Good afternoon, everyone. So, so welcome to this week's Physics Colloquium.
Now, this colloquium is slightly special in time,
as it's the closest major event that we have to the 10th anniversary of the commencement of the John Adams Institute.
But the John Adams Institute was originally founded in 2004 to to to accelerate the science.
And it was a joint joint escapade with Royal Holloway College and was supported by what was at that
time people as part of a major initiative to build up accelerated science in the United Kingdom,
which I think it's fair to say it sort of lapsed somewhat in in the previous couple of couple of decades.
So one I think one of the great signs of the success of the John Adams Institute,
which I like to point out from time to time, is that many years later, Imperial College decided they'd like to join.
So I think that's that's a good sign that we were doing the right thing.
So Imperial. So Imperial College, Royal Holloway and Oxford are now like the members of the John Adams Institute.
Our speaker today is Andre. Sir Sir Andre is the second director of the John Adams Institute.
It was originally set up by Ken Peach, who is well known to so many of us.
Andre joined us in 2010 cans Ken's retirement and has has a distinguished career in
accelerated science previous places as he was at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre.
And so he has over the past few years taken over the leadership of the of the John Adams Institute and all the various things that go on, go on there.
So it's a great pleasure to have him here to talk to us today.
His topic, I think, is deliberately chosen to be fairly alluring.
So without further ado, I'm going to hand over to Andre is going to talk to us about science and the arts of inventiveness.
Thank you. Thank you, John. Indeed, colleagues, it's really a pleasure.
My pleasure to open this sequence of colloquium this year.
And as John John described as the occasion of our 10th anniversary of John Adams Institute,
the topic is only slightly connected to the what John Adams Institute is doing, but it is connected very well with John Adams himself.
As I will show through this various inventiveness, arts of inventiveness, which I will describe is way to lower the lights slightly, a little bit.
And that's it if the I'll talk.
So indeed, in 2000, 2004, in October, our stars aligned very well for John Adams.
This is Scorpio and thunderous and events.
Indeed, sequence of event led us to establishment of the Anatomy Institute and remarkable event happened just almost exactly ten years ago.
Plus minus one day on 25th of October 2004.
That was inauguration event for John Adams Institute.
When Professor Brian Foster announced that Accelerator Centre,
Royal Holloway and Oxford Accelerator Centre will now carry the name of John Adams John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science.
And there was open inauguration lecture given by that time.
Assistant Associate Director of Jefferson Laboratory Professor Chapin Sheppard today, who then became a Director of the Institute,
which is outreach organisation in north and to now he is back to to to to use as
a senior person senior member of Directorate at the Federal Open University.
So this indeed was a remarkable, remarkable events for us.
But what I am going to discuss today is and of course, happy anniversary, John Adams Institute.
I'll discuss and describe to you the arts of inventiveness as it came to us from ingenuity.
And what I'll try to do, I'll try to connect this to science and I'll try to show that this message is, in fact, really interesting,
powerful, and could form a really powerful eye opening, an amalgam which enable and arm us with something new, some new understanding.
So since we are coming from I'm coming from Accelerator Institute, obviously I will start from discussion of some examples,
just a couple of examples of accelerators, why they are useful for society.
Then I will show you some examples of inventions in accelerators.
And only after that I will discuss start to discuss how to invent more efficiently.
What kind of. Formal and efficient, efficient approach has been developed last century in engineering field and then how to connect this to science.
And I will show you several examples. Again, going back to colliders, accelerators, lasers of plasma,
of application of these principles of inventiveness in what we typically do and identified all have some surprise for you.
So one of the examples of why accelerators meet and what they can do, for example, accelerators can can help to study art.
On this picture, you see a painting by Vincent Van Gogh.
It's called Patch of Grass. But apparently behind this painting, there was another another painting that was a portrait of woman and then use.
And that was revealed to this help of fixed indicators. So there was a different layer, different portrait underneath.
So that's accelerators are useful for that. Another example, accelerators can help to study archaeology.
He is you see a sample prepared it for experimental synchrotron radiation laboratory.
You can understand and study this simple design destroying it so accelerators could be very useful for that as well.
So another example, this patch, this many layers which is so old it could not be unfolded without breaking.
But accelerators indeed can. This X-ray finds the signatures of iron in this ancient pigments.
And then, without destroying or unfolding this thing, you can really read what's inside, even if there are many layers.
So that's again, a usefulness of accelerators. And as example, even in the food in development of chocolate,
this Cadbury was developing and studying the way how cocoa crystallises and in fact it was found.
There are several possible crystal forms of this chocolate and only one of them tastes tastes better.
But accelerators didn't help to understand how they taste.
They help to distinguish what kind of crystal form is that.
And people do that good. That, of course, people still useful for that as well anyway.
So that's another example. And of course, in medicine, many of my accelerators are used for cancer therapy treatment, of course.
Majority of them use X-rays. And it's really important and timely to mention this good news,
which was announced yesterday by by healthcare, a press release that there will be a therapy,
there will be a Precision Cancer Medicine Institute established in Oxford, which will use various targeted genomic methods,
including proton therapy here in Oxford, and will be available in few years from now.
This is really great news. So proton therapy, proton accelerators are also really important for this.
So so as you see, there are many, many examples how accelerators can be useful for society and they are listed here.
I'll just give you a three proof, three reasons restating them again.
The first one is tens of millions of people receive accelerator based diagnosis or treatment in clinics around the world.
So many, many people. Second proof is that all products which are developed or treated with help of particle beams have huge, huge value.
So in your values, more than $500 billion.
And final sort reason is that actually a fraction of Nobel Prizes in physics are directly or indirectly connected to use of accelerators is about 30%.
It's actually a really, really good, good number. So accelerators are really important tools for discoveries.
And of course, we just had recently one additional proof of such usefulness and for discovery of fundamental science.
LHC Large Hadron Collider of course you know everything about that helped to to find existence of proof of of of Higgs boson.
And see here you see two happy Nobel Prize laureates last year which which received this this prize for prediction of the Higgs boson.
So accelerators and inventiveness, of course, LHC and other accelerator require a lot of inventions to be to be, to be working efficiently.
So you can you can try to discuss accelerators and inventions together and also ask the questions what motivates inventions?
And in particular, often something which comes from nature inspires you inventions like in this case, probably these really complicated.
Complicated. Shaped channel.
Which is is is needed in order to cool down Moonbeam.
You see it's created solenoid absorbers, accelerated structures, but its shape probably inspired by the shape of the uni.
So another example and actually a question about motivations.
What is motivation behind behind inventions could be discussed from this point of view.
And with this example, like a gears.
The people really inventors of gears or goes motivated by nature.
And some of you probably know the answer because this was in the news.
Ego is everywhere, almost. So indeed, gears.
We are used by nature for millions of years already.
In fact, this happens that in jumping insects, gears are used in order to synchronise left and right legs for them to jump on a straight line.
So apparently neural signal is not fast enough to synchronise mechanical synchronisation.
Well, of course, this invention from nature could have been motivation for this invention.
Of course, if such microscope would exist that time.
But I guess we probably could say that people invented gears themselves.
They didn't look it up in nature. But anyways, that was interesting.
Interesting. The kind of question and answer. So now let me give you several examples of inventions in accelerators.
And there is this a very busy plot on the right.
I'm not going to describe it on the tables. What I would like to point out is some tendencies.
So there are really different families of accelerators these years and also that energy effect of energy of acceleration.
And you see that there is a generally logarithmic exponential for the growth of energy.
But then different technologies saturate after some point, like electrostatic generators cannot produce anymore energy and so on and so on.
You need to have new and new inventions in order to push the boundary of energy and and improve performance of your accelerator sequence fuels.
So this is really some typical behaviour which happens in any evolution.
So in India it is a list of inventions in accelerator field is humongous new one and I'm not going to discuss many of them,
but just to show you some of examples from from development of various acceleration method focus, Inmarsat, cooling of the beams and so on and so on.
Now, the point is that there are many of them. They continue till now and they don't stop.
And I have to show you some the some selected examples which also shown on this picture.
So this is another another even smaller subset of these inventions, various method of oxidation, electrostatic cyclotron,
Metatron collective effects plasma, which is recently very promising of various methods to cool the beam, focus the beam, collide and so on.
I'll, I will describe in detail on the two examples because they connected these examples to John Adams Institute, in fact.
So I'll describe strong focus in example. And after that I will describe electron cool in one so strong question before I'll describe it in details.
I'll mention a couple of words about the history of kind of invention itself.
It's really interesting that this invention was just a person who made this
invention first try to patents that so and but that was not really well known.
And in fact to see other people develop the same idea and presented it without knowing that this patent already existed,
they had to acknowledge that this person was first. But in fact, most of the people in the science believe that these three people inventions.
So that's a question relevant to actually our discussion we often have is our students,
if you have really good idea what you do with the patent it or you publish it and so on.
We always think about this question which doesn't don't have universal answer, but this is something which we need to take into account.
But okay, coming back to strong focus in itself.
So what this focus on is really simple. You need something which keeps keeps trajectory of a particle close to the centre of the accelerator.
So you need some force which brings you back to the centre, like in this example of half pipe competition in Olympic Games.
You see this person going back and forth oscillation around the centre.
And this is gravity, which in this case pull it to the centre.
It's analogous to the motion in a gutter.
Right. So and this first accelerators have excellent weak forces.
And what does it mean weak? If you take this one and kind of roll it onto the orbit of Circle Accelerator and compare the perimeter,
this perimeter ends a special step period of the axis of the isolations.
So this special period is greater as the perimeter. That means it's a week focusing.
So it focuses its wonders around and so on. The amplitude is large and so on.
So first accelerator we focus in. Then what is a strong focusing?
Strong focusing is in this analogy is a gutter is a gutter which is bent which is bent much sharply, much more sharply upward.
But the problem is that from time to time, periodically, it's also bent downwards like that.
So imagine now you have you are riding a bicycle and you can bicycle or roller or whatever and you would like to go on this trajectory.
It's really easy to do it for this vehicle. But if you imagine that you are rolling down on this kind of shape,
it's now becoming more dangerous because you can fall down if your trajectories on so but that's actually how strong force in the works.
So you need to have a correct trajectory for a particle so that you can use advantage of this field focus in the view field,
which is very strong at some location and you need to cross through the centre at the point when the gutter is bent a different direction.
That's really how strong focusing the worst. So in a weak focus in the field of focus in field is uniform around the
accelerator and this one has focussed in defocus in lenses periodically changing.
So you need to arrange trajectories indeed. So you focus from these points of F gutter is upwards.
Now how it's connected to John Adams connected it really appropriately.
John Adams himself actually led the realisation of the first strong focus in accelerator.
And not only that, he actually had the courage to consult the already approved weak focusing accelerator in around 52 and for this really innovative
risk it at the time because it's not proven strong focus in accelerator and in fact it was very successful it paid paid paid off.
And this photos actually shows him announcing that this proton synchrotron, which was first a strong focus accelerator,
just a beaten the world record, which before that was a [INAUDIBLE] to use a double synchrotron of ten GV What he is holding is a token of victory.
A bottle with Polaroid photograph inside, showing the image on the screen that prove that this record was a record was beaten.
So and how this they ed look like this is indeed accelerator in doctor Vic focusing and this is strong
focus you saw at NGV 60 metres 36,000 tons and this one is ten times lighter and larger and more energy.
So you see that inventions really do make a difference and you also see that the orbits are much more compact in strong focus in accelerator.
Now let me give you another example of invention, and you will see that it also connects to John Adams.
Some call, well, electrocution.
Why look at cooling this need coolant is needed most before usually for particles which don't exist in everyday like life, like antiparticles.
So you need to produce them. So for example,
antiprotons you produce by sending beam of protons on a target and then you collect antiprotons so you could produce positrons and so on.
So when you produce such antiparticles, they usually produce this very large temperature and they just spread to angles.
So it's difficult to collect them and use an accelerator. You need to cools them down, decrease their temperature of space so you can do it.
For example, with electron cooling, when you are for some of the fraction of the orbit,
you emerge this antiprotons into electron beam which would follow them with the same speed and it can be,
would be called a antiparticles that would be hot and they would collide and exchange energy.
So eventually antiprotons be cooled down.
So that idea was suggested by Booker, who was first director and founder of Booker Institute of Nuclear Physics,
named after him later, when this idea was first suggested, it was deemed to be brilliant but unrealistic.
However, despite of all this, it was realised an excellent cooling was developed, built and there are many, many cooling devices now.
Is the world used in different experiments? Why am I discussing this reactor coolant?
There are two reasons.
One is that I had a chance to contribute to electronic cooling as I was a single pass electronic cooling experiment at Novosibirsk around 86.
And this is me standing there doing some measurements. And I hope I didn't change much.
So as this to be used to one movie beam and electron electron beam,
and we could have either positive or negative particles and we actually revealed a difference of force.
Despite of cold approximation, the force would be just a square of charge of one particle.
Another square of charge wouldn't depend on the charge sign.
But we actually found really huge difference factor five of cooling force in these experiments.
But we are going to into much details already. There is another connection of discussion of an excellent cooling and what John Adams did.
So Senator John Adams indeed had a really strong combination of scientific and engineering abilities,
and Booker was the one scored by Landau as a relativistic engineer.
So that highlights what that he was able to understand science and as well as engineering.
So this really is connections is to to to great great man.
And also it connects to these to the topic.
I'm going to just start discussing the art of inventiveness, because what we are about to start discussing came from engineering field.
So how to invent more efficiently so the art of inventiveness.
Let's ask Forbes Forbes magazine.
So in this article published just a year ago, so there is this interesting article which ask a question what makes Samsung such an innovative company?
And that's what it says. There was something that became bedrock of innovation at Samsung and it was introduced at Samsung by somebody you will learn.
Who is that in a few moments? Samsung hires them and so on.
And this comes in only in 2000, three led to 50 new patents and also $2,000,000 million saved.
And this something is now obligatory skill set if you would like to advance in some form.
So let's slow on what this could be. So and let's start from discussion of inventiveness.
Invention methods started from something very, very simple, such as to brute force, exhaustive search.
So this first one is really something very in not really much intelligence.
So you just list all the possibilities and try to evaluate them.
Something a bit better is brainstorming.
Brainstorming is a psychological method when you try to separate the process of idea generation from the process of critical analysis.
So this method of, of course, is better than just exhaustive search,
but it also not really met expectations, have good work in marketing or something like that.
But the problem is that absence of feedback, which from one sense is advantage of this method,
is also a handicap because you actually need feedback in order to improve, improve the idea.
So improvement of brainstorming is so called Synaptics.
So Synaptics is improving that trying to introduce permanent groups for problem solving so people can get used to each other for critics and so on.
Emphasis on importance of to see familiar behind on no on the vice versa and importance of fresh
view on a on the problem and also importance of use of analogies to generate these fresh views.
So analogies could be direct you from nature could be empathic like you trying to.
If you like to improve some object, you imagine yourself being that object so symbolic describing your problem in some short symbolic description.
Well, metaphorical. You try to describe your problem in terms of fairytales and legends.
Really strange. Yes. So. So a Synaptics is indeed a limit.
What can be achieved if you maintain brute force, exhaustive search approach?
And indeed, why would you want to employ very irrational factors when you would like to come to very natural and
universal formula as an action from your object you would like to improve has to happen itself.
So indeed one should aim at such formula in process of of any invention arm to use precise identification of physical contradiction,
which is the essence of the trees method which I am trying to describe.
I will describe you in a moment. So trees was.
Developed in Soviet Union by a person called, again, hard shoulder.
And this is while it's also in Russian, you can read it.
It's translated a series of inventive problem solving,
usually as this person was working in patent office in starting from 1946, and it had a really interesting life.
Let me try to describe it in a optimistic and romantic way so there could be different ways to describe this.
So in 1948, he wrote a letter to top levels of governments about how the situation with inventions appear in Soviet Union.
And he got out of favour and he spent several years in very complicated conditions.
But what was lucky for him that together with him in the same conditions were many
professors who then he arrange them to give them lectures on various subjects of science.
And actually for many years he was getting this basically like 1 to 1 education in this condition.
So after after getting to normal life, he was really an educated person and he continued to develop his ideas of of these trees.
And eventually he analysed many thousands of patents.
He uncovered patterns what make patterns successful?
And a group of enthusiastic people grow around him as they developed this method of trees.
So what are the main conclusions of this semester? There are four key discoveries or conclusions of trees.
First is that same problem and solution appear again and again, but in different industries.
So there is a recognisable technological evolution pass for all industries that innovative patterns
and there is quote of them in total use science and engineering theories outside of their own areas.
And finally, that innovative patterns uncovers and solve contradictions.
So let me show you. Well, of course.
And then you, of course, could have guessed that this was in the trees that became bedrock of innovation.
And some sooner that the Russians in years this was three centuries again.
So let me show you example how this trees method works using some of the simple, simple examples.
Imagine you have a lens and you would like to polish it very fast.
So first, as a method of trees tells that you need to find a pair of contradiction parameters you to find physical contradiction.
And here is a problem is that you polish it faster, temperature rises and the quantity of a lens polish than deteriorates.
So the contradiction here between speed and temperature.
Then you take this contradiction where you take it from specific problem.
Now you formulated a generic problem with this way of contradicting parameters.
Now you will look at the matrix, this contradiction matrix, which three fathers developed,
and you looked at the cross of this row and column of speed the temperature,
and find what kind of inventive principles could help to solve this contradiction in the past.
And then you find this image of principles and you try to apply one of them which fit fits best to this particular problem.
Let me show you in budget deals. So first of all, as the elements of this contradiction matrix listed here,
the important and very nice features that there are not thousands of them but only 39.
So you see temperature force and so on. So really a small matrix.
Even more amazing fact is that the number of inventive principles is really limited.
It's not millions, not cells, and but it's only 40 only 40 inventive principles for entire engineering.
Only 40 principles. So how it works in our case, so for our example is the lens.
We take a speed and temperature and finds that on this crossing of these two areas, we have only four inventive principles which worked in the past.
So if you looked at them, this is principle of inventive principle, taking out mechanical substitution, flexible shells and phase transition.
You see that this doesn't solve the problem for us. We need to see in order to think what principles to apply.
So we take the phase transition principle and make an invention change.
And this abrasive, which you use to polish lenses, eyes and abrasive eyes, provide a perfect coolant and abrasive particles polish the lens.
So here is how trees approach works. But this is really just a tiny bit of iceberg.
Three methodology have many, many details and which could be could be really used and I don't really have time to describe all of them.
Now let me instead turn into inventiveness and science.
And see how we can use this approach of thinking like trees into some of some of our well-known familiar to us scientific facts.
So indeed, trees was created for engineering, but method of trees especially is a mess.
Of how trees was developed is really interesting and can be applied to science in data science, but not only.
So in the following examples, I will show you various examples how indeed you will hopefully see how this opened up
your mind and give you some additional additional additional tools in your brain.
So indeed, and in fact, looking at the world through the prism of trees allows us to rethink familiar things.
So in examples, which I would like to discuss in this lecture, just to have just a few examples,
I will select a couple of standard trees principle inventive principles as a principle of Russian goals and the principle of other way around.
So this principle is also called the principle of anti system.
And let's talk this principle,
take this principle and try to see if you can recognise this principle in something which we already know in various scientific, scientific facts.
What I will also do in addition to standard trees, I'll show you examples from accelerator science extension of trees,
because as you see trees developed for for for engineering,
in order to really be applicable to science in particular accelerate the science, we need to extend it.
So we are missing some parameters which are relevant for the writers, like Luminosity Metres and so on.
And so that's what we are doing. And here examples of parameter for the matrix of of of trees you see metres luminosity and so on.
And some of the inventive principles don't have time to list all of them.
But I will describe from this list only two of them use an undamaged, already damaged materials and change in the volume to your first ratio.
So let me start from this last example. So changes of William to show ratio to change for quality of object.
I'm sure you can give various examples.
You have I think refreshment and some something to to buy it after wrote and then this is exemple relevant was that these two
objects which have the same volume but have different different surface area and probably this one takes less time to cook.
So as this example is not that funny because indeed such shapes are used in actually
relevant for accelerators because when we are talking about linear colliders,
we indeed collide pancakes, type objects, beams instead of ones like Z.
So and you see that there is a connection between this changing of shapes of object in this simple example, or in beams which collide and accelerator.
So another example of principle of changing volume to surface ratio is given here.
It's a book which have many pages and as you say, which region again, same volume, but different amount of information, of course.
Well, could we give an example of this principle in biology?
Of course there are many mitochondria Golgi apparatus, algae brains.
These could be same volume but different surface area.
And again, this enhanced functionality. Let me then turn into some other example from standard trees and this is example of Russian dose.
Well, of course you probably can give example of Russian dose in normal life.
This is one example, very simple system inserted into another system and another system that's of course, really simple.
But what about trying to find example of such principle in, let's say, philology and even in English literature or poetry?
Somebody one, two, three. OC Mother Goose rhymes as a house that was that Jack built.
And this is a sentence inside of a sentence and outside of sentence.
This is the house that Jack built is a mouth that lanes, the house that Jack built and so on.
This is a there is a sort inside of a certain site of a sort. And this is a by the way, this is a translation by Marshak,
who translated to Russian many poetry is from from English language like Z, including including Shakespeare and so on and so on.
But what about example, simple example of such principle from a science fiction,
also from poetry, which would connect us back to accelerators and detectors.
So there is such example, of course, I'll show it to you.
So as this example is a poem of what you reproduce of 1920 poem, this is called Atom of the World of Electron that is original,
which is, of course, you cannot see, but I will translate it in the moment.
Well, let me just describe it. So as this poem describes, give you a sort that perhaps there is a world inside of a electron in an atom.
So and this is a really interesting concept and translation of this poem.
Well, I'm not a poet, but I translated the first four lines. Can you imagine that electrons are planets serpens their sons.
Space exploration, verse elections and hundred of computer tongues.
So. And this concept of thought that electron could have a world inside and it connects us back to collider and
detectors because that is what is used in order to understand if there is indeed a world inside of a electron.
And in fact, detectors particle detectors are arranged in a way of of of a nested dose when
there is a system inside of a system of surrounded by another system detectors.
So these are, by the way, pictures of sir and physicist Sergius, Italian, who is making sketches of lce detector in Leonardo da Vinci style.
So let us discuss what some of the first detectors of particles and it will connect us again back to inventive principles.
So some of the first detectors were bubble chambers and cloud chambers.
So shown here. And these are devices which create in a volume create conditions when you have a particle and track ionised space.
And you can then have either bubbles of gas or bubbles of liquid in this medium, which you can observe.
Right. So the only difference is that it's bubbles of a liquid or gas.
So look at this. Try to simplify this.
What we observe from these detectors, since this revealed some Chandler invented in 1911 and this is Glazer's the bubble chamber invented in 1952.
So indeed, it's just the bubbles of liquid in the gas or bubbles of gas and the liquid.
And if you look at these from point of view of this invent inventive principles, this is really a system and anti system.
And indeed, often in these three books there is a question who is the invention of the bubble can but take almost half a century.
The principle of anti system have been used.
So in the answer in these books, of course, yes, you would immediately invent this this one from that one without waiting 40 years.
So we'll see how in principle powerful this method could be.
Let's discuss it again about some look at some of the detectors again.
And in principle, if you'd like to look into the into the world molecules and so on, you use different methods,
different detectors, and to use microscopes, to use to for cells to to look into cells and so on.
But if you I would like to look deeper, like the DNA nucleus and quarks.
You, of course, already need to use particles, because as you know from this equation, a coherent way,
4/10 of a particle is much smaller than wavelengths of light, and it's inversely proportional to energy.
So you need to use accelerators and use a larger energy, actually the radius.
But so let's talk about this one at first and connected to recent Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which was just recently awarded to three colleagues,
I will describe only one of these components of this Nobel Prize and again, connected to one of these inventive principles.
So one of the parts of this Nobel Prize was awarded for stimulated emission depletion microscopist.
So how it works. You have object to to observe.
You put some fluorescent dye inside which could shine when you put laser and then it will shine back.
Fluorescence image, but the use two lasers first to use laser to excited and then use another pulse of laser
which have different shape for their excitation at different wavelengths and so on.
So what remains is a tiny spot, depending of course, of combination of ratio of intensity.
For these lasers you have much smaller spot which emits light after Z ten times approximately.
So from the point of view of zero in the range of problem solving,
this is actually a gain use of system and i.t system and actually perhaps also a system of Russian goals on this two dose system on site of system.
So you to kind of interpret this and provider.
So again, you see that this connects us to this theory of inventive problem solving.
Now let me give you another example, which is connected to particle accelerators and recent discovery of the Higgs boson.
Here again, this code for which for what it was discovered and fix in this picture of standard model.
But it's also interesting to read in recent science magazines that in fact,
this theoretical proposal for Higgs mechanism was inspired by ideas from condensed matter physics.
Even back in 1958, Anderson and other colleagues discussed appearance of coherent,
excited state in superconducting condensate, which spontaneously broken symmetries.
Even more interesting to read in this recent Science magazine that experimental observation
of such state was was conducted and conducted and that its existence was confirmed.
So this, again, assure us that the general conclusion of trees is the same problem.
Resolution appear in again and again in different disciplines is applicable to science too.
So let me now discuss some of this inventive principles and examples of inventions in lasers and plasma.
So let me start from discussion of what was predicted and proposed in this novel of 1926 by Alexei Tolstoy.
It was called here Hyperbole, Orbit of Engineer, Guardian, and in this Nobel engineer,
inventing some mechanism which would focus the beams in a narrow,
narrow beam, so powerful that what would, could, could, could penetrate earth or shapes and so on.
Of course, 1926, it was a violent time and you can imagine that.
And this book, he was using this this this device in order to conquer, conquer the world,
penetrate to deep, to down to the earth and find gold and so on and so on.
But but anyway, dreams like that, perhaps it inspired it works on what became laser later on.
This laser, of course,
looks much different than what this high bar parabola engineer of engineer and would look was in principle of work and also in in its construction.
This is one of the first lasers shown.
But but in principle, this lasers, again, connects us back to one of the inventive principles I wanted to give you as an example.
So let's look at this from point of view of trees again, and let's try to consider the problem of high power lasers, in particular pulsed lasers.
And to look at this from point of view of find the contradiction.
So as intensity of laser light increase, the activity of of of of the laser gets to more and more time to cool down.
So you cannot have it's working at high repetition rate.
So the problem here is between intensity and repetition rate. So you can solve this by using this general principle of volume to surface ratio.
You change it to other characteristics such as cooling rate, field of objects and so on.
And you do it a similar to like this cat does because the cat intuitively really knows the invented principle of surface to value ratio.
And you look at this and you use fibre of lasers instead of your normal laser because in fibre a laser,
a series of huge surface in the same volume in this cooling can be done much more efficiently.
And that's one of the reasons indeed why fibre fibre lasers can have high repetition rate is high efficiency indeed no jargon.
So indeed you just saw that in fact, the colliding beams,
rockets and fibre lasers are amazingly connected through some of these three inventive principles.
But let's talk a bit more about lasers. So lasers are in principle useful for various diagnostics in in colliders, in accelerators and so on.
But even before that, very simple mechanical devices were used for diagnostics.
Such as such. Frames. Have you seen wires which would cross the beam, which will cross the beam in order to measure measure profiles of such bunches?
So it's really interesting that some time such a scene wire has been made this so called romantic methods of crossbow shooting method,
which is something which I, I learned from dissertation of my scientific advisor bacon back in 98, 85, 86.
So I asked him, what is that romantic method of crossbow shooting, how to produce this just a wire.
And he explained to me, well, and it was I took a crossbow arrow and put a molten silicon in the symbol and they shoot it.
And there was still wire produced. The problem was that they couldn't find the wire.
It's a so seeing my currency in that impossible to see and find.
So what they have done and this is really an example of dedication and ingenuity you somehow.
So he opens the drawer and took a velvet black dress dress of his wife,
shot it and covered pipe with this with this dress and on this black background, they shoot it through this pipe.
They could find this wire. He got forgiveness after that.
But it's also example of really inventiveness in science, but also dedication, not only from scientist, but also from his family.
Really interesting example, but yet how lasers can help us in this.
So you can use fire, but usually when laser beam intensity gets very high and as the way would be cut immediately after a single pulse.
So here is the contradiction between intensity and integrity of material and you can solve.
Again,
looking at three small tricks selecting inventive principles of using material which already damaged or cannot be damaged like a light or plasma.
You see a bit about it and use a light. And then this is assumption which we already built and use this as a laser wire for beam diagnostics.
You you can use laser across the beam and measure profile of the beam.
Another example I'll come to that comes from even more powerful lasers and contemporary powerful lasers is they really spark imagination.
So imagine that sort of give sort of jewels of energy can be focussed in three microns and can be compressed in 30 femtosecond duration.
This is peak power of 10 to 15 watts because comparable to what a country like UK produce.
But of course for ten to the minus 15 seconds or so. But anyways,
the density is so huge indeed that laser of such power density ionised any media immediately and
also the electrons which are carried by this field of such laser become relativistic immediately.
But of course, in order to make electrons relativistic, we usually use conventional accelerators like shown here,
just a typical resonator resonators shown which are constructed from niobium.
So superconducting cavities or conventional resonators run from capital, from copper.
So the problem here with this resonators is that when a rate of energy, oxidative gradient increase and change,
you often find that this accelerator accelerator resonators will be broken, damaged, break down and so on.
So again, let's look at this from point of view of in the range of principles.
And again, you find the contradiction between rate of energy change and integrity of these materials.
Take again the same principle, but in this case, take not zeolite, but plasma already damaged material and replace this accelerator with plasma.
You excite the wave in a plasma. Plasma is already destroyed, cannot be destroyed even even even further.
And you get huge oxidative gradient in something which cannot be cannot be destroyed shows up.
So that's that's really a way for future situations.
Now, I came to final, final words, but I was surprised but not really surprised.
What's next? So what's next in terms of accelerators, of colliders, and in terms of studying of Higgs boson?
There is quite a lot of quite a lot of studies still to be done.
So LHC upgrade and review will happen with high energy, high luminosity and for many years to come.
So you'll be studies of Higgs boson, but also there are discussions presently in the community about building another collider,
which would be a linear if, let's see, minus collider.
And here you see simple comparison between Hadron Collider and Linear Collider and the Hadron Collider.
You collide complicated objects, protons with quarks, gluons and so on, but ground just higher ID is a bit more difficult.
The initial energy of collision is spread.
Spectrum well in Lepton Collider is pictures is a bit more clean you collide point
light point like elementary particles have you initial energies well defined.
So this collider is certainly really suitable for precision physics studies.
So there are discussions now in the world about building a linear collider that will be the heart of the linear collider oxidative cavities,
superconducting cavities. It will aim at 500 GV Energy.
That gradient could be extendable to TV and that's how it would look like in the tunnel.
I'll seen the tunnel shielded, walls removed. Power source is on the left, oxidative structures on the right and discussion.
There are discussions that it could be indeed built in Japan.
Decision is not taken and will be probably taken two years.
Decision is not known. Maybe it's not going to be built or maybe it will be built.
But anyways, this is how it will look like in Japan.
And you see there is quite a lot of local support, a lot of postures in this local area where Collider is planned to be hoisted.
What I would like to show is a couple of examples again of inventive principles, again connecting back to this trees methodology.
And before I do that, I'll point out that on this schematics of linear collider, you see beams,
positron electron beams colliding in the detector area as they collide with envelope.
This is important. So they collide with small around 10 million agents gold and in the interaction area this looks like Zaire this is a just a cohort
of detector showing beams comes from this site on this site this is a central that is a symmetric symmetrical image on other side.
So here in this area, there are quite a lot of examples of trees like inventions.
Let me show you a couple. So first of all, you know that there is an anti solenoid here and just solenoid is needed in order for beam
dynamic citizens in order to compensate effect of this main solenoid on beam dynamics and so on.
So the problem here is simple as it will be huge force acting on this solenoid from the main signal it will be many hundreds of tons.
So this will be just pushed inside, pulled inside and we'll smash all these detectors and so on.
So this is really difficult. So how to solve this problem?
It's solved in nice trees like way. You use dual dual solenoid to use solenoid and then anti solenoid on top.
When you have a proper ratio between currents, there is no flux outside, no field outside.
There is zero force acting from.
This means that in orbit on this until solenoid, this is really nice to double Russian ball and system on the system principle.
So let me give you another example of this. The same kind is two channels of incoming and outgoing beams.
They are zoomed out like here there is incoming beam and couple of focus and quadruples and outgoing beam and another set of quadruples.
The scale is such that this is several metres and this distance is a few centimetres, so this angle is just 14 radians.
So the problem is that this is quadrupole so really tiny and close to each other.
They produce field focus in the field, not only inside but also outside.
So this external field would deteriorate beam dynamics in this region for this outgoing beam and will be nonlinear because it's edge, field and so on.
So this really problem, these to solve it, it's solved in the same way basically.
So we use principle of nested dual on system, anti system, we use normal quadrupole of engine,
but also anti arranging on top, which cancels the field outside.
Exactly. And inside it affects the field only by 20%.
So again, this is another example of using the same similar inventive principle in interaction region of linear collider.
But we are thinking not only about linear colliders but also about circle localised just again and in particular about future circle.
The collider shown here we discuss in hundred kilometre tunnel of a collider under
CERN which would reach a hundred hundred TV energy in Hadron Hadron option.
So indeed there are many, many challenges in this project.
And in fact what I show on all these examples I showed already inventions for me already, and I just applied.
I just imagined that this could be colourful in this case.
But in this particular project there are many questions still unresolved and inventions to be made.
And a good question is whether we can apply these like approaches to new projects like Z.
And there are indeed many questions this. Resegregation now in this case, too, because usually in colliders, proton, proton accelerators,
we don't care about signal radiation, but this and they just feel ready to do care.
And another challenge is that the total energy of this beam in this accelerator is so huge.
It's eight giga joules. It's equivalent to Airbus at almost full speed of 720 kilometres per hour.
So it's not only you need to care about this Airbus going through the tunnel,
not touching the walls, but you also need to care about focus in this age of energy,
of this Airbus through a tiny eye of a needle, literally, because there's a beam in the focus area, should be really micron size.
So these are really good challenges here. And I believe you can indeed apply our knowledge and inventiveness to this jet engine design.
And I came to my last three slides.
So first of all, I would like to thank all my colleagues in joint institute and colleagues.
I was working these many years for great research as well as for materials, if I use them in presentation.
I also would like to thank my creative family team for many, many restorations they created for this presentation.
Some of them are shown here.
My daughters, Sasha, she's almost professional illustrator now, just graduated my wife Yelena work in the University of Oxford.
She did this illustration in your spare time and work in the Target Discovery Institute.
And finally, I would like to thank everyone for your attention.
And again, happy anniversary to Journalism Institute.
Thank you.