1 00:00:09,210 --> 00:00:14,740 OK, well, good afternoon, everybody. 2 00:00:14,740 --> 00:00:23,710 Greetings from the South Asia, the modern South Asia Seminar here in Oxford, UK. 3 00:00:23,710 --> 00:00:28,720 I hope this finds you all doing okay in these troubled times. 4 00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:35,980 Troubled, but now rather more hopeful times, I think, than was the case yesterday. 5 00:00:35,980 --> 00:00:49,570 Well, today, we're absolutely delighted to have with us Professor Cynthia Torbert from the Department of History at the University of Austin in Texas. 6 00:00:49,570 --> 00:00:57,040 Professor Torbert will be known to very many of you, a leading historian of mediaeval and early modern India. 7 00:00:57,040 --> 00:01:07,210 Her first book, Precolonial India in Practise Society, Region and Identity and Mediaeval Ondra, published in 2001, 8 00:01:07,210 --> 00:01:15,730 was an absolutely pathbreaking exploration of the complex layers of political and cultural 9 00:01:15,730 --> 00:01:22,540 affiliation which shaped the important state of the cockatiels based in the warrior lineages 10 00:01:22,540 --> 00:01:32,860 of mediaeval endre and the ways in which these lineages map themselves onto a subcontinent 11 00:01:32,860 --> 00:01:41,950 that was increasingly exposed to the power and also the opportunities of the Mughal north. 12 00:01:41,950 --> 00:01:48,910 Professor Talbert's interest in historical memory and its role in shaping identities and relationships 13 00:01:48,910 --> 00:01:56,860 of many kinds has really marked out her subsequent work and made the case in a unique way. 14 00:01:56,860 --> 00:02:03,430 I think amongst historians of the early modern made the case for the importance of 15 00:02:03,430 --> 00:02:12,120 memory and emotional regimes in the history of the subcontinent's warrior cultures. 16 00:02:12,120 --> 00:02:16,080 Her most recent book, The Last Hindu Emperor. 17 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:28,440 Pretty, Pretty, writes Tahan and the Indian passed 12 hundreds to 2000, published in 2016, won the Association for Asian Studies, 18 00:02:28,440 --> 00:02:38,850 AK Kumara Swami Book Price and a very prestigious prise for the best English language scholarly work on South Asia. 19 00:02:38,850 --> 00:02:49,710 So it's an enormous pleasure to welcome Professor John Roberts, who will talk to us today on the theme of Rajput loyalties in the mutual age. 20 00:02:49,710 --> 00:02:55,440 Just to let you know that at the end, as Professor Talbert's talk, 21 00:02:55,440 --> 00:03:05,910 there will be a short opportunity for those of you who would like to Emet to not email, who would like to put questions to Professor Tolbert. 22 00:03:05,910 --> 00:03:09,780 Please do so if you'd like to via the Q and A box. 23 00:03:09,780 --> 00:03:14,230 That should be there at the bottom of your screens. 24 00:03:14,230 --> 00:03:20,640 You send in questions. I'll pick I'll pick ones that that seem to be most pertinent. 25 00:03:20,640 --> 00:03:25,680 And Professor Tolbert, we'll have a short chance to respond. 26 00:03:25,680 --> 00:03:33,600 Well, thank you very much indeed. Once again, everyone, for joining us. And Professor Torbert, over to you. 27 00:03:33,600 --> 00:03:41,550 Thank you very much for inviting me. And this is a great opportunity for me to introduce some of my recent work. 28 00:03:41,550 --> 00:03:46,340 I have slightly changed the title of my talk. 29 00:03:46,340 --> 00:03:53,280 Once I realised that the previous titles are actually very close to the title of an article by Norman Ziegler. 30 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:59,610 So I changed fighting to a competing loyalties to King and King and Upwith India, 31 00:03:59,610 --> 00:04:08,010 which gives you a little bit more information about what I'm trying to do today. So I'd like to reflect on the issue of loyalty and Mughal era India. 32 00:04:08,010 --> 00:04:13,410 And I'll do so through a brief exploration of the histories of three sets of brothers 33 00:04:13,410 --> 00:04:22,200 from separate warrior lineages of Rajastan of the heart out shorthands based in Burundi. 34 00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:29,240 Okay, I'm trying to get my no PowerPoint to work here because it is not there earlier. 35 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:33,540 So how much of your hands based in Burundi? Over here. 36 00:04:33,540 --> 00:04:41,340 There are tours of Beker, there appear. And the societies of midwater who are based in Shita over here at the time. 37 00:04:41,340 --> 00:04:49,740 Now this map, of course, shows the various kingdoms in the colonial era when the boundaries, boundaries were very, very fixed. 38 00:04:49,740 --> 00:04:57,600 But that wasn't the case at all in the timeframe we were considering. Now the brothers I'm looking at were all active in the midst of rapid political 39 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:02,460 change and dramatic fluctuations and territorial control during the 50s, 40 00:05:02,460 --> 00:05:06,990 60s and 50s, 70s. In these decades, they look at the Movil. 41 00:05:06,990 --> 00:05:12,780 Emperor Upwey was making deep inroads into the regions of Rajastan in Gujarat. 42 00:05:12,780 --> 00:05:20,870 An increasing number of Rajput lineages had joined the Movil bandwagon following UPA successful siege. 43 00:05:20,870 --> 00:05:26,460 This gives me his successful siege of Chatoor in fifteen sixty eight. 44 00:05:26,460 --> 00:05:37,090 But some lineages such as this. So there's a diaper in the rafters of Jodhpur was still resisting the mules from the hills. 45 00:05:37,090 --> 00:05:47,020 Let's see if this will work. This is a little video that I always like to show my classes. 46 00:05:47,020 --> 00:06:03,100 It is not working. Oh, there are those. So the 15. This is Hawaiian, and then we get up spreading very quickly in the 50s, 60s and 15 70s. 47 00:06:03,100 --> 00:06:12,220 Kid. So in this era of considerable flux and turmoil, when a lawyer. 48 00:06:12,220 --> 00:06:17,170 There were many occasions when a warrior's loyalty might come into conflict. 49 00:06:17,170 --> 00:06:24,490 The potential for conflict is one of the intriguing aspects of loyalty for most people have multiple loyalties nowadays, 50 00:06:24,490 --> 00:06:30,580 for instance, to family, friends, bosses, companies, communities, religions, etc. 51 00:06:30,580 --> 00:06:37,720 In the context of 16th century Rajastan, the question of political allegiance was particularly acute since kinship bonds, 52 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:44,650 both by descent and by marriage, were so significant in shaping military alliances amongst Rajputs. 53 00:06:44,650 --> 00:06:50,890 In some parts of western Rajastan, the dominant men were the Brotherhoods or Biy Bun, 54 00:06:50,890 --> 00:06:57,110 or descendants of male king who had conquered certain localities and parcelled out the lands. 55 00:06:57,110 --> 00:07:01,420 While these brotherhoods had started out fairly egalitarian and in character. 56 00:07:01,420 --> 00:07:06,070 This is no longer true in most cases, even before the local conquests. 57 00:07:06,070 --> 00:07:13,330 The consolidation of power within martial lineages had led to greater hierarchy between different branches of the same clan, 58 00:07:13,330 --> 00:07:19,300 as well as the proliferation of what Norman Ziegler has called ruler client relations. 59 00:07:19,300 --> 00:07:26,290 So I have a small quote from him here at the bottom of this PowerPoint slide saying that while 60 00:07:26,290 --> 00:07:31,750 the institutions of rulership and client ship existed in Rajastan prior to the Movil period, 61 00:07:31,750 --> 00:07:38,800 they developed greatly during the 16th and 17th century at the expense of kinship as a basis of organisation. 62 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:47,580 So even within the ruling families, more power now accrued to the brother who succeeded to the throne. 63 00:07:47,580 --> 00:07:52,020 All three sets of brothers I'm focussing on had to deal with the expansionism of the Lugo's in 64 00:07:52,020 --> 00:07:57,990 some fashion and in the process experienced great step strains in their own family relationships. 65 00:07:57,990 --> 00:08:02,790 So in the case of the societies of Milhaud who talk about first, 66 00:08:02,790 --> 00:08:09,810 two brothers confront confronted each other at the famous battle Hulsey Gotti in fifteen seventy six, 67 00:08:09,810 --> 00:08:13,740 which led to a stalemate between the moguls and the Sears audience, 68 00:08:13,740 --> 00:08:22,800 who then retreated to the hills and avoided submission to the Empire until sixteen fifteen in the case of the heart, out to a hands of Lunardi. 69 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:26,880 There was a rift between brothers after one of them rebelled against the moguls. 70 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:36,330 It's been 15. Seventy seven, eight years or so after their father had surrendered the Fort of Ranthambore and submitted to Upper. 71 00:08:36,330 --> 00:08:42,510 In the last case, the rotters of because they joined the Mogel banner voluntarily and 15 70. 72 00:08:42,510 --> 00:08:47,850 But the eldest son later had trouble keeping his younger brothers from offending the emperor. 73 00:08:47,850 --> 00:08:55,700 And there's an incident that I'll be discussing that occurred between the brothers in fifteen seventy seven. 74 00:08:55,700 --> 00:09:04,030 So today's presentation is part of a larger project I'm engaged in on Marshall sentiments, in the heroic histories of Rajastan. 75 00:09:04,030 --> 00:09:10,340 I do use the term sentiment's to broadly indicate what we today generally refer to as emotions. 76 00:09:10,340 --> 00:09:17,720 But some emotional dimensions or emotional registers that were meaningful in the past may not be so to us today. 77 00:09:17,720 --> 00:09:25,760 A good example of this is honour, which does a scholar from early modern Europe Huta forever describes as a lost 78 00:09:25,760 --> 00:09:32,660 emotion and a disposition whose emotional power has more or less vanished. 79 00:09:32,660 --> 00:09:39,710 So in that connexion, it's interesting to think about the word Hindi word lodge, which is usually transferred Chaib today. 80 00:09:39,710 --> 00:09:47,720 But in early modern text, it's really closer to honour. In other words, having a sense of shame was what constituted warrior honour. 81 00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:49,520 So by focussing on loyalty, 82 00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:57,170 I hope to add to our understanding of what we might call the ethos of the values of the world view of the Rajput warrior community, 83 00:09:57,170 --> 00:10:05,390 which is a topic that's really been surprisingly neglected. Now, in this project on Marschall Sentiments, 84 00:10:05,390 --> 00:10:12,800 I draw on several texts produced at the Courts of Rajputs Subordinate's as a Moghuls during the long 17th century. 85 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:18,920 That is for about 15, 80 to 60, 90 or so. 86 00:10:18,920 --> 00:10:27,560 These works emanating from Rajput courts and often named after a noble patron, are composed in a variety of languages and genres. 87 00:10:27,560 --> 00:10:32,210 Some are elaborate Sanskrit poems in the Moha Clavius style. 88 00:10:32,210 --> 00:10:39,320 Others are bardic text and Dingel verse or prose chronicles in the dialect called Middle Marathi. 89 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:45,050 And then there are Bruch Pasha poems like those studied by the late Ellson Bush of Columbia University. 90 00:10:45,050 --> 00:10:49,430 He was only 50 years old when she died a little over a year ago. 91 00:10:49,430 --> 00:10:54,080 Tragically cutting short a brilliant career usher, 92 00:10:54,080 --> 00:11:01,940 Ellison's interest in bringing scholarly attention to these texts as works of history that provide a different vantage point into the Movil empire, 93 00:11:01,940 --> 00:11:06,650 which has largely been studied through the prism of Persian language texts. 94 00:11:06,650 --> 00:11:13,490 These Rajput histories can offer us valuable insights into the experience of serving the Mughal emperors, 95 00:11:13,490 --> 00:11:23,390 as Alison Bush demonstrated in some of her last articles. OK, now let me finally turned to my three case studies after this introduction. 96 00:11:23,390 --> 00:11:32,900 Each case study represent a different type of resolution to the family conflict occasioned by growing legal ascendancy under UPA. 97 00:11:32,900 --> 00:11:42,200 So in order to make the difference a little bit clearer, clearer of labels them according to what happened to a brother in each instance. 98 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:47,590 So the first instance from May oir is the brother who reappeared. 99 00:11:47,590 --> 00:11:58,310 Then secondly, the brother who was elided. And then thirdly, the brother who elided himself. 100 00:11:58,310 --> 00:12:04,020 OK. So I'll begin with May, why the example of the brother who reappeared in the family history? 101 00:12:04,020 --> 00:12:09,080 His name was Sisodia Succot Singh or shut this thing in Sanskrit. 102 00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:20,760 A younger brother of the celebrated Iran for top. Now you're looking now at a much later painting of the famous battle Hardy Gotti. 103 00:12:20,760 --> 00:12:29,080 This actual painting was brought to England by Colonel James Todd from Udaipur in the early 19th century and said the Royal Asiatic Society. 104 00:12:29,080 --> 00:12:35,520 Now this battle occurred in fifty seventy six and you see in the middle of the painting, 105 00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:42,000 the combat between round up the top of May was seated on his famous course, cheered up. 106 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:52,850 And then Roger Mansingh of a man from the Katwala clan in the howdah here he was the lead general on the Movil side. 107 00:12:52,850 --> 00:13:00,310 So I'll give you suck up Singh's story, which is distilled from a of various traditions. 108 00:13:00,310 --> 00:13:04,530 Sometime in the late in the early 50s, 60s, 109 00:13:04,530 --> 00:13:13,140 he's said to have left me are either because he was exiled by his father or due to animosity with his brother. 110 00:13:13,140 --> 00:13:17,970 The upper NAMA, the official history of upas reign written in Persian states, 111 00:13:17,970 --> 00:13:25,660 Succot Singh served in the local military for a while until he was told by A about the Mughal plants attack Shita, 112 00:13:25,660 --> 00:13:30,990 the capital of Millaa, and he was asked what he would contribute to that effort. 113 00:13:30,990 --> 00:13:36,440 Not wanting to fight against his family and kingdom heated abruptly left Google service, 114 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:43,230 returned to memoir and supposedly informed the defenders of Shita thought about the emperor's intentions. 115 00:13:43,230 --> 00:13:52,150 But they didn't trust him and would not allow him entry into the fort, which eventually fell apart in 15 sixty eight after a bitter siege. 116 00:13:52,150 --> 00:14:04,620 Prevented from joining the fight. Succot Singh resided on the periphery of memoir for years and became known as a strong but impetuous warrior. 117 00:14:04,620 --> 00:14:08,400 Now, eventually, Scott Singh found himself at the famous battle hall, 118 00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:15,060 died at the age of in 76 with a contingent that was fighting against his brother pithos. 119 00:14:15,060 --> 00:14:26,530 Now they're on of Mae La. See if I can get to the next slide here. 120 00:14:26,530 --> 00:14:34,750 There we go. So this is a blow up of the centre. It's a famous scene that's replicated lots of paintings, especially from the early 19th century. 121 00:14:34,750 --> 00:14:42,070 But here's Potok here with his slants. And he was trying to get Mansingh over here, but failed. 122 00:14:42,070 --> 00:14:47,770 And then the elephant is supposed to have injured his his horse. 123 00:14:47,770 --> 00:14:54,700 So when this happened, he left there on a top left battlefield and supposedly watching on the sidelines. 124 00:14:54,700 --> 00:15:01,210 His brother thought that Sitting saw that Thorpe was unaware of two pursuers, then out of affection. 125 00:15:01,210 --> 00:15:06,940 One text says that is snake affection, out of affection for his brother Succot. 126 00:15:06,940 --> 00:15:11,440 Singh warned him of the danger and joined him in killing the two enemies. 127 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:18,280 Afterwards, Ronna Pithos said that his brother was a Godi, a benefactor well-wisher, a friend. 128 00:15:18,280 --> 00:15:27,880 Succot Singh was given land and may lie later on, and his descendants became one of the kingdom's leading lineages. 129 00:15:27,880 --> 00:15:34,450 Now, this is a heartwarming narrative of a brother who went astray but came back to the fold. 130 00:15:34,450 --> 00:15:40,900 He switched his allegiance temporarily. But in the end, he did the right thing, at least from my lawyer's perspective. 131 00:15:40,900 --> 00:15:49,550 Whatever the reason for his earlier abandonment of family and kingdom Succot, Singh made up for it by coming to his brother's aid at a crucial moment. 132 00:15:49,550 --> 00:15:55,030 And so he was reconciled with his brother after this public display of affection and allegiance. 133 00:15:55,030 --> 00:16:00,050 Brother served with brother in a time of calamity, as brother should do. 134 00:16:00,050 --> 00:16:08,830 Or so the Ramayana suggests that its depiction of Lucht Myrna, who accompanied his older brother Rama on his years of exile and then epic, 135 00:16:08,830 --> 00:16:14,650 of course, all of Ramas brothers stand firm in their support of the firstborn son and his right to rule. 136 00:16:14,650 --> 00:16:25,220 It's their stepmother, K.K, who's responsible for Ramas exile and the consequent descript disruption to the orderly succession to the throne. 137 00:16:25,220 --> 00:16:34,280 The Mahabharata was also an epic about solidarity between brothers, even though two sets of brothers who are cousins go on to fight a bloody war. 138 00:16:34,280 --> 00:16:38,060 Much more could be said about fraternal bonds in the classical Indian epics. 139 00:16:38,060 --> 00:16:45,680 But my point here is that both of these epic stressed the importance of brothers as allies. 140 00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:52,500 Now, the story of Succot Singh rescuing his brother during the most critical battleground pickup's rain has been highly popular and Millaa, 141 00:16:52,500 --> 00:16:57,970 as you might expect. Unfortunately, it does not appear to be true. 142 00:16:57,970 --> 00:17:06,200 Well, up, but the llama confirms sort that Singh's presence at the Google court until sometime before the assault on Thor, 143 00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:15,190 neither it nor any other contemporary account of the battle, the digga diga Godi places Scott Singh at that momentous event. 144 00:17:15,190 --> 00:17:19,350 And the first very brief mention of it comes a century later. 145 00:17:19,350 --> 00:17:24,620 At the same time that a number of poems produced at the Maler court were glorifying her on a platter. 146 00:17:24,620 --> 00:17:34,010 So in the 60s, 70s, under the reign of Rana Rodge Singh. 147 00:17:34,010 --> 00:17:39,840 The mentioned have been comes in to Texas. There's, I think, maybe three verses and I got Rossow, 148 00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:46,380 which is a Dingel Bardic verse work and then an hour to process city, which is Sanscrit MacVeagh. 149 00:17:46,380 --> 00:17:50,790 There's about five verses referring to some of that sing. 150 00:17:50,790 --> 00:17:59,730 So the memory of that song may have been retrieved and we reworked as part of a trend of lionised and drawn up put up in the 60s, 151 00:17:59,730 --> 00:18:07,280 70s and 80s because right up top came to signify the essence of Sisodia heroism. 152 00:18:07,280 --> 00:18:11,870 Now, this isn't to deny that Succot Singh left Bugel service and returned to May, 153 00:18:11,870 --> 00:18:18,560 well sometime before the Google invasion of the kingdom, just said he wasn't at the 15th 76 battle. 154 00:18:18,560 --> 00:18:26,880 He may have actually been dead by then. And so it could not have come to his brothers a. 155 00:18:26,880 --> 00:18:34,350 succoured sinks cases interesting, however, it illustrates the relative ease with which Rajput switched their allegiances, 156 00:18:34,350 --> 00:18:37,740 at least in this early phase of legal expansion. 157 00:18:37,740 --> 00:18:46,920 This is contrary to what one might expect from occasional textual condemnations of those who fail to support the Lords whose salt they have eaten, 158 00:18:46,920 --> 00:18:52,920 salt been numb up from from the Persian or in Rajasthani loon. 159 00:18:52,920 --> 00:19:02,250 So Namak Haraam is well known phrase about being untrue as one salt. 160 00:19:02,250 --> 00:19:10,370 That is being disloyal to somebody who's like who's giving you a livelihood. 161 00:19:10,370 --> 00:19:15,980 A similar notion of obligation towards one lord or Master Pearson's expression, Swami Dhamar, 162 00:19:15,980 --> 00:19:21,440 which finds increasing, mentioned that Rajput text from the late 16th century onward. 163 00:19:21,440 --> 00:19:28,850 However, a close look at the context in which Swami Dunnam up occurs reveal a pretty restricted definition. 164 00:19:28,850 --> 00:19:34,280 It really means the duty to fight in battle for the Lord to the point of death if necessary. 165 00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:40,020 So you're swarmy daughter must die in battle for your master. 166 00:19:40,020 --> 00:19:46,120 So while Rajput is in someone's military service, which in just say, Texas called Chalkida, 167 00:19:46,120 --> 00:19:55,020 but maybe better known to you by the word Naukri, a Rajput who was in talkative or a talker. 168 00:19:55,020 --> 00:20:00,360 He was expected to fight in return for the land or other sustenance he received from his lord, 169 00:20:00,360 --> 00:20:04,740 but nothing prevented him from giving those up and going elsewhere. 170 00:20:04,740 --> 00:20:19,020 So while this issue needs more study, I suspect there a fair amount of agency for these fighters in choosing who they wanted to serve. 171 00:20:19,020 --> 00:20:30,180 OK, let me turn to the second case now, that of the brother who was delighted from his family history, and this was a hard up clan Rajput from Boudi. 172 00:20:30,180 --> 00:20:36,930 He's variously called Do the DAOUDA or do you alternate depending on the text. 173 00:20:36,930 --> 00:20:44,200 But he's entirely absent from the first of the Harras, several dynastic histories, which was a Sanskrit Moha COB entitled Sujan. 174 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:55,890 A study done. And much of this lengthy texts covers the life of do those father surgeon, the first horror lord to submit to Mogel Overlordship. 175 00:20:55,890 --> 00:21:01,750 This occurred after he surrendered the fort of Ron tumbled upper and 15 Sixty-nine. 176 00:21:01,750 --> 00:21:09,420 And so you're looking at two pages from the Upper Lama, the illustrated imperial volume. 177 00:21:09,420 --> 00:21:16,920 It was actually, I think, earned five illustrations, so it was a big deal from the upper class viewpoint. 178 00:21:16,920 --> 00:21:24,210 And so over on the left, we see the siege of the fort with these big guns of here, very long guns. 179 00:21:24,210 --> 00:21:28,950 And Ranthambore is famous for being on a sort of a cliff, as you see. 180 00:21:28,950 --> 00:21:35,520 And then over here, we have the actual surrender submission of surgeon, the father here. 181 00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:39,900 He's been sort of guided in how to bow down properly. 182 00:21:39,900 --> 00:21:51,240 And this is actually uppa shown here. No surgeon went on to become a higher ranking months of the or imperial officeholder, 183 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:56,510 and his last posting was that two NA right outside of Banaras, where he died in 15. 184 00:21:56,510 --> 00:22:04,970 Eighty five, according to slow down a study. So this Lord of Bundi was succeeded by his son, by. 185 00:22:04,970 --> 00:22:11,100 Who we see here? There's no other offspring mentioned at all. 186 00:22:11,100 --> 00:22:13,860 Now, Upper Anoma tells us a different story. 187 00:22:13,860 --> 00:22:24,030 It states that, right, Susan had a son named Doda who went, quote, to his native country of Blundy and opened the hands of oppression and quote, 188 00:22:24,030 --> 00:22:29,790 that is, he rebelled, rebelled or refused to be subservient to the Movil empire. 189 00:22:29,790 --> 00:22:34,620 So the army that was sent out on that occasion wasn't able to subdue do thus. 190 00:22:34,620 --> 00:22:44,610 So a second army had to be sent out in 15 Seventy-Seven, which included both his father, Suzanne, and his brother Boge. 191 00:22:44,610 --> 00:22:48,920 It, too, was illustrated in the upper nyama. 192 00:22:48,920 --> 00:23:00,150 This is the Battle of Blundy. Now, biologists in the upper NAMA, he said to have taken an active part in assaulting the troops of his brother, 193 00:23:00,150 --> 00:23:03,690 who we learn elsewhere, was actually the firstborn son of Sir John. 194 00:23:03,690 --> 00:23:14,420 Submerges was actually the second. Both the brother and father were rewarded for their role in quelling do those bid for independence. 195 00:23:14,420 --> 00:23:21,380 After his older brother was finally forced out of the Blundy region, this homeland of the hard US was entrusted to board. 196 00:23:21,380 --> 00:23:29,480 While surgeons met months of Branca's rates raised to two thousand, Zade, which was a very high rank in the days of UPA. 197 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:35,270 Then the following year, after the battle for 15 78 a do that made an appearance at the Movil court. 198 00:23:35,270 --> 00:23:39,440 But he soon left without permission, and he died a few years later. 199 00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:47,080 Fifteen eighty five unreconciled with both the Empire and his family. 200 00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:54,430 So these are the two texts that I be talking about, I have just mentioned the Sudan site up here on the top tier. 201 00:23:54,430 --> 00:24:00,970 This is the first of the hard up. Histories. 202 00:24:00,970 --> 00:24:08,710 So this elder brother, Drew, that was wiped out of the public record in the form of this elaborate family history that is so devastated. 203 00:24:08,710 --> 00:24:13,970 But his thought family didn't forget him. Do the resurfaces under the name? 204 00:24:13,970 --> 00:24:18,640 Do you hold the knot in a second Sanskrit poem related to the horrors of Rindy? 205 00:24:18,640 --> 00:24:22,750 Shut the Shaadi attorney. Which comes from about 16 thirty five. 206 00:24:22,750 --> 00:24:29,110 Now he's called Dude Hold Now, which of course was the eldest of the wicked Cordova brothers in the Wahhab out of the conflict. 207 00:24:29,110 --> 00:24:35,980 And so the poem implies that though the do the was antagonistic by using this name for him, 208 00:24:35,980 --> 00:24:43,030 yet overall sought to show the child the presents do their duty of DNA in quite a positive light. 209 00:24:43,030 --> 00:24:50,200 First, quite acknowledging that he was a legitimate ruler who had been assigned control of Bwindi by his father and secondly, 210 00:24:50,200 --> 00:25:00,310 by praising him as a mighty warrior. The only hint the do the heavy character flaws, aside from his being called the alterna, 211 00:25:00,310 --> 00:25:09,610 comes from the poet's observation that out of pride do the only bowed his head to the gawp God Vishnu unto his father's surgeon. 212 00:25:09,610 --> 00:25:20,230 So the Moghul Empire Emperor is conspicuously missing from this list of people that he bowed his head to otherwise in the poem that differs from his 213 00:25:20,230 --> 00:25:33,160 father and brother primarily in his hatred Galatia for upper who Bush calls his own associates a thorn and his father sort of Jen's friend sarky. 214 00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:45,350 In this second poem, Boge is said to call up his father's friend and his own associate. 215 00:25:45,350 --> 00:25:53,310 Now, what do them? We have a situation in which one brother fought another, although perhaps not a choice. 216 00:25:53,310 --> 00:26:00,850 Well, surgeon and board to put their allegiance with the Googles and thus their official careers above 217 00:26:00,850 --> 00:26:06,570 their loyalty to a close relative and the overlord Trump the son and brother in this instance. 218 00:26:06,570 --> 00:26:11,560 So it's not difficult to imagine why Borge, his father's successor's ruler, Blundy, 219 00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:17,050 and the patron of Syria's Anatoliy, done the first of the works on the slide. 220 00:26:17,050 --> 00:26:23,170 It's not difficult to imagine why he might have wished his errant brother left out of the family history completed around 221 00:26:23,170 --> 00:26:32,560 50 90 still and to up his reign by the time said to show the yellow tank that was composed in sixteen thirty five or so. 222 00:26:32,560 --> 00:26:36,640 More than 50 years have passed since. Do those rebellion, 223 00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:42,790 perhaps the decades of military service the hard US had provided to the Empire in the interim were sufficient 224 00:26:42,790 --> 00:26:49,930 evidence of their loyalty so that they no longer had to be concerned about reclaiming do those part of their history. 225 00:26:49,930 --> 00:26:58,990 They might have even felt some pride. Looking back over the decades and do this warlike spirit and the ability to resist. 226 00:26:58,990 --> 00:27:02,780 One thing did not change, however, Senator Shelby. Teddy. 227 00:27:02,780 --> 00:27:11,410 Just like the earlier students, Haditha omits the fact that Bush took up arms against his older brother. 228 00:27:11,410 --> 00:27:17,850 So we can only infer that it was regarded as shameful for family members to fight each other. 229 00:27:17,850 --> 00:27:26,070 While the memory of do that as a fearsome warrior who had resisted musical power could be resurrected half a century after he died. 230 00:27:26,070 --> 00:27:33,800 The truth that his father and brother had opposed to militarily was still best overlooked. 231 00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:42,670 OK, I will move on now to the third brother, we've had the buzzer who reappeared in Chuck Singh and just now the brother who was delighted, 232 00:27:42,670 --> 00:27:57,190 at least from the first history that is, do the heart of Bundi, the third set of brothers is appear in become their. 233 00:27:57,190 --> 00:28:02,560 Now. Become there. 234 00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:06,970 Excuse me, I have something else to say. Got a little bit ahead of myself here. 235 00:28:06,970 --> 00:28:11,770 So. I was talking about the. 236 00:28:11,770 --> 00:28:17,330 And how the fact that his brother and father had opposed him was being overlooked. 237 00:28:17,330 --> 00:28:25,960 Now, that might be true in the ideal world of Sanscrit narratives, but an actual Rajput history. 238 00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:33,940 We have many, many instances where brothers of ruling families competed for power and sometimes engaged in combat with each other. 239 00:28:33,940 --> 00:28:42,520 Thus, for example, during a brief battle in 50 60 foreign memoir I'm sorry, in my war over here, 240 00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:52,660 Iraj Rajput name is Dicing is said to have struck a blow against his younger brother Raul Tundras in the Rothhaar Ruler Jode Poor. 241 00:28:52,660 --> 00:28:59,950 So we have a case where an older brother didn't get the throne and he actually is supposed to have hit his younger brother. 242 00:28:59,950 --> 00:29:04,960 The rajha with the weapon. Or we have the case of Jugg maul a victim. 243 00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:08,650 They will. Who became a chocker or military servant of Raul Molvar. 244 00:29:08,650 --> 00:29:17,230 Day of joke put the ruler of jail after his own brother, the Jörg Miles brother Jai Maul became the chief of the rod of their. 245 00:29:17,230 --> 00:29:20,890 So he didn't get to be the chief himself. His brother got to be the chief. 246 00:29:20,890 --> 00:29:27,070 And so he joined his brother's enemy as a military surgeon. 247 00:29:27,070 --> 00:29:33,580 And then the jode poor ruler, the enemy of his brother, promptly conquered Marathon and gave it half of it to his top gunner, 248 00:29:33,580 --> 00:29:38,230 his military servant, Jug Maul, the brother of the ousted chief. 249 00:29:38,230 --> 00:29:45,790 So we could actually go on and on. Because there, you know, Rajput protects really depict their heroes, 250 00:29:45,790 --> 00:29:55,240 especially Rajput text from Marmar depict their heroes as intent on wresting away local territory from their rivals who are often kinsman. 251 00:29:55,240 --> 00:30:02,650 So the focus on regaining home territory, the importance of that meant that Rajput Lords simply had no compunctions about 252 00:30:02,650 --> 00:30:07,090 seeking support from a powerful ruler that was based some distance away, 253 00:30:07,090 --> 00:30:10,000 regardless of his religious faith. 254 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:21,100 So in history books, we usually have mentions of incursions or invasions of Muslim outsiders into the largest study and affairs. 255 00:30:21,100 --> 00:30:27,990 But when you look at Rajput chronicles, especially one like Moon, but the is cut, 256 00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:34,900 the internal perspective shows it is more like an invited expedition by this outside ruler, 257 00:30:34,900 --> 00:30:42,360 which was meant to assist a power struggle between local Rajputs. 258 00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:51,930 OK, now to be cutting into. So this is the brother who elided himself. 259 00:30:51,930 --> 00:31:02,350 He was a Rottweiler Klansman from become their appear and his name was Rob Singh, calling Mullah. 260 00:31:02,350 --> 00:31:09,180 I say that he alighted himself because one day in July 15, 77. 261 00:31:09,180 --> 00:31:20,500 Renxing courted death deliberately. That he chose to die in a battle that he provoked in the face of competing loyalties that he could not reconcile. 262 00:31:20,500 --> 00:31:28,240 His problem was being a second son repeatedly caught between his domineering older brother. 263 00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:39,330 Just sing a become there. On the one hand and his troublemaking younger brothers on the other. 264 00:31:39,330 --> 00:31:48,940 OK, here we have a picture, a portrait of the older brother, the rods rising of cutting there, and he had, I think, nine brothers with their arms. 265 00:31:48,940 --> 00:31:58,340 Thing is the second in a number of others who appear in the records. 266 00:31:58,340 --> 00:32:04,290 Now, like the Sisodia is a memoir in the heart, two hands of budy. 267 00:32:04,290 --> 00:32:12,690 During the 50s, 70s romps things linage was adjusting to the intrusion of Mogel Power into into Rajastan, 268 00:32:12,690 --> 00:32:19,420 the big on air tours were early allies of the moguls joining them a15 15 70. 269 00:32:19,420 --> 00:32:27,070 From Sting's older brother, Rising Assistant Ikebana is Gujarat campaign of 15 73. 270 00:32:27,070 --> 00:32:34,810 As well as in Movil, efforts to take over the job putit kingdom and eventually rising became one of his most important nobles. 271 00:32:34,810 --> 00:32:43,810 Before his death and 16 12 early on in Jahangir, his reign Roger icing had risen to the high months of Brankov 4000 Zahed. 272 00:32:43,810 --> 00:32:53,260 He was a great patron of Abad's and poets who left behind behind many flattering accounts of this of the Rajha the prose chronicle. 273 00:32:53,260 --> 00:32:58,420 I'm a consulting, however, remembers Raja I rising quite differently. 274 00:32:58,420 --> 00:33:06,100 It's called d'Alpuget but loss and it's probably a critical of Rajah's rising because it was written for one of his sons, 275 00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:12,970 d'Alpuget, who rebelled against his father around the time the text was composed. 276 00:33:12,970 --> 00:33:27,520 So this is just the cover of the one publish edition of the coracle, which also only exists in one surviving, incomplete managed script. 277 00:33:27,520 --> 00:33:35,620 Don't put he lost presents, Roger, arising unfavourably as a bad temper man who is worried about his opinion, 278 00:33:35,620 --> 00:33:39,970 of whom the right to chastise his brother, Romme Singh. 279 00:33:39,970 --> 00:33:43,360 On one occasion for dining with another Lord Rajput Lord, 280 00:33:43,360 --> 00:33:53,220 who is still resisting movil control because pricing was worried that the Emperor might hear this of his brothers eating with. 281 00:33:53,220 --> 00:34:03,180 Enemy and disapprove. On another occasion occasion, the Rojak that infuriated at the behaviour of one of Robson's retainers. 282 00:34:03,180 --> 00:34:09,630 This retainer had acted in an insulin manner when the largest troops were being inspected by an imperial paymaster. 283 00:34:09,630 --> 00:34:17,070 Buzkashi Lords and Ampules Service had to maintain armed troops at a number that was commensurate with their rank. 284 00:34:17,070 --> 00:34:23,100 And their compliance with this requirement was assessed by the imperial officials sent out for that purpose. 285 00:34:23,100 --> 00:34:30,900 So in being rude to the imperial paymaster Rob Syngman, Retainer was being disrespectful to the Emperor. 286 00:34:30,900 --> 00:34:36,240 And in his rage, the Raja ordered both Rom's thing and the retainer killed. 287 00:34:36,240 --> 00:34:44,410 Luckily, the Ronnie was able to dissuade her husband from harming his own brother. 288 00:34:44,410 --> 00:34:51,130 Well, Rossing did his best to act as his royal brother wished their other brothers did not. 289 00:34:51,130 --> 00:35:00,010 One of them, Umbra here stole a herd of imperial sheep camels and his men fought ferociously when 290 00:35:00,010 --> 00:35:06,040 the Raja ordered his sundial but to retrieve the animals for the emperor's sake. 291 00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:10,450 And this fight led to numerous fatalities. 292 00:35:10,450 --> 00:35:19,440 Umbra wanted to retaliate against the Raja, but I'm saying advise him not to destroy the relationship with him often. 293 00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:29,890 Raja, he soon thorning the heated. Time and again we find Drama Singh in this role of mediating between the divergent interests of his brothers. 294 00:35:29,890 --> 00:35:38,840 Two other brothers, a certain and pretty dodge, also supplemented their village income by looting and plundering. 295 00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:48,100 When they tried to get her, I'm saying to stay with them after his wife died. He refused, citing their violent or oppressive behaviour. 296 00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:59,140 A judge at the which was causing destroys distress to their royal brother, rising so up to the rajha and judging them to have this fear. 297 00:35:59,140 --> 00:36:10,020 I must not cause the rods of pain, Ram Singh said. They insisted that they would not be violent and Renxing want to live with them temporarily. 298 00:36:10,020 --> 00:36:15,690 But this is despite their assurances, Soutar and pretty soon went back to their old ways. 299 00:36:15,690 --> 00:36:26,700 They start they harass them. Local jots and merchants Banias and seise their goods, leading to an argument between the brothers. 300 00:36:26,700 --> 00:36:34,620 Renxing told them, if you will despoil the land of the Rajah D, then you must let me depart. 301 00:36:34,620 --> 00:36:42,420 So the Rosten was in a quandary. On the one hand, he had this authoritarian older brother ruler who sought to exercise control over his 302 00:36:42,420 --> 00:36:48,690 younger brothers so as to avoid any censure or displeasure from the imperial master, 303 00:36:48,690 --> 00:37:00,020 at least of one of the Raja's other brothers. Pretty Dodge is known to have fought on behalf of the empire and been record of rewarded accordingly. 304 00:37:00,020 --> 00:37:08,810 Yet these younger brothers seem unwilling to entirely give up their older ways of raiding and plundering, presumably unarmed commoners. 305 00:37:08,810 --> 00:37:13,340 But regardless of their brother, Overlord's wishes they wouldn't give it up. 306 00:37:13,340 --> 00:37:21,720 So it's the second oldest, if so on, promising to keep his younger brothers in line, or so the Raja, the elder brother seemed to assume. 307 00:37:21,720 --> 00:37:25,980 The realisation that the younger ones wouldn't heed is advice. 308 00:37:25,980 --> 00:37:38,540 Promising. Anxious. And so he decided. Because of this, I quote, because of this, it would be good, huh, if I were to die. 309 00:37:38,540 --> 00:37:43,670 Accordingly, Renxing intentionally provoked a quarrel with a Rajah's young son. 310 00:37:43,670 --> 00:37:52,250 But in his men, some of whom had past grievances against wrong thing and then promising provokes this quarrel. 311 00:37:52,250 --> 00:37:58,900 They go stay near these small ward war band of men who oppose him. 312 00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:05,470 When these Rajputs heard that Robertson was nearby and vulnerable without his brothers and other allies by his side, 313 00:38:05,470 --> 00:38:15,400 they hurried off to attack Graham, saying, without even asking permission of d'Alpuget, their ostensible master, who was only about 12 or 13. 314 00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:25,940 When these masters came after him with their gunners in front, Rossing left, leapt into battle without any armour on and died almost immediately. 315 00:38:25,940 --> 00:38:27,050 Afterward, the young girl. 316 00:38:27,050 --> 00:38:36,670 But who had not been able to stop the support supposedly subordinate Rajputs from attacking his uncle, got angry and repeats. 317 00:38:36,670 --> 00:38:37,150 Renxing, 318 00:38:37,150 --> 00:38:45,600 a dustbin placed in an untenable position for there is no way for him to be simultaneously loyal to his younger brothers as well as to the Rajha. 319 00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:51,920 So in the end, he saw death as the only resolution to this emotional dilemma. 320 00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:59,340 He took himself out of the picture. That's what I meant by he aligned himself in this instance of tension between brothers from Big On, 321 00:38:59,340 --> 00:39:07,370 they're different from the memoir and Buendia cases in that the pressure from the Mughal empire is more indirect. 322 00:39:07,370 --> 00:39:11,780 UPA is not presently calling for alms things, legions or beat obedience. 323 00:39:11,780 --> 00:39:16,790 Instead, it's his brother. Who demands it? 324 00:39:16,790 --> 00:39:23,350 His brother, who demands his allegiance in his capacity, both his elder brother and as Lord, 325 00:39:23,350 --> 00:39:27,800 the competing loyalties in this case are being generated within the royal family. 326 00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:39,680 And the conflict is mainly internal. I'm going to change the slide so you can look at something different for the rest of my talk. 327 00:39:39,680 --> 00:39:43,090 This is a for. You not go for it become there. 328 00:39:43,090 --> 00:39:49,330 That was actually built by Rajo Racing. Now, 329 00:39:49,330 --> 00:39:54,430 the case studies that I've just discussed suggests that Rajput audiences preferred 330 00:39:54,430 --> 00:39:59,260 an imagined world in which brothers were loyal and did not harm each other. 331 00:39:59,260 --> 00:40:05,800 Succot Singh could readily be assimilated in Sisodia historical memory one hundred years after the fact. 332 00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:10,270 Despite his initial affiliation with the Bluegills because he never participated in any 333 00:40:10,270 --> 00:40:15,940 action against the interests of the family and in an allegedly rescuing his brother, 334 00:40:15,940 --> 00:40:24,790 the runoff from Probabl Death Succot singler simultaneously demonstrating his political loyalty to Mallat. 335 00:40:24,790 --> 00:40:32,170 The case of Rom's thing that I just discussed is more fraught because fighting did occur and death ensued. 336 00:40:32,170 --> 00:40:39,100 Still, Ron Singh didn't openly rebel against his brother, the Lord Raja Rising. 337 00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:45,020 Instead, he engaged in self-sacrifice by bringing about his own death. 338 00:40:45,020 --> 00:40:53,210 In some ways, the most problematic of the three is do the Bundy who was restored in his family history some 50 years after his death. 339 00:40:53,210 --> 00:41:01,680 This suggests that having to rebel against the locals in a family's past was not something that had to be kept hidden indefinitely. 340 00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:09,150 But the continuing silence about the participation of the father and brother in the legal tax on dude is very telling. 341 00:41:09,150 --> 00:41:19,590 OK, well, this was something that the Descendants did not want to publicise, but had whatever had actually happened between brothers there for Ross, 342 00:41:19,590 --> 00:41:29,330 but narrative's favourite accounts of brotherly loyalty and sacrifice and sought to repress the presence of strife within the family. 343 00:41:29,330 --> 00:41:38,450 Now, these case studies have shown, though, that Rochfort Warriors were often torn between their political loyalties and their familiar ones. 344 00:41:38,450 --> 00:41:40,970 This is a point that's been made by others before, 345 00:41:40,970 --> 00:41:48,110 especially by Norman Ziegler in his article that I referenced earlier, rapidly fluctuating political fortunes. 346 00:41:48,110 --> 00:41:51,050 Fortunes could exacerbate the situation, 347 00:41:51,050 --> 00:42:00,290 especially when there are a relatively new overlord's like upma who people didn't really know in advance how to deal with brothers and sons, 348 00:42:00,290 --> 00:42:04,900 made different decisions about how to deal with legal military superiority, 349 00:42:04,900 --> 00:42:09,650 whether they should offer various forms of resistance, sometimes not immediately over. 350 00:42:09,650 --> 00:42:12,140 Or instead, whether they acquiesce. 351 00:42:12,140 --> 00:42:21,860 Which meant, of course, having to go fight on behalf of further imperial expansion, but also secured the local locally stable positions. 352 00:42:21,860 --> 00:42:28,280 So these decisions could in turn determine the nature of the relationships within a warrior family. 353 00:42:28,280 --> 00:42:35,330 But even otherwise, that is even before the Mughals Rajput brothers could be fierce rivals. 354 00:42:35,330 --> 00:42:43,970 This isn't to deny the stakes of familial ties in many instances, especially when it came to vengeance there for a relative's death. 355 00:42:43,970 --> 00:42:50,960 Again, the Rajput narratives, especially from Western son, are full of feuds and revenge. 356 00:42:50,960 --> 00:42:56,160 A brother, surrogate sons and even fathers might bide their time before taking revenge. 357 00:42:56,160 --> 00:43:03,050 And so actually, one of the men who led the assault on thing of becoming the brother who delighted himself. 358 00:43:03,050 --> 00:43:12,300 This man was the father of someone who I think had killed years earlier on behalf of his own father, the previous Raja. 359 00:43:12,300 --> 00:43:20,550 And suffer, several of Rumson's younger brothers suit on pretty rides, and Umbra often acted in concert and protecting each other. 360 00:43:20,550 --> 00:43:29,850 Umbro is actually later killed on Akbar's command and 15 ninety one for quote didn't be disobedience and practising violence. 361 00:43:29,850 --> 00:43:40,470 So he seems to have continued in the plundering witness. But these three brothers often were together and they did protect each other militarily, 362 00:43:40,470 --> 00:43:46,610 but at the very highest levels of the political hierarchy, the first and second sons of really families. 363 00:43:46,610 --> 00:43:54,650 There was the commonly contestation between the king kin. 364 00:43:54,650 --> 00:43:58,550 I'm placing a lot of emphasis on this point about fraternal strife, 365 00:43:58,550 --> 00:44:03,980 because too often our discussions of Movil India focus only on discourses of difference, 366 00:44:03,980 --> 00:44:11,180 that is, discourses that articulate group identities and differentiate one group from another, particularly Muslim from Hindu. 367 00:44:11,180 --> 00:44:18,070 But hostility in early modern narratives is not limited to the sociologically distinct community of Muslims. 368 00:44:18,070 --> 00:44:23,480 But it's also frequently directed at other Rajput groups whose social identities were similar. 369 00:44:23,480 --> 00:44:26,150 In other words, in some mobile era narratives, 370 00:44:26,150 --> 00:44:35,270 Rajputs opposed other Rajputs where Muslims were either a remote threat or were actively solicited as idolised by one side or the other. 371 00:44:35,270 --> 00:44:41,000 So this means we need to break the habit of attributing enmity only to social difference. 372 00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:54,580 Not only does scuse me. Not only does familiarity breeds contempt, but the most acrimonious disputes often occur within the family. 373 00:44:54,580 --> 00:45:04,020 An ending I'd like to raise a couple of questions about loyalty in the study of emotion history. 374 00:45:04,020 --> 00:45:07,860 How do we care or characterise loyalty like honour? 375 00:45:07,860 --> 00:45:13,210 It's not something we might immediately classify as an emotion today. 376 00:45:13,210 --> 00:45:20,530 Is it instead of quality air condition estate or the quality estate or a condition? 377 00:45:20,530 --> 00:45:28,090 These are words that the dictionaries have used to describe in the Oxford English Dictionary scribes two basic meanings, loyalty. 378 00:45:28,090 --> 00:45:31,570 The first is faithful adherence to one's promise. Oath. 379 00:45:31,570 --> 00:45:37,480 Word of honour. And the second is faithful adherence to the sovereign or most loyal government. 380 00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:39,550 If the Internet is any indicator, however, 381 00:45:39,550 --> 00:45:46,810 the most rise spread use of the word loyalty nowadays is in relation to customers and their attachment to a particular brand. 382 00:45:46,810 --> 00:45:58,800 A form of fidelity in a way. So I do have a question about what we mean about loyalty and how we define it. 383 00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:02,460 Secondly, I'm going to skip ahead a little bit because I think I'm running out of time. 384 00:46:02,460 --> 00:46:08,460 Secondly, does it matter that there are no clear equivalents to loyalty in Indian languages? 385 00:46:08,460 --> 00:46:15,660 This has been bothering me. So I would welcome some discussion at this point. But I've already mentioned the ideas of Chalkida and Swami Dunbar, 386 00:46:15,660 --> 00:46:26,450 but they refer more to war is obligation in my mind and sort of lack the sense of passion, attachment that one often finds in loyalty. 387 00:46:26,450 --> 00:46:30,450 Well, we could use the more religiously oriented language of devotion and servitude. 388 00:46:30,450 --> 00:46:36,780 But your sales are the last year, which also emphasises self-sacrifice. 389 00:46:36,780 --> 00:46:42,600 And some scholars have argued that warriors felt the same kind of a devotion to their human laws as they did to the divine ones. 390 00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:49,440 But I don't see much indication of that in the texts I'm reading. So are we just injecting our own culture to a text? 391 00:46:49,440 --> 00:46:56,340 If we find a sentiment for which no exact Indian equivalent term exists. 392 00:46:56,340 --> 00:47:01,350 Lesterville, let me raise a question about how to engage in the history if emotions with Rajput texts, 393 00:47:01,350 --> 00:47:06,210 which are often quite sparse in their emotional terrain. 394 00:47:06,210 --> 00:47:15,090 That's not always the case. But that we get do, on the other hand, get texts like Delpit de Los, which is very prosaic. 395 00:47:15,090 --> 00:47:19,140 It's full of short, declarative sentences. A king goes somewhere. 396 00:47:19,140 --> 00:47:27,180 He says something. It goes somewhere else. There are very few emotion words in Delp of the loss of very few adjectives in Everest. 397 00:47:27,180 --> 00:47:31,830 So some of the standard messages, the methods used by scholars of mediaeval Europe, 398 00:47:31,830 --> 00:47:39,450 like carefully counting emotion, words or analysing advice, literature don't work with early modern texts. 399 00:47:39,450 --> 00:47:43,630 This leaves us really primarily with a narrative that is the plot. 400 00:47:43,630 --> 00:47:50,700 What goes on in the story as a means of think about emotion. 401 00:47:50,700 --> 00:47:55,910 Now, I'll end with one detail about her saying that I haven't shared with you yet. 402 00:47:55,910 --> 00:48:01,850 So not long before he dies. The Chronicle tells us, and I quote, Meanwhile, there are no GS. 403 00:48:01,850 --> 00:48:11,330 Daughter Rahm Singh's wife, umba by name, died upon which Grump's, Rahm Singhji became a renunciation of the idea. 404 00:48:11,330 --> 00:48:16,580 He took Viborg. He would not have his beard shave. 405 00:48:16,580 --> 00:48:25,880 Nor would he have his clothes washed. He would never neither wear his tunic, nor would he use the mirror, end quote. 406 00:48:25,880 --> 00:48:32,900 When certain pretty dogs came to attend ambo's funeral, they saw Rahm sing in the state and repeatedly urged him to leave and come stay with them. 407 00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:38,480 And he finally did so. Later, after Rumsen beseeches his brothers to stop plundering. 408 00:48:38,480 --> 00:48:46,850 To no avail. He thinks to himself, cook. Before there was only the grief Dukat about Umba on top of that. 409 00:48:46,850 --> 00:48:52,130 Now there's the anxiety santita about my brothers, end quote. 410 00:48:52,130 --> 00:48:59,120 So this is when he decides it would be better to die. And then right before he leapt out in front of the artillery fire, 411 00:48:59,120 --> 00:49:05,750 Renxing cut his hair and shaved isberg beard for the first time since his wife's death. 412 00:49:05,750 --> 00:49:15,290 In these passages, there are only two emotion words Lukáš, grief, pain, unhappiness and a just stunning words on teeth, meaning concern or anxiety. 413 00:49:15,290 --> 00:49:19,840 These two words come in consecutive sentences as Rahm Singh contemplates death. 414 00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:27,080 Yet way before this point. I personally found these passages to be awash with implied emotions, both rhymes, things, 415 00:49:27,080 --> 00:49:33,080 pain upon his wife's passing away and his brother's concern for him in the aftermath. 416 00:49:33,080 --> 00:49:42,250 So even if it might be misguided, even if I might be reading too much into the text I chose to read, this narrative is commemorated. 417 00:49:42,250 --> 00:49:49,130 16TH Century Warriors love for his wife, without whom he lost the will to live. 418 00:49:49,130 --> 00:49:58,800 Thank you. Well, thank you very much indeed, Cynthia. 419 00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:06,690 That was an absolutely wonderful talk, which took us into a colourful, dramatic and enormously exciting world. 420 00:50:06,690 --> 00:50:16,130 And it was great to have the illustrations alongside you, the arguments and the names and the stories set out for us so well there. 421 00:50:16,130 --> 00:50:23,280 And whilst we wait to see if any folks from outside just have one or two questions, we're running a little bit short of time. 422 00:50:23,280 --> 00:50:31,500 But if anyone would like to send in a question for you via the Q&A, Boxey would be most welcome. 423 00:50:31,500 --> 00:50:42,850 Whilst we do that, I wonder if I could ask a question, which is really perhaps a familiar question, 424 00:50:42,850 --> 00:50:52,950 because aside from the perspective of this history of emotion that you're laying out for us here. 425 00:50:52,950 --> 00:50:58,950 Something that is is quite commonly said about the Rajputs, particularly, I think, by Norman Ziegler. 426 00:50:58,950 --> 00:51:10,170 But others have said it, too. Is that what we see happening with the Rajputs under the Moghuls is a is a gradual shift from 427 00:51:10,170 --> 00:51:18,690 the horizontal values of brotherhood to the more vertical ties of lineage of single lineages, 428 00:51:18,690 --> 00:51:25,440 as the Rajputs invented themselves as a kind of category of protected mogel royalty. 429 00:51:25,440 --> 00:51:29,330 You'll be familiar with that argue. 430 00:51:29,330 --> 00:51:37,340 You're about this is what's happening in Rajputs society during the sort of the particularly during the 16th and 17th centuries. 431 00:51:37,340 --> 00:51:45,610 And I wondered if you could give us a sense of if you see that process happening, 432 00:51:45,610 --> 00:51:56,320 whether you could give us a sense of of the implications for the worlds of brotherhood and the ties between brothers, 433 00:51:56,320 --> 00:52:00,520 but also of ties between fathers and sons. 434 00:52:00,520 --> 00:52:10,420 Because if if one is dealing with with horizontal lineages and the expectation of loyalty amongst brotherhoods, that's one thing. 435 00:52:10,420 --> 00:52:16,900 But loyalty to a single family lineage, which in a way you've perhaps been dealing with here, 436 00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:30,730 that kind of loyalty and the vertical ties between fathers and sons of a particularly eminent lineage implies a different set of emotional appeals. 437 00:52:30,730 --> 00:52:40,030 And I wonder if if that's something that you see at all your material. 438 00:52:40,030 --> 00:52:46,800 I just first first of all, I guess I actually sees a little bit of a difference between Eastern Rodgerson and Western. 439 00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:56,320 Just so people don't tend to talk about that much. So, for example, a lot of Zeigler's work in his work with the Richard SERN. 440 00:52:56,320 --> 00:53:00,880 They keep talking about Rajastan, but they're really talking about the western half. That's. 441 00:53:00,880 --> 00:53:07,570 I think there is a little bit of a difference because eastern Rajastan developed states kind of earlier. 442 00:53:07,570 --> 00:53:12,010 It was a little bit more well settled and populated. But there is a gradual shift. 443 00:53:12,010 --> 00:53:20,290 You're absolutely right in that direction. And I think in the case of the become their family that I was talking about at the end, 444 00:53:20,290 --> 00:53:27,470 it's really startling to see that they're being between older ways of of living 445 00:53:27,470 --> 00:53:31,030 where the brothers all sort of they all seem to have had a village or two, 446 00:53:31,030 --> 00:53:38,370 but they went out and supplemented their their livelihoods with this old style sort of cattle raiding kind of thing. 447 00:53:38,370 --> 00:53:46,390 And now whereas the you know, the older brother is really trying to centralise his power as the king. 448 00:53:46,390 --> 00:53:54,160 So I do see a gradual shift. Again, it was a little bit further along in the east. 449 00:53:54,160 --> 00:54:06,790 But a couple of points to see if I can remember the more when I started, I had given this presentation once before us, a shorter conference paper. 450 00:54:06,790 --> 00:54:14,320 And I was just I just picked out these episodes. And then it wasn't till after I had all three that I realised it was brothers against brothers. 451 00:54:14,320 --> 00:54:17,680 I was just looking for family conflict. But you're absolutely right. 452 00:54:17,680 --> 00:54:21,900 It's also a father against son. Look at the father and son. 453 00:54:21,900 --> 00:54:24,790 Ty does continue very strongly. 454 00:54:24,790 --> 00:54:33,940 And I've noticed that a number of chronicles like the sort of genocide that was probably commissioned by his son Raja preciously, 455 00:54:33,940 --> 00:54:38,020 which is a famous Sanskrit inscription, texts from memoir. 456 00:54:38,020 --> 00:54:44,230 I was probably commissioned by Raj Singh's son. 457 00:54:44,230 --> 00:54:48,430 Another one, Kam Rossel. This is full of praise for the father. 458 00:54:48,430 --> 00:54:53,330 So I think that this is the tie with the father does continue very strongly. 459 00:54:53,330 --> 00:54:58,800 I haven't really thought about it yet. So that's something for me to think more about. 460 00:54:58,800 --> 00:55:02,110 Oh, one other difference. I think those can say in eastern Rajasthan. 461 00:55:02,110 --> 00:55:09,790 I think to some extent this is the kind of ruler client Ty had developed more strongly and earlier. 462 00:55:09,790 --> 00:55:21,100 But one of the big changes we see an upwards age is the kind of is that many of these families like Bundy, they were kind of second tier. 463 00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:27,340 They had been clients of the memoir, but they weren't very keenly. 464 00:55:27,340 --> 00:55:32,500 And one of the things that happened I've written about this before is that with what's they become months of those, 465 00:55:32,500 --> 00:55:39,010 they have sort of secure positions and to some extent, as if some of these families really became quite a bit more affluent. 466 00:55:39,010 --> 00:55:43,900 And so, you know, Sudan is able to go to Banaras and be a big benefactor. 467 00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:49,060 And he builds, you know, palaces and gives lots of money away and the like. 468 00:55:49,060 --> 00:55:56,740 So they they they they're able to sort of adopt more kingly ways in a way, once they've joined the Movil empire. 469 00:55:56,740 --> 00:56:02,940 So thank you. But, you know, the father and son issue is something I do want to think more about things. 470 00:56:02,940 --> 00:56:07,210 Okay. Well, a question here from from Richard Williams. 471 00:56:07,210 --> 00:56:12,700 I think this must be the Richard Williams of Southwest. And he says, thank you, Cynthia. 472 00:56:12,700 --> 00:56:24,410 That was fascinating. Do you have a sense of these scenes, brother, loyalty, negotiation being discussed in Rajput comportment literature? 473 00:56:24,410 --> 00:56:31,570 I suppose it's a need to Schostak texts that were read and composed in these courts. 474 00:56:31,570 --> 00:56:36,180 And and all that. Is there an element of cautionary tales? 475 00:56:36,180 --> 00:56:47,440 That's a DC. And the sources that you've described to the poets reflect on these brothers did or didn't act correctly? 476 00:56:47,440 --> 00:56:53,170 Well, this is something then I'll have to ask Richard, because I I'm not really aware of this literature. 477 00:56:53,170 --> 00:57:01,630 So if he knows of some that I should look at, I would certainly, because this is one of the troubling things so far is there hasn't. 478 00:57:01,630 --> 00:57:04,880 There isn't. I'm not aware of much advice literature. 479 00:57:04,880 --> 00:57:13,630 And that's one of the first areas that most historians of emotion go to, is to see, you know, what least what is being prescribed and be easier. 480 00:57:13,630 --> 00:57:17,980 Yes. But I'm just using stories instead, I guess, as models. 481 00:57:17,980 --> 00:57:24,810 That's why I was referring to the Mahabharata, especially, which really has a lot of currency, even in early modern. 482 00:57:24,810 --> 00:57:29,740 Yes. Absolutely. Absolutely. Okay. So we're we're slightly. 483 00:57:29,740 --> 00:57:34,570 We're out of time. So we will. Thank you very much indeed. 484 00:57:34,570 --> 00:57:39,870 And we will leave. You know, I think we will now join our students. 485 00:57:39,870 --> 00:57:49,290 If you log out of this meeting, Cynthia, and then rejoin the students meeting, which the link should be there on your screen. 486 00:57:49,290 --> 00:57:53,070 OK. Thank you very much indeed. Stay here. Thank you. 487 00:57:53,070 --> 00:58:00,529 Thank you, everyone, for joining us. Thank you.