1 00:00:01,410 --> 00:00:08,070 Thanks very much, Eileen. Thanks to both you and Polly for organising this conference. 2 00:00:08,070 --> 00:00:16,560 I really wish we could all be together in person, but it's so nice to see some familiar faces and gather in any way we can. 3 00:00:16,560 --> 00:00:27,650 So I'll just share mine. All right. 4 00:00:27,650 --> 00:00:43,370 All right. Yes. OK. So I'll begin with an anecdote which I think may help illustrate some of the themes that I'm attempting to explore in this paper. 5 00:00:43,370 --> 00:00:47,090 So in early December 1785, Mother G. 6 00:00:47,090 --> 00:00:51,500 Mostly frail and battle Warren Morato, ruler of Mockingbird, 7 00:00:51,500 --> 00:00:57,350 visited the burial shrine of the warrior saint of Dewdrop Mondal Harshaw on the banks of the South Bend River, 8 00:00:57,350 --> 00:01:03,020 just northeast of the city of Elegy for today's A or in central India. 9 00:01:03,020 --> 00:01:04,520 Mother Jeanne knew the shrine well, 10 00:01:04,520 --> 00:01:13,970 for he had financed the construction of its outer walls after the death of his friend Ismail Khan underneath the Nawab of alleged war in 1775. 11 00:01:13,970 --> 00:01:22,580 Before returning to his camp, he then visited the Nabob successor, Salibi Khan, at his home, and they sat together and chatted for a few hours. 12 00:01:22,580 --> 00:01:30,930 The news writer who reported this account said that Justice Nabob was about to make a gift of a set of robes with those you declared. 13 00:01:30,930 --> 00:01:35,390 You're my son. Jet engine. I do not wish to take your robes. 14 00:01:35,390 --> 00:01:40,670 Having dispensed with the usual formalities, they instead enjoyed some fun before you departed. 15 00:01:40,670 --> 00:01:46,040 He lingered on for a few more days to finalise the negotiations with the Nevada and his brother. 16 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:52,000 But in the next couple of years, his health deteriorated until he contracted about fever and died. 17 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:58,230 Celibate and Pelo Khan visited not in the following month to offer their condolences to his son drug. 18 00:01:58,230 --> 00:02:03,780 But when they tried to present him with the shore and a vessel of holy water, he echoed his father's words. 19 00:02:03,780 --> 00:02:08,700 You and I are brothers, Bundu. There is no need for this. They pressed him to accept. 20 00:02:08,700 --> 00:02:15,930 He refused. And together, the two families grieved another week or so before taking their. 21 00:02:15,930 --> 00:02:17,580 Let's pause to consider the social, 22 00:02:17,580 --> 00:02:24,420 political and religious affiliations of these two lineages who came to rule the former immobile province of fit our mother to both live, 23 00:02:24,420 --> 00:02:30,090 not where it was a Hindu Morocco Raja who paid obeisance to the charter, but the etc. lifestyle, 24 00:02:30,090 --> 00:02:36,690 all of a kind of Eleggua poor was the Muslim kind of job serving at the pleasure of the design of tetrapod. 25 00:02:36,690 --> 00:02:39,450 Historians have long presumed that the Morat has been dissolved, 26 00:02:39,450 --> 00:02:45,570 nursed and inexorable antagonism fuelled by their conflicting ambitions within the late Movil political order. 27 00:02:45,570 --> 00:02:52,110 Indeed, they clashed in several major battles and countless minor scuffles over the course of the 18th century. 28 00:02:52,110 --> 00:02:56,760 At the same time, we know that they ratified several peace treaties and implemented practical measures for the 29 00:02:56,760 --> 00:03:02,940 execution of a mode of joint rule over the mobile provinces of the decade known as the Emily. 30 00:03:02,940 --> 00:03:07,320 In this essay, I want to explore how, from the vantage point of the province, 31 00:03:07,320 --> 00:03:13,160 a bit of diplomatic negotiation about survival or job thought and morality. 32 00:03:13,160 --> 00:03:22,170 Through the exchange of written correspondence treaties, Oath's and sentiments and acts of kindness was indispensable to this project in current rule. 33 00:03:22,170 --> 00:03:29,430 But the fruits of diplomacy also exceeded practical governance amidst a very complex web of competing rights, 34 00:03:29,430 --> 00:03:39,560 obligations and jurisdictions and intimately felt friendship blossomed between the Morato Rajas of knockwurst and the Afghan about which for. 35 00:03:39,560 --> 00:03:43,210 Friendship is a useful category for analysing 18th century diplomacy. 36 00:03:43,210 --> 00:03:50,800 But it's also one that contemporary writers in book Morocco and Prison used to characterise the relations of these upfront and morale tests. 37 00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:58,550 Walter Adventurer's, who became Little Kings in the decade and the flat out Ali and other scholars have recently shown that friendship has been an 38 00:03:58,550 --> 00:04:05,990 important organising concept in South Asian politics and ethics and an intellectual network spanning the permanent world. 39 00:04:05,990 --> 00:04:10,060 Barring some observations from earlier studies by Alan Bray and others, 40 00:04:10,060 --> 00:04:18,130 they have emphasised that early modern friends understood their most intimate correspondence to be acts of political self fashioning and 41 00:04:18,130 --> 00:04:26,220 want to build on this insight by exploring the ways in which the language of friendship and its proximity to the language of kinship, 42 00:04:26,220 --> 00:04:30,470 structure and interstate diplomacy at different levels of authority. 43 00:04:30,470 --> 00:04:39,350 Neither absolute feel teen or absolute antagonism friendship articulated the multiple potentialities of relationship in flux. 44 00:04:39,350 --> 00:04:40,940 By the time of the G. 45 00:04:40,940 --> 00:04:50,170 Moseley's visit, the shrine of Mondal Shah, the Rajah's of Nonpoor and then of OB's of Elitch board consider themselves to be almost brothers. 46 00:04:50,170 --> 00:04:54,080 But this fictive kinship was neither natural nor premeditated. 47 00:04:54,080 --> 00:05:02,100 Rather, it was the outcome of recurring diplomatic processes of conflict resolution and reconciliation. 48 00:05:02,100 --> 00:05:08,730 The debate, the events discussing this paper, it transpired in the far north eastern corner of the Decken in the lands that became known 49 00:05:08,730 --> 00:05:17,130 as that are in Persian as hard in the maraca empire and as the Delbar in modern Moratti, 50 00:05:17,130 --> 00:05:22,950 founded in the north by the set foot hills in the east. By the way, the river bed is agrarian. 51 00:05:22,950 --> 00:05:29,250 Kaura was the fertile valley that stops at the edge of the mountain range bisecting the province from east to west. 52 00:05:29,250 --> 00:05:36,240 Under the Hamani Sultanate, Betar was a frontier outpost defended by the Hill for its goggled girls and another. 53 00:05:36,240 --> 00:05:42,580 And towards the end of the 15th century, the bar Marni's began to cede control over the over the province to their general. 54 00:05:42,580 --> 00:05:48,450 But the model Molk, the founder of the breakaway Imai Sharkey's sultanate, 55 00:05:48,450 --> 00:05:53,310 as Roy touched on it was briefly absorbed by the Nizam Shazad, a modern God, 56 00:05:53,310 --> 00:05:59,640 only to be conquered by the mobile Ember's son Wood Rod in 1896 and then remained one 57 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:07,530 of the six Lavelle's tuba's decking until it was acquired by Muzammil Muk and 1724. 58 00:06:07,530 --> 00:06:12,420 Well, the levels of it are a bit I had his headquarters in alleged port vestiges of the 59 00:06:12,420 --> 00:06:17,160 movil past have endured in ruins and inscriptions scattered across the province. 60 00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:23,100 Most notably, Prince Merat himself built a residence that shop boy that survives today. 61 00:06:23,100 --> 00:06:30,720 As far as famous biographer Feisal mentioned the structure and his entry on guitar in the idea buddy borrowing. 62 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:42,060 Many of its details from the Iron the Savona Decken, composed in 1783 by William Hamdania or The Body, includes a more detailed description of guitar. 63 00:06:42,060 --> 00:06:48,720 And I just want to highlight one part of that description in which he states theme of the governor a bit. 64 00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:56,460 Is the city of poor in the centre? Are two rivers doing so fine on the beach in and both of these rivers during the Prema. 65 00:06:56,460 --> 00:07:02,880 The Derica amongst shocked with a lot north of the eminent city of Elegy for the open river is venerable. 66 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:10,080 The worst lamp's of that elder are famous because the Morato mostly is in recent years became co conquerors of the province. 67 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:17,400 It's a ferret's failing to just murder. So by the time would this have on his composition, I mean, amid the politics of the late 18th century, 68 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:25,160 dark in the capital at the shrine and the problem of joint rule, I come to define that recent history of our private. 69 00:07:25,160 --> 00:07:25,970 Take a step back. 70 00:07:25,970 --> 00:07:33,770 Morato raids in Tibet are began in the late 70s, century after the mobile conquest of the Decken and the torch to put these flight to Ginji. 71 00:07:33,770 --> 00:07:42,320 But diplomatic negotiation was also critical to advancing ROCKHEAD claims to the revenues Jachin and due to the recognition of Morocco's sovereignty. 72 00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:49,800 Both the exiled printshop, who is part of a mostly petition Delhi directly, as well as the governor of the sackings of the car, 73 00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:55,850 Chron hoping that you'd act as an intermediary in acquiring an imperial mine. 74 00:07:55,850 --> 00:08:04,490 At the same time, the Moroccans came to a separate agreement for the forfeiture of the chop with his second deputy, Darkon funded. 75 00:08:04,490 --> 00:08:08,570 Historian Koffi Kyle in the month of Caba Labov noted that doubt. 76 00:08:08,570 --> 00:08:17,730 Khan's right hand man was on such friendly terms with the Moroccans that they, quote, foiled together like milk and sugar and worked by subterfuge. 77 00:08:17,730 --> 00:08:23,030 Lizama Look, Secretary Lalai months Montserrat was even more critical of this pact, 78 00:08:23,030 --> 00:08:30,230 commenting that Darkon was always, quote, always losing himself in friendship with the chiefs of the Martez. 79 00:08:30,230 --> 00:08:35,090 Finally, as far as we know, in the first quarter of the 18th century, patia our biology. 80 00:08:35,090 --> 00:08:42,710 Vishwa not securit imperial grants for the rights to the. So Deshmukh and Speranza. 81 00:08:42,710 --> 00:08:49,250 So do not proposals amongst the leading soldiers who joined the resurgent Mirotic campaigns was First Lady Possley, 82 00:08:49,250 --> 00:08:55,460 who eventually received the title of Senator. I have Suba and orders to collect tribute in Betar and Gondwana. 83 00:08:55,460 --> 00:08:57,360 His son, John Hagee, was one of many. 84 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:05,330 Merab had generals whose loyalties were tested by the emergence of an alternate source of patronage in the person of Jim Coolidge, Condesa or more. 85 00:09:05,330 --> 00:09:13,580 The mobile statesman and founder of the successors of Hyderabad by 1730 come when she had received a Jaguar from the design in court, 86 00:09:13,580 --> 00:09:18,650 but did not, though a very frequent occurrence throughout them are often in some conflict. 87 00:09:18,650 --> 00:09:27,050 This kind of defection was considered to be an act of insubordination, an agreed grade breach of trust in diplomatic relations. 88 00:09:27,050 --> 00:09:33,920 Hence, articles of agreement commonly include the condition that neither party should offer refuge to the other's followers. 89 00:09:33,920 --> 00:09:42,380 Regarding Convergys case in particular, the pace was agent unbudgeted put up today in a letter to an envoy with the Meson explained. 90 00:09:42,380 --> 00:09:48,020 There is an agreement that Nevada should not take on our people and we should not take on of people. 91 00:09:48,020 --> 00:09:54,840 Now that Conrad Murray has been taken on after he absconded. How will this provision to implement? 92 00:09:54,840 --> 00:09:59,020 Remedy the situation, Congress, you sent a negotiator just Saturday to, quote, 93 00:09:59,020 --> 00:10:08,560 make promises on Shubat of loyalty at the feet of the Maharajah and himself made a personal visit sometime between 1733 and 34. 94 00:10:08,560 --> 00:10:12,790 But before their relationship could be mended, he hastened back to bed, 95 00:10:12,790 --> 00:10:17,620 prompting the other party to order his nephew regulative, mostly to detain him. 96 00:10:17,620 --> 00:10:27,440 Refugee then received his uncle's extensive revenue rights and get out in Grand Guana and swiftly establishes a firm capital not for. 97 00:10:27,440 --> 00:10:32,060 So now the competing successors to move a real in bed were frequently at odds. 98 00:10:32,060 --> 00:10:37,820 This I've only records that rug which imposed they killed a Jaguar DA in the district of Kerala and seised whose villages. 99 00:10:37,820 --> 00:10:45,860 And before that, somebody more outrageously. And 1737, he besieged alleged poor when child payments had not been paid. 100 00:10:45,860 --> 00:10:50,900 And this to Meadow Shujaat. Tom lost his life in the ensuing battle. 101 00:10:50,900 --> 00:10:59,720 This incident was reported in several tanks and in one from the 18 20 is not for minister Yashwant threw out around Chondra and son of 102 00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:08,000 the Postals on Ramchand to 2.0 relaid an intriguing story about the killing of Srdja Icon to the assistant of the British resident. 103 00:11:08,000 --> 00:11:16,100 He stated languaging possibly maintained a friendship with the governor of alleged poor Shaddad Khan as if he was his kin applied to Ludmilla, 104 00:11:16,100 --> 00:11:25,740 one of those detainees. Twenty point words, pressure drag con as a revenue collector based on the landlord's complaints that Con sat him on a donkey, 105 00:11:25,740 --> 00:11:28,130 shaped his head and sent him out of the city, 106 00:11:28,130 --> 00:11:34,230 a budget plan went to equity, mostly realising that the dishonour of promenades would occur in his Hindu kingdom, 107 00:11:34,230 --> 00:11:38,280 refugee, Muslim mustard, his cavalry and travelled to alleged war. 108 00:11:38,280 --> 00:11:45,000 He fought to die. Khan, about to close from the village of Hugo and cut off his head, taking possession of his kettledrums. 109 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:50,160 He stayed with his cavalry, surrounded a poor with the intention of looting the city. 110 00:11:50,160 --> 00:11:55,710 There was no ruler there. This imperial city and dwelling place come to ruin a ton. 111 00:11:55,710 --> 00:11:59,610 And I should say this may be. I'm not sure who this individual is. 112 00:11:59,610 --> 00:12:01,770 This might be a collapsing of different temporality. 113 00:12:01,770 --> 00:12:12,210 Is referring to the later nabobs a the consent from time to DRDO to conduct negotiations to Bobzilla and settle the amount of. 114 00:12:12,210 --> 00:12:18,630 So this testimony of betrays the tensions produced by and his arm joint revenue collection in better and 115 00:12:18,630 --> 00:12:25,190 their intersection with the ways in which mostly Rajiv's may have enacted a certain modality of your future. 116 00:12:25,190 --> 00:12:29,250 It may well have equally been shaped by the creative distortions of memory. 117 00:12:29,250 --> 00:12:34,530 And while we have no evidence to corroborate the particulars, I just want to highlight its initial assertion, 118 00:12:34,530 --> 00:12:43,170 which is that a friendship akin to family subsisted between the is a marker before and ISM's governor for the friendship was a strategic one, 119 00:12:43,170 --> 00:12:48,960 and so far it was rooted in shared financial incentives and diplomatic norms at the same time. 120 00:12:48,960 --> 00:12:55,980 It was not strategic to appear to be a false friend, though unsentimental friendship was not devoid of sentiment. 121 00:12:55,980 --> 00:13:04,290 Rather, preserving friendships required the constant exchange of convincing expressions of trust and affection by means of job. 122 00:13:04,290 --> 00:13:13,920 And so to look more closely at how these ideas of friendship and concrete issues of governance coexisted and jobs about diplomacy. 123 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:21,390 Let us look at a series of letters sent by massive Junge, second eldest son of Nizam, look to the future Muslim. 124 00:13:21,390 --> 00:13:26,730 Several of these letters concerned everyday matters of local administration, for example. 125 00:13:26,730 --> 00:13:28,620 And a 1748 letter. 126 00:13:28,620 --> 00:13:37,980 Nasser Jiang requested cooperation with an official who had been dispatched to put Anjar to enquire with the village headman about affairs of state. 127 00:13:37,980 --> 00:13:40,800 The same official also notified him that, quote, 128 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:47,220 Some people of the strong and powerful one that is ravaging post-flight were demanding excessive amounts of talk from the Fergana, 129 00:13:47,220 --> 00:13:53,280 Maher and others since last year. They were becoming the source of the cultivators, confusion and damage. 130 00:13:53,280 --> 00:14:01,020 So it should be written to them that they should refrain from countless molestations and they should be warned not to engage in extortion of any kind. 131 00:14:01,020 --> 00:14:05,820 So such complaints of improper dunning and stern orders to address them. 132 00:14:05,820 --> 00:14:15,920 These were endemic to revenue administration generally, but their fifth resolution was especially important in negotiating across the larger. 133 00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:21,500 At the same time, Nasser Jong's correspondence expounds on very abstract ideas of friendship. 134 00:14:21,500 --> 00:14:24,440 For example, he writes, In the exemplars of ethics, 135 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:33,080 it has been written that the test of a friend into UNendorsed is that whenever a rough and arduous event occurs, full and complete trust is available. 136 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:38,660 Indeed, the rule for gold is that it emerges unsullied out of the test of the crucible. 137 00:14:38,660 --> 00:14:44,570 Such confidence in refugee sincerity uneasily coexisted with suspicions of infidelity. 138 00:14:44,570 --> 00:14:50,630 Another letter intimates, We have trusted the refuge of courage. Refugees mostly in these matters. 139 00:14:50,630 --> 00:14:55,190 But as it has been scrupulously written and should in any accident occurred, 140 00:14:55,190 --> 00:14:59,720 you should take care in these matters and chastise those who show signs of audacity. 141 00:14:59,720 --> 00:15:08,020 It is inevitable that the arrival of such news to the ears of the sworn allies of that refuge, Akridge, will be the cause of crimes. 142 00:15:08,020 --> 00:15:15,550 In keeping with these admonitions, Refugee was enjoying to cooperate with the news of the alleged war to resolve the complications produced 143 00:15:15,550 --> 00:15:23,470 by the situation in which two separate coteries of tax collectors were canvassing the province. 144 00:15:23,470 --> 00:15:32,260 And so because of this rivalry over revenue over the course of the 1750 is the friendship between not for an alleged war really emerged through 145 00:15:32,260 --> 00:15:41,560 conflict and reconciliation and eventually assumed a more stable character through the so-called soft Charly's revenue agreement of 1757. 146 00:15:41,560 --> 00:15:50,290 This refers to the proverbial 60-40 distribution of revenues of the province between the Nizam and the whole slaves. 147 00:15:50,290 --> 00:15:57,580 But the most important thing to note is that the agreement replaced a much more haphazard pattern of Chuck collection. 148 00:15:57,580 --> 00:16:03,490 So it represented a determination of the delegation of mobile sovereignty at the provincial level 149 00:16:03,490 --> 00:16:08,950 and offered a potential respite from an almost 30 year contest between the Nizam and the Morato. 150 00:16:08,950 --> 00:16:13,390 It was the outcome of the efforts of diplomatic representatives from both sides. 151 00:16:13,390 --> 00:16:20,590 And these included to plenty of ground officers, Time Khan and his cousin and son in less than a month. 152 00:16:20,590 --> 00:16:28,480 They met on several occasions over the course of February, 1757, swapped gifts of car, horses and robes. 153 00:16:28,480 --> 00:16:30,610 And even on one occasion, it's reported. 154 00:16:30,610 --> 00:16:40,300 That said, Mr Khan invited the Moroccan general's refugee Koran Day to his home in Elitch's poor and gifted him with several lengths of cloth. 155 00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:45,340 So the terms and conditions of this agreement were written in the form of 15 separate 156 00:16:45,340 --> 00:16:51,460 articles based on the Exxon copies that we have in the overall lexicon of the text. 157 00:16:51,460 --> 00:17:00,310 It's possible that they were first committed to paper and Meraki and then transcribed and partially translated into prison in June 1757, 158 00:17:00,310 --> 00:17:07,990 the first eight articles concerning issues of revenue incertain named organise and in territories designated jaggery so far, 159 00:17:07,990 --> 00:17:10,730 or the territories assigned to examine more guests. 160 00:17:10,730 --> 00:17:19,690 Without the decking mechanisms, government would be entitled to a fifty five percent of the yield and the most ley's to forty five percent. 161 00:17:19,690 --> 00:17:27,950 But the second category of terms concerned the basic shared provisions of joint rule, encouraging cultivation, protecting officials, 162 00:17:27,950 --> 00:17:36,530 punishing rebels and refraining from intervening in internal politics or giving shelter to disaffected individuals. 163 00:17:36,530 --> 00:17:45,560 Crucially, to damage damaging mostly son somebody Possley was to be introduced into the Imperial Service Brutalism Helicon. 164 00:17:45,560 --> 00:17:52,550 In a final clause, the two governments committed to not deviating from the agreement of mutual fidelity to this promise, 165 00:17:52,550 --> 00:17:59,270 committed to paper and witnessed by God operate to transform conflict and division into compromise and reciprocity. 166 00:17:59,270 --> 00:18:06,440 But the success of the agreement, of course, depended upon those who entered into it. 167 00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:13,700 So is Sarkhan, the son of the soldier diplomat Sultan Khan, who I just mentioned became the summit, 168 00:18:13,700 --> 00:18:21,800 are a bit are as well as the founder of a Nevada ruling household at alleged war compared to the regular Afghan chieftains. 169 00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:26,120 Is the North or even the fundi in many states of the Carnatic? 170 00:18:26,120 --> 00:18:31,480 There is relatively sparse documentation of the early history of this family. 171 00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:38,090 The first memory is about time earned only a brief entry in the mountains of Omaha cryptically. 172 00:18:38,090 --> 00:18:41,510 This entry remarked that, quote, because Energy Postlethwait, 173 00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:49,970 who is at the time the proprietor of the aforementioned province but are on the part of the mountains, knew him from long back. 174 00:18:49,970 --> 00:18:56,180 He smiled. Htun put off correcting the design of the administration and then concludes by commenting that the 175 00:18:56,180 --> 00:19:03,140 Novartis's addiction to intoxicants and general a sense of pride distracted him from his duties. 176 00:19:03,140 --> 00:19:12,410 So it's this entry which may be a source for the stab on his criticism of Maraca Uptown friendship, specifically that it encouraged misgovernment. 177 00:19:12,410 --> 00:19:14,810 However, if we turn to different sources, 178 00:19:14,810 --> 00:19:23,930 we find that it was also the basis for embellishing a built landscape of Islamic piety honoured by Hindus and Muslims alike. 179 00:19:23,930 --> 00:19:27,690 For a fuller account of its Maritime's lineage, we turn to a colonial period. 180 00:19:27,690 --> 00:19:32,360 Text tweaky amjed idea of. I'm John Hussein, 181 00:19:32,360 --> 00:19:37,880 composed in 1869 by the Cathedral of the Jumma Must of alleged for the party 182 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:42,640 sketches the early history of the family's migration from Afghanistan to Delhi, 183 00:19:42,640 --> 00:19:47,720 then to the Rajput states and finally southwards to guitar. 184 00:19:47,720 --> 00:19:54,830 It notes that their growing status and prestige in the 18th century actually spurred the development of large city. 185 00:19:54,830 --> 00:19:59,700 Those that must can obtain to Jaguar West Village, for which then became the neighbourhood of Santa, 186 00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:03,930 must put a while the area of Sultan Khan's Jaguar towards the south. 187 00:20:03,930 --> 00:20:06,950 That's what's so fun. 188 00:20:06,950 --> 00:20:18,780 The family also built a new residents there, eligible reports and established a presence in W4 and other rural districts that are. 189 00:20:18,780 --> 00:20:27,820 Mostly, his bond with this family materialised in frequent visits and gestures of criticise, hospitality and generosity and side. 190 00:20:27,820 --> 00:20:32,870 Saddam Hussein offers an interesting story about one such occasion. 191 00:20:32,870 --> 00:20:35,230 And you can be along if you'd like. 192 00:20:35,230 --> 00:20:42,050 At the time when the longstanding familiarity and friendship between Raja with Without You Plus lay in Mohammed Khan was perfect. 193 00:20:42,050 --> 00:20:47,950 Mother G. Out of unhappiness with his brothers, Tabajdi came to Alex with a pure heart and full faith. 194 00:20:47,950 --> 00:20:55,800 He paid a visit to husbands Chope Abdul Rahman Cawsey and asked assistance from the spirit of victory to obtain the throne, if not for it. 195 00:20:55,800 --> 00:21:02,200 And this is the time when he was competing with his brother for the succession. 196 00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:10,390 For several days, he was happily occupied in writing and hunting. Then one day, sitting side by side on a horse drawn Colin Quinn in full regalia. 197 00:21:10,390 --> 00:21:14,770 They set out from the dead of shot from my closet in the middle of an intersection. 198 00:21:14,770 --> 00:21:21,590 Two armed individuals sent by Sivaji approached the palanquins stabbed mythology with their swords and took flight. 199 00:21:21,590 --> 00:21:24,070 Being wounded, Mother G was conveyed to the court. 200 00:21:24,070 --> 00:21:31,470 Inside the small for it as befitted a respectable man in a fearful state, every doctor was too afraid to dress his wounds. 201 00:21:31,470 --> 00:21:36,370 And so Mohamed Rustum, the attending physician of his smile, Khan, on the order of his master, 202 00:21:36,370 --> 00:21:44,580 gravely applied 16 stitches to his limbs, and one sits to his left, earning a reward of 17 Goldkorn. 203 00:21:44,580 --> 00:21:50,100 Other accounts actually indicate that the would be assassins were followers of Sivaji at all, 204 00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:56,100 but rather AFCON mercenaries in villages own employees who are fed up with not receiving their wages. 205 00:21:56,100 --> 00:22:02,700 But these other accounts do corroborate that. Ismail Khan saw to it that his wounds received swift medical attention. 206 00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:09,860 So by providing this safe refuge from the hazards of politics, Ismail Khan treated methode you like an honoured guest, 207 00:22:09,860 --> 00:22:15,780 a friend and even a fellow seeker of the blessings of those Armondo Usha. 208 00:22:15,780 --> 00:22:22,960 And he didn't really know that this figure was a local imagination of the broader legend of the warrior Saint Cosima, 209 00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:26,910 you know, and said to be a nephew of the 11th century conqueror Marilyn Bresnik, 210 00:22:26,910 --> 00:22:36,170 who abandoned his nuptials to worry and martyrdom on the battlefield of the sun as he means historical memory has been extensively studied in China. 211 00:22:36,170 --> 00:22:38,640 Means recent book, Conquests in Community, 212 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:49,260 where he discusses in English summary of this text Pataudi Jedi's colourful account of the battle between a king called Bill and Abdul-Rahman. 213 00:22:49,260 --> 00:22:54,420 We had some fragmentary evidence from central provinces because the tears that the 214 00:22:54,420 --> 00:22:59,310 legend and worship of Abdul Rahman found links with another narrative that of the 215 00:22:59,310 --> 00:23:03,400 Fortune 100 saints who accompanied the Dalai Sultana aloud and kill due to the 216 00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:07,930 Deccan and whose burial shrines can be found at places and buried out like that. 217 00:23:07,930 --> 00:23:14,750 You, Hunda, my legault and Mongul pure. But hundreds of years after the time of these events, 218 00:23:14,750 --> 00:23:24,460 Mukerji possibly have not rejoined the community of publishing model Hotshots Telebrands by aiding in the reconstruction of his Thoroughgood College. 219 00:23:24,460 --> 00:23:31,200 And the occasion for his sponsorship of these renovations to the dugout was a smart card, duck and battle. 220 00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:37,080 As I mentioned earlier, this was against his rival in running the US dollar. 221 00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:42,840 Moto G mostly ordered the construction of a sandstone wall, creating an enormous outer courtyard, 222 00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:48,150 which today features winding pathways, trees and additional gravesites. 223 00:23:48,150 --> 00:23:53,670 Its construction took place between 1776 and seventy nine under the supervision of one. 224 00:23:53,670 --> 00:23:59,900 Sheik is Aldeen and the superintendent of Elitch performed Jom Singh. 225 00:23:59,900 --> 00:24:04,970 Three new arched gateways were built on the western, southern and eastern sides, 226 00:24:04,970 --> 00:24:12,260 and these were topped by small rectangular pavilions with six smaller arches and four rectangular minarets. 227 00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:19,300 They also billed as a second smaller western gate that currently serves as the main entrance to the shrine. 228 00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:24,650 The fact that Mother G. Initiated this project in the years immediately after its Malcolm's death suggests 229 00:24:24,650 --> 00:24:28,710 that it may have been a memorial to his friend with whom he shared battle scars. 230 00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:35,640 Regarding the causes, power and the responsibilities of ruling a province. 231 00:24:35,640 --> 00:24:39,030 Let's just have a closer look at the inscriptions above the gateways. 232 00:24:39,030 --> 00:24:43,380 Many of them credit the not for Rajab, but those are joining the southern and eastern gates. 233 00:24:43,380 --> 00:24:47,490 Elaborate on his regard for the miracle working power of the month. 234 00:24:47,490 --> 00:24:52,050 The first hemisphere of the Southern Gates inscription reads through the favourite of Shot from 235 00:24:52,050 --> 00:24:58,170 on the Pearl in the Crown of Kings theme with a G achieved his propitious desires in the world. 236 00:24:58,170 --> 00:25:02,640 Another included on this slide reads in the name of God the Merciful, 237 00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:10,720 the benefits it ensures and certainty higher than heaven been the peak of this court of the ruler of the faith, Schavan man, a martyr and also a hero. 238 00:25:10,720 --> 00:25:15,840 At whose door? King's their therefore heads in as much as by the order of Raja Gorgie. 239 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:20,440 It was constructed by Sheikh on the ground in heavenly voice said to me look and say. 240 00:25:20,440 --> 00:25:29,070 This is the gate of the highest paradise. So here, the figure of Abdulwahab man is inscribed not just as a Cawsey in a shot hit, 241 00:25:29,070 --> 00:25:33,660 but as a powerful and compassionate overlarge whom Kings' willingly submitted. 242 00:25:33,660 --> 00:25:39,750 Might we read Matthijs fortification of the shrine with an outer court as an active, willing submission? 243 00:25:39,750 --> 00:25:40,530 At the very least, 244 00:25:40,530 --> 00:25:50,690 he'd hoped that it would lead to the fulfilment of his political desires and the endurance of a friendship with us from core rulers that are. 245 00:25:50,690 --> 00:25:53,900 Just some concluding reflections. 246 00:25:53,900 --> 00:26:03,050 I think that we need to think about how 18th century diplomacy and the Decken might tell us something more about the making of the maraca empire. 247 00:26:03,050 --> 00:26:05,180 In his classic essay, The Slow Conquest, 248 00:26:05,180 --> 00:26:11,930 Stuart Gordon offers an account of rule and mulbah through the gradual penetration of the patient as revenue collectors. 249 00:26:11,930 --> 00:26:15,380 Gordon's conquest, the administration model may only be partially applicable. 250 00:26:15,380 --> 00:26:20,270 There are actually more research needs to be done on the revenue returns and the 251 00:26:20,270 --> 00:26:25,910 Emily provinces Dalkin especially Opta these diplomatic agreements for Stablish. 252 00:26:25,910 --> 00:26:32,750 But even the earlier work of I mean, our team has shown that virata yields vary greatly in the late 18th century. 253 00:26:32,750 --> 00:26:41,450 At the same time, the situation we've been describing does not quite align with maraca expansion into a risk of being caught in parts of Pakistan, 254 00:26:41,450 --> 00:26:46,670 where diplomacy seems to have been more of a cover for the coercive extraction of tributed. 255 00:26:46,670 --> 00:26:53,850 So we have to think about a shifting gradient of imperial sovereignty and local control across time and space. 256 00:26:53,850 --> 00:27:01,970 What the our case might help show is the way in which intercultural and interstate diplomatic negotiation, letter writing, treaty making, 257 00:27:01,970 --> 00:27:11,010 oath taking and of course, making friends was critical across the fragmented and interwoven jurisdictions of Marotta empire. 258 00:27:11,010 --> 00:27:19,810 And with that, I will end things. I am very much looking forward to your question. 259 00:27:19,810 --> 00:27:30,340 Thanks, Tony. That was excellent, particularly involving the two traditional sort of rivals and their interaction. 260 00:27:30,340 --> 00:27:36,880 I just wanted to confirm it's OK. I did not see any of the slides moving. 261 00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:43,580 I hope everybody else has something to do with the way that the team has been set up. 262 00:27:43,580 --> 00:27:58,250 But I would like to see if there are any questions now in the checkbox. 263 00:27:58,250 --> 00:28:05,340 Any of the organisers which are in the room, please shut up, Rahul. 264 00:28:05,340 --> 00:28:16,270 Angelie, anyone who'd like to ask a life question while people type their questions in the in the in the in the box. 265 00:28:16,270 --> 00:28:24,950 And can I just cheque Dominic? When I when I was listening to you, the slides didn't move, so I couldn't see them. 266 00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:29,600 I wonder or some else out of the audience to let us know. 267 00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:35,780 Did you lose? Was it just the organisers that were stuck on a slide that we couldn't see? 268 00:28:35,780 --> 00:28:47,650 Could cuts at anybody out there in the audience? Let us know. Could you also see the slides to. 269 00:28:47,650 --> 00:28:57,650 No one's taped anything. I couldn't see them moving it. 270 00:28:57,650 --> 00:29:01,910 Nobody seems to have a Frank Quinlan says. We did not see the slides either. 271 00:29:01,910 --> 00:29:06,470 So, Dominic, did you actually moved in while you were talking? I did. 272 00:29:06,470 --> 00:29:13,340 I did. All right. Look at that. There is something. Something has gone astray because we did not see the slides moving. 273 00:29:13,340 --> 00:29:19,640 I'm being told that you were not moving them, but obviously you were. But the slides were lost. 274 00:29:19,640 --> 00:29:27,510 Unfortunately, Charlie just put up one flight for the Q&A or something. 275 00:29:27,510 --> 00:29:31,820 I mean that we only saw the first slide. I need to the presentation just did not move ahead. 276 00:29:31,820 --> 00:29:37,790 So that was a bit odd. Never mind. We'll see for the next presentations. 277 00:29:37,790 --> 00:29:43,940 We will will see what exactly needs to be done. I believe Claire will help us with this. 278 00:29:43,940 --> 00:29:48,140 If this is the this is the problem. Dominic, 279 00:29:48,140 --> 00:29:52,340 would you just pick up whatever slides you think is most interesting and 280 00:29:52,340 --> 00:29:57,320 important that wish you would want us to see and see if you can show it to us? 281 00:29:57,320 --> 00:30:01,950 Just so that so that we haven't now. 282 00:30:01,950 --> 00:30:05,600 Now, wait. Now I can see them moving, but I can see them moving earlier on. 283 00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:09,660 Can you just can you just flip through the slides. Yeah. Why not. 284 00:30:09,660 --> 00:30:16,490 So I'll just I'll just do two minutes. So this was the title slide. 285 00:30:16,490 --> 00:30:23,150 We are a bit. Ah. I have seen slides of these stories. 286 00:30:23,150 --> 00:30:27,720 I think we can skip over those. This is the version and Meraki agreement struck. 287 00:30:27,720 --> 00:30:31,580 You know, again, it is not moving. It is only the first leg that you put on. 288 00:30:31,580 --> 00:30:35,030 Oh that's so everything. Novik move. All right. 289 00:30:35,030 --> 00:30:41,740 Sort of stick to this view. Right. So, as I said, get out. 290 00:30:41,740 --> 00:30:46,130 Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Radar probably must be something with the view slide. 291 00:30:46,130 --> 00:30:51,920 So here we have the province of the agreement, which I discussed. 292 00:30:51,920 --> 00:30:56,420 And then I think the most important slides really to look at are here we have the data guide. 293 00:30:56,420 --> 00:31:01,910 This is the main entrance. Create our present day photo. 294 00:31:01,910 --> 00:31:05,990 And then here we have the detail of the what? 295 00:31:05,990 --> 00:31:11,370 Of the inscription. So I can just leave it on this, huh? 296 00:31:11,370 --> 00:31:21,440 So, yeah. All right. Fair enough. That's mine. There are no questions in the in the in the chat box. 297 00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:32,960 Hang on. I mean, there are lots of questions. Sorry. Beg your pardon. It's everybody saying slighted moving Prachi has a question. 298 00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:38,180 She says, wonderful. As usual, Dominique, your depth of research, what a single diplomatic relationship is great, 299 00:31:38,180 --> 00:31:42,530 keeping in mind Roys argument a little about space and regionality. 300 00:31:42,530 --> 00:31:51,870 I wonder how much your argument would generalise to Morocco diplomacy across other regions to. 301 00:31:51,870 --> 00:32:03,870 Yes. Thanks so much for that question, Prachi. I think that is a question which relates to sort of the concluding reflection, which is that we. 302 00:32:03,870 --> 00:32:10,150 This seems to have been some kind of relationship which was encouraged by the problem of joint war, 303 00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:18,630 of the inability of the Moroccans to establish the kind of local control that they did in Mullewa and other regions. 304 00:32:18,630 --> 00:32:26,610 At the same time, the intensity of the relationship seems to have been higher or different than that. 305 00:32:26,610 --> 00:32:34,290 What we see in the kinds of negotiations, say, between the Rajputs states and Morocco has where you do have agreements written agreements struck, 306 00:32:34,290 --> 00:32:40,490 but not these other gestures like the patronage of delegates. 307 00:32:40,490 --> 00:32:49,650 So I think it'd be interesting to think about whether this is more generalisable in jointly ruled provinces or tributary 308 00:32:49,650 --> 00:32:58,950 provinces where there are major lineages that the Moroccans seek to deal with and are incentivised to form bonds with. 309 00:32:58,950 --> 00:33:07,320 But I think that just remains a question to support it further. And we certainly see these kinds of relationships between them. 310 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:14,580 Iraq has in the gone rulers where they are also they receive a kind of annual tribute. 311 00:33:14,580 --> 00:33:20,190 But at the same time reinforce the local sovereignty of those rulers. 312 00:33:20,190 --> 00:33:26,010 So sorry. But that's an important question that I have to look into more. 313 00:33:26,010 --> 00:33:32,340 Thanks. Thanks, Dominic. Thanks, Prachi as well. There is a question from someone who has logged in as anonymous. 314 00:33:32,340 --> 00:33:34,230 So I don't know who this person is. 315 00:33:34,230 --> 00:33:41,730 But the question is, please, would you reflect more on the difference between friendship and kinship into records of brotherhood? 316 00:33:41,730 --> 00:33:49,110 Or is one an idiom for the other? And where my idiomatic priorities lie? 317 00:33:49,110 --> 00:33:54,990 And how would a notion of friendship include or exclude notions of hostility? 318 00:33:54,990 --> 00:33:59,310 And how do I how does your interpretation confirm a counter? 319 00:33:59,310 --> 00:34:08,010 Andre links notions of Fitna as essential to non territorial form of sovereignty in the Western Decken. 320 00:34:08,010 --> 00:34:11,640 So plenty of questions here. And we have we have time. 321 00:34:11,640 --> 00:34:16,600 That's all right. Right. 322 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:31,000 Well, I think that the in terms of the question of kinship and friendship, that kinship terms were used quite often to indicate affection, 323 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:37,210 intimacy between individuals who did not have a kind of blood kinship relationship. 324 00:34:37,210 --> 00:34:43,660 You even see this between, say, the not for Rajiv's and the Patia just. 325 00:34:43,660 --> 00:34:50,680 And I think that really what we see is that they indicate also relations of hierarchy. 326 00:34:50,680 --> 00:34:58,300 Who is junior, who is senior and so on. And what kinds of debt obligations would follow. 327 00:34:58,300 --> 00:35:05,050 Whereas with friendship, though, those kinship terms are used, it also, I think, 328 00:35:05,050 --> 00:35:14,680 often connotes tension and some history of conflict that's been overcome and managed to be another case where we have 329 00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:20,350 the language of friendship being quite predominant is in relations between the East India Company in the mirror. 330 00:35:20,350 --> 00:35:29,500 And there's a lot of talk of what it means to be a true friend or a false friend who is speaking truly or falsely. 331 00:35:29,500 --> 00:35:31,240 So there's a kind of uneasiness, 332 00:35:31,240 --> 00:35:41,080 our attention to friendship that I think shows that the way in which this gets to the question of being thinking fitna of how conflict, 333 00:35:41,080 --> 00:35:50,470 defection, splintering of alliances, though that is part of the sort of generative for these kinds of friendships. 334 00:35:50,470 --> 00:35:54,640 And so I it's not that that Fitna didn't exist or was not important. 335 00:35:54,640 --> 00:36:02,620 It's that I think the other side of this process of political formation is reconciliation, 336 00:36:02,620 --> 00:36:11,770 conflict resolution management, which which has to be looked at together with with better things. 337 00:36:11,770 --> 00:36:20,260 The next question is from the moeny Chatterji. Were there any barriers of spoken language at all between the verbs and the Boesel? 338 00:36:20,260 --> 00:36:33,930 Is did they speak in Marathi or in Hindi? Do. That's an excellent question for which I don't have I I'm in need of sources to help pass this. 339 00:36:33,930 --> 00:36:43,120 I mean, we know that the Merat Rogers of Dachau had on boys who were posted to alleged war. 340 00:36:43,120 --> 00:36:59,530 I mentioned one drowned trying to DRDO and that they employed one cheese to kind their correspondence with the news arm with the Bengal of OB's. 341 00:36:59,530 --> 00:37:17,410 But we also know that they that there was some greater familiarity with with India in that region because of their relations with the Kondrat guys. 342 00:37:17,410 --> 00:37:17,950 Unfortunately, 343 00:37:17,950 --> 00:37:27,010 I think my my answer is going to be insufficient in the sense that I'm I'm really not sure what those kinds of interactions that I was discussing, 344 00:37:27,010 --> 00:37:37,210 whether they would be conducted in some kind of Hindi in Persian and whether they're then reported out into Muraki by the newswriters. 345 00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:43,870 Some of these terms, though, of course, Karbo between these languages like those. 346 00:37:43,870 --> 00:37:51,010 And so I think that we can think about, you know, shared meanings, if not necessarily shared language. 347 00:37:51,010 --> 00:37:56,830 But it's something which I am curious to know more about myself. 348 00:37:56,830 --> 00:38:05,710 Thanks so much. Next question is one last question at the moment is by Rachel Sturman and she compliments you were saying that. 349 00:38:05,710 --> 00:38:07,990 Thanks for this fascinating talk, Dominique. 350 00:38:07,990 --> 00:38:19,020 I'm wondering if you have any thoughts on the audience or for the into brackets representation of friendship. 351 00:38:19,020 --> 00:38:29,930 Yeah. That's very. Thank you very much. That's important because part of the I think one of the counter arguments against a kind of 352 00:38:29,930 --> 00:38:34,590 modernist notion of friendship is that these are not necessarily private or if they are intimate, 353 00:38:34,590 --> 00:38:40,100 they're they're not they are are meant to be communicated to some public audience. 354 00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:48,460 And I think that. I think that if we can imagine the correspondence in which discussions of friendship are happening, 355 00:38:48,460 --> 00:39:01,180 being read out to a kind of courtly milieu where you have ministers on VOIS scribes, people who are followers of these rulers, you know, 356 00:39:01,180 --> 00:39:08,740 being where it's being indicated what kind of relationship is desired and how, you know, issues of conflict over state revenue, 357 00:39:08,740 --> 00:39:13,570 other kind of concrete issues might come up that these are public statements of 358 00:39:13,570 --> 00:39:22,720 intention to some extent that nonetheless are reaffirmed through intimate language. 359 00:39:22,720 --> 00:39:25,610 So and then, of course, 360 00:39:25,610 --> 00:39:32,980 we have a broader audience when this friendship becomes part of the way in which the history of the province is written in the Chronicle. 361 00:39:32,980 --> 00:39:41,380 So, yeah, I think that this this is beyond just the interactions between these rulers and is part of how 362 00:39:41,380 --> 00:39:51,460 kind of governing structure set up and then how a kind of historiography of region is written on. 363 00:39:51,460 --> 00:40:06,040 Thank you. Are there any more questions or can I sneak a quick one in? 364 00:40:06,040 --> 00:40:10,750 Rather than typing it, otherwise, we'll run out of time. How far? 365 00:40:10,750 --> 00:40:14,650 I mean, I think you're absolutely right that, you know, it's almost you know, 366 00:40:14,650 --> 00:40:21,010 it's when people start talking about friendship that you have to start worrying about the state of relations kind of thing. 367 00:40:21,010 --> 00:40:25,930 That seems to me really, really fine inside. 368 00:40:25,930 --> 00:40:37,150 How far does this language of friendship as a way of constructing interstate into a clan, into lineage relations? 369 00:40:37,150 --> 00:40:44,800 How far is it? Does it. Is it common outside the decken? 370 00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:51,070 Is it a kind of techni? It, dear. 371 00:40:51,070 --> 00:40:57,490 I mean, thinking, you know, very, very clumsy terms about, you know, 372 00:40:57,490 --> 00:41:04,370 the relations of the Moross with the movie, you know, with a with the musical court. 373 00:41:04,370 --> 00:41:14,550 There's not a language of friendship. Friendship doesn't figure there as as an idealisation of how relations should be. 374 00:41:14,550 --> 00:41:24,850 So. So is it the case that this this idiom for ideal relations is actually most applicable, 375 00:41:24,850 --> 00:41:34,280 you know, within this sort of decken state system rather than very much outside it? 376 00:41:34,280 --> 00:41:34,840 Right. 377 00:41:34,840 --> 00:41:47,320 Yeah, I think as you you know, that the this kind of language doesn't find much life in correspondence between the Mauboussin and the Moroccans, 378 00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:51,970 which adheres to a much more kind of hierarchical idiom. 379 00:41:51,970 --> 00:41:59,560 And and and we see friendship language used in political relations outside of the deck and out of these work, 380 00:41:59,560 --> 00:42:01,870 for example, talks about this in a very different period. 381 00:42:01,870 --> 00:42:08,190 But again, his position seems to be that that the language which there was clearly hierarchical. 382 00:42:08,190 --> 00:42:21,520 And so I think what is interesting about the Morocco case is that the difficulty of establishing kind of permanent local control, 383 00:42:21,520 --> 00:42:29,440 I think in some ways drove and then having kind of constant rivalry in in this sort of fragmented 18th century politics, 384 00:42:29,440 --> 00:42:36,250 I think gave rise to a more concerted use of this language. 385 00:42:36,250 --> 00:42:46,230 But some of the idioms that are used in like the prison writings are, I think could be easily connected to idioms in broader Persian discourse, 386 00:42:46,230 --> 00:42:50,800 ethics or discourse in the kinds of writing that say monarchies are about. 387 00:42:50,800 --> 00:43:01,640 So I think that, you know, you you perhaps might have broader usage outside of the political political relationships than you do. 388 00:43:01,640 --> 00:43:07,410 Yeah. Thank you. Thank. Thanks, Dominic. 389 00:43:07,410 --> 00:43:11,520 That was that was fascinating. And we should move on. 390 00:43:11,520 --> 00:43:22,170 I'm going to hand over my chair to Angela in L.A. on Richer's. So welcome, Angelie, and hope you you'll be able to take us to the next two papers. 391 00:43:22,170 --> 00:43:25,920 I would also request the next presenters just every time you log on. 392 00:43:25,920 --> 00:43:29,620 Just cheque on this slide business because it would be a good idea. 393 00:43:29,620 --> 00:43:34,160 I just do you know, before you start talking to see the slides are moving and not moving or whatever. 394 00:43:34,160 --> 00:43:38,618 Anyway, over to you. I'm Julie. And thanks very much.