean by any means that in Himalayan Tibetan Buddhist Sikkim status,

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no scientific discourse in this context have taken place so far or that everybody should include that.

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But in some parts this component is overlooked. After all, this is exactly what is needed to show a comprehensive picture of a society.

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But in my opinion, also of religious traditions,

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even if it is certainly easier to integrate and to concentrate on the male part since more was documented and written down.

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We disregard. So I stop here and I'm really looking forward to the Q&A session.

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Thank you. A human, you know, we talk.