1 00:00:07,190 --> 00:00:14,060 We are once again coming together for a talk in DTG is a serious this time. 2 00:00:14,060 --> 00:00:19,710 We welcome Kinuyo Alex Safe from St. Petersburg University. 3 00:00:19,710 --> 00:00:24,150 And for those of you who don't know about Kirya, 4 00:00:24,150 --> 00:00:30,240 he's a senior assistant professor at the Department of Mongolian Studies and Pathology in St. Petersburg. 5 00:00:30,240 --> 00:00:42,450 And he has a wide ranging research, interest and portfolio, including the study and text critique, analysis of Mongolian Buddhist canon texts, 6 00:00:42,450 --> 00:00:50,180 as well as the history of the Tibetan Mongolian interface spanning from the 13th to 17th century. 7 00:00:50,180 --> 00:00:54,740 And he's also co-author of various databases. 8 00:00:54,740 --> 00:01:03,290 For instance, the intact database of Mongolian, Tibetan Buddhist terms and the Mongolian Golden Condor, an interactive database. 9 00:01:03,290 --> 00:01:08,420 Today, he is going to present us with the Mongolian. 10 00:01:08,420 --> 00:01:12,350 Kanjo explains a few minutes. 11 00:01:12,350 --> 00:01:15,930 What's the main difference to the Tibetan one? 12 00:01:15,930 --> 00:01:25,670 And then presents the latest findings that may or may not engaged us to a pathologist to care more about the Mongolian kanjo care. 13 00:01:25,670 --> 00:01:31,070 Welcome. Thank you. Thank you so much for having me. 14 00:01:31,070 --> 00:01:35,100 And also for the chance to see some good old friends. 15 00:01:35,100 --> 00:01:44,390 It's usually we managed to need here hear that some international conferences, but not the last year, of course. 16 00:01:44,390 --> 00:01:52,220 So it's good to see the sights and sounds in this difficult times. 17 00:01:52,220 --> 00:02:14,460 Well, now to the Gunja. I'll turn on my presentation. 18 00:02:14,460 --> 00:02:22,240 And I think. Turn off my camera, just lots of districts regard to. 19 00:02:22,240 --> 00:02:36,750 Trombonists. So the Mongolian gun, Jim. 20 00:02:36,750 --> 00:02:42,810 It is a collection of sacred Buddhist texts structured in a specific way. 21 00:02:42,810 --> 00:02:49,770 Surely it was more than tough to some Tibetan sets or sets of a sign times. 22 00:02:49,770 --> 00:02:51,700 And this is why in the secondary literature, 23 00:02:51,700 --> 00:03:00,780 it is quite so often represented as a mere translation of the Tibetan calendar and usually overlooked by two pathologists. 24 00:03:00,780 --> 00:03:05,970 In fact, it is a far more. It is a far more complicated phenomenon. 25 00:03:05,970 --> 00:03:13,290 And maybe it will just maybe it can even be useful for the scholars of the Tibetan government, 26 00:03:13,290 --> 00:03:18,630 which I hope to demonstrate tonight before we get to the point till they stop. 27 00:03:18,630 --> 00:03:24,480 Which is why the scholars of the Tibetan canon should consider Mongolian grandeur. 28 00:03:24,480 --> 00:03:32,700 I'm bound to begin with some preamble to remind you a couple of things about the Tibetan ganja, which may be useful for our discussion. 29 00:03:32,700 --> 00:03:39,030 And to give you a rough idea of the Mongolian election, as you definitely know, 30 00:03:39,030 --> 00:03:49,320 the term ganja literally means words of the Buddha in translation together with the tundra, which is roughly the collection of Carpenteria literature. 31 00:03:49,320 --> 00:03:53,850 It does teaches us that the so-called Tibetan Buddhist. Come on. 32 00:03:53,850 --> 00:04:01,740 But we must bear in mind that, first of all, what some of the Buddha or Buddha election and sunscreens are understood by the 33 00:04:01,740 --> 00:04:07,320 Buddhist tradition and a very broad sentence and represented by the texts of force. 34 00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:19,110 Three strains mainstream or Hennion and Mahayana and much right on this host of texts was translated not only from Sanskrit, 35 00:04:19,110 --> 00:04:29,040 but also from some other languages. Then the ganja has always been an open collection of tips, texts couldn't read. 36 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:34,460 It's unmetered and added sets for all different reasons. As a result, 37 00:04:34,460 --> 00:04:44,750 it has never known a single authorised tradition of the Tanjore normally done just different from each other in their contents instruction, 38 00:04:44,750 --> 00:04:49,830 particularly authority to sign of such individual conjurers. 39 00:04:49,830 --> 00:05:00,000 Now, today and more continue to be discovered. So speaking of the Tibetan Gandara and similarly late to the Mongolian one, 40 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:11,520 I will use this term as a collective when referring to the concept to the more or less complete collection of sayings of the Buddha. 41 00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:22,380 The Tibetan gunja is the results of a long term process that went on for more than five centuries through several periods, 42 00:05:22,380 --> 00:05:27,400 the so-called Belad infusion, that sort of thing, to lose a dark age, 43 00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:36,820 and then later the fusion until the old tongue manuscript Gunja was compiled in the first decades of the 14th century. 44 00:05:36,820 --> 00:05:38,080 What is very important, 45 00:05:38,080 --> 00:05:49,870 so I would today soak up until the early 14th century and actually beyond various components of translated collections were transmitted separately. 46 00:05:49,870 --> 00:05:53,880 The general distinction between Tonja and Tonja wasn't Yepp means. 47 00:05:53,880 --> 00:06:00,010 That is why Peter Skilling proposed a more accurate term for this period cutting. 48 00:06:00,010 --> 00:06:05,530 At some point, similar or related texts were gathered into single volumes. 49 00:06:05,530 --> 00:06:14,560 This is attested by the fact that in some excellent collections, individual volumes have touch-ups or table of contents. 50 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:21,810 Gradually, these volumes were organised into sets. Some text could be included into several sections. 51 00:06:21,810 --> 00:06:27,970 And that caused a growing number of duplications and interpretations in the later countries. 52 00:06:27,970 --> 00:06:32,140 An intermediate stage between the collections of Imperial Times and the fully 53 00:06:32,140 --> 00:06:37,660 developed countries can be seen in the group of the so-called Proteau dungeons. 54 00:06:37,660 --> 00:06:45,580 These are complete collections of the Budish word, but not yet systematically arranged in two countries. 55 00:06:45,580 --> 00:06:54,700 The time of Mongol and urine rule in Tibet was particularly fruitful for the genesis and development of the country. 56 00:06:54,700 --> 00:07:00,940 The available evidence suggests that the production of virtually all large scale manuscript 57 00:07:00,940 --> 00:07:09,680 collections belong to the late 13 and early 14th century were carried out through Mongul Patronus. 58 00:07:09,680 --> 00:07:13,300 The circularly displayed great throw in this process. 59 00:07:13,300 --> 00:07:19,270 Some of these collections were called Tanagers, but none of them has survived to the present day. 60 00:07:19,270 --> 00:07:29,410 The exact nature is unclean, though not Tongon just became a conceptual prototype for the later collections. 61 00:07:29,410 --> 00:07:35,950 And at present we are aware of several circle lines of groups of Tibetan countries. 62 00:07:35,950 --> 00:07:42,760 None of this lines is pure. They show various degrees of interrelations and cancellations, 63 00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:50,230 according to the various lines of transmission for groups of Congress generally distinguished. 64 00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:59,800 The two main groups of sulphite in town come up next door and a group of local independent dancers. 65 00:07:59,800 --> 00:08:11,550 And that's what we must remember, that the oldest known characters, Propaganda's, is physical lancet's in state from the seventh century. 66 00:08:11,550 --> 00:08:17,100 Mongolian translations of Buddhist scriptures began to be made in the late 13, 67 00:08:17,100 --> 00:08:25,440 early 14th centuries under the U.N. demons again due to the lack of historical and textual data. 68 00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:32,340 It is rather problematic, tedious to make this tale of translation activity during the time. 69 00:08:32,340 --> 00:08:39,480 It looks like, as previously hinted at this early stage reception of the sacred text. 70 00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:46,690 What's going on systematically in the following periods from the fall of the year dynasty? 71 00:08:46,690 --> 00:08:55,440 Thirteen sixty eight to the second half of the 16th century is characterised by the decline of literary activity. 72 00:08:55,440 --> 00:09:01,860 It was caused by a loss of imperial supports, the internecine feuds, 73 00:09:01,860 --> 00:09:12,570 the growth of the political and cultural activity of the Mongols in the second half of the 17th century also influence the title for the religion, 74 00:09:12,570 --> 00:09:15,210 the Mongols for Science. At the time, 75 00:09:15,210 --> 00:09:27,040 Buddhism became instrumental in the process of a rare interpretation of the Mongolian political system to the established power mechanisms. 76 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:33,310 This sucks large scale literary achievements here with the new translations of Buddhist texts, 77 00:09:33,310 --> 00:09:38,090 we made Mongolian chronicles in foremast of a number of Tibet. 78 00:09:38,090 --> 00:09:45,860 You can change some written boat brought to my role as sacred relics by the members of ruling class, 79 00:09:45,860 --> 00:09:52,080 the two Mongolian sources, one Chronicle and one polypharmacy, for That's The Time I'm doing. 80 00:09:52,080 --> 00:09:56,650 And Gandules was translated onto the ultimate con strength son. 81 00:09:56,650 --> 00:10:04,080 Now they said down in the period from 16 02 to sixteen. 82 00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:05,400 Regrettably, 83 00:10:05,400 --> 00:10:15,790 not a single foliar of this ganja has survived to the present day and we don't have any further information about its structure and content. 84 00:10:15,790 --> 00:10:22,690 And in fact, we have no real idea what exactly the authors of these two Mongolian sources may have intended. 85 00:10:22,690 --> 00:10:33,130 But with some gumption, it could be merely an ensemble of translated texts that both seem to represent what's in the book. 86 00:10:33,130 --> 00:10:42,570 Before the sex and presentation of the Mongolian gotten church, one hundred thirteen booleans was completed in 16, 87 00:10:42,570 --> 00:10:49,720 twenty eight, sixteen twenty nine under the patronage of the last small Mongolian from lignum. 88 00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:56,020 And again, as in the year time the SWAT team was participating in this work. 89 00:10:56,020 --> 00:11:04,690 The translation and editorial work was crowned by production of a special manuscripts written in Bones on a blue background, 90 00:11:04,690 --> 00:11:14,830 which is referred to in the original Mongolian Social Sunday, the second village teacher as the Golden Dungeon at present 20. 91 00:11:14,830 --> 00:11:19,400 And so this manuscripts are preserved in the Academy of Social Sciences. 92 00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:26,290 Of course, during the periods of the 17th surly 18th centuries, 93 00:11:26,290 --> 00:11:33,490 Lignum Spanish troops edition circulates amongst the Mongols in Popish to which attests to a number of manuscripts, 94 00:11:33,490 --> 00:11:40,360 fragments preserved to the modern day despite the production of the ganja in all 95 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:47,140 continents of alternative translation of the most most popular text kept to be made. 96 00:11:47,140 --> 00:11:55,500 Thus, for example, we are aware of eight translations of us a Hostetter, five translations of the budget, 97 00:11:55,500 --> 00:12:01,540 a SHIGEKO, several translations from the title question bore and so on. 98 00:12:01,540 --> 00:12:11,140 Later on, one of the copies of the Levenson's gunshot became the basis for yet another edition and this time telegraphy, 99 00:12:11,140 --> 00:12:25,240 one of some days Moorlands implemented under the auspices of the same in this December Tennesee 17, 17, 17 times. 100 00:12:25,240 --> 00:12:37,360 The collection was structured in accordance with one of the conditions that damages the missing text through a translator and added to the collection. 101 00:12:37,360 --> 00:12:48,000 And now this would translate to the new or revised emergences. It's. 102 00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:56,160 In the 40s, over the 20th century, loosely to compile the catalytic of the block Prince of Mongolia Tundra, 103 00:12:56,160 --> 00:13:00,870 which gave the scholars an idea which sometimes unstructured, 104 00:13:00,870 --> 00:13:08,010 substantial amounts of work was carried out during the period from the 60s to the 80s by Walter High Sick. 105 00:13:08,010 --> 00:13:11,880 And my teacher got as sick as the. 106 00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:21,150 Must be noted that this work was almost exclusively based on the two sources, the Block Prince and the St. Petersburg manuscript. 107 00:13:21,150 --> 00:13:31,350 Conjugates says it was discovered in 1892 and then in Mongolia by the brilliance, Russian scholar Alexei Basnet, 108 00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:41,070 who later was engaged in its acquisition by the St. Petersburg University, where it's just kept its own way. 109 00:13:41,070 --> 00:13:48,710 University. We have an anecdote that's a historical one that's in the late 50s. 110 00:13:48,710 --> 00:13:59,330 Then dance scholar Rocco Veera came out of a library with the letter from Khrushchev, who was the head of the science of that, Simon. 111 00:13:59,330 --> 00:14:05,730 And this letter appeared to be a permission to make photocopies for anything he wanted in the library, 112 00:14:05,730 --> 00:14:12,090 and he had just enough time to copy only the Vienna section of the dungeon. 113 00:14:12,090 --> 00:14:18,720 So how sick examined the denier section with these of these materials? 114 00:14:18,720 --> 00:14:23,290 Here is another folder of this managed. 115 00:14:23,290 --> 00:14:35,580 It consists of one hundred agents that seem booleans plus one volume of the capsule gold not naked, which means to the sunlight. 116 00:14:35,580 --> 00:14:39,920 And it still remains the only complete manuscript, Guns in the World. 117 00:14:39,920 --> 00:14:46,960 Its catalogue was published in nineteen ninety three by at the CNN. 118 00:14:46,960 --> 00:14:58,570 The research demonstrates it's that, first of all, the and contents of the same manuscript didn't respond to an exact extent that you can draw. 119 00:14:58,570 --> 00:15:06,490 And it is very unlikely that the Mongolian dungeon was put together independently from some Tibetan collections. 120 00:15:06,490 --> 00:15:18,730 Then the three basic sources, the manuscript that make the catalogue and the blueprints didn't correspond to each other. 121 00:15:18,730 --> 00:15:26,470 That led schools to suggestion that the manuscript is some kind of a draught version written together, 122 00:15:26,470 --> 00:15:29,670 or maybe even earlier than the golden grandeur and the touch. 123 00:15:29,670 --> 00:15:35,230 A little belongs to some other version of the Guntur that hasn't survived to the present day. 124 00:15:35,230 --> 00:15:40,810 What's a no picture, isn't it? Too many questions. 125 00:15:40,810 --> 00:15:49,270 The analysis of the golden guides of my health, but it wasn't accessible for the school was from outside China. 126 00:15:49,270 --> 00:15:54,340 Then there were splats along Belal in big Tanjore Stotish when their ideas were 127 00:15:54,340 --> 00:16:01,000 Malé reproduced in the scholarly works interests and the Mongolian grandeur 128 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:08,200 was reawakened by Professor CocaCola problems from the University of Berlin by 129 00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:16,160 launching in 2011 approach to the guns of colourfulness comparative analysis. 130 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:21,460 My colleagues and I took parts of notes and the main idea of the project was to 131 00:16:21,460 --> 00:16:27,490 make the kanji of colour fonts accessible for historical until alleged analysis. 132 00:16:27,490 --> 00:16:35,320 During the course of this work, the catalogue of the manuscript Tanjore preserved in a lot of that was prepared by Sragow. 133 00:16:35,320 --> 00:16:45,260 But I gotta tell, I'd sit and peel off. But anyway, with knowledge of the Mongolian, Gunji remained extremely fragmentary. 134 00:16:45,260 --> 00:16:55,730 It was clear that we should study all the exit copies purpose of the Gunjan correlations between them and their relation to the Tibetan youngsters. 135 00:16:55,730 --> 00:17:03,650 So for a number of years, my colleague governments were on standby. We study manuscript collections in Mongolia and China. 136 00:17:03,650 --> 00:17:12,710 First of all, luckily we managed to get access to the Golden Dontcha, which changed a lot. 137 00:17:12,710 --> 00:17:22,310 Almost in parallel with this, Natalie and Foursquare, let's say, rediscovered in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St. Petersburg. 138 00:17:22,310 --> 00:17:30,490 The fragments of the three conjures from June got him. And as these fragments West gets, it's all over Europe. 139 00:17:30,490 --> 00:17:36,130 We carry on collecting data in the European libraries. 140 00:17:36,130 --> 00:17:42,440 So here here are the gun show sources we managed to examine. 141 00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:48,840 This is the Golden Gun Control 20 Rodin's Preserved Preserved in the Academy of Social Sciences. 142 00:17:48,840 --> 00:17:56,690 And who put the history caller, the contents, the doctors and the physical features of the manuscripts. 143 00:17:56,690 --> 00:18:06,260 Give us a clear indication. It's not White's confirmation that it is the very same country Arab League team produced in 16. 144 00:18:06,260 --> 00:18:18,950 Twenty nine is another four of this manuscript than a number of fragments of St Gundars. 145 00:18:18,950 --> 00:18:28,030 One was written in gold, just like Little Gem caught to. 146 00:18:28,030 --> 00:18:31,690 So-called black dungeon. I think in Tibetan started, she called them. 147 00:18:31,690 --> 00:18:40,480 Not just because they are written in white paper. And we call them black because they're written in black. 148 00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:54,600 And this is the other one. They were brought to Russian and European libraries from one of the abundant Jangala monasteries during the 18th century. 149 00:18:54,600 --> 00:19:06,600 The Jungle Book of Manuscripts is definitely connected with the Golden Gun, apart from some common textural characteristics in the flesh. 150 00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:12,300 This gun just in the felician or fall for manuscripts. 151 00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:20,160 Hundreds are marked with small crosses, as you can see inscribes. 152 00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:24,130 Wrote the amazing Sold in margins. 153 00:19:24,130 --> 00:19:32,230 Most resourceful turned out to be the scribe who wrote his name in the Golden Gun Rights under the image of my train. 154 00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:47,240 You can say it's him. Well, the closer to the book, the betting, the crosses are characteristic of the old Tibet manuscripts. 155 00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:52,320 Closing rose from don't climb on top below. And later as well. 156 00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:57,810 But I've never, ever met them in any of them Angolan texts. 157 00:19:57,810 --> 00:20:03,280 So I believe this man was borrowed from some Tibetans. 158 00:20:03,280 --> 00:20:10,420 This drives autographs on the margins are also absolutely unique, someone who live in Memphis culture. 159 00:20:10,420 --> 00:20:25,850 If you've seen anything like this in Tibetan manuscripts, they tell me one volume is preserved in the Copenhagen Royal Library. 160 00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:30,650 The collection, compiled from several manuscripts, Gunja, 161 00:20:30,650 --> 00:20:39,510 one hundreds and nine volumes plus three duplicates, is preserved in the Academy of Social Sciences. 162 00:20:39,510 --> 00:20:55,780 The Mongolian who quotes. In the National Library of Mongolia, there's an interesting collection, at the core of it is the dungeon. 163 00:20:55,780 --> 00:21:04,000 Most likely, 60 volumes are also collected from different sets of begotten. 164 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:11,680 But also 20 volumes of alternative translations. And non cannot canonical texts like money come to mind. 165 00:21:11,680 --> 00:21:27,460 So do we just get together with them in a lot of depth in the centre of Oriental manuscripts and silent groups of the Institute for Mongolian, 166 00:21:27,460 --> 00:21:35,630 Buddhist and Tibetan Studies. That's one more gunja. One hundred and nine Volant volumes. 167 00:21:35,630 --> 00:21:39,160 And the electronic catalogue was prepared by Sagala. 168 00:21:39,160 --> 00:21:48,200 But I got and I sit in people's during the course of our work, we established them. 169 00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:55,000 Now we published a number of articles in the comparative catalogue of the Gods and Guns and 170 00:21:55,000 --> 00:22:00,970 the complete edition of the generic golden fragments that are almost ready to be published. 171 00:22:00,970 --> 00:22:06,090 The results of our studies prove that the same. 172 00:22:06,090 --> 00:22:11,950 Because this is manuscript is not a jobs for. There are several manuscripts. 173 00:22:11,950 --> 00:22:25,570 Caucus absolutely identical. But at the same time, the so-called legations manuscript version of the Mongolian ganja is not homogeneous. 174 00:22:25,570 --> 00:22:32,400 Some of its copies reveal structural variations on the new clothes different. 175 00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:40,150 At times I see Cronos translations of the same texts, including translations from the period. 176 00:22:40,150 --> 00:22:48,760 So there are at least two lines with the Golden Ghengis. 177 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:55,970 One of them includes seemingly more archaic, copious stemming directly from the Golden Gate Bridge. 178 00:22:55,970 --> 00:22:58,060 You see, there are still questions, 179 00:22:58,060 --> 00:23:07,690 but at least now we know where to look to the answers that not only get a catalogue turned out to be a real curiosity. 180 00:23:07,690 --> 00:23:11,570 First of all, there are at least three copies of it. 181 00:23:11,570 --> 00:23:16,000 So it's not some kind of an accidental text. 182 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:24,280 It's introductory parts is the abridged translation of the pretty face to the catalogue of their monthly guntram. 183 00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:36,310 The Mongolian also added to several lines about dim sum and then similarly to one lead in Mongolia, and text users shot him on his street, 184 00:23:36,310 --> 00:23:44,260 turning off the wheel as the guiding print rubrics, but feels them with with tales of this framework, 185 00:23:44,260 --> 00:23:49,630 with the different contents and arrangements of texts. 186 00:23:49,630 --> 00:24:00,370 So it looks like something between the one way Consolo, Golden Gunya and possibly some ideal Gunji that they kept in mind. 187 00:24:00,370 --> 00:24:04,450 This is how the style of the Mongolian gunge looks now. 188 00:24:04,450 --> 00:24:15,280 I'm not going to touch you with many details and tell you how we came to this picture because of the lack of time. 189 00:24:15,280 --> 00:24:26,410 First of all, and because then you asked me not to go too deep into textual collection just compared with the picture you've seen before. 190 00:24:26,410 --> 00:24:36,140 So now at least we've come to the point of discussion. 191 00:24:36,140 --> 00:24:43,460 What's kept what's Canada interested to be told, agist in the Manguel and then students down here? 192 00:24:43,460 --> 00:24:49,640 Again, I can give you only several dances in jonquils just to straight picture. 193 00:24:49,640 --> 00:24:57,430 And from now on, I'll be speaking exclusively about the Mongolian men's. 194 00:24:57,430 --> 00:25:05,060 First of all, Mongolian membership gunja contains translations of alternative. 195 00:25:05,060 --> 00:25:17,220 Maybe we can call them nonmainstream versions of Tibetan texts and noncommunicative works, for example. 196 00:25:17,220 --> 00:25:27,530 Some have asked us, Ahoskie. There are three Tibetan versions, so the suits are characterised by some structural differences from each other. 197 00:25:27,530 --> 00:25:33,720 Traditionally, they're referred to as Brandwatch in the journal. 198 00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:42,680 The Chen, based on the three ways, the name both Srinigar, lots of books, the character mentioned by the Buddha. 199 00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:48,790 The first chapter of the text was translated into Tibetan or the three versions. 200 00:25:48,790 --> 00:25:56,060 Then Chen is absolutely predominance. It is included in the bulk of the gunge traditions. 201 00:25:56,060 --> 00:26:10,410 The Dayton version is extremely rare. As far as I know, one exists only one copy in the Library of Tibetan Works and I kind of Thomastown. 202 00:26:10,410 --> 00:26:15,680 So Jiang is quite Trez. Well, it is included only in St Gunter's. 203 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:24,650 The drug tanjil and then dependent's manuscript edition created in western Tibet. 204 00:26:24,650 --> 00:26:29,180 It contains all three versions of the same trip, by the way, 205 00:26:29,180 --> 00:26:38,770 and two manuscripts of the 10 Tempah module group for the London and the Tokita countries. 206 00:26:38,770 --> 00:26:43,450 Due to the work of Natalie imports, we are aware now of AIDS. 207 00:26:43,450 --> 00:26:49,090 My goal in translation, so they asked us, can they fall into two groups? 208 00:26:49,090 --> 00:26:56,470 Five translations, including the one in the Mongolian managed with Danja roughly of the first half 209 00:26:56,470 --> 00:27:04,360 of the 17th century and three later translations of the second half of the 17th, 210 00:27:04,360 --> 00:27:13,420 18th century. Now, it's only true that the five earliest Mongolian translations for the shooter were based on those of Giang version. 211 00:27:13,420 --> 00:27:23,230 It means that in the first half of the 17th century, this version, which which is a rarity today, dominates its transmission. 212 00:27:23,230 --> 00:27:33,290 That's just the hassle of getting Mongolian and was later replaced by the widely spread throughout much in. 213 00:27:33,290 --> 00:27:41,420 Then the Donlon translated into Tibetan from Chinese and into Mongolian from Tibetan. 214 00:27:41,420 --> 00:27:47,480 There are two versions of this story in the Tibetan language. 215 00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:53,060 One consists of 50, one chapter. 216 00:27:53,060 --> 00:27:58,950 And the other one has an extra chapter of the story of Bryn Sujata, 217 00:27:58,950 --> 00:28:06,420 the first one is a sort of mainstream texts included to almost all Tibet, some countries. 218 00:28:06,420 --> 00:28:14,530 The second one. Apart from several separate manuscripts. 219 00:28:14,530 --> 00:28:23,470 I think to manage chroot. So I printed edition. It included only in the drug of London dungeons. 220 00:28:23,470 --> 00:28:29,400 I thought tanjil this suggested Jatta takes the seventh chapter. 221 00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:36,600 And in London, many in the London manuscript. It gives the last 50 second chance. 222 00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:53,360 I'm gonna ganja includes the 52 chapter version of the Sutro, The Extra Tales, the seven chapter as in the book Tension. 223 00:28:53,360 --> 00:29:02,570 The next text is they're asked to Dushan, the so called Sutro of the eight Luminoso. 224 00:29:02,570 --> 00:29:09,870 This is a translation of popular over popular Chinese tortoni suit. 225 00:29:09,870 --> 00:29:18,180 And even in the Chinese Buddhist tradition, that is considered to be apocryphal because it contains some terrorist elements. 226 00:29:18,180 --> 00:29:24,380 It's Tibetan translations were found already amongst the dotcom fragments. 227 00:29:24,380 --> 00:29:29,660 It's the abridged version. Only about 25 percent of leading contexts. 228 00:29:29,660 --> 00:29:38,540 But language is included in the Tibetan Gunter's. So that's how puggle some canonical collections from western Tibet. 229 00:29:38,540 --> 00:29:48,680 The first Mongolian translation of the shooter was published under the Rhine, and the Mongolian gunshop contains the complete version of the text. 230 00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:51,650 Not the brightest one. 231 00:29:51,650 --> 00:30:00,680 I have a suspicion that several more texts in the Mongolian Guntur could be the translations of some alternative versions of the Tibetan texts. 232 00:30:00,680 --> 00:30:06,300 But this work is still in progress. 233 00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:15,230 A very interesting example of a noncanonical temp's included in the Mongolian Ganja has two titles and you can see them. 234 00:30:15,230 --> 00:30:21,840 I'm not going to touch you. Sochi with my surmounts station, that language. 235 00:30:21,840 --> 00:30:34,880 And it is usually represented in the secondary literature as the history of the cycle of and death. 236 00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:43,400 The text was started by your sharing, my editor. It just mentioned in some articles as well. 237 00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:54,110 Presumably this text was compiled into that some under the influence of translations in Chinese, which is tested by its vocabulary. 238 00:30:54,110 --> 00:31:02,600 And you can see it's already sisal in this verse, five texts. 239 00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:13,110 The protagonist tries to gain peace and happiness for his death, following all of the teachers who visits are unable to help him until he meets. 240 00:31:13,110 --> 00:31:25,870 Sakyamuni gives him the Buddhist idea of the death sentence phrases that was initially hard and he has the parts of a path to enlightenment. 241 00:31:25,870 --> 00:31:30,630 In a way, it is the text where people decide use of death and funeral, 242 00:31:30,630 --> 00:31:39,210 Rice meets with Buddhism and Buddhism, which of course, amongst the Don Juan manuscripts. 243 00:31:39,210 --> 00:31:48,670 There are nine copies of the text and all of them are incomplete. 244 00:31:48,670 --> 00:31:53,670 And I haven't found any mentioning for some later corpus. 245 00:31:53,670 --> 00:32:02,880 The Mongolian manuscript dungeon contains the complete text of the history of the cycle of births and deaths. 246 00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:12,390 I have identified it's quite recently, so I didn't have enough time to study it properly. 247 00:32:12,390 --> 00:32:27,000 But the very fact is very interesting. And the other thing, we'll publish the Mongolian translation. 248 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:39,940 That in the Mongolian Gunjan, we have a text to include it in one of several groups of countries and not in Dallas. 249 00:32:39,940 --> 00:32:50,080 When I met the first example of such a text that belongs, as far as I remember, exclusively to the Temple Mount, I thought, 250 00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:59,260 well, at least we can identify the groups will follow possible Tibet model with very soon this beautiful idea was destroyed. 251 00:32:59,260 --> 00:33:05,410 I want to give you examples created, but there are texts that belong exclusively to tell part time jobs. 252 00:33:05,410 --> 00:33:14,680 Exclusion to temple months. Recently I discovered in the Mongolian tundra the longer version of one of the Rudd quoted texts, 253 00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:22,580 which is included in gone clop try to conjure drunk and several other independent Gundars. 254 00:33:22,580 --> 00:33:42,720 Whether it's. The other interesting group of texts that the texts of the so-called textual texts that are usually included into the Tunja, 255 00:33:42,720 --> 00:33:57,570 this text can be divided into three groups. First, the texts that are present in some Tibetan Gunter's to this group, for example, belong. 256 00:33:57,570 --> 00:34:13,040 Three texts by Mail Guardian. All three are absent in the hope of getting those two chapters of the Heman by much chatter. 257 00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:17,840 Are included in the Mongolian ginger as the separate works. 258 00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:27,440 In fact, these texts that is present in the whole draught and. 259 00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:39,440 Second choice. This second is the text to be met with only with some George. 260 00:34:39,440 --> 00:34:43,860 So in Mongolia, I'm going to. We have Friedgen shot to tell. 261 00:34:43,860 --> 00:34:53,770 But I know I got a Jimar and a couple of him, Zaman's one is these are anonymous and the other his mother to my children. 262 00:34:53,770 --> 00:35:03,470 And also there's a group of texts that I couldn't identify. 263 00:35:03,470 --> 00:35:08,580 They do not have transcriptions of the Tibetan titles. 264 00:35:08,580 --> 00:35:19,720 Only the Mongolian type titles. They are Marxists McTell, which means him. 265 00:35:19,720 --> 00:35:28,810 So they are usually given sort of all the concessions you Manteca and Munjal screen and the TONJA set in the Tunja. 266 00:35:28,810 --> 00:35:36,850 There are texts with the similar titles, but none of them is identical to the Mongolian translations. 267 00:35:36,850 --> 00:35:46,840 Then the applications in the Mongolian manuscript, Tonja. 268 00:35:46,840 --> 00:35:51,960 There's about 100. For duplications. 269 00:35:51,960 --> 00:36:02,700 Which is a lot. Most of them are the different translations of the same texts included in the different sections of the Guntram. 270 00:36:02,700 --> 00:36:12,710 Maybe some of them belong to two different versions of Tibetan texts. 271 00:36:12,710 --> 00:36:16,050 And finally. 272 00:36:16,050 --> 00:36:26,550 Some ideas about the possible Tibetan sources of the Mongolian translations can be drawn from the transcription of the Sanskrit Tibetan titles, 273 00:36:26,550 --> 00:36:32,460 translations of Tibetan coliforms and various additions to the texts, 274 00:36:32,460 --> 00:36:42,980 such as a number of chapters and flocks that can be indicated in thens text in a number of cases and 275 00:36:42,980 --> 00:36:52,920 texts for some irregular readings which agree with noun or a limited number of Tibetan Gundars. 276 00:36:52,920 --> 00:37:02,130 I'll give you just one example. One of the neco to text in the Mongolian manuscript gun just has the bullet. 277 00:37:02,130 --> 00:37:08,010 Dutcher for the volumes. Try and chop exactly this laudanum as you remember. 278 00:37:08,010 --> 00:37:14,220 Such lists were used in the early stage of the formation of Tibet's demonic collections. 279 00:37:14,220 --> 00:37:24,210 And as far as I know, they were discovered only in some volumes in the memoir and brought manuscript dungeons 280 00:37:24,210 --> 00:37:30,280 as well as in the flop propaganda of collections of those three collections solely on 281 00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:38,550 floor has preserved such chips in the Rock McWatters section Williamston got and Tranh 282 00:37:38,550 --> 00:37:45,690 Circulation collected collection of culture for the travel rooms in St. Petersburg. 283 00:37:45,690 --> 00:37:53,370 Manuscript under the gun Klar manuscript can be presented as the following table. 284 00:37:53,370 --> 00:37:57,240 This is just the first part of it. 285 00:37:57,240 --> 00:38:05,760 This is the small boat where similar fragments in the Mongolian and Tibetan texts, some marked with red. 286 00:38:05,760 --> 00:38:20,090 So you can see that's that what the Mongolian garchik seems to be a slightly deranged version of the Tibetan one. 287 00:38:20,090 --> 00:38:26,680 So to conclude, my God, I got you. 288 00:38:26,680 --> 00:38:32,960 First of all, the goal and Magic Gundry is a very interesting collection of tips. 289 00:38:32,960 --> 00:38:37,790 Some of its peculiarities, of course, can be explained, 290 00:38:37,790 --> 00:38:49,790 explained by the use of old Mongolian translations that I sent to some reversions, Tibetan texts, which is interesting anyway. 291 00:38:49,790 --> 00:38:58,220 But it's very unlikely that the Mongolian culture was compiled without any Tibetan modem. 292 00:38:58,220 --> 00:39:04,190 In fact, that was the main idea to bring a INMA in the Mongolian language. 293 00:39:04,190 --> 00:39:10,440 They use the word Zollo, which means to invite. 294 00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:19,800 So they wanted to invite the ganja from Enlighted WC Unlettered East. 295 00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:29,360 That was the idea. And this probability that no deal seems to be very interesting. 296 00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:53,077 So maybe the lingo in danger can help to solve some puzzles and that conjure Stantis kid.