Thank you very much, Simon and Paula, for inviting me and for organising this really exciting opportunity of the world.
I guess that we live in that. We have to do all online, but it's a great chance of speaking with people and not around our dreary island.
And I want to start my talk with Andrew question.
And it sounds like a very simple question is who is John's baby?
And it seems very simple because everyone has heard about John baby.
She has been present in the public imagination of India since at least seventeen hundreds.
Is a royal type painting. Usually Hawking is a symbol of leadership by the side of Ackbar or Christmas Day.
Mariah is or she appears in some writings as a role model for young women next to a moron luxury Bibles.
John C is Seeta or Inverne and Mother Teresa.
Historical novels in Hindi Canada and the English commemorate her, as well as an issue of the graphic novel in it of the IMRT truck attached series.
Her memory appears to have a life of its own in a way, but this memory seems to exist out of history.
In a way, modern historiography is not much helpful here.
In the few books we have on the history of the day, consultants acceptor position of power.
No one ignores her, but there is no questioning of the environment that made a hair appearance possible.
Instead,
both academic and popular work emphasise her uniqueness by placing her somehow as not standing as part of feast or just stepping outside history.
But John Bibby's very much of historical figure who played an important role in two courts in Bridgeport,
in Nagano and in very particular moments, is such her actions were anchored in particular political settings and social practises.
In this paper, I tried to explain her career on this big round of these choreography around her employing Persian Chronicles as our main source.
I argued that her actions do not fully, fully conform to the analytical frameworks commonly used elsewhere in the early modern Muslim world.
This indicates potential limitations of this very framework,
suggesting that we need a more nuanced view to understand questions of gender household in on the margins of this Persian world.
So examining child B B presents a basic problem in the context of the consultants.
Questions of gender in royal household attract very little attention.
Fortunately, this issue is discussed deliberately in other parts of the early modern Muslim world,
and the discussion offers us a very good entry point.
And in particular, I have the Mughal context to even mind. So in the 16th century,
the organisation and concept of the state underwent significant changes with a IMPAC which impacted
the way in which the royal household operated with the intensification of hierarchical structures.
The royal household increased in significance and its role was systematised useful, even if a little bit dated then problematic.
Way to look at this is the association with the very end model of the patrimonial bureaucratic state adopted by Stephen Blake to the Mogel case.
This a shift in the relationship between a state and household,
was both instrumental and reflective of the profound ideological shift in the very idea of kingship of empire,
to which sexuality millenarian Nisan and the body of the king became central.
The elevation of the political and symbolic position of the king and his household defined not only the state as a whole,
but also as it is so much attached to the household.
Also, gender relations became very important in its functioning and definitions.
In our very own Rosalind O'Hanlan demonstrates that the gendered terms were significant in the articulation of the king in the household.
The King became the what you call the embodiment of male virtue, then dissipated code from the nobles.
Likewise, likewise emphasised masculinity in the construction of the imperial moral framework.
On the other side of the process, the position of royal women, it was heavily regulated.
They were venerated. So they became or they were squeezed up the hierarchy along side, the rest of the household.
But within the household, their position was increasingly enclosed and restricted.
So we can talk about two kinds of separation emerging in this period.
First is physical space, which the royal family occupied, was reorganised to promote, quote, new ideologies.
The art historian Gurel eligible to suggest that gender was central to the spatial
organisation of the policies and what she terms as a women were kept away from public view,
regardless of their actual power or. If they were physically separated and therefore could take this up, as said are.
It is through the services of my sister and others.
The second set of separations or dividing lines is not physical as much as discourtesy.
I've mentioned the ideological and ethical works that define domestic relations in
the royal household and in further out to nobles and increasingly larger spiracles,
as discussed by by in all, O'Hanlan, more broadly official chronicles did not leave much space for royal women.
Just like in the physical world. Their appearance in the text was highly regulated, usually in association with their gendered role in the household,
building an image of a charitable and or benevolent state,
or maintaining a dynastic stability within the royal family, for example, in the case of rebelling princess.
So their role was very clear in smoothing things up within the royal household.
These mentions, these limited mentions of women only emphasise the role within clearly defined spaces.
How does Choung Baby fit into these kind of narratives?
For most of her lifetime, her actions and the discussions there all fit well into these patterns.
She was born on an undisclosed date. It was not reported by the chroniclers to Saddam Hussein.
These, I'm sure, the first of Ahmed Nagar and how a Hunza double.
And she was the sister of the future Sultan's Mortaza, the first and more than the second.
First time we ever hear about her was in fifteen sixty four as part of Marriage Alliance.
She was married to Ali Adeel Shah, the first of Egypt for. While Ali's sister married a child, Beebees Brother Mutasa, and moved to Almoner.
This agreement was part of building a military alliance against Wichai, another leading to the best of Stanly, Qatar.
A few months later, in moving to be deported, Bibi returns to obscurities.
So we have this very passive mention of my mentioning of her for four.
One moment, and then she disappeared for 15 years, so her name surfaces again only in 15 18,
following destination of her husband, Ali, the sultan left no issue.
It was agreed amongst the nobles to install a nine year old boy named Ibrahim on the throne.
This is, of course, a braggy Myrtle Beach. The second the reign of any young boy usually brought it to political struggles in the
court to run the identity of the region with the promise of the one who holds it.
This put in this position of rich a region and a lot of power influence.
And because still the household was central to this process,
it really allowed women to play an important role within the restrictions that we marked before.
So in the next few years, we see continuous struggles between few regions and rural women.
We don't have time to get into details. I just want to mention a few points.
So Chad Beebees first mentioned in this context, the court historian Furi Starr, who wrote later,
Fourie breaking the second, then a child a saltum, reports that she was put in charge of the sort of education.
Clearly, domestic activity. Her role became more explicitly political in the coming years.
The first region commun often tried to sway the horyn by installing his people in key
positions and actually paid personally it to two staff in order to buy their loyalty.
In response, we see we see child baby writing letters to other nobles.
They had to mobilise them to stage a coup against him in favour of another Regent Kishwar.
It worked for her case rather than.
It rose to power himself, trying to undermine the royal household by accusing China baby of inciting her brother Mortaza.
By then, the Sultan Ahmed Nagata invade.
He even sent Eunuch's and women of his own household to take charge Bebe out of the harem and imprisoned her in Satara for it.
This was seen as a breach of etiquette. Bring it to an uprising that forced Kishwar home and out of Beachport.
The following region brought baby back to the capital.
But at this point, we see her position declining it in favour of Ibrahim's actual mother, whose name we do not know.
And she, the mother, continued to maintain the harem as an important power centre.
But Child B B is kind of fizzling from record with her declining position and breaking in coming of age by fifteen, eighty five.
She returns to her ancestral mother. So notwithstanding the impressive a power she mastered chumpy Beziers in Egypt for a or at
least the representation thereof comply with the boundaries with Mark before she appears.
Only when her presence was needed to protect the royal family too.
In her case, a political marriages and the defence of the minor saltum from the use of affection of an oh by overenthusiastic noble.
The spatial aspect follows the lines that we have seen in the bluegill case.
The one time that she leaves the hyrum is not voluntary.
And even though Kishwar Han kept Pada a rules by sending women and Eunuch's, the action was seen as severe and he was penalised for it.
Not much has change upon Child Bebes returned to Ultimate Snugger.
And we heard nothing about her for a decade, even as the SML sentiment was experiencing an existential, existential crisis.
But with the death of her brother, war hardened the second in 50 95, he surfaces again.
And here is where we see the really interesting things that made her famous.
So as we have seen, the royal woman could not act independently, but only in the interest of a male sovereign.
John Beebee understood it and chose to show initiative instead of letting others decide the identity of the successor.
She promoted her own candidate. Her great nephew, Bahadoor.
She was not the only one who thought about this trick, though.
And in the coming months, we see different parties fighting over which influence or which member.
Denise, I'm sure her family would be the legitimate her child be manoeuvre her way between those
parties and position herself as the only viable option in Arma Douga itself in the capital.
Her success attracted more nobles to the to her camp, gradually building her power base.
Now, Prince Bahadoor was not enough. But now was kept imprisoned by one of her rivals in the latter.
But this allowed her to step away from the norms within which you operate.
The historian Tabatabai reports and I'm quoting here, In order to appease the minds of the nobles and the commoners,
Her Majesty Bill keeps carrying the banner of Alexander the Great appeared from one of the seats of those bastions on her son resembling sells.
Her parasol of divine shadow was like the loftiness and grace spreading Twinstar of Polaris.
It was a third luminary. These parcels Private Phoenix, like wings of Felicity and prosperity, casting the shadow of the dynasty over kingdom.
And people know this position is very unusual.
For the first time we encountered Child B, living the harem at the harem voluntarily and appearing in public,
breaking both spatial and discursive walls while acting in the name of another king.
She used the royal insignia to present herself as the sovereign.
The chronicler takes part in this effort by employing astrological terminology to
present divine blessing to her role in a manner typical elsewhere in the Persian world.
And he continues, I'm quoting here. The one who is known as Assistance of God, the Ben Efficient ruler,
the victorious over rebels and enemies chant beebees to return the honour of the two worlds,
meaning to be sent the next world asylum office lament the Muslims shelter of the weak and the wretched daughter of the late Satanism Shah,
who is a Jamsheed like emperor whose armies like Alexander's, whose turban is like the sun and whose court is like heaven,
may ally extend the ropes of the tent of her compassion in the shadow of Her Majesty.
Elevate the banner of victory and extend her remaining months and years on the crossroads of the two worlds, which is reference to Earth.
With this passage tabatabai, he cements Child Bebes position as a sovereign.
He strongly diverges from the tradition that Aso's associates royal women with certain qualities.
So well, look, occasionally he is using the term or the name BCE.
The Queen of Sheba. A common way to call royal women throughout the Persian.
It is writing and notes. She is herself a sovereign.
She is the Queen of Sheba. The bulk of the narrative does not attribute Bibi with feminine qualities such as chastity and modesty.
And we actually see those attributes used when she is described in Beachport, but not by tabatabai in number.
Instead, she is depicted in masculine qualities emanating from herself and positioned as a success or of her father.
Note that Warren is not appearing in the story at all. Sorry Bahadoor.
A great-nephew though fishless over it now.
This did not end the political troubles and we see potential candidates to replace Charles Beebees.
My lurking kept appearing in. One of them is very interesting.
It's the septuagenarian Sharlie son of Abraham the first.
So a child beebees uncle in December with a fifteen ninety five.
The Moghuls also. Being with Prince Maraud besieging the Capital Child, Beebe wrote to all party leaders for help and some complied.
Even Charlie. Her uncle arrived in the capital. But even this moment with a mature male member of the new Somchai family child position is a
position does not seem to be challenged at all and suggests that she was actually widely accepted.
This allowed her to continue with royal duties,
which tabatabai a reports aim is including taking care of the army and religious matters and all matters of government.
This leadership is reflected in the following interesting case for which we have two versions, and it's interesting to compare them.
So after a few months of siege,
the moguls managed to explode a mine under the wall of Ultimate Nagara and created the breach in these traumatic moments.
Though, of course, the very literary descriptions of the commanders running away and hiding in corners and a cannell's.
But this is where things get very unusual.
Tabatabai report, and I quote,
The commanders and notables has them to the Queen's attendance in order to strengthen her warriors and to ensure the continuation of the battle.
They brought her from the horror to the place of the breach. When the sun resembling parcel of that built kiss, which carries the banner of Solman,
cast the shadow of protecting and favour over the heads of the noble of the nobles.
It increased the power and ability of Damaris like warriors a thousand times more and brought their once strong hand a out of the sleeve of bravery.
Once again, Tabatabai emphasises her bodily presence and visibility is a key to motivating people.
This telling is particularly interesting, comparing to the version told by FURI staff.
Then in Egypt, where he left a usmanov are about six or seven years before that and they quote, fury, stop beating.
Upon hearing about the terrible incident War de Boer called Puton are more and barefoot.
She took a sword in her head with a group of men who were present in her service.
She gracefully walked out of the harem, approached the wall on a horseback and went towards the breach.
The people of the fort felt obliged, and from corners where they have been hiding.
They hacked into her attendance. The stories are similar, including the significance of chant beebees presence.
Yet she reached to emphasise it's much more feminine aspects of her.
First of all, the borca to make sure that we don't even think that she's not keeping some sort of PADA.
So she's veiled and she keeps her chastity.
She walks gracefully and the part of her visibility is somewhat underplayed.
Note also the absence of the parasol, the symbol of sovereignty which Tabatabai emphasises, but it's abandoned for something quite weird.
Did the idea of our more and sort barefoot. This emphasises yet another masculine quality.
Tabatabai attributes to her. And this is bravery and actually decided bravery appears even a infuriation does
takes and the Mogel Fluffy Climbable wrote some century a bit over a century later.
But it's a mere footnote for them. For tabatabai it becomes a very central aspect of her reign.
And he read reports that during these events, elephant drivers tried to shield her from enemy fire.
But she refused and expressed her willingness to die by the hands of the enemy.
So at the end of the affair, the moguls were pushed to negotiations.
Naturally, Channel B b a oversaw the negotiations as the actor or the sovereign in practise A tabatabai.
He used the negotiations to again position her as an accepted sovereign.
He reports that the bluegill field commander, Sadiq Mohammed,
utterly said to Channel B b m m to to channel Beebe's representative a f their son in a quote.
You are waiting and hoping, like a unique that the woman in the fourth will come to your rescue or that you will get assistance from her.
Thus, of course, insulting his masculinity by the very fact that he's serving a woman.
These did not convince of the harm to express his longstanding loyalty to the.
Memories of the day come once again, emphasising Child Beebe's role as a sovereign.
Of course, we have to remember that this text is written by the one source who is trying to
emphasise a child beebees leadership and not necessarily records a real conversation.
But this is another way in which tabatabai construct in gender issues into this narrative.
At the end of the affair, a treaty was eventually signed.
But it's three years, three, four years later, a Ackbar move south.
He's army now under a prince. Daniel arrives in the four Chumby be understood that at this time she would not be able to resist in open negotiations.
Several commanders blamed her for conspiracy with the moguls, and she was assassinated in sixteen hundred.
How can we make any sense of this really unusual story and of the way the person narratives tell it?
In part, the story follows the in lines known elsewhere in the Persian world, appearing in particular times and in particular a role.
Is the royal woman protecting a young sovereign or in marriage in which is very passive.
But her final years are very different off. And I want to emphasise a few points here.
First of all, she shows that great initiative not in taking advantage of an existing opportunity by but by creating one for herself,
pushing someone that she knows that she will be able to control. Second is with the assistance of tabatabai.
She built her position as a sovereign on her own right.
Even if not officially using both symbols of royalty and male attributes, in a sense, she is positioned not as a queen.
But if we think about it carefully about the imagery, she is actually the king of Fatima, another third.
She defied all spatial norms by showing herself in public.
And lastly, The Chronicles did not use her gender against her.
Of course, not about Tobii. But not all Sophia restyled, she Rasi.
The other two main sources from the dead come both under patronage of Femme Ibrahim of the.
The second was very sympathetic with her. So that might be part of the story.
But all these presents strong divergence from the practise elsewhere in the early modern period in the Persian that world.
I suggest to see this as a manifestation of the unique character of the local political EPM as the royal household seats within the political system,
varieties of state structures would naturally affect the gendered aspect of it.
And here I followed the work of the feminist geographer Doreen Massey, who links together.
Gender roles is structures of society and the constructions of space.
These variations are difficult to trace as our main sources.
The Chronicles operate within the same discourse, discursive realm of the early modern powers in the world.
These can explain the silence around Child Beeby, except in those moments when such references were acceptable.
For example, marriage period the frequency. But this observation explains the discourse.
We remain with the question why was the story so different?
How did it all? What were the circumstances that enable her to work?
I suggest that we have to read it, not as a person. That story of a Muslim, a queen, as much as a comic story, or at least to examine this option.
I argue elsewhere that the debt consultants did not replicate the imperial
models of the Muslim East is most expressed by the Mughals and the Ottomans,
but created their own version of the state in which local idioms were significant or even central in shaping the political language.
In a less regulated way, it may be then that the local language allowed Chumby B to operate this way.
So it so successfully. The terror historian tried to quantify the in2 the Persian discourse by tracing the origin of this action is not easy.
And this is where we have a little bit of a problem and they have to suggest something quite speculative.
While working against proper is a historical process. So going in the wrong.
Direction here. There are a few interesting examples from the decades after her death that might be interesting here.
For example, there's the opium. Hamid Hamid come and he's unnamed.
The wife took over political affairs in now going to 16 teams.
And the sources talk about them as a couple running the show.
In the mid 17th century,
we see the wife of an unnamed Deshmukh of mother or leading armies against the moguls gaining her the name right, boardgame or tigress.
And there is, of course, no need to introduce two very important women of the Poncelet family,
G.J. by she bodgies mother and she bodgies daughter in law, Tara Bai, who both had an extremely important political a role.
Now, exemplars before China, we are much more difficult to find.
But we do have one. And this is China beebees mother kinds dough, my own who after the death of Hussein,
the first acted as the all powerful, rich regent of her son Mortaza.
The resemblance of the two women was noted even by the chronicler Shirazi of Beachport, who says it explicitly.
So far. It's still a story that we might know from many places.
But there is one unusual thing about sons of openly.
And this is her depiction in this series of images in the royal copy of the Planet Gericke text Tarifa a Tarifa Hussein Shuhui.
From the copies from fifteen sixty five a few months before those things that marks the Brodsky's suggests that her position is very unusual.
Her not only as official painting of the Queen, but she is positioned as a consort of a Hindu God.
Now, this last comment offers the possibility that we have here a local tradition that at the same time made
Chang Bebes actions acceptable and stood at odds with the norms of the early modern royal household.
So as a concluding remark, I think that understanding Chumby B is a maverick,
exclaims neither her character nor the history of ultimate nougat or did they come as a whole.
An analysis of our actions within the norms set by the Persian sources is also problematic as the sort of graphical framework itself,
one that marks her as a neutral, seems ill suited to accept the fact that we have such a big variation,
and in particular when we think who were the target audiences of the writers of this chronicler, people who share these values of the present world.
So instead they suggest that we should think of ways to integrate these local circumstances and practises in to the understanding of women.
David, royal household in the state in the early modern world and to the way in which we read to those in sources which are not
complying to these practises in order to find signs of this kind of locality in these Persian and cosmopolitan writing?
I think that this is it for me. Thank you very much, Rod Roy, for a very interesting paper.
Participants are most welcome to put questions in the comment box.
But since we are in the in the in this kind of organiser room, I believe any of the organisers here in this room,
Polly Shraddha, anyone else would like to go first and asking a question.
Shannon, can you help me? The comment box is that I'm not quite sure whether comment boxes.
I see it as a little too little sound.
Voice bubbles next to the taskbar and it says Q and a Q is it said, yeah, it's like we have in Q any so you can eat if you type in there.
So idea. Okay. But you can ask ask your questions verbally.
Everybody would like to hear it. Yes. Sorry. Thank you very much in Detroit.
Of course you took as many fascinating applications.
And I mean, can we see these perceptions at least of Chan baby as being connected with the much more, you know, obviously with the ADEC,
any Milia in which warrior peasant communities with with horizontal ties of
allegiance rather than less rather than more vertical forms of social organisation.
Is does this belong to a tradition of independent, powerful women, of the sort that back by the 18th century is becoming a kind of cliche?
You know, you'll know that the 18th century remarks about these Morato women,
they're very bold and they ride around everywhere on horseback showing their faces and and so on.
I mean, it could could we see is that where you think Choung Babies, these illustrations of Chan Baby belongs?
I, I do. I really do. I think that there is no.
There is no other way to understand her. She definitely is not within this cosmopolitan Islamic militia.
She cannot sit there in and. This tension between her behaving in a certain way and the fact that it is never used
against her suggests that there is something in the social media that allows it.
And and in that sense, I do think and in letting other places, I show how strongly or at least how strongly the early martyrs,
the 17th century martyrs remember Ahmed Norgaard, kind of part of their media.
And they do think that, yes, they were operating along similar lines.
The problem is that and that's the chronological problem, is that we have this cliche of the 18th century.
But to what degree can we apply to the 16th century?
And I don't know if we have sources to say anything about these meetings in the 16th century in.
Mm hmm. Mm hmm. Thank you. Thank you.
That's all kinds of promising, interesting, intriguing directions for research.
I see there are other questions now. I'm sure Charlene will want to put them to you.
Yes, that's fine. There is one question from Shaunak and it says, Thank you for such a fascinating door.
Professor Fishell, your analysis of John Beebee was extremely insightful.
Could you tell us about John Beebees negotiations with Abdul Rahim Hanif Atmar during the brutal siege of Mohammad lugger?
Secondly, and in that vein, how is Charn Beebee represented in contemporary war will push in sources.
In. We don't have that much about her in the Moghuls sources, so including the side of the negotiations.
It is mentioned by a father. But it is a very brief affair that it kind of.
She's there in. From.
Yeah, I'll have to go back to the sources I had.
I don't have a very good response now, just from my impression of the past is that she's not downplayed,
but the whole affair is kind of pushed a little bit aside then negotiations.
I mean, in 50, 95, 96, because they were a little bit of an embarrassment to the moguls.
They came. Prince was sent and was defeated by them.
So they didn't have much interest in elaborating there.
So much we do know that eventually is the result of the negotiations was in that channel.
BBC did a bearer to the moguls and the moguls took over, sent one of their commanders,
was actually originally the governor of there are a after fifteen seventy after
Ahmed Nagar conquered the region and then defected to the side of the moguls,
returned with their army, took over and the nobles who served Ahmed go into place just in.
Made mogul control over the region. Impossible.
And that's why that was the mogul excuse to taking over it, over it or restarting the campaign against Ahmed Norgaard.
I will need to revisit Abu Refusal to give you a better answer them that, I'm afraid.
Thanks. The second question is from Rahul's McGarr, and he asks Ibrahim.
The second wrote a poem on John Beebee in which she was treated like a noble queen,
but not as a warrior or administrator who played an important role in the Decken.
How do you look at this in the context of rivalry between the techniques alternates in it?
It's an excellent question. First of all, in his poems, it's always unclear who he means.
It might be that it's not the D child B B because he has poems on trying to be in a little bit more amorous way.
So I really want to believe that it's not about his arms.
And it's a very common trope, kind of common title.
Second, by the time that Ibrahim writes his poems in particular after sixteen hundred, there is no rivalry with Ahmad.
Another Ahmad Nagar is almost a.
Well, it's almost a dead horse. It's the capital is conquered.
We have money come out, organise a organise. But there is no real competition between royal houses.
So in that sense, by that time, it is all declined in that sense.
So did the competition that we may have seen a bit earlier and continuing for much later in between BJP and Golconda.
Ahmed Gnangara is kind of out of the game by 16. A hundred.
And the last bit about that is the relationship between midnight, between midnight going to be the BJP or when China Bibi is in charge M.
In a way,
significant part of the power that a child be was able to maintain or convince others to cooperate with them was with Ibrahim's army at the border.
Willing to help her. And it was clear the sources are quite clear about.
And that's why I said that. M Chronicle. Rita Mandery breaking most sympathetic to her m.
It is m very much kind of an.
Let's say it is her endeavour. But it seems like the relationship remained very good for quite some time.
Back to the first point, it just popped into my mind about share images, even if it is these Tranby that he writing a on in his poetry.
Ibrahim is talking about a beauty and wisdom in music.
It's not also very much in war infused kind of writing.
And it might be that the is part of the way that he describes the ideal in
person that he said he does not talk about himself in military terms either.
So in that sense, that might explain it.
Yes. Thanks. Unfortunately, we are running out quickly out of time.
But there is a question about Prachi Despond Day, which has received a lot of attention from the participants.
And I think this is going to be probably the last question that we can take.
But the rest of the questions, what I'm going to do is I'm going to send it to you, Roy,
and then you could take the liberty to respond to them, you know, privately provided where they are.
The e-mails of all the participants will be available through Claire.
So, you know, we could we could set up a network in case people want to have their questions answered at a later date as well.
I hope that's all right with you. Yeah. Look, I love the crutches practise.
Question is, can you say a bit more about the feminist geography framework you are invoking and how it might help
understand gender representations of the region or of the individual figures in the subcontinent?
We got to make this snappy in three minutes. That's in.
This is an issue that started being used. It's a terrific question and really it's one that needs more attention.
I think, generally speaking, in the way that we look at a history, so A during Massey and others, we have Martina live a little bit about that.
They used the net in the framework of the first generation of feminist geographers from the 70s.
Aim to create an understanding of construction of space is represent, first of all, as M.
And that's a three. Mussie is changeable all the time.
So space is not set, but it is always responding to and associated with the changing circumstances and the social affairs which is responding to them.
So if we look at the activity of women, what is permitted, what is not permitted,
where they can venture, where they can transgress norms or what the norms are.
We cannot talk about this kind of over all a IDL.
In lying around them, that's the way that I take it to history.
But we have to look at the particularities of certain circumstances and to embrace the
fact that they constantly change in order to to to understand the broader social setting.
That's really in a nutshell. She wrote quite a few books about the hits.
But Abertay really thinks that a good starting point is to engage with the work of wealth during May Massie.
Thanks very much, Roy. I think we are just right on on the Q.
I had a question on.