1 00:00:00,270 --> 00:00:04,070 Thank you so much, Angelie. I'm sort of reading out to people. 2 00:00:04,070 --> 00:00:07,420 And as usual, have stuff too many things into this. 3 00:00:07,420 --> 00:00:13,230 So I don't know if I if I would be able to finish in time, hopefully. 4 00:00:13,230 --> 00:00:19,740 So let me begin. The spirit of colonial education and the dissemination of print in modern stresses, 5 00:00:19,740 --> 00:00:25,770 the orderly 19th century to the growth of an educated middle class and a vigorous public sphere in Marathi. 6 00:00:25,770 --> 00:00:29,790 The rise and spread of Western education had two significant consequences. 7 00:00:29,790 --> 00:00:34,650 It produced a middle class that became a mediator between the colonial government and the native society. 8 00:00:34,650 --> 00:00:41,310 And this middle class began to analyse the native society through categories that were made available to them, to Western education. 9 00:00:41,310 --> 00:00:46,500 By the late nineteenth century, two interdependent developments within this middle class can be observed. 10 00:00:46,500 --> 00:00:53,700 On the one hand, this class was dependent on the colonial government for its livelihood, and the process had fashioned itself in the colonial image. 11 00:00:53,700 --> 00:00:59,250 But on the other hand, it also became the vehicle of the emergent, anticolonial nationalist consciousness. 12 00:00:59,250 --> 00:01:05,580 This anticolonialism had two central concerns regarding the impact of colonial education on native society. 13 00:01:05,580 --> 00:01:11,670 One, that colonial education had decayed the bodies of the young students and emasculated them. 14 00:01:11,670 --> 00:01:15,990 And to that, it had uprooted them from this Lodish that his nation saw. 15 00:01:15,990 --> 00:01:21,090 So blusher that his mother tongue. And so a dogma that is religion. 16 00:01:21,090 --> 00:01:25,440 Here, I'll discuss what these concerns regarding the impact of Western education. 17 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:35,130 That was deliberated by the middle class literati in the late 19th and early 20th century Marathi public sphere. 18 00:01:35,130 --> 00:01:43,100 With the establishment of Bumba University in 1857, educational levels in Modder after it bifurcating along two lines Meraki schools for primary and 19 00:01:43,100 --> 00:01:48,260 lower secondary classes and exclusively English education at the metric relation and college level. 20 00:01:48,260 --> 00:01:55,160 As a consequence of this linguistic split within the educated and the Western educated middle class since the early 19th century, 21 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:59,430 English remained confined to more elite circles that would left with the Colonial State. 22 00:01:59,430 --> 00:02:03,590 Very, Muraki emerged as a more potent medium for public conversations. 23 00:02:03,590 --> 00:02:09,320 As we know, an article has rightly pointed out, this Western educated underclass, which operated primarily in Meraki, 24 00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:14,000 was foundational for the development of Marathi public school in the late 19th century. 25 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:18,200 After passing, the seven standard, students could choose to appeal for either matriculation, 26 00:02:18,200 --> 00:02:22,190 which is mandatory for those who want to go to college for further studies. 27 00:02:22,190 --> 00:02:26,600 Or they could opt for Niccola final, who would seek employment after school. 28 00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:31,490 Most students who find matriculation most students would find matriculation very difficult, 29 00:02:31,490 --> 00:02:36,860 and those who bussed matriculation to reach college would take another five to seven years to finish graduation. 30 00:02:36,860 --> 00:02:44,510 Consequently, a very small number of students would go on to complete their graduation, and eventually many of these graduates would die young. 31 00:02:44,510 --> 00:02:50,000 The problem of the Audy deaths of these graduates was widely recognised and debated in Marathi public public-Spirited, 32 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:54,830 particularly in the last decade of the 19th century when speaking at the convocation 33 00:02:54,830 --> 00:02:59,590 ceremony of the Bombay University of that year at the 18th ninety four ninety five, 34 00:02:59,590 --> 00:03:05,370 Dr Donkers Naglfar Monaca, the then chancellor of the university, reflected on this issue. 35 00:03:05,370 --> 00:03:11,420 Why not to believe that decadent social customs like child marriage and unhygienic lifestyles of the natives? 36 00:03:11,420 --> 00:03:17,020 They're the primary reasons behind the ugly deaths of many of these graduates. 37 00:03:17,020 --> 00:03:21,690 Just just randomly in reply to wander Good pointed out that social customs such as child marriages, 38 00:03:21,690 --> 00:03:25,040 affected not just the graduates, but the entire society. 39 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:30,220 He instead thought that the excessive burden of studies and exams on the students was the real reason behind it. 40 00:03:30,220 --> 00:03:32,270 Early deaths. 41 00:03:32,270 --> 00:03:38,600 The problem of the early deaths of the graduates was that they couldn't subject of public conversation in 80 90s models issued on Goodey. 42 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:42,610 Professor of Physics and principal of Ferguson College published a book titled 43 00:03:42,610 --> 00:03:49,130 Brauman Revenge Video Romines and Colonial Education in 1895 to address the issue. 44 00:03:49,130 --> 00:03:52,340 Gordon Stick's sought to examine the impact of colonial education on native 45 00:03:52,340 --> 00:03:56,540 minds and bodies under the title of Goalie's book referred only to the Romans. 46 00:03:56,540 --> 00:04:04,730 He clarified that he considered all the scribal gasps, including the Brahmins and goddesses in pottery pebbles as Romans in his book. 47 00:04:04,730 --> 00:04:10,370 According to Gawley, colonial education was the root cause of the leaking of the bodies and minds of the students. 48 00:04:10,370 --> 00:04:14,210 He believed that the spark that colonial education created in the first generation of Indian 49 00:04:14,210 --> 00:04:19,580 students in the 19th century had substantively waned by the last decade of the 19th century. 50 00:04:19,580 --> 00:04:25,640 He had that colonial education as if a radioactive component decayed the bodies of the native students. 51 00:04:25,640 --> 00:04:30,560 His concern for the native bodies was also evident from the titles of the chapters in his book, 52 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:34,820 including The Beagle, The Steuben's Bodies Weening of the Students Minds. 53 00:04:34,820 --> 00:04:41,150 More Thoughts on the causes of the mental and physical decay. The importance of body strength, etc. 54 00:04:41,150 --> 00:04:45,040 Gordis text was a mixture of a reformist gaze with a strong critique of the Bremen's and 55 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:49,980 a revivalist hope of recovering Swaraj through building bodily and mental strength. 56 00:04:49,980 --> 00:04:53,390 Is strongly disagreed with many Romans who considered the colonial period as a 57 00:04:53,390 --> 00:04:57,710 period of a historical transition and who hoped that once this phase would boss, 58 00:04:57,710 --> 00:05:00,860 India would ordain its lost glory once again. 59 00:05:00,860 --> 00:05:09,570 He instead observed, In the last 20 years, the average height of Grellman graduates has diminished by the ratio of two inches. 60 00:05:09,570 --> 00:05:15,560 Britannia's the body strength has also reduced by one third. 61 00:05:15,560 --> 00:05:21,830 The same can be said about the women. I have already shown how society has obtained shortage. 62 00:05:21,830 --> 00:05:27,920 Stone did remind industrious and masculine men are dying. Education and poverty have embraced one another, 63 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:33,860 and the breadth and the verdict of this country has become inversely proportional to the abilities of its graduates. 64 00:05:33,860 --> 00:05:38,300 How can anyone claim that this transition is indicative of a future renaissance? 65 00:05:38,300 --> 00:05:44,390 One of the solutions that Gullett good proposed for the resolution of this crisis is triggered by the colonial education system was to 66 00:05:44,390 --> 00:05:52,520 produce a network of graduate from Ducey's or the Hindu missionaries inspired by the teachings of somewhat around us across the country. 67 00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:56,700 Gaudi's anxiety regarding the decline of the Romans was a widely shared with Bob 68 00:05:56,700 --> 00:06:00,890 and other drug reviewed his book across seven consecutive editorials and Cassity. 69 00:06:00,890 --> 00:06:07,820 Derek largely agreed with goolies pessimistic view, but argued that it was not just the Brahmans were Dentyne moderate and society that suffered 70 00:06:07,820 --> 00:06:12,470 from this decade and that the colonial rule was the main reason behind this condition. 71 00:06:12,470 --> 00:06:16,400 Although Duke shared aspects of gold, it said reflexive critique of the Romans, 72 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:21,890 the late 19th century intellectual and political climate had already be of the V for nationalist imagination, 73 00:06:21,890 --> 00:06:29,330 which sought to affirm the cultural and moral health of Hindu society. The early 19th century insistence on reforming the Hindu society, 74 00:06:29,330 --> 00:06:33,610 evident in the writings and actions of look at the idea and fully had begun to diminish. 75 00:06:33,610 --> 00:06:41,030 The late 19th century, Mr. Shastri, Richard Room go to the self-proclaimed Shivji of the Marathi language declared in his new one Tomala OCD offices 76 00:06:41,030 --> 00:06:49,490 that launch this paradigm shift in Meraki that there is nothing wrong with this country and its people. 77 00:06:49,490 --> 00:06:57,790 Still further develop this MTD form argument in a gulman published in Cassity, on which Moomaw is what margin is public speech at Harvard in 1990. 78 00:06:57,790 --> 00:07:03,570 The margin. He had argued that reforming the familial and social space was a prerequisite for Indian independence. 79 00:07:03,570 --> 00:07:08,520 Duke explained his position most clearly in the following words. I disagree with margining. 80 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:15,930 Consett Obama, for example. Burma had been has been practising all the customs that social reformers desperately desire. 81 00:07:15,930 --> 00:07:23,990 Edward Marriages, Vidaurre Remarriages, Simular Religion. Women are allowed to educate themselves, no goss' system, etc. since long. 82 00:07:23,990 --> 00:07:30,530 But in total, the lack of virtues such as industriousness, being proud of one's creed, religion and language, intense collective ambition, 83 00:07:30,530 --> 00:07:38,810 gordin greatness and the national aspiration to make the nation strong in terms of knowledge, strength, valo and other accomplishments. 84 00:07:38,810 --> 00:07:41,540 The Burmese and the Indians are no different from one another. 85 00:07:41,540 --> 00:07:46,070 All reformers blame the lack of reforms in Indian society for the absence of these virtues. 86 00:07:46,070 --> 00:07:53,570 But the Burmese situation does. Is that because under that order, reformist privilege between social reform and national progress is incorrect and 87 00:07:53,570 --> 00:07:58,010 needs to be modified even if all the videos of Hindustan get rheumatic tomorrow? 88 00:07:58,010 --> 00:08:05,510 The material or spiritual conditions of the country will not change. In short, national progress and social reform are two very different things. 89 00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:11,090 This is the reason why I critique reforms and that proponents, despite not being obvious who many of their ideas. 90 00:08:11,090 --> 00:08:15,410 I think Hindu Dharma and Hindu rostral are more important than social reforms, 91 00:08:15,410 --> 00:08:19,460 and whatever reforms we may need will automatically take place when we devote ourselves 92 00:08:19,460 --> 00:08:24,960 diligently to the task of creating national consciousness amongst the people. 93 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:32,060 Reasonable moving upward good. A professor of Sanskrit did Rajaram College at Global and the editor of a distinguished monthly Tomala, 94 00:08:32,060 --> 00:08:40,550 the newspaper summative and another renowned periodical. Vishal wrote to also read it Durex argument many of times in his writings. 95 00:08:40,550 --> 00:08:45,800 Much like to reject what was not a classical orthodox himself in his personal life and shared delux 96 00:08:45,800 --> 00:08:53,150 believe that political freedom was the mustardy of all the social religious programmes of India, 97 00:08:53,150 --> 00:08:57,830 the nationalist outlook envisioned by Supreme and took upward social reforms and paved the way 98 00:08:57,830 --> 00:09:02,980 for a new form of collective imagination in Modesto that we would go with two of the Kiti. 99 00:09:02,980 --> 00:09:10,460 But isn't it those of this form of nationalist modernism, which was non orthodox and you don't get a form of the late 19th and early 20th century, 100 00:09:10,460 --> 00:09:18,980 and it was also shared by many across political groupings. One of the central concerns of this new imagination was the idea of Rush to use fiction or 101 00:09:18,980 --> 00:09:25,430 national education in 1880 to Bruun go in order to go to started new English school at Pwning. 102 00:09:25,430 --> 00:09:33,710 Subsequently, the principal of the school volunteered. Oddy specified that position on education in his testimony in front of the commission, 103 00:09:33,710 --> 00:09:37,310 and I quote, The aim of the whole educational system at present, 104 00:09:37,310 --> 00:09:41,720 administered as at present administered appeals to me to make the native speaker and 105 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:46,040 write good English and not to enable them to be masters of their mother tongue, 106 00:09:46,040 --> 00:09:51,710 as if the object of the universe object of the university that was sent forth into the void every year. 107 00:09:51,710 --> 00:09:59,000 A lot of anglicised graduates in Strogoff graduated natives, this by the dawn of the century, 108 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:03,740 particularly by nineteen or for ninety five in the aftermath of the partition of Bengal. 109 00:10:03,740 --> 00:10:10,000 Then Luke wanted to put up his four point programme. The idea of national education began to be practised quite widely. 110 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:17,440 Invest in India, apart from the new English school that also employs many other private institutions devoted to the idea of national education, 111 00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:23,430 the somewhat Idella established in 1986 was a pioneering effort in this regard, 112 00:10:23,430 --> 00:10:30,260 which would give somewhat of a dead in rulers of Egypt will go to a tour guide also had to do studies with legendary historian VK Roseworthy. 113 00:10:30,260 --> 00:10:38,420 And he has. He was deeply influenced by the ideology of Swadesh so Busha and so I dunno, that was popularised budget good. 114 00:10:38,420 --> 00:10:42,680 He started somewhat of a delicate boogied and instil these values almost as Steuben's strength. 115 00:10:42,680 --> 00:10:47,150 And Baule had been some of the most significant motivations for cultural nationalists. 116 00:10:47,150 --> 00:10:50,510 The mean that was able to go towards for the school and also for the newspaper 117 00:10:50,510 --> 00:10:54,880 that he ran for about Denias somewhat to meaning Strong indicated this opposition 118 00:10:54,880 --> 00:10:58,730 of its strength and also evoked the memories of somewhat around us a centroid of 119 00:10:58,730 --> 00:11:03,440 the 17th century and the most revered by the English educated modern Romans. 120 00:11:03,440 --> 00:11:07,250 It was from Summerton on Does It Raj, what he heard today of the Dole model for Burma, 121 00:11:07,250 --> 00:11:14,510 which was developed in a variety of ways across roles in Meraki print materials and from the physical exercises, clubs to theatre and cinema. 122 00:11:14,510 --> 00:11:20,960 To illustrate the explicitly masculine character of modesty and humbleness, 123 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:28,340 this explicitly Hindu character of the Net and also the explicitly Hindu character of the national festivals that started in 1990s. 124 00:11:28,340 --> 00:11:33,550 The Festival Undisputedly Festival, but also manifestations of this obsession with strength and power. 125 00:11:33,550 --> 00:11:37,850 The building of the body politic of the nation was the essence of celebrating in two days, 126 00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:43,480 like greenish and Dedee, like historical figures such as separable dishwashing geese recorded celebrations. 127 00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:48,250 A tonic for the fragile nose of the Hindu body politic in Rajouri is another nationally 128 00:11:48,250 --> 00:11:54,160 striking separable issue was imposed as a poor symbol of both Hindu sovereignty and modesty. 129 00:11:54,160 --> 00:12:01,690 She was she was projected as the protector of cows and Romans with the systematic cultivation and dissemination of the myth of somewhat around us. 130 00:12:01,690 --> 00:12:07,390 As she watches grew, particularly by Raj Radi and another somewhat to be audition gods requires Madou the 131 00:12:07,390 --> 00:12:14,560 specificity of moderator than what was articulated in its masculinity and strength. 132 00:12:14,560 --> 00:12:20,470 Somewhat around us. Thus was a recurring symbol of Moskalenko think mental discipline and bollo, 133 00:12:20,470 --> 00:12:27,520 as well as the representative of long after Romans who viewed themselves as the city, as the gurus of all the Verna's. 134 00:12:27,520 --> 00:12:36,100 We just goes joyous for the name of the new school was a deep-rooted metaphor amongst the Brahmin intelligencia of modern not so much of a done. 135 00:12:36,100 --> 00:12:38,110 It began in 1986 and upward. 136 00:12:38,110 --> 00:12:44,260 In a public advertisement of the school, it was mentioned that it was to be affiliated with the upcoming Banaras Hindu University. 137 00:12:44,260 --> 00:12:48,040 However, at somewhat of a delay was already declared illegal by the British government. 138 00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:55,120 By the time the Banaras into University started in 1916, this report of a proposed affiliation never quite materialised. 139 00:12:55,120 --> 00:13:02,710 Soon after its formation, somewhat of a delay was shifted for us to Mitros near upward due to the outbreak of plague and later to torigoe near Pwning. 140 00:13:02,710 --> 00:13:08,740 Although somewhat of a delay was based on the idea of national education, which aimed to decolonised the individuation. 141 00:13:08,740 --> 00:13:15,400 It was not traditional in Dubai charter. It was a modern residential school that sought to incorporate many more than subjects such as history, 142 00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:21,400 geography, mathematics, economics, Meraki drawing Sanskrit and hit sciences in its curriculum. 143 00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:27,430 The sea levels also had a component of religious education and do the institute was technically open to students or for allegiance. 144 00:13:27,430 --> 00:13:34,310 In practise, the content of religious education remained limited only to the spirit of Hinduism. 145 00:13:34,310 --> 00:13:38,200 Though apart from these modern subjects, students were taught pottery, carpentry and knitting, 146 00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:44,920 along with Indian classical vocal and some basic training of other Indian languages, including Gunnedah and Gujarat. 147 00:13:44,920 --> 00:13:49,960 The school was affiliated with the Swadeshi Glass Factory, and the student send for training as well. 148 00:13:49,960 --> 00:13:56,770 The sea levels had somewhat of a delay also in ward decks that were actively circulated and widely read in what I could print publics at the time, 149 00:13:56,770 --> 00:14:00,270 including the votes of somewhat it almost as collection of poetry. 150 00:14:00,270 --> 00:14:08,110 Now, initially, the 13th century Meraki commented in book would be the selections from Kaplan Gosney, one Tomala and selected articles from historian. 151 00:14:08,110 --> 00:14:13,300 His book, The Curriculum, wants to add a significant component to physical exercises and Indian sports. 152 00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:19,450 Also, the school only admitted unmarried male students raw material was one of the most important Predix visits 153 00:14:19,450 --> 00:14:25,970 for admission in the votes and political climate in the aftermath of the assassination of Mr Otto Jackson, 154 00:14:25,970 --> 00:14:29,890 the district collector of Nozick of students. 155 00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:34,600 Many of the members of somewhat of a Delevingne known sympathisers of the revolutionaries, 156 00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:39,100 the colonial government soon declared somewhat of a delay as unlawful in 1910. 157 00:14:39,100 --> 00:14:44,380 And we up up on a few of his colleagues, were sent off to prison when somewhat of a delay was shut down. 158 00:14:44,380 --> 00:14:51,430 Many of its members and including students and teachers, joined Broad Newmarket, quite a few of them, 159 00:14:51,430 --> 00:15:00,060 like she then gone a day and modern history difficult but actually instrumental in the transformation of broad namok into broaden the Barshop broaden. 160 00:15:00,060 --> 00:15:11,490 The Bachata was initiated by not just three Muraki, who will later renamed himself as given the city's wattie after he took some Nesse in 1931. 161 00:15:11,490 --> 00:15:13,810 But then what was established by not interested? 162 00:15:13,810 --> 00:15:19,460 In 1986, after the death of his most revered teacher, Rob Neman, the cities with Eat and took a moment, 163 00:15:19,460 --> 00:15:24,040 it is good to not interest that he named his school, brought Neumont later in 1916, 164 00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:28,120 broadening what was formerly transformed into broaden the Barshop with the arrival of 165 00:15:28,120 --> 00:15:32,200 the vehicle that he Golladay Shastri and those from some of them with delight and a few 166 00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:36,280 others from other traditional sounds good schools like Gongora brothers from police 167 00:15:36,280 --> 00:15:40,150 additional who would at least starting under the ground Modiin Grammar and in Sangli, 168 00:15:40,150 --> 00:15:44,080 Gesher Shasti, Rippetoe over on Jinno at the police S.T. from Bambu, 169 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:50,770 which Newport On-street from being the two shastri days of the vomitous the brother the Barcia began to be oriented to. 170 00:15:50,770 --> 00:15:55,680 Apart from the preening and traditional Indian philosophy since the Gromo and philology, not our interest. 171 00:15:55,680 --> 00:16:05,940 He also incorporated subjects like history, geography, Marathi discursive texts to empower historians for the modern times of. 172 00:16:05,940 --> 00:16:13,890 It was argued by the proponents of running the BARTAL that, like the more than Emmi, has little knowledge of Indian cultural and religious traditions. 173 00:16:13,890 --> 00:16:17,400 A loner, chastity also has little understanding of the modern world. 174 00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:23,220 In our scheme of higher education, the idea is to end simbel, the learning of the word and the new word. 175 00:16:23,220 --> 00:16:30,750 We have designed the syllabus in such a way that the Brodney Bachelor and just pundit's will change the world's opinion about classical Chastity's. 176 00:16:30,750 --> 00:16:37,890 They will not follow the tradition blindly and insteps and synthesise the reason with faith should end up in their search for truth. 177 00:16:37,890 --> 00:16:41,580 And this search will be ASPO the needs of the changing times. 178 00:16:41,580 --> 00:16:46,590 The process that led to the designing of the curriculum at Broaden the BARTAL indicates that there were conscious efforts on 179 00:16:46,590 --> 00:16:53,040 their part to carve a distinct bought from other traditional Sanskrit but chose not Aanchal study and the new English educator. 180 00:16:53,040 --> 00:16:56,400 Chastity's holda somewhat of a delay or for two main courses. 181 00:16:56,400 --> 00:17:03,570 First is the highest hired, of course, would just friction for the training in a specific branch of Hindu theology to become a chastity, 182 00:17:03,570 --> 00:17:07,260 which would take about 10 Petroleos and the other was a secondary cause. 183 00:17:07,260 --> 00:17:13,760 Modern Micucci action for training religious teachers, public speakers and Kohlman Citizens for the secondary cause. 184 00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:20,220 Brodney Barcia, Australia to bring together three different Knoller's traditions Sanskrit Brockert that is Meraki and English, 185 00:17:20,220 --> 00:17:25,140 Sanskrit training and more general information about religious rights. Selected portions from the redoes. 186 00:17:25,140 --> 00:17:31,740 Selections from the city's Nitpicked or one of the six auxiliary disciplines of Indian philosophy known as the V Dongles. 187 00:17:31,740 --> 00:17:37,520 The bug will go to Geeta and will finish it more about it. The Ramayana. The selections, some selections from put on us. 188 00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:40,140 Sounds good literature and boy do re mi monzo philosophy. 189 00:17:40,140 --> 00:17:46,010 Redonda and the Derval Justice Muraki teaching was based on selections from modern prose and poetry, 190 00:17:46,010 --> 00:17:50,880 a knowledge of which was deemed required for an efficient scholarly writer and public speaker. 191 00:17:50,880 --> 00:17:57,000 The level of English Daudt was the equivalent of matriculation, and all the other subjects covered included the history of India, 192 00:17:57,000 --> 00:18:06,980 political systems of England and other European nations, geography and mathematics and basic calculations as required for everyday transactions. 193 00:18:06,980 --> 00:18:13,320 The intellectual genealogy of prominent BARTOSHUK and be triste on the one hand to the classical Indian philosophical traditions, 194 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:18,000 while on the other hand it was organically linked to the forward of cultural nationalism. 195 00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:22,340 Inspired much of the one Grand Duke in the late 19th and early 20th century, 196 00:18:22,340 --> 00:18:28,280 Brodney Bottrell shared the same missionary zeal with which children Gertrude and Egypt could envision modern India as luxury. 197 00:18:28,280 --> 00:18:37,050 When Chastity recollect that Gebran Gosney, when the mother was read and treated at the beach and had an enormous influence on its internal culture. 198 00:18:37,050 --> 00:18:42,090 Although broaden the branch, I was experimenting with both the form and the content of traditional songs with education. 199 00:18:42,090 --> 00:18:50,160 It was not a radical institution by any means. Despite all its modernise, the school admitted only Brahmin meetings as students for many years. 200 00:18:50,160 --> 00:18:54,300 The very first rule you had regarding admission was that the school is open only for the 201 00:18:54,300 --> 00:19:01,050 five Goda and Dovid agreements and begin admitting non Broman students much later in 1930. 202 00:19:01,050 --> 00:19:09,300 However, in the recollection of liberal justices Will Sheehy says that they began admitting no enrolments only by 1942. 203 00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:16,660 In 1916, there was 60 students in the batch of 22 for the higher courts and 38 for the secondary course. 204 00:19:16,660 --> 00:19:19,080 With the rise and spread of the idea of national education, 205 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:24,120 many who were discontent with colonial education were drawn to the Barcia various Liberman's of look. 206 00:19:24,120 --> 00:19:29,070 One took note, notably from across different Meraki speaking areas like Windrow, 207 00:19:29,070 --> 00:19:35,160 editor of Monistrol newspaper from Lockwood Model Schuss Model City Huddy Ani from Yo-Yo Ma corporative normal morality 208 00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:41,910 Volman roll like of Heidelberg gungun the dish one day and go into IBRD from Butoh since doldrums to departure. 209 00:19:41,910 --> 00:19:49,700 This underscores that it's perceived, this underscores its perceived importance and that attraction of. 210 00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:56,100 But the bachata was not limited to a small coterie of traditionalists in a small town like White. 211 00:19:56,100 --> 00:19:59,950 In 1917, Vinoba Amobi also stayed in front of Porcello for six months. 212 00:19:59,950 --> 00:20:07,080 The studies show that it is common for young Geeta. Although most of these guys were orthodox in the matters of religious views with students, 213 00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:13,850 they had arrived at the bottom of the Barcia increasingly lean towards the liberal and reformist position visibly. 214 00:20:13,850 --> 00:20:20,370 This is not normal. The spectrum of ideas of early 20th century nationalism, national education, concepts of traditions, 215 00:20:20,370 --> 00:20:25,920 whether more meaningful anodised about you can do guy achieve the political orientation of bread and butter. 216 00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:32,340 It was evident even in the daily routines of Steuben's of the school or every morning between five a.m. to fight audism, 217 00:20:32,340 --> 00:20:39,740 the students were to recite the morning prayers, which included a sort of dramatic video as well, as we noted, Dumbledore's sour grapes. 218 00:20:39,740 --> 00:20:51,580 SWAT underachieve body. And in the early years, the school was also influenced by the ideas of revolutionary nationalism. 219 00:20:51,580 --> 00:20:58,180 The audience annual report of a liberal to deal debauches of the year 1924 prepared by Gongaware Shortly Sawney. 220 00:20:58,180 --> 00:21:01,750 The report provides interesting details about the school's curriculum, students routines, 221 00:21:01,750 --> 00:21:06,010 the various extracurricular activities of the school and the school's finances, et cetera. 222 00:21:06,010 --> 00:21:12,580 Rodney Barcia was a residential school there. Disciplining bodies was of a vital importance, maintaining personal and public hygiene, 223 00:21:12,580 --> 00:21:17,140 offering Seawell for the sick and upholding sexual and spiritual morality by sustaining much 224 00:21:17,140 --> 00:21:29,630 material and remaining free from any vices but essential aspects of the everyday conduct. 225 00:21:29,630 --> 00:21:34,090 The report, more to data submitted to parliament, was organised at the bar try 1924. 226 00:21:34,090 --> 00:21:38,050 Students were divided into extremists, moderates and Saraj party members, 227 00:21:38,050 --> 00:21:44,840 and all of these groups produced handwritten newspapers to endorse their respective political opinions on other important activity. 228 00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:50,440 The school was to divide the students into smaller groups and send them to different places on foot during the holidays. 229 00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:55,810 For example, in 1924, one group would S.O.S that I'm oblation. Another went to war. 230 00:21:55,810 --> 00:22:03,130 And one other, Venta pointed torigoe. Every year, students would walk for hundreds of miles to different places across moderator. 231 00:22:03,130 --> 00:22:06,310 They would also prepare their own food with their meagre resources, 232 00:22:06,310 --> 00:22:11,460 the body to discipline and the qualities of austerity, physical endurance and connexions with countryside. 233 00:22:11,460 --> 00:22:19,180 Two long journeys on foot that advocated, cultivated and prised in Gandhian nationalism were also dead for debated in the book. 234 00:22:19,180 --> 00:22:28,600 In the Battle of the Philosophical Foundation, however, was a deliberate attempt at blending sounds good to take and Western education. 235 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:32,310 Rodney Barcia and the new candidness. 236 00:22:32,310 --> 00:22:39,200 Rodney Barcia also played a critical role in the advent of an anti Orthodox idea of what do damage million units in the early 20th century 237 00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:46,290 after a politics of consensus about the notion of modern handedness was generalised to various intellectuals reformist initiatives. 238 00:22:46,290 --> 00:22:50,590 Although Saladrigas influential text Hindutva has obtained a canonical status in this regard, 239 00:22:50,590 --> 00:22:54,340 it is important to note that many such projects that are undertaken during this period, 240 00:22:54,340 --> 00:23:00,010 such as the historically and chronologically arranged Encyclopaedia of the Shastra, which is Dr McCool's, 241 00:23:00,010 --> 00:23:07,270 which began in 1931 at White America Volume History of Derwish Estero Upon during Volman Garney in 1930. 242 00:23:07,270 --> 00:23:12,370 And the idea of new Hinduism propagated by the dormant Internet Mundos founded 243 00:23:12,370 --> 00:23:16,370 by Not ArchCity Marathi will not just equal zie and Modu says to be difficult. 244 00:23:16,370 --> 00:23:25,750 Akello NOLA in 1944. All of these efforts significantly contributed to the making of a new internationalist and modernist cultural politics of India. 245 00:23:25,750 --> 00:23:31,890 The common institutional norm that connected these concertedly had diverse efforts was brought in the Barshop 246 00:23:31,890 --> 00:23:36,550 religious at different conferences to deliberate on the pressing question of reforms within the derwish. 247 00:23:36,550 --> 00:23:41,350 Estero began to be organised in modest Christens the night. Since the orderly 1920s. 248 00:23:41,350 --> 00:23:46,540 In these conferences, this is not in a position about a staunch belief in the divine status of the redoes. 249 00:23:46,540 --> 00:23:52,420 And does Mutis, as the codification of universal and absolute truth, was explicitly articulated. 250 00:23:52,420 --> 00:23:57,670 It was argued that Mutis should be practised to the liquor, and even if the spirit these were to be interpreted, 251 00:23:57,670 --> 00:24:02,920 they could only be interpreted in the light of the philosophy of Woodwell Me Monzo in 1920. 252 00:24:02,920 --> 00:24:08,080 In terms of bloodshed which was organised in Nozick, the Rodney Boatwright's hostages, 253 00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:14,980 namely Muraki and Devika, presented a 14 point programme of reforming various Hindu beliefs and Customs Leito. 254 00:24:14,980 --> 00:24:20,470 In January 1926, a conference of Chastity's and pundits was organised by Gey show that the model at Thorngate, 255 00:24:20,470 --> 00:24:26,070 in condition no demand of the Santoshi Morrocco, could one day go. 256 00:24:26,070 --> 00:24:32,540 It was the president and many eminent Chastity's and religious preachers, including Orchard's of various veto's as well as the political petion. 257 00:24:32,540 --> 00:24:38,290 Good idea that in attendance, the conference led to dislike the significant debate amongst the pundits. 258 00:24:38,290 --> 00:24:43,740 A group of Chastity's such as Rajesh Shorthouse Three Brothers. Look, someone just redivert on the Christmas bastardy, etc. 259 00:24:43,740 --> 00:24:48,130 I insisted on the continuance of absolute morality of all disabilities. 260 00:24:48,130 --> 00:24:52,150 That is the done much astros' in the modern age that demanded that all the Hindu religious 261 00:24:52,150 --> 00:24:57,370 custom should be followed as dictated by the Astros without any changes whatsoever. 262 00:24:57,370 --> 00:25:01,840 The party Berthon body, the reformist justices from the bar trial, on the other hand, 263 00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:05,860 stated the necessity of adopting the term which ousted us to the changing times. 264 00:25:05,860 --> 00:25:10,600 Some of the points to made as follows. One dermo is not static. 265 00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:18,100 It underwent remarkable changes to history. Although it seasons will not change, its form will be open to four new interpretations. 266 00:25:18,100 --> 00:25:22,870 In the changing times two, it is critical to understand the various transformations in DERMO. 267 00:25:22,870 --> 00:25:28,800 Historically, the videos are not divine and were not written but written by men and cities and put our 268 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:33,460 nose sympathy's and put on as reflect how their emotional stress changed through time. 269 00:25:33,460 --> 00:25:40,480 Three Although the hospitals do not allow God ordered Hindu's to be purified and readmitted into Hinduism, it must find a way to do so. 270 00:25:40,480 --> 00:25:47,920 All the food would not exist in the colunga, and to consider that the country as individuals do not exist in modern age is gravely erroneous. 271 00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:55,990 And lastly, Hindus who have crossed the seas should not be asked to perform a penance ritual or seek atonement of any kind anymore. 272 00:25:55,990 --> 00:26:01,720 These and many more points put forward by the in the BATO as hostages that intensely debated in the confidence under the confidence. 273 00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:05,290 Could northera you render decisions regarding these issues that it is inconceivable to 274 00:26:05,290 --> 00:26:09,010 be between the two groups of pundits was glaringly articulate it for the first time. 275 00:26:09,010 --> 00:26:13,180 The proposition that the Hindu derwish I is changed over time and it should also change 276 00:26:13,180 --> 00:26:18,160 with the modern times was considered at best radical and at worst blasphemous by many. 277 00:26:18,160 --> 00:26:25,330 Similarly, issues resurfaced in the next religious conference organised at Hyderabad in 1927, and another set of heated debates followed. 278 00:26:25,330 --> 00:26:35,670 Bronwyn Bishop of Rome and Conference organised in. DiMeo in 1927 announced unequivocally that all costs that equal views of one another. 279 00:26:35,670 --> 00:26:42,460 Interesting to note, here is a comment from City Rush into the editor of Vijay Murata on the Brauman conference at Akolo. 280 00:26:42,460 --> 00:26:46,260 This regarding any difference between the Orthodox pundits and applauding the bachelor collective. 281 00:26:46,260 --> 00:26:50,040 He argued that the willingness shown by the Brahmins to consider every cost as 282 00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:54,180 equal was only due to the immense pressure put on put on by this official. 283 00:26:54,180 --> 00:26:59,850 That movement, the cheek or the butchery party born to destroy the Zionist regime will be communism. 284 00:26:59,850 --> 00:27:06,480 He claimed that if Brahmins who, if unleashed, can even king the God himself are now accepting everyone as their equal. 285 00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:11,290 It was only because of duty dolefully the lending of non Romanism. 286 00:27:11,290 --> 00:27:14,990 The confidence, the Roman confidence witness Debrett's about two issues, in particular, 287 00:27:14,990 --> 00:27:20,270 the status of individuals into into dining and intermarriage between different sub costs of romance, 288 00:27:20,270 --> 00:27:26,600 not our interest anymore to proclaim that in the video that Vidhu, whose head has not been achieved, 289 00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:32,510 the show should not be considered auspicious and should be allowed to participate in every religious ritual. 290 00:27:32,510 --> 00:27:36,290 He also strongly advocated intermarriages between different Brahmins of costs. 291 00:27:36,290 --> 00:27:40,330 He fought the claim that all the Monarchos and other Radeon gossips like monies that 292 00:27:40,330 --> 00:27:44,450 the three Rs and should be allowed to access the verdict rituals in these confidences. 293 00:27:44,450 --> 00:27:47,630 The Chastity's will broaden the Bojana highlighted the importance of his story, 294 00:27:47,630 --> 00:27:52,370 sizing the formation of the Hindu Dharmic tradition, which led to the idea of Dharma Goosh, 295 00:27:52,370 --> 00:27:56,130 which is a project of historical ordering of the various laws of the spookies, 296 00:27:56,130 --> 00:28:03,030 a project that began in 1931 under the editorship of Lakshman Just DLC and its continued till this date there. 297 00:28:03,030 --> 00:28:11,570 MacOS was organised around the many aspects of Vedic religion. Some schorno, such as people who voted an out of Nostromo should d [INAUDIBLE], 298 00:28:11,570 --> 00:28:18,020 etc. Each volume represented chronologically arranged watching notes that could be found across numerous Vedic 299 00:28:18,020 --> 00:28:23,840 texts as best to present a historical map of the changes that took place within the Vedic religious universe. 300 00:28:23,840 --> 00:28:28,220 The idea behind the term, of course, was to examine the transformations within the various concepts, 301 00:28:28,220 --> 00:28:31,940 values and theories that were foundational to Indian society. 302 00:28:31,940 --> 00:28:37,550 The central impulse behind this reformism instigated by Notar in custody was nationalism. 303 00:28:37,550 --> 00:28:42,830 More specifically, the form of nationalism inspired but not ancestry belonging. 304 00:28:42,830 --> 00:28:47,750 If you can just give me a minute or two. 305 00:28:47,750 --> 00:28:51,590 Just just two more minutes. Yeah. Not Aanchal. 306 00:28:51,590 --> 00:28:58,700 So. All right. So not ArchCity argue that through his reading of the Boggo, that text, 307 00:28:58,700 --> 00:29:02,560 he realised that in the ancient period of Hindu history, many people could change that. 308 00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:09,620 Verna's, which convinced him that goss' based hierarchical, goriest in the social order was not essential to the conceptualisation of influence. 309 00:29:09,620 --> 00:29:14,870 He also found various other textual pieces of evidence for the existence of added manages, divorce, 310 00:29:14,870 --> 00:29:24,170 etc. in Indian society and therefore argued textual feudal aspects of religion could and should change, according to Daesh Goll and put a study. 311 00:29:24,170 --> 00:29:31,340 To sum up to conclude that a number of other people that I wanted to talk about, however. 312 00:29:31,340 --> 00:29:35,930 So in conclusion, I would say that the emotional gloss of reform is Romines, 313 00:29:35,930 --> 00:29:42,000 a few trained in that much Austro and many who were English educated who recognise the need to reformulate the word hierarchy. 314 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:48,230 Pilley oriented Hindu social order that Gosta operated as fixed and given the envisaged a new category of political 315 00:29:48,230 --> 00:29:54,530 identity Hindu that would disregard the internal fact sections and hierarchies within the Indian society. 316 00:29:54,530 --> 00:30:00,610 This new discourse referred to then, which I stood up only as a signifier of ancient beauty and an occasional guidebook, 317 00:30:00,610 --> 00:30:05,270 would rather abandon the Castros whenever it created tensions within the political category. 318 00:30:05,270 --> 00:30:08,990 All those outcomes will continue. Published in 1923, the present disposition. 319 00:30:08,990 --> 00:30:11,540 Most clearly it was the Brodney March, our collective, 320 00:30:11,540 --> 00:30:17,060 that created the historical context for its consumption and wider acceptance in the public discourse by 321 00:30:17,060 --> 00:30:23,270 providing evidence from the Derwish Austro for the historical transformations within the Hindu social order. 322 00:30:23,270 --> 00:30:30,500 Thank you. Thank you, Robert. Sorry for interrupting you, but I want to make sure that there was enough time. 323 00:30:30,500 --> 00:30:35,510 So the question was such an excellent paper, fantastic presentation. 324 00:30:35,510 --> 00:30:45,700 So I want to invite people who are attending to type in questions in the queue on a box that we can begin with. 325 00:30:45,700 --> 00:30:50,210 Frank Sunland's comment for now. 326 00:30:50,210 --> 00:30:56,700 He says, excellent paper. Am I correct in remembering that Purgative per Lakshman Justly Gelo. 327 00:30:56,700 --> 00:31:02,060 She was a student at departure. Yes, absolutely. 328 00:31:02,060 --> 00:31:10,430 He was the student then and later the leader of Brother Barcia in the in the second half of nine, 329 00:31:10,430 --> 00:31:16,940 Custardy actually took Sounness in 1931 and took very little part in the everyday office of the school. 330 00:31:16,940 --> 00:31:24,820 It was shown just that he was sort of, you know, took the initiative to develop this vital into a wider network. 331 00:31:24,820 --> 00:31:31,570 Of one important aspect that I should mention here is that, look, one, chastity also became a node who connected brought the bachata to, 332 00:31:31,570 --> 00:31:36,810 on the one hand with Gandhi and on the other hand with Edmond, Roy and Onda. 333 00:31:36,810 --> 00:31:40,030 And he was also closely associated with looked at it and so on. 334 00:31:40,030 --> 00:31:45,350 And the non Brahmin movement brought the watch out in a luxury undeveloped and interesting. 335 00:31:45,350 --> 00:31:53,620 She actually operated as a much wider and reformist sort of, you know, police. 336 00:31:53,620 --> 00:31:58,720 Thank you. Rahul Suchin, Cape Cod has a question. 337 00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:09,750 He asks, How was Sophocles sharp criticism of Coston Orthodox Hinduism, the seven Jain's received by Pradnya Shah? 338 00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:20,040 Thank you so soon. I think this is this is one of the things that the debate for a good number of times, I think what happens in there by early 1930s. 339 00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:24,120 We see that there emerge two kinds of factions within Brodney by. 340 00:32:24,120 --> 00:32:28,650 On the one hand, we have Lakshman Chastity's all XI and on the other hand, we have Modu Shastri, 341 00:32:28,650 --> 00:32:34,170 Devika Mahadi, which has to be difficult along with luxury and not just a cosy forms. 342 00:32:34,170 --> 00:32:42,670 A new organisation called Datamonitor name Wonder. And then when you then wonder, becomes a far more salver good right in its orientation. 343 00:32:42,670 --> 00:32:47,220 All on board. These factions would agree on all of those critiques of Hinduism. 344 00:32:47,220 --> 00:32:52,020 That's our Hasbrook and propagated. In fact, they would go even further than our God. 345 00:32:52,020 --> 00:32:57,680 They would even provide evidences to cut in order to to a poor salary because views. 346 00:32:57,680 --> 00:33:04,300 But look, were just the evil. Becoming Griest and becoming more Marxist and more critical to the very idea of 347 00:33:04,300 --> 00:33:08,910 Dharma would differ from regular Chastity Auxerre and mothers just to be difficult. 348 00:33:08,910 --> 00:33:15,000 Who began to understand Dharma or use that category more in a political sense. 349 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:20,100 Much in the solid, Caveh. Thank you, Rob. 350 00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:30,090 They don't seem to be more questions in the chat box for now, but I wanted to invite the other people, moderators and others who are available here. 351 00:33:30,090 --> 00:33:37,290 If you want to turn on your mike and ask a question. If not, I will, but I will have one of my own. 352 00:33:37,290 --> 00:33:42,720 But I first wanted to see if anyone else had a question. But I guess it is a question of Dominick's. 353 00:33:42,720 --> 00:33:47,710 Isn't that a little bit further up the chain? Oh, I didn't see that. 354 00:33:47,710 --> 00:33:54,470 OK. The new ones, I didn't see them. OK, Dominic, go ahead. 355 00:33:54,470 --> 00:33:57,530 Oh, sure. I'll just say Rala. Thank you. 356 00:33:57,530 --> 00:34:06,140 This was a really fantastic paper and it's just really wonderful to see how your work has progressed over the years. 357 00:34:06,140 --> 00:34:14,930 And my question was just about the methods that of learning that were used in these educational reform projects. 358 00:34:14,930 --> 00:34:21,780 I was struck that Rahm Dawson on dusty texts were so important. And so I'm wondering, was there self-conscious? 359 00:34:21,780 --> 00:34:28,720 I'm too rich, burned to some kind of precolonial way of of teaching. 360 00:34:28,720 --> 00:34:35,930 Like I'm thinking of like mnemonics or bodily discipline. Like the way that content was actually delivered to students. 361 00:34:35,930 --> 00:34:43,790 And then just a small question about whether there was any teaching of Modise script or reading of historical documents, 362 00:34:43,790 --> 00:34:48,300 or was that not part of the curriculum? All right. 363 00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:54,360 Thanks. Thanks, Dominick's, and very good to see you, officer, long time, right, infector. 364 00:34:54,360 --> 00:35:03,060 Bye bye. I could have fined some of the details about reading Maudy script, but that was read. 365 00:35:03,060 --> 00:35:10,440 The script was used to essentially exs, the Durham Hatemi, Gorder, much faster attacks that were done in Maudy. 366 00:35:10,440 --> 00:35:15,960 Not a great number but do. But but Moody wasn't really reading history. 367 00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:18,750 Wasn't really the preoccupation that do a great extent. 368 00:35:18,750 --> 00:35:25,050 However, history was very much the project of history was very much important to history size that much. 369 00:35:25,050 --> 00:35:30,420 I start with story size. The contemporary conditions of India was very critical. 370 00:35:30,420 --> 00:35:38,550 So, you know, history emerges as a way in which you want to see that it emerged in market, public sphere of that timeframe. 371 00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:44,130 I think the other question of yours is, is slightly more difficult for me to answer about mnemonics or other kinds of techniques, 372 00:35:44,130 --> 00:35:48,570 because there is very little evidence to sort of work to this of, you know, 373 00:35:48,570 --> 00:35:54,720 most of the information that I could gather is to some of the reports that I had an access to. 374 00:35:54,720 --> 00:35:58,710 These had very little reflections on the specific techniques in the classroom. 375 00:35:58,710 --> 00:36:01,750 How did the classroom actually look like? 376 00:36:01,750 --> 00:36:11,670 And other than a more important source for me has been the memoirs and other kinds of writings by these people who were involved in this project. 377 00:36:11,670 --> 00:36:20,390 So this is something that I should be exploring more. Thanks. Thanks for this. The next question is by Rachel Sturman. 378 00:36:20,390 --> 00:36:23,810 And she says, fantastic paper. Thank you. 379 00:36:23,810 --> 00:36:35,820 I'm wondering if the Pragnell Parcher specifically attempted to link the intellectual content of education to Brahmin men's bodily health. 380 00:36:35,820 --> 00:36:40,400 Yeah. Thank you, Rachel. I think that is one of the important concerns that they had. 381 00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:43,360 One interesting. So just to be difficulties, again, 382 00:36:43,360 --> 00:36:51,820 the key person here who wrote a number of texts in Meraki and most of these texts actually addressed the two critical crises that he had in mind. 383 00:36:51,820 --> 00:36:55,780 So he uses Hindu society that is bleak by two kind of crises. 384 00:36:55,780 --> 00:37:01,060 One is this crisis of the mind that is essentially in considering oneself. 385 00:37:01,060 --> 00:37:08,170 And this was ideas in video to the West and which is, of course, connected to the wider crisis, which is the crisis of the body. 386 00:37:08,170 --> 00:37:14,350 And the body is, of course, the material human body, but also this figurative body of the nation, 387 00:37:14,350 --> 00:37:24,610 the figurative body of religion and all of that sort. So that is in order to sort of get rid of that sense of deep seated sense of self. 388 00:37:24,610 --> 00:37:28,990 One needs to revive the spirit of religiosity. 389 00:37:28,990 --> 00:37:33,220 And that spirit of religiosity is not to be found in orthodox forms. 390 00:37:33,220 --> 00:37:39,670 It has to happen in sort of entity foremost modernist manhood. 391 00:37:39,670 --> 00:37:45,490 That kind of answer your question, Nicole sheep. 392 00:37:45,490 --> 00:37:51,990 Rachael said that it is in some ways related to Dominic's question about how education should happen. 393 00:37:51,990 --> 00:37:55,000 Oh, okay. Okay. So that is Butterly. 394 00:37:55,000 --> 00:38:01,100 One of the things that is very, very important for them is that education, because it's a residential school, whether it was somewhat of a debt, 395 00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:09,940 it started with a job worker or brought them Barcia and residential school for brumm majorities of, you know, unmarried young men. 396 00:38:09,940 --> 00:38:14,830 And one of the important aspects of that curriculum is physical exercise, 397 00:38:14,830 --> 00:38:23,410 which is including indians' forms, including in the long walks, including morning physical exercises. 398 00:38:23,410 --> 00:38:34,750 And that or I mean, part of that culture is also sort of bolstered by this enormous dusty bottom up that, you know, 399 00:38:34,750 --> 00:38:42,850 you'd you'd imagine to be like the drama Dossie missionary Hindu missionaries will in from the Dome is also used many, 400 00:38:42,850 --> 00:38:48,930 many times by the vicar Shastri and his writings. Rachel says, thank you. 401 00:38:48,930 --> 00:38:54,070 Which actually reminds me of. OK. 402 00:38:54,070 --> 00:38:59,600 Where did it go? It was like that comment is a fairly good. 403 00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:08,230 Like I can see this. OK. OK, but we have only five go and now we have two more questions. 404 00:39:08,230 --> 00:39:16,360 But maybe we might have to take Leigh's question as the last one here unless we have more time after your response. 405 00:39:16,360 --> 00:39:17,350 So Lee asks, 406 00:39:17,350 --> 00:39:27,310 do any of these reformist reformist brown months or does any part of the educational course in the pragnell pie chart recognise buckteeth practises, 407 00:39:27,310 --> 00:39:31,300 even the writings of Tukaram? Was there any attention to Maharashtrian? 408 00:39:31,300 --> 00:39:34,660 Indeed, these condole by duty by itself. Thank you. 409 00:39:34,660 --> 00:39:38,780 Thank you. This is such a wonderful question. I think, yes, that is the know. 410 00:39:38,780 --> 00:39:42,340 There is a recognition of Tukaram a few times, 411 00:39:42,340 --> 00:39:50,760 but I don't think there'll be any attention to Dobelle or other kinds of these food deities for the sake. 412 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:56,840 They wouldn't do the attention to go and put the of course, and and Hanuman. 413 00:39:56,840 --> 00:40:06,910 But. But interestingly, what happens in the later part of this project is that the emphasis on Dedee or emphasis on this certain kind of religiosity, 414 00:40:06,910 --> 00:40:15,490 practical reform, activity of religion became less and less significant as as it sort of developed into and under the doctrine, 415 00:40:15,490 --> 00:40:18,370 which as a result she has of interest is she, in fact, 416 00:40:18,370 --> 00:40:26,740 went all the way in 1941 to see a do argue that Hinduism is nothing but a bunch of legal Trudi's is much like what Ombud could have done in 1930, 417 00:40:26,740 --> 00:40:35,110 36, in fact, wanted to dismantle this religion or to give the looking look just justice, though she went all the way in the 1940s. 418 00:40:35,110 --> 00:40:40,510 So this this direction did not have much of a space for buckteeth tradition. 419 00:40:40,510 --> 00:40:42,850 Or, of course, Schrum does was critical. 420 00:40:42,850 --> 00:40:53,800 And that kind of book, the war is very much recognised in value, but none of the three, not even that issue of figures to that significantly. 421 00:40:53,800 --> 00:41:01,690 Thank you. We have a few more minutes. Shalin, did you have a question or should I go ahead to student of X case question? 422 00:41:01,690 --> 00:41:07,220 No, I think I think let the participants ask if that's OK then, other than me. 423 00:41:07,220 --> 00:41:11,830 So so maybe we can quickly have Christian's question here. 424 00:41:11,830 --> 00:41:17,470 He says thank you for this engaging paper, given that reform is not a singular concept. 425 00:41:17,470 --> 00:41:21,490 I'd like to know more about how you use the term reform in this essay. 426 00:41:21,490 --> 00:41:29,800 For example, in comparison to how reform takes shape in Stardust paper through appeals to colonial liberalism. 427 00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:35,300 Wow. Thank you. Thank you so much for this wonderful question. 428 00:41:35,300 --> 00:41:43,820 I think I think it's difficult to sort of identify reform as it as it sort of generally understood and seen as critical. 429 00:41:43,820 --> 00:41:57,590 Or no. I think what is happening here for me, as far as I understand, is a revaluation of a tradition that you can not be of a friend, 430 00:41:57,590 --> 00:42:04,820 that you are very much berkovic and the word underclass that we know not going to uses for these people that I referred to in my people, 431 00:42:04,820 --> 00:42:13,820 that underclass, those people who mostly of the not really trained in English or or the use of the kind of understanding 432 00:42:13,820 --> 00:42:20,970 of reform for them is deeply associated with this whole metaphor of of seed and root and tree. 433 00:42:20,970 --> 00:42:26,960 And that that is also figured in in John in his writings and in the rise of power. 434 00:42:26,960 --> 00:42:34,400 So this is this is there is something different thinking about organic mass, organic relationship with society. 435 00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:37,970 And in order to keep that intact, you need change. 436 00:42:37,970 --> 00:42:44,970 You need to modify. But you cannot lose, decide or relationship with this wider organism that you're part of. 437 00:42:44,970 --> 00:42:51,590 And I think inductions, what they're doing is that they're fighting with orthodoxies to make them aware of the changing times. 438 00:42:51,590 --> 00:42:58,930 And they're also innovative having a debate with the reformist reformists who are very, very critical of religion. 439 00:42:58,930 --> 00:43:05,120 But they're also trying to have a conversation with the reformers to sort of make them aware that you need to keep that relationship, 440 00:43:05,120 --> 00:43:08,220 the umbilical cord with the society intact. 441 00:43:08,220 --> 00:43:15,060 And that is the kind of predicament that they are in, which is the Turkish tradition, which is also, you know. 442 00:43:15,060 --> 00:43:20,690 But of course, there are these these there are a number of different trajectories within Rodney budget. 443 00:43:20,690 --> 00:43:28,460 So they're not always singular. Well, I know I know that I haven't really answered you very satisfactorily. 444 00:43:28,460 --> 00:43:33,470 But give me sort of think more about this. Thank you, Randall. 445 00:43:33,470 --> 00:43:39,170 And there are two more questions by Sightly Bunday that that any pretty good. 446 00:43:39,170 --> 00:43:46,550 But I don't think we have time challenged. Do we have time to go into the questions beyond twelve and beyond the time? 447 00:43:46,550 --> 00:43:51,140 I think so long as there only two. I guess we might, yes. 448 00:43:51,140 --> 00:43:57,500 So far I can see only two. So Smiley asks, I says, insightful paper indeed, Rathole. 449 00:43:57,500 --> 00:44:07,340 How did the local Orthodox Brahmin community of Y receive the Berkshire model of education, especially religious reformist education? 450 00:44:07,340 --> 00:44:11,690 What were their responses? Buildings are not happy at all. 451 00:44:11,690 --> 00:44:18,770 No. Viag also had bogusly Lily, who published Detmer as a periodical and who was extremely critical of the non Roman 452 00:44:18,770 --> 00:44:22,800 movement's attempts to in order to claim Chatrier status and broaden the budget. 453 00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:26,420 I was extremely supportive of the of that end of the budget. 454 00:44:26,420 --> 00:44:34,260 In fact, Devika was one of the first trustees to write in support that supported the claims of the books as it wishes. 455 00:44:34,260 --> 00:44:44,840 But that what happened in the in the in the longer term is that Brother Borgia was not that radically or no rhetorically aggressive brother. 456 00:44:44,840 --> 00:44:48,160 I was at this point, a personality at the forefront. 457 00:44:48,160 --> 00:44:54,860 But given this, that is what he was, very, very flawed, quiet and calm, sort of a person that was not you know, 458 00:44:54,860 --> 00:44:59,660 you would find too many situations where it's confrontational, rather watch out. 459 00:44:59,660 --> 00:45:09,860 Did a lot of writings and public speeches and all that, but all of those were sort of taken as problematic or different. 460 00:45:09,860 --> 00:45:17,380 But there was never a real problem in terms of sitting together or cooperating with the wider orthodoxy. 461 00:45:17,380 --> 00:45:23,990 However, of course, the number of people who oppose them are very, very large, including the you know, the Banaras pundits, 462 00:45:23,990 --> 00:45:29,970 including the Duale pundits, including the value pundits and says including the whole Upwood pundits. 463 00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:35,030 So it was a very lawn's sort of a battle on the on that we are in federal debt. 464 00:45:35,030 --> 00:45:45,020 So you would actually see them becoming more public speakers, the public intellectuals, rather than operating at Chastity's in the late obedient. 465 00:45:45,020 --> 00:45:49,310 Thank you. Well, actually, there are two. One is by Polly O'Hanlan, which I missed. 466 00:45:49,310 --> 00:45:59,360 That was a. And then there's one by Prati. Polly asks Polly, do you want to turn on your mike and ask yourself. 467 00:45:59,360 --> 00:46:10,100 OK, I can read it. Bolly says, interesting that the physical culture aspect of these new initiatives seem to have bitten Brahmin ised, 468 00:46:10,100 --> 00:46:15,830 whereas the precolonial culture of practising strength, building and martial skills was much more socially open. 469 00:46:15,830 --> 00:46:29,720 Would that be correct? I mean, yeah, it seems so horrible that they sort of two distinct I'm pretty sure the two distinct ideas are speechless. 470 00:46:29,720 --> 00:46:31,730 I think they're sort of, you know, 471 00:46:31,730 --> 00:46:39,260 deeply implicated into one another because all of this and I'm Dulcy Traditional is also of the body-building and cultivation of all of that. 472 00:46:39,260 --> 00:46:43,130 And so much of it was also connected with this whole practise of literacy and 473 00:46:43,130 --> 00:46:49,220 writing and back sort of practising and disciplining of the mind as well. 474 00:46:49,220 --> 00:46:55,700 So discipline is key here, I think. And that is is located in that precolonial tradition, 475 00:46:55,700 --> 00:47:01,520 which is identified as distinct from in the much the same way, I think what happens in full leave. 476 00:47:01,520 --> 00:47:11,230 There is a distinction that emerges between the Romney book, the Endemol Rollman book, the that kind of also operates here in the board manuals. 477 00:47:11,230 --> 00:47:15,530 Thanks. And the very final question is, by practicals it by day. 478 00:47:15,530 --> 00:47:22,740 And she asks, how did women feature in the imagination of the pragnell Barcia initiates? 479 00:47:22,740 --> 00:47:23,330 Yeah. 480 00:47:23,330 --> 00:47:37,350 I mean, apparently you don't find too many women or too many gender questions or concerns talked about in by these, you know, the batch of associates. 481 00:47:37,350 --> 00:47:45,090 But there is a discussion of gender. Of course. Or women as as as you know, as the typical classical feminine space, 482 00:47:45,090 --> 00:47:52,110 which is to be protected from the from the colonial gaze and the east and the Muslim gaze and all that. 483 00:47:52,110 --> 00:47:57,910 So it's in a very, very, very, very orthodox in that regard, particularly difficult. 484 00:47:57,910 --> 00:48:01,850 Shasti. Thank you so much, Rahul. 485 00:48:01,850 --> 00:48:06,818 And thank you for the amazing questions and for the presentation. I should.