1 00:00:09,640 --> 00:00:17,520 It's a great pleasure for me to be for the first line. Half a chance to talk to the British society. 2 00:00:17,520 --> 00:00:28,770 And I hope this could be also part of a strengthening the interface between the criminal type of dealing with NEACH and the American. 3 00:00:28,770 --> 00:00:38,070 I would like to go with you through these eight points and hope that I can keep some profile of what 4 00:00:38,070 --> 00:00:46,710 I think is an important aspect in each of which is a triangular relationship between consciousness, 5 00:00:46,710 --> 00:00:59,040 language, nature. My first point, consciousness, language and nature are fundamental topics, and each has thought. 6 00:00:59,040 --> 00:01:06,240 Careful discussion of them leads into the centre of his philosophy in contemporary philosophy. 7 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:11,970 These areas for research are also part of no significance. 8 00:01:11,970 --> 00:01:18,150 After the linguistic turn of the dominance of the philosophy of language in recent decades, philosophy, 9 00:01:18,150 --> 00:01:24,610 especially analytically oriented philosophy, rediscovered the mind and rediscovered consciousness. 10 00:01:24,610 --> 00:01:31,200 A consciousness has arisen as a key topic in contemporary philosophy of mind. 11 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:39,360 Today, that free and triangulation of consciousness, language and nature, more precisely brain functions, 12 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:46,860 is the subject of intense and controversial discussions within philosophy that neuroscience is psychology, 13 00:01:46,860 --> 00:01:51,810 linguistics and the cognitive sciences throughout the world. 14 00:01:51,810 --> 00:01:58,860 People are working in that on research programmes in attempt to solve the riddle of consciousness. 15 00:01:58,860 --> 00:02:07,590 That is the riddle that arises from this striking that physical physical organisms possess consciousness. 16 00:02:07,590 --> 00:02:17,410 At my physical or physiological, neuro, biological, evolutionary aspects thus play an especially important role. 17 00:02:17,410 --> 00:02:23,990 Today, people speak, for example, of the neurobiology of consciousness. 18 00:02:23,990 --> 00:02:33,030 As for Churchlands does and others, or even a new physics of consciousness, as Roger Penrose does. 19 00:02:33,030 --> 00:02:35,640 Scattered throughout Nietzsche's writings, 20 00:02:35,640 --> 00:02:44,910 we find numerous reflections upon the areas of blind language and nature, as well as on their interconnections. 21 00:02:44,910 --> 00:02:54,010 That's the crucial. Which it is cast as numerous topics in connexion with consciousness regarding its genesis and scope, 22 00:02:54,010 --> 00:02:59,200 as well as the various epistemic achievements of the conscious subject, 23 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:10,780 the ego in all of this nature appears as someone who also also wants to clearly demarcate the limits of consciousness and language, 24 00:03:10,780 --> 00:03:20,920 as well as the dangers associated with high process ization of the consciousness and language model. 25 00:03:20,920 --> 00:03:26,990 But Nietzsche is not a reductive at a mission. Eliminate divination. 26 00:03:26,990 --> 00:03:32,770 Next, he's not a reductive illumination because he does not advocate the thesis that 27 00:03:32,770 --> 00:03:38,110 mental and conscious stays and processes are ultimately identical with neuro 28 00:03:38,110 --> 00:03:44,710 physical states and processes which we seek used by our everyday psychology merely 29 00:03:44,710 --> 00:03:51,250 and erroneously interpret as independent mental states and conscious phenomena. 30 00:03:51,250 --> 00:03:55,270 According to the alarming nativist conception, 31 00:03:55,270 --> 00:04:05,720 mental states do not exist anymore than famous slogan that ghosts and demons do as adults, one puts it, if any other people do. 32 00:04:05,720 --> 00:04:16,360 Nietzsche, by contrast, is a realist about consciousness that tried to deny the excess existence of consciousness and mind, 33 00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:25,390 and its role would indicate a failure to adequately take reality into account. 34 00:04:25,390 --> 00:04:33,790 It hardly needs to be emphasised that's together with consciousness and mind, the role of language and understanding of nature. 35 00:04:33,790 --> 00:04:40,230 Also occupy a place of special importance in Nietzsche's thought. 36 00:04:40,230 --> 00:04:46,390 At the centre of contemporary philosophy, you know, I say some words about contemporary very Ravelli philosophy. 37 00:04:46,390 --> 00:04:51,630 You to mark the place where you can come in with his reflections on the of nature and the 38 00:04:51,630 --> 00:04:57,900 mind and consciousness at the centre of contemporary philosophy of mind lies the question of 39 00:04:57,900 --> 00:05:04,230 the relationship between the mental in particular conscious mental states and processes and 40 00:05:04,230 --> 00:05:11,010 the physical states and processes with reference to the aforementioned riddle consciousness. 41 00:05:11,010 --> 00:05:18,620 One can greatly simplifying formulate two theses that seem to form a dichotomy. 42 00:05:18,620 --> 00:05:24,930 First, the mental states and processes are states that processes of matching. 43 00:05:24,930 --> 00:05:31,050 That is that these is often one mistake. Materialism, physicalism of consciousness of mind. 44 00:05:31,050 --> 00:05:40,710 And second dimensional mental states and processes cannot be reduced to a physio, physical states and processes. 45 00:05:40,710 --> 00:05:50,310 That is the thesis of a dualistic metabolism. Both pieces, together with their different variables, are not discussed here. 46 00:05:50,310 --> 00:05:55,050 However, it can be viewed as failures for the following reasons. 47 00:05:55,050 --> 00:06:00,540 I gave some reasons to feel that dichotomy of that nature comes into the picture. 48 00:06:00,540 --> 00:06:10,310 Contemporary Maximalism maintains that meanings of successfully applied science are determined by the psychological states of the sign. 49 00:06:10,310 --> 00:06:16,110 Use it. Here I use some arguments developed by Putnam and Birch and other people. 50 00:06:16,110 --> 00:06:22,290 This presupposes, however, that speakers can, by way of introspection, 51 00:06:22,290 --> 00:06:31,590 gain a secure knowledge of their psychological states and more importantly, on the semantic features and by semantic features. 52 00:06:31,590 --> 00:06:36,980 I understand meaning reference, truth or satisfaction conditions. 53 00:06:36,980 --> 00:06:45,270 The semantic features of the science they implore. Yet introspection very quickly reaches its limits. 54 00:06:45,270 --> 00:06:54,540 The meanings of our signs are following Wittgenstein not conceivable as the results of inner mental states. 55 00:06:54,540 --> 00:07:03,660 And we do not use a language in accordance with internally accessible and predetermined rules. 56 00:07:03,660 --> 00:07:10,110 The strongest version of the materialist physicalism thesis is mental phenomena are physical phenomena. 57 00:07:10,110 --> 00:07:18,090 That is, they are the states and processes described by neuroscientists, by neuroscientific predictors. 58 00:07:18,090 --> 00:07:25,080 This disease can also run. It also runs into some significant difficulties. 59 00:07:25,080 --> 00:07:30,930 We should recall three of them that have been raised in the discussions of this approach. 60 00:07:30,930 --> 00:07:35,100 They are not coming from one. Just summarise all aspects of the discussion. 61 00:07:35,100 --> 00:07:45,480 First, if two states of four processes are identical, they also have to have identical qualities. 62 00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:54,210 Yet with wild pain can be heart, a sensation of colours, Sufi thought exquisite. 63 00:07:54,210 --> 00:08:00,930 The neural states and processes that correlate to them are not at all to be quantified as charged. 64 00:08:00,930 --> 00:08:11,670 Same thing. An exquisite neurophysiologists looking into the brain of another person cannot observe thinking and wishing. 65 00:08:11,670 --> 00:08:16,020 Only certain observational parameters can be measured in this manner. 66 00:08:16,020 --> 00:08:26,100 For instance, the neural action potentials or the metabolism of the brain, the subjective and phenomenal predicate is sharp, 67 00:08:26,100 --> 00:08:34,920 and the neural predicate of these survivors are obviously not simply numbers. 68 00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:40,910 Thus, that is a desired fundamental assumption of identity is not fulfilled. 69 00:08:40,910 --> 00:08:46,820 Second difficulty, the identity freezes, overlooks. 70 00:08:46,820 --> 00:08:56,570 In fact, overlooks the fact that in Spain, for example, a famous example, water is H2O2 and analogously. 71 00:08:56,570 --> 00:09:01,050 The conscious phenomenon X is the neurophysiological phenomenon. 72 00:09:01,050 --> 00:09:12,470 Why? The ease in that formulation is not the issues of identity, but rather that of a theoretical identification, to use platinum's expression. 73 00:09:12,470 --> 00:09:22,010 We are well acquainted with that. If someone since your photo and then you say this, it's me on the right side beside the corner. 74 00:09:22,010 --> 00:09:28,340 And then if you make the mistake not to have it in mind, it's a question of theoretical identification. 75 00:09:28,340 --> 00:09:32,030 But you put it identical then you. My goodness. 76 00:09:32,030 --> 00:09:40,130 What happens to him that he gets such and such a thing that he could serve as the very, very crucial. 77 00:09:40,130 --> 00:09:42,890 I think very good for listing Jews. 78 00:09:42,890 --> 00:09:54,590 They are assumed there are implicit add ons such as viewed under is under a chemical aspect or considered under a neurophysiological aspect. 79 00:09:54,590 --> 00:09:59,090 And in that direction, the formulations are pretty, pretty, OK. 80 00:09:59,090 --> 00:10:02,390 That's one muscle and that's the consequence. Consequently, 81 00:10:02,390 --> 00:10:12,220 one must abandon the claim that we can't express what is essential about all qualities of conscious and unconscious mental states and processes. 82 00:10:12,220 --> 00:10:16,150 So really, from a neuro physiological perspective. 83 00:10:16,150 --> 00:10:24,880 Third point, with regard to natural materials and things in the external world, desks, tables and so on. 84 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:34,990 It makes good sense to follow. Thomas Nagel and so quickly and distinguishing between what appears to us to be such an essential thing 85 00:10:34,990 --> 00:10:42,850 and what it is according to its objective way to be a crystal appears to us to be solid and homogeneous. 86 00:10:42,850 --> 00:10:51,280 Physicists, however, say that it is a grid of atoms that largely consists of empty space. 87 00:10:51,280 --> 00:11:00,670 But when it comes to conscious mental states and processes, however, we cannot make this distinction in these cases. 88 00:11:00,670 --> 00:11:08,310 The qualitative, phenomenal and subjective state is its entire nature itself. 89 00:11:08,310 --> 00:11:17,490 Thus, one cannot meaningfulness. One cannot meaningfully say that a desire is according to its subjective nature. 90 00:11:17,490 --> 00:11:23,040 Nothing other than a certain state of the brain that a person merely perceives as a desire. 91 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:32,460 This is a nonsensical sentence. If one wants to progress. 92 00:11:32,460 --> 00:11:40,030 Beyond these, Fethi is the dichotomy between nationalism and materialism physicalism, one must attempt. 93 00:11:40,030 --> 00:11:48,120 That's the proposal. One must attempt to change the architecture of the conceptual framework itself. 94 00:11:48,120 --> 00:11:57,420 Nietzsche's writings contain descriptions and arguments that are instructive with regard to the aspects sketched above. 95 00:11:57,420 --> 00:12:05,520 We will reconstruct. I would like to respond to reconstruct and discuss some of them in the following section. 96 00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:16,470 Section two. What we need is a non dualistic viewpoint and a dualistic viewpoint, and nature provides such a concept. 97 00:12:16,470 --> 00:12:28,770 He presents a continuous spectrum of what exists and occurs from the most extreme limit of the inorganic through the organic up to mental states, 98 00:12:28,770 --> 00:12:35,820 consciousness, self consciousness, cognitive and other mental activities and human action. 99 00:12:35,820 --> 00:12:43,850 The organic thus appears as the developmental and continuous preparatory stage of consciousness. 100 00:12:43,850 --> 00:12:49,110 Nietzsche's world is a world of such continual relationships. 101 00:12:49,110 --> 00:12:57,940 Man is thus, quote, not just an individual, but rather the whole organic ensemble. 102 00:12:57,940 --> 00:13:03,690 Of one particular line that continues to live, end quote. 103 00:13:03,690 --> 00:13:09,890 This thesis can be read either from the central problem, from the standpoint of what has already been achieved, 104 00:13:09,890 --> 00:13:14,280 develop mentally or from the beginning of such a development. 105 00:13:14,280 --> 00:13:25,170 I'm just taking one of these perspectives. Looking back from the stage of development already attained, it means that the character of intelligent, 106 00:13:25,170 --> 00:13:37,730 spiritual, mental and living activities can be found in various degrees of realisation in the organic and beyond. 107 00:13:37,730 --> 00:13:44,600 That's according to nature of the organic world of boys, already presupposes and consists in, quote, 108 00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:58,720 continuous interpretation processes and has always already presupposes influences in intelligent activities in the broad sense of this term. 109 00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:06,400 Such as identifying, localising and perceiving, demarcating, classifying and estimating. 110 00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:12,700 These are processes that, in the broad sense of the term, can be made applicable also to the processes. 111 00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:18,910 Could be, you know. Well, that's that's tough. Faeces. 112 00:14:18,910 --> 00:14:22,240 This you also preserves and that's that's a crucial point, 113 00:14:22,240 --> 00:14:32,170 this this view of a continuous spectrum also preserve the possibility that the go the eye of consciousness and especially the cells of the human body, 114 00:14:32,170 --> 00:14:40,360 I would say a word later, can influence organic processes that it can, for example, 115 00:14:40,360 --> 00:14:53,030 influence the motor apparatus so that a particular intention or desire can be realised through corresponding movements of the body. 116 00:14:53,030 --> 00:15:00,720 Which seems to be a miracle that you do not presuppose that continuous spectrum in such cases, 117 00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:04,970 mental causation is obviously given the mental conception. 118 00:15:04,970 --> 00:15:07,740 Enormous debate about. 119 00:15:07,740 --> 00:15:21,810 Temporary philosophy of mind in this sense teaches things that it is necessary to, quote, retranslate man into nature and come to a natural lifespan. 120 00:15:21,810 --> 00:15:31,380 But since the processes of the organic realm are intelligent and spirit of spiritual processes, in the broadest sense, this programme, 121 00:15:31,380 --> 00:15:41,010 the Meachem programme of naturalising and Dinga that distinguishes itself from both transcend of metaphysics 122 00:15:41,010 --> 00:15:50,340 as well as biodiversity and really scientific naturalists and the efforts to block epistemological levels. 123 00:15:50,340 --> 00:15:55,800 It is not simply the programme that I like very much in other respects. 124 00:15:55,800 --> 00:16:03,710 It's not simply the programme of epistemology naturalise, to use the famous expression Quine. 125 00:16:03,710 --> 00:16:13,880 This involves a kind of naturalising beyond the dichotomy of transcendent metaphysics and reductionist physical. 126 00:16:13,880 --> 00:16:20,420 That's suspicious find about naturalisation in connexion with a continual model. 127 00:16:20,420 --> 00:16:26,610 Each of praises the, quote, precocious suspicion of lightness. 128 00:16:26,610 --> 00:16:35,850 Wideman's had assumed there were pre conscious, intelligent activities, perceptions, what he called petite gossip's, 129 00:16:35,850 --> 00:16:42,420 which could significantly affect what occurred in inorganic, organic and other life events. 130 00:16:42,420 --> 00:16:50,910 Without, however, having to enter into explicit consciousness on a sample of such activity would be, 131 00:16:50,910 --> 00:16:55,590 for instance, the non conscious and non epistemic perception, 132 00:16:55,590 --> 00:17:06,360 to use Gretzky's expression or registering a visual stimuli, which nevertheless significantly help to guarantee old orientation in the world. 133 00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:12,070 For example, while crossing a very busy street. 134 00:17:12,070 --> 00:17:23,620 Nietzsche's provocative formulation, quote. To what end does consciousness exist at all when it is basically superfluous? 135 00:17:23,620 --> 00:17:27,640 It's a question to science. And this is not just the thesis. 136 00:17:27,640 --> 00:17:31,180 It's superfluous. That's that's that's not the case. 137 00:17:31,180 --> 00:17:33,010 Not at all. An important point, 138 00:17:33,010 --> 00:17:40,780 because normally people always talk about consciousness and the limits of consciousness and language without see that there is a very, 139 00:17:40,780 --> 00:17:44,500 very important and positive role to it. So in the evolution, 140 00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:51,730 to put it that way and the materialistic evolution never could afford such bizarre things that our 141 00:17:51,730 --> 00:17:58,160 thinking about freedom of of will as we have that wonderful discussion yesterday with this older passion. 142 00:17:58,160 --> 00:18:05,150 And so it's it's it's unbelievable that it can't have any road. 143 00:18:05,150 --> 00:18:09,590 Within the evolutionary budget, some discipline. 144 00:18:09,590 --> 00:18:17,750 So he's just provocative formulation and does conscious ness exist at all when it is basically superfluous? 145 00:18:17,750 --> 00:18:24,230 Mitch's answer to this question consists in the thesis that there is little that consciousness is, 146 00:18:24,230 --> 00:18:29,430 quote, really just a net connecting one person to another. 147 00:18:29,430 --> 00:18:36,800 And that's an important and necessarily give him a role of consciousness. 148 00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:40,940 And that is it is only this capacity that it has to develop. 149 00:18:40,940 --> 00:18:50,730 But this capacity is very crucial. Otherwise, we couldn't even mark that point. 150 00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:57,840 See, if someone does mural numerology today, it says desires my definition. 151 00:18:57,840 --> 00:19:02,670 This is just an invention or evolution. That's interesting. 152 00:19:02,670 --> 00:19:07,800 He when he's saying that they never accept that this is a sentence of evolution or 153 00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:16,950 that it was his brain that started this sentence and he would always say it was me. 154 00:19:16,950 --> 00:19:30,360 Open question what it's meant by me and I. So third point in particular, articulated process model or the first thing is the you. 155 00:19:30,360 --> 00:19:34,600 Now, I focus on another day, in my view, 156 00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:41,820 the important aspect of order to develop a non dualistic conception of the connexion between the organic and the conscious, 157 00:19:41,820 --> 00:19:52,950 the physical and the mental. It is of the utmost importance that one can that one not conceive the building blocks of nature 158 00:19:52,950 --> 00:20:00,960 and life as Finian's In the sense of material bodies occupying places in space and time, 159 00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:13,290 but rather ask events or processes. Transitioning from the thinking model to the event or process model is incredibly significant when it comes 160 00:20:13,290 --> 00:20:20,130 to addressing the problem of consciousness and the relationship between the physical and the mental. 161 00:20:20,130 --> 00:20:30,560 Conscious and unconscious mental states and processes cannot be conceived within the thinking model and its paradigm of material bodies. 162 00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:38,070 You just conception of the world or nature capture is characterised by the figures of highly complex. 163 00:20:38,070 --> 00:20:47,670 You all know that dynamic reciprocal effects of numerous living and intelligent organisations will force, 164 00:20:47,670 --> 00:20:50,820 according to Nietzsche's new interpretation of reality. 165 00:20:50,820 --> 00:20:58,140 These Processo brought processional organisations or force art to be qualified as will to power. 166 00:20:58,140 --> 00:21:03,270 Forces. We do not need to go into the precise meaning of this characterisation. 167 00:21:03,270 --> 00:21:18,570 Here and now. The transition from the thing schema to an event or process schema is also reflected in the philosophy of language. 168 00:21:18,570 --> 00:21:26,040 This is the surface just to mark that point. Consciousness and language following the pioneering work of Hans Reisen. 169 00:21:26,040 --> 00:21:31,200 But analytically oriented philosophers of language, particularly Donald Davidson, 170 00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:38,340 have shown that the logical form of a large portion of the sentences of our natural language 171 00:21:38,340 --> 00:21:47,460 cannot be construed without the assumption of wins or processes as genuine individuals. 172 00:21:47,460 --> 00:21:57,170 This is true, for example, of sentences that refer to a temporal succession causality explanation or etch. 173 00:21:57,170 --> 00:22:06,380 The transition to a process model has important consequences, not only with regard to the status and the role, that thing concept. 174 00:22:06,380 --> 00:22:11,630 Think of a thing as the crucial notion in traditional metaphysics, 175 00:22:11,630 --> 00:22:18,950 but also with regard to the meaning of any talk of such consequence over transition. 176 00:22:18,950 --> 00:22:24,270 Consequences for such an important question is whether for each post. 177 00:22:24,270 --> 00:22:34,160 This one always has to presuppose the subject to enact it or whether to use one of nature's formulations. 178 00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:39,510 The processes, quote themselves, have been. 179 00:22:39,510 --> 00:22:46,950 Since for leadership, only a limited portion of reality is present walked to or represented in consciousness. 180 00:22:46,950 --> 00:22:57,250 This question gains fundamental significance with respect to the relationship between the organic and the just the physical at the Met. 181 00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:06,550 Consciousness and the ego or the subject of consciousness appear on the scene at the same time. 182 00:23:06,550 --> 00:23:16,200 This ego manifests itself in the fact that I could imagine I could imagine the content of consciousness differently, 183 00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:24,760 sort it differently and assess it differently without ceasing to be myself. 184 00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:33,520 This is the appearance of the deal itself by appealing to the vent process model and by taking up the idea of subject less processes, 185 00:23:33,520 --> 00:23:38,630 both the following assumptions can simultaneously be made comprehensible. 186 00:23:38,630 --> 00:23:39,880 And that's an interesting point. 187 00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:51,790 I think first that the Gore subject that appears within consciousness is already dependent on a network upset of a set of checklist processes. 188 00:23:51,790 --> 00:24:05,010 And second, that the stated phenomenon of consciousness itself rests upon an antecedent geneology off nonconscious mental status. 189 00:24:05,010 --> 00:24:12,450 From this point of view, one could succeed in explaining how the idea of consciousness, that consciousness, 190 00:24:12,450 --> 00:24:24,030 the idea that consciousness has a subject, is compatible with the idea of subjectiveness processes. 191 00:24:24,030 --> 00:24:32,270 From here and from here, one can proceed to the famous question of nature and other people with Goodstein are others. 192 00:24:32,270 --> 00:24:42,080 The question of whether one can replace, I think, with it thinks this suggestion, as we all know, stems from guilt, 193 00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:50,250 crystal polished and buried, who had a significant influence on Nietzsche's conception of the possibilities and limits of language. 194 00:24:50,250 --> 00:25:03,630 For Nietzsche, it was it was, first of all, important. The first point for that one not simply quakes this new it was the old order. 195 00:25:03,630 --> 00:25:13,530 But the further but he further emphasises that, quote, There is already too much packed into the things. 196 00:25:13,530 --> 00:25:23,120 Even the people read it contains, quote, an interpretation of the process and does not belong to the process itself. 197 00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:34,650 And here, an important point, the interpretative character of the operation comes into view alongside its processional character. 198 00:25:34,650 --> 00:25:40,020 Acknowledging these poor sexual and interpretative characteristics undermines the 199 00:25:40,020 --> 00:25:46,680 fundamental role of the conscious and self-conscious subjects suggested by the surface. 200 00:25:46,680 --> 00:25:57,470 Grammar of the indexical. Word by. Even on a linguistic level, it is clear and we can find some of these things and each does not last. 201 00:25:57,470 --> 00:26:01,700 Which is very, very important in the discussions during the last days. 202 00:26:01,700 --> 00:26:08,740 I have the impression the importance of the noshed laughs into this section is not really precedent for discussions. 203 00:26:08,740 --> 00:26:13,840 At least some discussion. So that's a very big issue. 204 00:26:13,840 --> 00:26:19,230 She worked to transcribe a good translation of that. That's an important. 205 00:26:19,230 --> 00:26:30,510 So on the linguistic level, it is clear that process sentences, process sentences cannot be made dependent on a surface pragmatical subject. 206 00:26:30,510 --> 00:26:38,250 We can see see this in impersonal phrases such as X occurred, took place, happened. 207 00:26:38,250 --> 00:26:48,480 It is also manifest in sentences such as it rained, it thundered or it thought these sentences do not have to do with individuated, 208 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:53,370 something that rains, thunders and falls and water. 209 00:26:53,370 --> 00:27:00,420 And where I ask that question is the subject, for example, of a cocktail party. 210 00:27:00,420 --> 00:27:11,400 To ask who is the subject of the event is to miss the aforementioned fact that depends or processes themselves have been asked for, 211 00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:19,020 except in the case of a party and a party can take place in different rooms in an apartment. 212 00:27:19,020 --> 00:27:23,320 The ego as a subject presuppose that's a strange story. 213 00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:28,410 If the ego has to do to divide itself into different parts and choose to go in second full, 214 00:27:28,410 --> 00:27:33,240 first of all, and so on, to do so that there are very characteristic, 215 00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:44,400 very characteristic features about the process at that cannot be fulfilled by the traditional conceptions of the ego fulfilled, 216 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:56,790 functional organisation. I would like to to emphasise to to emphasise another truism transition that from thing to the process model, 217 00:27:56,790 --> 00:28:04,260 the transition from the classical model of the organism to that of organisation is a 218 00:28:04,260 --> 00:28:11,530 fundamental significance for Nietzsche's understanding of the organic and the conscious. 219 00:28:11,530 --> 00:28:18,580 Each conceived of the organism as an organisational structure, the organism traditionally has primes. 220 00:28:18,580 --> 00:28:23,710 And they are integrated from the middle of the organism. This is the classical model. 221 00:28:23,710 --> 00:28:30,910 But this is not the organisational structures of competing conflicting forces of powers in their isolation. 222 00:28:30,910 --> 00:28:41,180 So it's a very important transition from the organism model to the organisation. 223 00:28:41,180 --> 00:28:46,740 And she conceives of the organism as an organisational structure in which consciousness, 224 00:28:46,740 --> 00:28:52,260 awareness and all for the mental states and processes up to and including conscious thought, 225 00:28:52,260 --> 00:29:06,170 are emergent characteristics which result from highly complex interactions of the systems components that guarantee the organisation's functionality. 226 00:29:06,170 --> 00:29:11,790 Thus, one can say that the initial stage of awareness, explicit consciousness, 227 00:29:11,790 --> 00:29:19,080 self-consciousness and ultimately conscious fall arise as the emergent effects of an 228 00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:26,400 interplay of multiple organisations or force the various organisations or worlds to power. 229 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:36,300 Such a view manifests a certain proximity to an opinion, a widely held today in brain research and that research centre. 230 00:29:36,300 --> 00:29:43,110 We have cooperation with people from the Max Planck Institute in Brain Research and other. 231 00:29:43,110 --> 00:29:52,980 So that in brain research, that consciousness and other mental processes, such as perceiving, imagining, thinking, learning, remembering, 232 00:29:52,980 --> 00:30:05,850 do not occur in a special Glueck sizeable localiser place or SD card claimed through a special or given the famous pineal gland. 233 00:30:05,850 --> 00:30:16,500 It can brain research conscious as well as nonconscious mental states are rather conceived as results of a highly complex organisation. 234 00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:23,370 And Dinham dynamism of the entire complex is more precisely a neural assembles. 235 00:30:23,370 --> 00:30:31,320 This view can also be connected to this might be a little bit surprising, but then the fragments of did not last were fatal. 236 00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:36,000 A number of things that a lot of this snap. 237 00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:46,520 Maybe this view can also be connected to the model of multiple draughts which has been developed within the philosophy of mind by Daniel Dennett. 238 00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:47,640 DNA things. 239 00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:57,260 This model provides an alternative to the Cartesian conception of the consciousness, what he calls the myth of the Cartesian Feherty, Descartes, 240 00:30:57,260 --> 00:31:08,460 Konsta centralistic conception of the location of the seat of consciousness and contended that the locus of conscious experience was great for him. 241 00:31:08,460 --> 00:31:16,920 The pineal gland represented the centre of the brain, as it were, the inner station, the central station, through which in a sense, 242 00:31:16,920 --> 00:31:26,400 perceptions must enter in order to be transformed into consciousness on the individual through a specific transaction. 243 00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:32,400 The most important aspect of this concept is that the brain has a centre and that is 244 00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:38,950 the causal point of departure for the emergence of the contents of consciousness. 245 00:31:38,950 --> 00:31:47,130 This Cartesian view. A special centre in the brain that is constantly responsible for consciousness and its contents 246 00:31:47,130 --> 00:31:55,090 strongly and even imprisons reflection on consciousness throughout the modern period, 247 00:31:55,090 --> 00:31:59,910 damage approving these sites. William James wrote, quote, 248 00:31:59,910 --> 00:32:05,040 There is no cell or group of cells in the brain of such anatomical or functional 249 00:32:05,040 --> 00:32:12,470 pre-eminence as to appear to be the keystone or centre of gravity of the old system. 250 00:32:12,470 --> 00:32:24,180 End quote. On the multiple draughts model, by contrast, one understands that, quote, all varieties of perceptions, indeed all variety of football, 251 00:32:24,180 --> 00:32:36,310 that mental activity are accomplished in the brain by parallel multitracked processes of interpretation and elaboration of sensory inputs. 252 00:32:36,310 --> 00:32:48,180 And that's according to Dennet. The information that enters into the nervous system is, quote, under continuous editorial's relief, 253 00:32:48,180 --> 00:32:58,470 under continuous editorial revision, under the condition of being reinterpreted continues. 254 00:32:58,470 --> 00:33:05,790 But for our purposes, what is of central importance in the moment is the rejection of the idea that there is one and only one 255 00:33:05,790 --> 00:33:13,650 central perspective or one perspective and one and only one in our centre of observation processing. 256 00:33:13,650 --> 00:33:22,830 With regard to what enters into consciousness as content and what does not with regard to the organic. 257 00:33:22,830 --> 00:33:30,270 It is important that the functional profi functional profile of the Food Network network of 258 00:33:30,270 --> 00:33:38,670 activities is thought of in nature as dependent on the multifarious interactions of the parts. 259 00:33:38,670 --> 00:33:45,960 Very crucial to think that this is not possible, that the organism in the organisation violates its cardinal, 260 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:51,180 but Nietzsche's conceptions of how the organisations and forces function. 261 00:33:51,180 --> 00:34:04,050 This involves the idea that very important idea, the dominant board governing the governing forces that is predominantly organising forces, 262 00:34:04,050 --> 00:34:13,430 are also simultaneously dependent on the function of partial forces and their Constellation's. 263 00:34:13,430 --> 00:34:22,520 Pressel repro sexual organisation is, according to Nietzsche, the fundamental operation of everything that is real and alive. 264 00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:24,350 Life for him. 265 00:34:24,350 --> 00:34:35,510 He once ruled in the north of us is to be defined as, quote, the permanent form of processes of force fixations, a void, he says, a deep divide. 266 00:34:35,510 --> 00:34:39,520 It's not determination because these are not deterministic processes. 267 00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:46,730 But the question of power to fix relationships between these different centres of forces. 268 00:34:46,730 --> 00:34:55,730 So life is, quote, a permanent form of processes of force, fixations, determinations, whether where that's important. 269 00:34:55,730 --> 00:35:01,330 The various components grew on each. 270 00:35:01,330 --> 00:35:06,740 And least all the dynamic processes of organisation that continuously take place 271 00:35:06,740 --> 00:35:14,060 within the internal structure of all organised beings end in all natural processes. 272 00:35:14,060 --> 00:35:18,700 The central place that Miccio courts to the idea of functional organisation 273 00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:25,580 suggests that his conception could be characterised as a version of functionalism. 274 00:35:25,580 --> 00:35:31,450 I will not go into that. It's not the computer functionalism that Hillary Puttnam invented and criticised. 275 00:35:31,450 --> 00:35:39,730 It's more the functional organisation type of the will to power and the forces in their interrelations. 276 00:35:39,730 --> 00:35:47,600 51 point interpenetration of consciousness alternators consciousness procedes in and by way of presentations, 277 00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:57,410 representations and mental representations. And all three of these in turn, are events that take place in. 278 00:35:57,410 --> 00:36:09,130 And by virtue of science. This is true of the entire spectrum from Phantom, a phenomenal awareness of sense, 279 00:36:09,130 --> 00:36:19,110 impressions and perceptions through imaging and remembering, conscious and reflexive thought up to self consciousness and plans of action. 280 00:36:19,110 --> 00:36:24,990 Thinking is an event that takes place in science. And by virtue of science. 281 00:36:24,990 --> 00:36:34,290 More precisely in linguistic science. We can, as you put it right, think only in linguistic form. 282 00:36:34,290 --> 00:36:42,030 And this is all this is not only negative sentence, it has both sides of the coin, positive and negative, critical. 283 00:36:42,030 --> 00:36:47,100 The limits I will talk about later on when we can, as Nietzsche puts it, quote, 284 00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:56,700 think only in linguistic forms and reseize thinking when we tend not to do it with in linguistic constraints. 285 00:36:56,700 --> 00:37:09,800 We can't cope with this nature propounds the dependency, the dependence of conscious thinking on the grammatical functions of language. 286 00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:18,510 Moreover, every cognitive metall operation also necessarily occurs within the confines of grammar, 287 00:37:18,510 --> 00:37:30,000 since linguistic signs only carry out their functions or possess their semantic properties only insofar as there is a practise of interpretation. 288 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:36,000 There is no sine function without an interpretation involved in it in children. 289 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:48,150 That's now become a very crucial point. Here it becomes clear that there is an interpretative grand interpretative ground lurking 290 00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:55,860 behind the linguistic grammatical grounds each expresses in an incisive formulation. 291 00:37:55,860 --> 00:38:10,320 When he said said that rational thinking, quote is an interpretation according to a schema that we cannot discard, it is positive, practical. 292 00:38:10,320 --> 00:38:16,230 But we do not have to forget the positive aspect at this point. 293 00:38:16,230 --> 00:38:23,410 Now, which is a fundamental significance that the internal connexion with language does 294 00:38:23,410 --> 00:38:30,330 until a connexion with language does not only appear at the level of conscious thought, 295 00:38:30,330 --> 00:38:41,690 rather according to nature, it even holds true Rothert regarding the genesis and articulation and the development of consciousness itself. 296 00:38:41,690 --> 00:38:50,540 There is an internal connexion between consciousness and language or more broadly between consciousness and science. 297 00:38:50,540 --> 00:38:55,910 If one accentuates the public character of language and of sign usage, 298 00:38:55,910 --> 00:39:00,920 that is the fact that a functioning language is internally bound to the public 299 00:39:00,920 --> 00:39:06,320 practise of using linguistic and not linguistic science shared with others. 300 00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:12,230 Then the public and social character of consciousness also becomes clear. 301 00:39:12,230 --> 00:39:19,940 Language is a social. Art is the first sentence of points famous book word adoption. 302 00:39:19,940 --> 00:39:30,830 As we know, each also points out this component. In this way, he accentuated the semiotic character of consciousness. 303 00:39:30,830 --> 00:39:37,460 The eternal connexion between consciousness and language is extremely important in a number of respects. 304 00:39:37,460 --> 00:39:41,900 By directing attention to the link between consciousness and language, 305 00:39:41,900 --> 00:39:54,000 aspects of consciousness come into view which have a different ontological status from the components already discussed on the rubrics continuum, 306 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:59,450 emergent development process and functional organisation. 307 00:39:59,450 --> 00:40:08,650 The use of language and signs are components that have the seed and the social, historical and culture. 308 00:40:08,650 --> 00:40:14,260 They cannot be reduced to organic and your biological processes. 309 00:40:14,260 --> 00:40:20,060 This is a different type of ontology. If ontology is ever it the right label to put it. 310 00:40:20,060 --> 00:40:27,560 But I don't like my leg for the moment. This is particularly true of the higher water aspects of consciousness as such. 311 00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:33,310 Yes, self-consciousness, the experience of one's own individuality and the self interpretations. 312 00:40:33,310 --> 00:40:42,880 For instance, often free acting agent, I said yesterday, when we want to make sense of the notion of person in person. 313 00:40:42,880 --> 00:40:54,260 And we kill these presuppositions of presupposing internally a type of freedom that we can person of a person's. 314 00:40:54,260 --> 00:40:55,100 Very dangerous, 315 00:40:55,100 --> 00:41:08,670 I think evolution can't afford such such things as denying completely freedom of will because otherwise there would be no persons and acting agents. 316 00:41:08,670 --> 00:41:19,950 So when it comes to such aspects, even President David Greene recently acknowledged that they quote my quote from Wolf Singer at the bottom lines. 317 00:41:19,950 --> 00:41:26,760 And Max Planck Institute in Frankfurt, very famous in his speech at the field that, quote, 318 00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:33,660 They seem to require explanations that transcend purely neuro biological reductions. 319 00:41:33,660 --> 00:41:40,670 Remarkable sense. Or someone working in a research institute of biology and. 320 00:41:40,670 --> 00:41:48,860 Brain research, the decisive point is that consciousness and mind have now become seamer times. 321 00:41:48,860 --> 00:41:51,840 And that's a very important point in Egypt. 322 00:41:51,840 --> 00:42:02,600 Have another becomes privatised at the intersection between developments in the natural and organic sphere and in the sphere of the social, 323 00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:12,020 the historical and cultural right? I use a variation of that famous phrase of generate patterns, meanings. 324 00:42:12,020 --> 00:42:18,630 Just a few we had here. We might say mind and perception of a mentality to Vickie's are unjust. 325 00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:24,280 And they. They are they have a public nature outside of other persons and so different. 326 00:42:24,280 --> 00:42:31,760 But the logic of the logic, the status, the occurrence and development of consciousness and the sense of awareness s 327 00:42:31,760 --> 00:42:37,280 consciousness and explicitly conscious thought arise according to Nietzsche, 328 00:42:37,280 --> 00:42:47,420 principally because of the need, because of the necessity that individual human beings developed in relation to other human beings. 329 00:42:47,420 --> 00:42:55,340 But to communicate, to make them themselves quickly and precisely understood encode. 330 00:42:55,340 --> 00:43:02,690 There is a need for communication, which for its part presupposes an ability to communicate. 331 00:43:02,690 --> 00:43:08,750 The subtlety and strength of consciousness of a person stands in relation to the. 332 00:43:08,750 --> 00:43:17,470 This ability to communicate to the, quote, nature of force and art of communication. 333 00:43:17,470 --> 00:43:29,330 In this sense, nature's thesis is that consciousness, but in general has developed only under the pressure of the need to communicate. 334 00:43:29,330 --> 00:43:39,000 And. Consciousness is, quote, a connecting neck net linking persons to persons. 335 00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:47,840 That's a task to carry out in. And thus it has to carry itself out in important point. 336 00:43:47,840 --> 00:44:01,140 Communications, science. In this sense, the development of consciousness and language by virtue of sitings and simple functions go hand in hand. 337 00:44:01,140 --> 00:44:08,990 But it is not only the words and sentences of language that perform the function of building a bridge from person to person. 338 00:44:08,990 --> 00:44:14,730 Non-linguistic signs do so as well as example of such non-linguistic signs. 339 00:44:14,730 --> 00:44:21,780 Nature refers to glances, gestures and touch the human being who uses signs. 340 00:44:21,780 --> 00:44:34,060 But above all, invents signs is in this sense always quote the one who becomes ever more acutely conscious of himself. 341 00:44:34,060 --> 00:44:44,160 And this operation, these operations are ipso facto connected with sociability for only as a social animal. 342 00:44:44,160 --> 00:44:47,820 Did mammals learn and become conscious of himself. 343 00:44:47,820 --> 00:44:56,670 He is still doing it as I need to get to that remark, and he is doing it more and more to signs positive. 344 00:44:56,670 --> 00:45:02,490 The danger in this sense consciousness, in its characteristic relation to other people, 345 00:45:02,490 --> 00:45:12,100 obviously play an important role in the processes of stabilising social systems. 346 00:45:12,100 --> 00:45:17,920 Sixth point, the relation of consciousness and violent. 347 00:45:17,920 --> 00:45:23,170 Ego consciousness does not succeed in representing, 348 00:45:23,170 --> 00:45:32,650 distancing or even suspending the network of its own conditions that caused the ground and the 349 00:45:32,650 --> 00:45:40,340 conditional network of consciousness do not arise within the space of consciousness itself. 350 00:45:40,340 --> 00:45:46,240 And nothing in the states or in the objects that enter into consciousness when 351 00:45:46,240 --> 00:45:53,630 he feels that they are dependent on a nonconscious network of conditions. 352 00:45:53,630 --> 00:46:03,260 But there is a great danger that conserver, little rabbit and seven buttons conscious that ego consciousness does have the possibility 353 00:46:03,260 --> 00:46:09,380 of opening itself up to the network of its own conditions as the possibility. 354 00:46:09,380 --> 00:46:16,580 There's no guarantee that it will take this possibility, but it has to open up to a network of its own conditions. 355 00:46:16,580 --> 00:46:22,250 This opening can be viewed as the transition from the lesser reason. 356 00:46:22,250 --> 00:46:30,110 Kind of funny, but which one should principally understand all modern forms of self consciousness and the Cartesian style, 357 00:46:30,110 --> 00:46:35,680 which aims at fundamentalistic, self-assertive movements into the greater risk? 358 00:46:35,680 --> 00:46:43,250 Of course, which needs Mieczyslaw as residing in the human body and in bodily existence. 359 00:46:43,250 --> 00:46:55,880 The philosophy of a body or of bodily existence begins not with biology begins where lesser reasoning reflects on upon itself and 360 00:46:55,880 --> 00:47:05,540 opens itself up to the network of conditions that cannot be surveyed and entirely brought before once reflected reflective inner art. 361 00:47:05,540 --> 00:47:18,660 The point is that bodily experiences enter into perceiving, thinking and acting as well, since these are bodily embedded to describe the structure is. 362 00:47:18,660 --> 00:47:22,000 That's an interesting thought. It's not biology. It's not. 363 00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:28,090 You see those lines up, Nietzsche's philosophy of the body or bodily existence must not, however, be. 364 00:47:28,090 --> 00:47:37,330 That's the crucial point here, to be mistaken for a form of naturalism by your images and body organism ontology. 365 00:47:37,330 --> 00:47:40,630 That give just for little reasons for that. 366 00:47:40,630 --> 00:47:47,320 First of all, the avenue to the body problem does not lead through a single discipline. 367 00:47:47,320 --> 00:47:56,910 For instance, biology or neurophysiology, but rather unfolds in the course of reflection upon conscious. 368 00:47:56,910 --> 00:48:05,820 Their bodily existence is conceived as a precognitive cognitive dimension of the possibility of knowledge, 369 00:48:05,820 --> 00:48:14,180 precognitive condition, the possibility of knowledge, as well as of biology or neurophysiology. 370 00:48:14,180 --> 00:48:21,110 Second, when doing philosophy, one cannot simply ask the different to doing science by doing philosophy, 371 00:48:21,110 --> 00:48:27,050 one cannot simply ask what the relationship is between the newel and the cognitive or the mental. 372 00:48:27,050 --> 00:48:31,820 Rather, one must always ask, how should we know? 373 00:48:31,820 --> 00:48:39,020 That's the crucial thing. How should we think about the fact that such relations are reciprocal and philosophy? 374 00:48:39,020 --> 00:48:44,120 We do not use sciences. We do not open up brain centres. 375 00:48:44,120 --> 00:48:49,040 What happens? But we ask what are the sense? Logical presuppositions? 376 00:48:49,040 --> 00:48:59,630 If someone does sciences, for instance, your science is and comes up with big sentences about how it works and what's the impact. 377 00:48:59,630 --> 00:49:03,440 And the third little point, the body or bodily existence. 378 00:49:03,440 --> 00:49:12,200 It's hard to find an English phrase library chicanes in Germany, no difference between COMPAR as organism and life. 379 00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:18,020 And I think at this very crucial point in English, it's I think it's hard to make that distinction. 380 00:49:18,020 --> 00:49:22,310 I use the expression bodily experience or bought into existence. 381 00:49:22,310 --> 00:49:29,120 People try to translate by this expression also with all sorts of language, try to sometimes a living body. 382 00:49:29,120 --> 00:49:36,530 So at that visit, there is a translation problem which is in itself philosophically very interesting. 383 00:49:36,530 --> 00:49:45,410 So the body or bodily experience does not mean conception consist of building blocks that can be analysed by special science. 384 00:49:45,410 --> 00:49:47,810 It does not consist of something. 385 00:49:47,810 --> 00:49:57,260 Some think of something at all, but rather, as was mentioned before, can be seen as the highly complex and dynamic interplay of multifarious, 386 00:49:57,260 --> 00:50:03,680 small, intelligent processes which become manifest as soon as we have bodily experience. 387 00:50:03,680 --> 00:50:10,520 And if we just add a little point that I'm particularly interested in and not just say one or two sentences to that, 388 00:50:10,520 --> 00:50:19,670 when we ask what is the relation between bodily existence and, for instance, the meaning of language, words and thoughts? 389 00:50:19,670 --> 00:50:27,530 The question is not we have a lot of literature today, but in many other things, the question is not whether they are inside. 390 00:50:27,530 --> 00:50:32,690 Our body is some special organ, the liver, the heart, the circulation of blood. 391 00:50:32,690 --> 00:50:40,010 That is the causal point of departure. Just for the media for fixing the meaning at the level of of words. 392 00:50:40,010 --> 00:50:46,700 But it's different phenomenologically. It's not a question of science, natural science, 393 00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:56,570 but a phenomenological analysis of bodily experiences that enters into and helps fixing the meaning of words. 394 00:50:56,570 --> 00:51:00,340 And you all have to have this experience already. 395 00:51:00,340 --> 00:51:05,930 And sometimes words are coming easy corrections. And in other situations they do not. 396 00:51:05,930 --> 00:51:11,840 This is an interesting point as to the relation between bodily experience and fixing the meaning and coming up. 397 00:51:11,840 --> 00:51:22,940 So the meaning what jumbling philosopher 50 years ago called and Chicago the feld's meaning is something very interesting. 398 00:51:22,940 --> 00:51:31,790 The felt meeting is not just the causal point from one organ within the body, but body experience as a faithful. 399 00:51:31,790 --> 00:51:41,280 It's it's difficult, but I dropped it, the transition from the ego consciousness to the human body is also the that means to open up. 400 00:51:41,280 --> 00:51:48,350 There's also the transition from achieving subjectivity to individuality, Chief. 401 00:51:48,350 --> 00:51:52,220 The subjectivity that does and has always a job to do. 402 00:51:52,220 --> 00:51:53,650 It's hard to be a subject. 403 00:51:53,650 --> 00:52:07,880 And it's a tradition that pretends to individuality in the sense of that body, the organisation which every one of us is individual as a body. 404 00:52:07,880 --> 00:52:13,620 Bodily existence. I am a living individuality. 405 00:52:13,620 --> 00:52:20,190 This allows room for the distinction between the ego of the rational subject and the self, which. 406 00:52:20,190 --> 00:52:24,540 S body is still famous formulation of leeches. 407 00:52:24,540 --> 00:52:32,460 The master of the ego, according to nature, the critique of the concept of a rational by prefabricated subject. 408 00:52:32,460 --> 00:52:39,000 By no means demands. The disappearance of the individuality of persons. 409 00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:49,350 Quite the contrary. Individuality is manifested in a non reductive sentence in the organisation of the body or bodily existence, 410 00:52:49,350 --> 00:52:53,390 which everyone is as the interpreting being. 411 00:52:53,390 --> 00:52:59,510 She is. Point seven. 412 00:52:59,510 --> 00:53:07,560 The power of language and signs is great and extensive grammar and concepts occupy a particular place. 413 00:53:07,560 --> 00:53:18,710 Very grammar has a brief formative effect both on the house and on the water of the conscious thought, and the matter has its limits in the form. 414 00:53:18,710 --> 00:53:23,630 What can be thought and said at all has to be. 415 00:53:23,630 --> 00:53:28,980 Be prepared in the grammar of a language each. 416 00:53:28,980 --> 00:53:36,600 That's according to nature. It hardly seems possible to overcome the fundamental errors of reason. 417 00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:44,550 Petrified in language such as assumption of the subject, object, substance, 418 00:53:44,550 --> 00:53:51,390 unity, identity, duration, calls, thing purpose being by reasoning in language. 419 00:53:51,390 --> 00:53:53,850 That's the crucial moment. 420 00:53:53,850 --> 00:54:05,220 In other words, reasoning in language does not seem able to avoid all these prejudices which metaphysics, which for nature is essentially language. 421 00:54:05,220 --> 00:54:12,780 Metaphysics relies. So metaphysics has a wonderful advocate, Nietzsche once said. 422 00:54:12,780 --> 00:54:16,680 That is every word we express as well. 423 00:54:16,680 --> 00:54:22,840 And every action we do is an advocate of metaphysics. That's because we bump into. 424 00:54:22,840 --> 00:54:32,320 That's what can be thought and said it all has to already have been prepared in the grammar of. 425 00:54:32,320 --> 00:54:37,900 The limits of language. Now here again, you have the words and sentences. 426 00:54:37,900 --> 00:54:42,910 Every word has a character of General Relet, fast expressions. 427 00:54:42,910 --> 00:54:55,700 For example, this spot of colour. Are fundamentally incapable of completely grasping and representing the individual character. 428 00:54:55,700 --> 00:55:03,950 Exactly. This unique, unique and distinctive spot of colour on the wall or on the desk right in front of it. 429 00:55:03,950 --> 00:55:16,340 Conversely, an expression such as Tower of Pisa can apply to many objects beside the slanted tower in the Italian city of Pisa. 430 00:55:16,340 --> 00:55:21,870 This character of generality is in the limit at all, nor can it be avoided. 431 00:55:21,870 --> 00:55:33,230 It's very important that one cannot because we think PISA and then we try to add that city in Italy more fully and that's the tower and so on. 432 00:55:33,230 --> 00:55:43,940 So what we try to do is get on grasping position is that we try to add many as many adjectives and adverbial modifications as possible. 433 00:55:43,940 --> 00:55:50,040 The interesting thing is the more you add, the more income far away from the Tower of Pisa. 434 00:55:50,040 --> 00:55:59,910 So on account of the general character of all words, every word together, every word he used for greater position, 435 00:55:59,910 --> 00:56:06,900 nevertheless leaves the possibility open that many objects could legitimately be counted. 436 00:56:06,900 --> 00:56:14,430 That satisfaction object of the expression and even in the descriptive sequence of whatever length, 437 00:56:14,430 --> 00:56:21,840 the image of individuality of the respective thing would never be articulated. 438 00:56:21,840 --> 00:56:28,680 When it comes to consciousness, it was about the language at the generality character when it comes to consciousness as well, 439 00:56:28,680 --> 00:56:34,860 which of course continues to criticise the aspect that everything that enters into 440 00:56:34,860 --> 00:56:42,750 consciousness is translated into it and thus as the character of generality. 441 00:56:42,750 --> 00:56:51,900 Without that general, I would not even have a sense of that individuality. So this is a double the crux of it with respect to human beings. 442 00:56:51,900 --> 00:57:02,340 Consciousness appears to only to constitute a small portion of what humans are and ultimately turns out to be something superficial, 443 00:57:02,340 --> 00:57:08,340 something that rests on the broader and more multifarious world of the organic 444 00:57:08,340 --> 00:57:13,590 and which came into being in the emerging developmental determinate way. 445 00:57:13,590 --> 00:57:25,350 In this sense, quote, The world of which we can become conscious is merely a surface and important addition sine. 446 00:57:25,350 --> 00:57:31,180 It's a surface and a sign of a wall of vision, and it's. 447 00:57:31,180 --> 00:57:35,440 A world turned into generalities and there are debates. 448 00:57:35,440 --> 00:57:41,880 But without having debates, did not even have an idea of that wonderful speech that was in German. 449 00:57:41,880 --> 00:57:49,210 Mitchell says that the reality is of humans safely under the outcompetes. 450 00:57:49,210 --> 00:57:52,870 That means we have no predicates to grasp it. 451 00:57:52,870 --> 00:58:01,060 The way it is complicated is separate from the grasping forces of a Pratik, as in every language and ever thought. 452 00:58:01,060 --> 00:58:03,310 But we can't say no more about that. 453 00:58:03,310 --> 00:58:14,810 And saying that depends on the grammar of language used to make the relevant point presupposes not just language besides. 454 00:58:14,810 --> 00:58:20,330 So why come to the last point, that is what interests me personally and I'm fine. 455 00:58:20,330 --> 00:58:31,330 Did some work that. Sided interpretation of things just a little what I want, which is not the subject here directly. 456 00:58:31,330 --> 00:58:38,810 But a philosophy of science and interpretations as the basis of an integrity philosophy of wild language and nature. 457 00:58:38,810 --> 00:58:39,740 So what can I say? 458 00:58:39,740 --> 00:58:53,840 Just some some thoughts about consciousness and language can be viewed and treated as taking place in science and interpretation by virtue of that, 459 00:58:53,840 --> 00:58:59,200 not only instrumentally, by means, but by virtue. 460 00:58:59,200 --> 00:59:09,850 This refers to the genesis of the function of consciousness and language, the use and understanding of symbolising signs is the most original. 461 00:59:09,850 --> 00:59:20,850 I think the fundamental characteristic of the human mind for Netsch, a man, is characterised as the being that invents signs. 462 00:59:20,850 --> 00:59:28,980 That's Taishan Offendum, Debby's inventing, symbolising finds makes human beings unique. 463 00:59:28,980 --> 00:59:37,080 I would add. Inventing, symbolising science makes human beings unique. 464 00:59:37,080 --> 00:59:43,270 Different from clans and crystals and also the number of animals. 465 00:59:43,270 --> 00:59:49,600 Mental, spiritual and cognitive processes occur as processes of signs and interpretation. 466 00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:56,200 That's the basic idea. We'd like to promote at that point. And this is an I give to a distinction. 467 00:59:56,200 --> 01:00:05,200 This is not, however, a simple endorsement of the idea that characterises computational psychology and cognitive science today, 468 01:00:05,200 --> 01:00:16,090 namely that conscious mental and cognitive activities consist in nothing other than the operative manipulation of given inner symbols. 469 01:00:16,090 --> 01:00:21,110 That's the definition of a large part of cognitive science, 470 01:00:21,110 --> 01:00:29,320 which computational psychologists pretend are each supplied with identifiable and exact meanings. 471 01:00:29,320 --> 01:00:39,600 That's interesting. If if I'm right with the thesis that the processes of science and interpretation are basic and fundamental, everyone, 472 01:00:39,600 --> 01:00:47,400 well working cognitive science with that definitely manipulating symbols and presupposing exact meanings 473 01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:55,530 and interpretation of rules presupposes always already a theory of symbols and signs and interpretations. 474 01:00:55,530 --> 01:01:01,980 So it's dependent on that. Cognitive science is a secondary intellectual activity at this. 475 01:01:01,980 --> 01:01:12,090 That's a very interesting point. So I go behind the back of the cognitive science with that idea of a philosophy of science and interpretation. 476 01:01:12,090 --> 01:01:20,400 And the second point. Nor does it assert a merely external dependence of the mind and consciousness on science and interpretations. 477 01:01:20,400 --> 01:01:31,760 For instance, in so far as thinking requires media and instrumental signs in order to be able to represent and communicate itself and its context, 478 01:01:31,760 --> 01:01:40,860 not external, the relation between science and interpretations in consciousness and mind and language. 479 01:01:40,860 --> 01:01:43,620 The conception of mind is an internal one. 480 01:01:43,620 --> 01:01:52,200 Until one that can be spelled out by different different forms and functions of science and interpretations along the line. 481 01:01:52,200 --> 01:02:06,700 How do. One needs not just these external dependents, but one needs to take one further step and an essential step for precisely these processes. 482 01:02:06,700 --> 01:02:09,070 That is, for instance, of demarcating, 483 01:02:09,070 --> 01:02:17,440 fixing and limiting meetings and contents of communicating contents between people standing in a relationship of communications. 484 01:02:17,440 --> 01:02:25,600 All these processes take place in and as processes of science and interpretation as we have already earned. 485 01:02:25,600 --> 01:02:32,950 Each emphasises one stops sinking all together, thinking in the know and in the broad sense, 486 01:02:32,950 --> 01:02:37,420 the narrow sense is linguist using linguistics like the broad sense. 487 01:02:37,420 --> 01:02:44,560 I make a distinction between narrow and broad sense of thinking, narrow in broad sense of science, narrow in broad sense of interpretation. 488 01:02:44,560 --> 01:02:56,110 The broad sense of thinking is that this is just the pre conscious type of awareness that we have unsensational cognitively relevant sensations. 489 01:02:56,110 --> 01:02:57,640 So if you look at that, 490 01:02:57,640 --> 01:03:05,440 we can say this is not something that can be governed by rules of language in the narrow sense at the grammar of judgement language. 491 01:03:05,440 --> 01:03:12,110 But it nevertheless rests within the functioning of science and interpretation processes. 492 01:03:12,110 --> 01:03:18,020 So Nietzsche's conception of courts with that of pragmatist at this point, above all, 493 01:03:18,020 --> 01:03:24,950 with the position of child centre proves, quote, We have no power of thinking without signs. 494 01:03:24,950 --> 01:03:30,350 First emphasises. And he goes even a step further and writes them wonderful sentence. 495 01:03:30,350 --> 01:03:35,540 I think, quote when he said, the first is we have no power of thinking without the signs. 496 01:03:35,540 --> 01:03:43,160 And I would add two Paris. It's not the person. This takes place and is relevant in the never sets of signs. 497 01:03:43,160 --> 01:03:50,410 And think again in the process I sketch. Then it becomes compatible with what each is thinking about. 498 01:03:50,410 --> 01:04:03,930 And then person X quote, when we think that we owe ourselves, as we are at that moment, appear as a saw. 499 01:04:03,930 --> 01:04:09,540 And in hell, don't even find that wonderful centres and stations into your daughter's schools. 500 01:04:09,540 --> 01:04:20,780 That's it's a very deep level just to mention where we can put the sign and interpretation of stuff that is as someone intrinsically predatory. 501 01:04:20,780 --> 01:04:23,740 That depends on an underlying. 502 01:04:23,740 --> 01:04:35,320 In this sense, it is crucial that consciousness, mind and thought are themselves internally and necessary internally necessarily. 503 01:04:35,320 --> 01:04:44,350 Semiotic an interpretative process that signs and interpretation organise and provide the basis for blind language in nature. 504 01:04:44,350 --> 01:04:53,320 The dependence of consciousness, mind, thought and nature on science and interpretation is not an instrumental one. 505 01:04:53,320 --> 01:05:01,140 It is not the case that we attain consciousness and so on by means of science and interpretation. 506 01:05:01,140 --> 01:05:09,570 Rather, consciousness, mind, thought and nature constitute totally dependent on sign language functions, 507 01:05:09,570 --> 01:05:19,630 semiotic and interpretive processes that are by virtue of which we attain consciousness as a. 508 01:05:19,630 --> 01:05:27,520 This you can serve as a guide, and I tried to spell it out a little bit in the text that was mentioned as a guide for an interpretative, 509 01:05:27,520 --> 01:05:31,980 pragmatic philosophy of mind, language and nature, which transcends. 510 01:05:31,980 --> 01:05:42,250 So with that, I come back to the starting point, which transcends the dichotomy between materialism, physicalism and mental ism. 511 01:05:42,250 --> 01:05:49,240 And I've tried to spell it out. Apparently not bothered with these things. 512 01:05:49,240 --> 01:06:24,103 Thank you very much.