Before, except to say that when you finish speaking with 100 of one where we can discuss.
But I know also wants to tell us about speed.
Well, thank you very much because I think the the title is actually the law of Paris high speed dating from above that.
Well, how to get people in the room. So we will get into the speed dating as the paper proceeds.
Is there anybody in this room who's never been to Paris? Well, speaking to.
That's all for the Gulf War,
when I first went to Paris when I was 16 and it was the first time I'd ever been abroad and I was absolutely bowled over by the place.
Having spent five years at school having French thrust, it was interesting to see what people actually did speak this language somewhere in Europe.
Of course, in those days,
one had no contact really with anywhere outside the UK and they spoke it and they were actually vaguely understanding as well.
So I enjoyed myself immensely for the week I was there, and I've been going back ever since.
I suppose I should just confess at this point that there is a slight family
connexion all this and that my my great uncle who goes under the name of J.
Frank, this sounded very pompous, was one of the pioneers of the cinema in the silent era.
And before the war, the firm had offices in London, Strasbourg and Paris.
And he did make some silent films in France, including Lara and Elisabet,
which is quite well known for the film with French cinema starring Sarah Banhart.
But that time, as far as I know, just had one leg, so I want to know how they managed to get it to wander around.
But anyway, I've been so brought up to this idea that Paris was an interesting, exotic place,
and it was probably inevitable that when I eventually got down to being a researcher myself,
that I would be concentrating on Paris and I think that probably therefore it's only
only right that my last appearance on the stage in my my guises at Oxford chews up.
I should again speak about about Paris and Paris in the 18th century, which is the period I've worked on the most.
Now the paper really is built around an assertion which any of you could charge if you wish, but I suspect it is difficult to do so.
And that assertion is that of all the cities in 18th century Europe north of the Alps, Paris was the most visited in the 18th century.
Am I? What I will do is really talk a bit about the visitors, which is not particularly novel or original,
but then drops to suggestions as to why that might be. And this will wasn't up to speed dating the Republic of Letters.
Paris, like most cities, not just big cities in 18th century, attracted lots and lots of migrants,
people who came in for six months or a year and went back home again.
But I'm going to talk about the workers.
If I would have to say I'm sure she could tell you everything you want to know about Paris migrants in the 18th century.
Well, I would talk about all the people who come from relatively well-to-do backgrounds.
I've come to Paris for study or for entertainment and delight.
And I'm going to start off with the student body, and that's what the first overhead is referring to,
because I think that there were at least three to 400 foreigners studying in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution.
Some of them are studying in the the Faculty of Theology of Paris and in the Faculty of Law.
And as you can see from the slide you've got on the screen, something like that ten point eight percent of the people who get a degree in theology,
Paris faculty only if the revolution come from outside France.
It sounds very grand so far, and in fact, there are large. They come from one particular part of Europe.
And that simply because the University of Paris in the 18th century serves as the University for Irish Catholics.
So virtually all of the the foreigners to be found in any of the faculties.
The University of Paris in the 18th century come from Ireland as an Irish college at Paris College in Mumbai,
which used to belong to the Italian college to people from Lombardy until it became the Irish college.
And numbers vary,
but there's probably at least 200 to 300 people living in that college or living in buildings attached that college on the eve of the revolution.
But there are lots more foreigners in Paris studying than simply those University of Paris.
But there are lots of other educational institutions, both private and public, which attract.
People from around the continent. I can't give you exact numbers, but there is one institution that did attract followers where there are numbers,
and I will then give you those and that's the lookalike of surgery.
Is not at the university totally dependent stitution set up in the 17 twenties and across the 40 year period from 17 50 to 70 90,
something like a thousand foreigners pass through it.
And obviously there are only about 24 there per year in 1785 91.
But across the period, there's a steady surge of people coming to Paris to study surgery,
and they come from all over Europe, not just, of course, from Ireland or even from Britain.
So that's a much more sort of cosmopolitan institution. Now on top of that, you'll find foreigners studying at the World Duval Technical Garden,
which teaches chemistry and surgery, anatomy as well as botany and various other places,
especially crabbing schools that were preparing people for mathematical examinations so they
could enter the various branches of the French ministration already admitted through exam.
So this is one of the people from around Europe could be found in Paris on the evolution that that group I don't much about.
But there's another group which I spent most of you know about with the tourists who are there for some reason or other.
In the months leading up to the revolution and before now,
I think it's been about four or five different groups of so tourists in Paris in the second half of the 18th century.
There are certainly people on business who come from all around Europe. Then there are the health tourists, the interesting group,
the health stores that they are the people who go over to spas or go to another watering hole in Europe
and all the way back home tend to pass through Paris to spend a couple of weeks or months there.
Then there are the people again from all parts of northern Europe who are heading south to Italy in the summer,
and they tend to pass through Paris on the way down.
There are certainly people there too, who are just taking in Paris, not really going anywhere except Paris.
The other ones are on the wrong price is clearly a place where quite a few people go to
Toulouse themselves for a few months when life gets so hot in the places they come from.
And then, of course, they're all people trying to make money. The boats are carrying Ostrov Mesmer now.
The list of names of people who pass through Paris in the second half of the 18th century try to make a quick buck is Ilija.
Now often they're doing a bit of everything sightseeing, making money in fun with studying at the same time.
Now how many of these people there are in any one year?
It's impossible to say, but I'm sure that all of you around this room can give me a few names of people you know,
who spent some time in Paris in the second half of the 18th century. I'm just sort of set the ball rolling to get you thinking I throughout.
If you had Anglo American names, both was there in 1760 for the future Surgeon General America, but Benjamin Rush is there in 1769.
Dr. Johnson of all people is there in 1775, spends two months in the place, but the great socialite Francis and crew are great to wake.
Madame is there and 796 of the young 13, 17, 19 would go on and on and give list as some would keep on coming.
This chap. No, yes, he's William Beckford follow through, I mean,
because we've had to pay for breakfast fairly recently, so I thought he thriving for an example.
He comes in 1777 with his chooser en route to Switzerland to finish his education, then 784.
He's back with his wife, Margaret. Not a good and happy relationship, I must say.
And amongst other things, he gets up. So he supposedly goes to the Shahram du Bois and enters the cage of the lion in order to pet it.
He's also attending the South by Dominica. At the same time, he visits the great neoclassical architect Ladoo.
And then he's back again, you said in 88 93, and you say that because now he's on the run.
At this point, he's he's unfortunately been discovered making homosexual advances to the son of the Earl of Devon Powder Room,
so he decides to retire to the continent. And while he's in the car,
all the content he does very nicely for himself because he sits out the revolution and he spends most of his
days buying up art from aristocrats who are in need of a few pennies and somehow or other during the terror.
He managed to ship it all the way across from Calais to Dover. And so it's set up his own very nice architecture itself a lot as well.
So he he was one of the people who was busy buying up.
French objects are getting them across the channel as soon as the revolution breaks out.
That's it. We don't know how many people there are, but according to the great Daniel Rausch,
who has counted the number of people who in any one year are given passports to stay in Paris.
I believe the French authorities there are 12 and seventy nine two thousand six hundred two foreigners in the city.
Two hundred eighty six Englishmen follow these people on British Isles,
generally in hotels and another one hundred sixty two a sort of floating and set up in the police reports.
So there's probably only 400 people from this island in in Paris on the eve of the revolution.
And if you still throw the students so that there must be still three to four thousand foreigners floating around in Paris when the Basti falls.
Now I would want to argue the other big cities in Europe do not attract lots of people.
They could. They do, but I don't think that they ever attract numbers in such quantity.
It's very difficult to find other universities or educational institutions
that attract foreigners in the way that the Paris seems to do in this period.
There are plenty of people floating around in London attending the various hospitals, according to Susan Lawrence.
About two hundred and twenty three of them who sign up in eighteen hundred. But they're all from the British Isles.
None were from abroad. So what?
What is the attraction? The price? This may seem a totally ridiculous question to ask,
but I think it's useful to enquire why there are so many people in Paris because I suspect that in the 17th century and 16th century,
this was not the case at all. Where used to the world, everybody goes to Paris, but I think it really begins in the 18th century.
So let me suggest a few reasons. And this will gradually get down to people.
First of all, location, it happens to be very handily placed for all those from northern Europe moving southwards to Italy,
as I've always kind of implied. And a lot of them, in fact, a growing number of people are moving south in the 18th century.
There are people moving in the other direction, so say there's not a grand tour that goes the other way.
But there are not many of them.
And if they are going in that direction, then if they're going anywhere, they frequently don't go to many of the great northern cities.
Here's one man who was moving north with this chap.
He's the Italian Scipio de Matvey Varanasi antiquarian and naturalist 7:36.
He moved north to see the forlorn world, spends three years in Paris and then he to go somewhere else.
So he spends about two months over here.
Visits Oxford, by the way, very briefly at Cambridge, and then he goes back across the North Sea and goes to Amsterdam and Vienna on the way up.
But he basically comes to Paris. He does have a northern tour, but it's not really a long tour.
It's it's a visit to the French capital to do a bit about him and his his pal at the.
Of the two, but these are a classic example of a classic example of something is on the wall who thought is someone that our Russian is selling well.
They are the famous Madam Dash, the princesses Princess Laura.
I would call that that sugar man Madame discover that she's in Paris in 17, her 1769 she passes through from Brussels, and she's there again in 1780.
She's a very interesting character. She's the only person I've ever encountered on the The Foreign Grand Tour Lorca's who goes to Dublin in Dublin.
This is massive city of 200000 people, but nobody ever visits the place.
I go to research that moment. He's working on the Republic of Letters in Dublin, the 18th century.
She very kindly sent me her latest list of people who actually go to Dublin and it crosses in,
so narrows down to about 20 people, all of them, except about three from Britain.
Dublin is not a place that anybody goes to visit.
People move from Dublin into Europe, but they don't go visit and they stay.
But Copenhagen or Uppsala or any of these places, but they are not places that people go to visit at all.
St. Petersburg people go to the beach, but with all that, many thought so,
Paris is very different amongst golden cities in that it does attract an awful lot of people.
Now that's one point. Second point more frivolous is it is both expensive and difficult to stay there.
As everyone knows, it's very easy to move to London and stay there for the rest of your life.
As Dr. Jonathan rather rudely pointed out, at one point got the.
Actually, it's quite difficult to move to Paris permanently in the 18th century.
This is because it is a city that is very incorporated in its various activities, and you can't move to Paris permanently and set your self up.
Some people try to, but they frequently come to grief.
If they do, it's very, very expensive to do it by yourself into any of us or POC professional guilds.
So it's the kind of place that parents didn't mind their children going to for a bit because they knew they'd come back home.
Some, of course, went back reluctantly, including the great Robespierre,
who spent a long time in Paris as a student trying to be a lawyer got his law degree,
but unfortunately had then goes back home that sleepy Brathwaite that came from enjoying the corp of lawyers that explains the French Revolution.
All these people had to go back home after they spent years in Paris.
So if you are a nobleman or anybody with money who said that their kids off on the grounds,
you didn't mind them going to private school because you knew they wanted to stay there for more than two or three months.
It also very expensive. So the money ran out pretty quickly. So you're going to have to come home after that.
So I think that's a frivolous but important point. It was a place you passed through all spent time in.
You didn't stay there permanently. That, of course, is the language many people from abroad.
Now, any language French, no French. And no, I could end up in a big French city rather than anywhere else.
I thought I'd try to demonstrate just how hard it could be for the poor Brits when they were in Paris in the 18th century.
This is a letter of a diary, which is a letter from France's Cru, who tells it I read it outlet.
So she spends a night at the English ambassador. You see, well, there is great comfort, I think, in being down.
They released from a library expressing oneself in a foreign language, which, by the way, is often very fatiguing but embarrassing.
Likewise, I feel for this poor woman who was forced to speak French while she was in Paris.
But no. So the language for another reason of people going to Paris and then that the city lights in
which what do you think of things you see and there are lots of things to say in your knickers?
Remember that we had a talk a couple of years go by chap who told us about how Paris is being built before the the French Revolution.
It was a built building site. So many things going on for you, for you to see.
But what most people who came to Paris to do was to see the king eat.
I don't know what other princely family in the 18th century allowed the hoi polloi to have a look at him munching.
But Louis, the sixteenth clearly did, and they all did it. Dijakovic went to see it.
Even Johnson went to see Louis, not below the 50, but it's a kind of look at the 16 eating a fold to play rather beside.
And I thought I would just put up on the board. Johnson's view of the French just looked.
He really was a Brexiteer having to let his description of attending the ISI be like the king fed himself with his left hand as we saw Louis,
the sixteenth lieutenant. Anyway, this is this is what this is, what he says.
The bulk of it, the great enthrals liberated magnificently, but the rest miserably.
There's no happy middle state in England. The shots of Paris mean the meat markets.
The stock should be sent to a jail in England and Mr Thrilled just the absurd cookery
of the French was for a country that was for something rather a problem by necessity.
But they could not eat their meat unless they added some taste to it.
The French are delicate people they will spit upon.
Actually, I better look at my own textural education.
Nature has done more for the French, but they have less for themselves than the Scotch have done,
largely for you when you got back that much, the French, but you actually did go to the king.
Eating is a good, you know, the Kirsten Dunst still writes with that, but I think they they all carry that look.
So everybody went to see the king that that was the great, great site. They all went to.
And if you wanted to get off the tourist road, there were lots of other things to do and I thought,
This is breakfast, who knew how to get around in life? This is his view of Paris.
More Fiesta bought glittering, more probably deprived than ever walls.
Those pieces, the pious era, a kind of shame Baba Catherine, the modiji, the petrol noise of bottles of theatre ballrooms and gaming houses,
pausing all idea of the capital, perhaps as never before so thickly or effervescent, the people is trapped.
Continue set, I think,
to continue to catch victims these new dens of corruption that lacerating and some shape rather frequent and you got to get the picture.
But Paris, even in the 6:52 capital, it was a place for people kind of went to to enjoy themselves in ways they couldn't do,
even in London, which was a puritanical city in many ways that we could have got away with feeling about.
But so a lot of people do gather because it got a lot to do.
I suppose I should mention the cellar, but you know, the cellar will be overhyped.
And thanks to Liberty, we now know that there really is nothing more than places worthy of the would be.
Writers got together with our stones to be patronised.
That really being patronised. But nonetheless,
I think one should say about the summer when this comes out in Benjamin Rush's manuscript memoir is the four of us could get into the rise in London,
whether that's also southern in London and lots of places as well.
You thought we just weren't allowed in even America Rush come down to London.
He's not really allowed to mix with these very select groups in Paris.
On the other hand, although he's come anonymous American, he seems to attend a wide variety of sound.
Now we know that there are big facilities, but he's coming in for tea and coming in for dinner.
But they do seem to be relatively open. And that again, is, I think, great attraction.
You would actually at least go and stare at the great and good, if nothing else.
Anyway, the point that moves me on to speed dating is the the intellectual side for this because what
but my point of view interests me about Paris is the sheer number of members paid up members,
active members, the Republic letters that one could find in Paris.
I do think that if you add up all the people in the various academies and members of the Just Academy of Sciences,
it's one of the descriptions as well of surgery by the end of the regime is one for medicine,
plus all the if you think of all of the collections, the libraries and the museums that exist,
all the different private collections there, and they're all kind of listed in the guidebooks.
Then there's nowhere else like it in Europe that you could possibly go visit.
And this is actually very important if you are a parvenu in the Republic lectures and you want to get all.
There are different ways of getting old, the public letters, but the most obvious way is actually to meet other people before we get them.
Let me talk about another way. This is just such and such a good quotation in some people.
If they want you to get to know big fish when they started out would just write them a letter.
And one man does this in 1731, is this guy?
That's not the nice of this man, but it is so bad most people have heard of it.
But but he he is the father of mythology, supposedly professor at Montpellier.
And he points six. So in 1731, he's a very young man indeed, and he's just published the the first go at producing an anthology.
So what's he do? He immediately sends a copy to the Great Baba, who's the leading professor of medicine in the early 18th century in Europe by Leiden.
We sent him a copy of this book, which is called Invitation to enter into a Correspondence,
and it looks at both of our replies positively because we know from Bletchley,
who sabotages letters to his pal in the Manko book that he's getting letters above all.
Now, a few years later, in 1737, another would be member of the public letters.
Let's get back on the nice, who has had to come away from Sweden to get to know people.
He's based in Amsterdam. He writes the questions of age.
I'm asking if essentially they can begin a correspondence.
And he writes the most [INAUDIBLE] letter I have ever come across in my life.
I'm sorry this is Latin, but the the only bit you really need to know is the bit,
but he says he's he's he's been looking for the nose ology that the to survive.
He knows about this, but he says I've looked everywhere. No sweet Lapland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, England.
Their dad knows the title. He's got this book and then he he's recently been enlightened and he's he's seen a copy.
I have seen it. I've inspected and I have been overwhelmed by it.
And yeah, I have. I have felt awful.
But the my in most of them in a breath struck as a result by some anxiety, having to wait to see how it goes on, though,
as it says up the right at the bottom of I'm able therefore to like your book every day the torture, but I don't have a copy.
So what he wants is a copy of this book, and he says If you send it to me, I'll pay for the postage.
And there's a wonderful I was this I will never die of the being.
I'm grateful for your favour and I know that your your method.
I can't wait until their methods to be used in botany. It's rather amusing.
But the nurses to go do i boleyn's sex anyway if I like him in return, my own books include My Lachlan Flora, his first edition of his plant again.
Anyway, I've just never come across a letter in the Republic.
Someone says these two little pieces that basically struck down when you look for the book, that is all this wonderful.
But anyway, it does seem to work. And thereafter, last year, Linnaeus to enter into correspondence, but generally put it This doesn't work.
And Linnaeus very quickly becomes very famous. And we have essentially applied a complete lidi in correspondence these days.
So we know everybody who writes into it. And he writes out, I might be, write it.
And basically, he doesn't answer any of his letters at all.
He is far too important by the 70 Forties to correspond with anybody,
and anybody would include the Oxford professor of Botany Paul 6:04, who does write with in 70 forties and never gets reply at all.
So just writing letters, unless I suppose you can come up with something that's unbeatable like that, you've got to get nowhere.
You need to meet people. And the other way you meet people is you go on the road.
And in the second half of the 18th century, there are hundreds, if not thousands,
of tiro Republican of letters tripping up and down Europe trying to meet people.
At this speed, dating comes in because the one thing you learn pretty quickly is that even if you've got a letter of introduction,
even if you are looking to be face to face with one right and good, the chances are that they will not let you in.
And this is not really because they are particularly uncivil, but because they are overwhelmed by the number of people who come knocking on the door.
And we know a lot about Voltaire and the way he was always sick with them when he came to see it.
Well, sickness is the obvious way of dealing with this. Politeness demands that if someone turns up with a letter, you've seen them,
so you have to develop some kind of strategy for dealing with the important and being ill is most obvious one.
So when one reads continually that the people of letters are ill, people write books about sickness in public letters.
No one really seems to pick up the fact that this is a strategy rather than anything else.
They are sick by design. But if that's the case, if you know that most of the people whose doors you lock on are not going to answer,
you've got to maximise the number of hits really.
And the way you do that is by going to a place where there are the largest number of people who thought you could knock on.
You do not go to fanny or knock on one door. You go to Paris, where all the hundreds knock off and it usually works.
So let me now talk about the person whose autobiography in the middle of publishing, Oh, you are in the middle of publishing.
Pierre Joseph, Amira, Amira, is it.
I'm a college degree at Montpellier in the early 70s 60s, he's already becoming somebody in Montpellier,
member of that, the local academy, and he's already trying to to branch out.
Inevitably, he writes in the NAIAS and doesn't get a reply. Try setting the nice the copy of his bachelor's thesis.
Not a very good move, I suspect. So if he's decided not to give, he decides not to go down that route.
He's going to go up to Paris status, followed by him to go. So happy go.
And I won't go through all the things that I can take from his autobiography.
But you can see from rapidly looking at this that he does pretty well.
I believe that the usual play, the dilemmas as you are fed a visit and I can see a mistake already, I am anyway.
It means we've got letters of introduction to it by broad people. He makes the astronomer Laurent.
He makes a great experiment, physicist Abdullah.
And above all, he he turns up with a letter from one of his pals go to Bernard, juicio the right botanist at any event.
And from then on, he's meeting Joshua all the time.
He's going up what is actually all around Paris and him getting to know the the botanical world in Paris.
So you fight. But it's not that easy, and it's quite clear from the Charles Barkley that frequently there are problems.
One point he goes out to our side to try to meet with the Senate.
Who's the king's chief physician?
Unfortunately, now he's out with nothing and might be sick.
They might be out of the apartment if you actually work at a barbecue letters.
The number of times that individuals pass through a town and knock on the door of somebody they know pretty well and that person is
not there amazes me frequently case like truly miss each other because they don't have this instantaneous communication that we have.
So you just knock on doors anyway. Poor old Albert goes to Versailles at Sendak is out and you have to put up with his wife and clean.
His wife is not too happy with having to beat these people the whole time.
And here she is, she says. Well, she's pretty disrespectful about Montpellier and how some was actually gone down there for a degree.
So anyway, that you get get get the message that they insult on already claims they insult another, so it's not easy for him.
And sometimes you have to be very crafty and this is what happens.
Another case I gather one three three dollars on Beale is the is the expert of the classification of showers, and he's old PUFA, supposedly.
And he partly no longer receives amateur Shea Louis anyway because he turns up and he's are being told that he's too thick to see.
So he has to change tack.
And this is to say that he belongs to the Academy of Sciences and in Montpellier that doesn't feel has written about our own father's collection.
So that piece he is an acceptable member of the public debt is and apparently that that that then opens doors.
I suspect is much more complicated than that. But you get the sense that the way you have to negotiate your way in.
My favourite example this is nothing to do with Amara, but to do with a Geneva body scandal who is in Paris the 1790s.
And he needs to meet lamarck. He wants to enter the world of botany and zoology, and he's desperate to meet that mark.
But he hasn't got a letter. No instructions at all. So this is for all of you graduate students who want to know how to get on in the world.
That's kind of that's Mark.
And this is how he makes it. He stalks him, essentially and finds out where he's gone.
So he finds out where he goes to meet and hear the POW compete.
They grab the table next week and begin talking about landmarks of French flora come out just before the revolution.
And may just go all alone talking about this book. I tell them I can't stand it anymore.
And it turns and gives up a conversation with them, and it works with that.
From then onwards, he knows Levorg. Now, I don't know how long it would take.
Positioning satellites, but you really do have to do some quite fancy footwork to to get yourself introduced in even in some like Paris.
So put in front of visit. Paris is the place.
There are so many of these people that as you rush around the two months you're there that we try to make contact with people,
you like to find some people who take you in.
How many times you rejected.
So working on the principle that you, you maximise your chances, then all places you could go to meet people in the Republic letters.
I would think that is not lawful. Certainly, Paris is the place you go to now and I don't go too long and I want to win this up in five minutes or so.
But I want to turn the whole thing this point and say that there are exceptions to this rule,
but that there are some relatively small towns where people do go in great numbers, not very small towns.
No one comes to Oxford in the 18th century, actually, didn't they have come to Oxford?
But you don't generally come to Oxford, if you could possibly help it if you come home of the law and talk.
The chap I mentioned before he comes to Oxford and he comes with about about the measurement CPA from the.
And they spent about two or three days here, and there's only one person in the whole universe who's a fellow queens that they actually meet and
have a conversation with rest of the time they go around looking at buildings and or look at the body.
But that's clearly nobody in Oxford in the 18th century, the 17th thirties that any respect republic lessons actually want to get to know.
This doesn't mean there's nobody in Oxford at some time in their lives who is of significance in the European Republic letters,
but they're never here. You about down to navigate, but they've never here.
It ought to be either that they're usually in London or somewhere else, perhaps on the ground to themselves slightly.
The more we follow Richard Chandler, who goes off to the Ottoman Empire and goes out collecting inscriptions in the 1760s, and Susie gets married.
Yes, to the man who gets married, puts down his fellowship and takes his wife on their honeymoon to Italy to collect inscriptions.
And and so do we get to know all the people who then copy inscriptions for him that are sent back to England?
His great his great desire was to create the the ultimate edition of Pindar,
and he had people scouring all the libraries, literally for manuscripts of Pindar.
He never finishes his work, by the way. Anyway, there are only a few places where people do turn up because there is somebody there who
isn't Voltaire and isn't sick and actually is willing to talk with just anybody who arrives.
And this is my hero, the one Republican of letters in the whole of my long career.
I would actually have liked to have met because he saved us some half time for everybody.
And this is this man, Jean-Francois seguia about whom we know much more now because his correspondence
is gradually being put up on the web thanks to a group of people down in need.
He's literally picked up by mafia in the 1738 Mafia Party,
threw them on the way north and meets this young man who's in his 20s and says, Be my secretary.
And he says, yes, his family allow him to do this.
He goes, We spend the next 20, 25 years with mafia.
He goes up to Paris with him. His correspondence with Paris is hilariously funny about Voltaire and the things that he's learnt.
He then goes over to England with him and comes back to the Verona and acts as his secretary in Verona until mafia dies the late 1750.
He then goes back to leave. By that time, he's quite famous.
He's not one of the nicest correspondences the potent botanist bibliographic, perhaps more than anything else,
and he comes back and sets up his own collections and his library in his house that he buys from then almost the next 20 years.
He's just somebody who you can go visit in the on the way south and people visit him in droves and.
Between 1773 and 1783, 1402 people visit Savir, so 11 years,
and you can look up to so there are not many days in the year when somebody doesn't knock on the door and have a chat with him.
And it's not just a chat because he takes them round the rooms in need as well.
So you must spend several hours with them and they cover all parts of Europe.
You'll be pleased to see how many Russians, all those twenty three Russians call upon him now.
I presume everybody has to speak in Russian.
They might speak Latin. I don't know if he knows a bit of English, so it must be an interesting little friendship.
But sugar must be friendly and this is quite interesting.
People lined up on his doorstep, including Joseph, the second who's wandering around Europe.
His cap focussed side is quite. But he seems to me to be the the ideal Republican of letters he he he never seems to be that real far, as I can see.
And in the summer months, you see three or four people and that coming with their wives and their children.
But he's always polite, always talk to them. And they also have the visitors book and then they go up.
You. So if you're going to place Spike Lee and they had its own academy, that is 212Pb, this nice little small town, big time.
And of course, it's probably just about majority Protestant as well, so it attracts people from the Protestant parts of Europe.
But if you think about it's not actually a direct route south, you guys could go to Avignon, Paul South, but you have to go to the right.
Once you're there, you have to make the detour to the south.
People who go there, go there because of safety and the fact he's so willing to talk to them and and
offers the chance of joining his quite extensive network of correspondents.
So, so name is the exception that proves the rule as far as I'm concerned.
Normally, towns that size wouldn't attract people at all,
but I thought I'd just introduce you to say gay because it's something that I've worked on on and off for many years,
and he's become more and more known is one great place to fight.
He has won easily. He cracked the description above the well on the pediment of the Music Up cafe.
He he started the rivet holes and worked out with the description that published
this in 1761 that made his name all over Europe and pretty famous anyway.
So that's really all I'm going to say. I said, I'll get it done in just over three goals, so now I have done.
I just want to try to get you thinking, I suppose, spatially about with public letters.
People are on the move more and more after 1750. We're very aware of this.
Where they go is obviously affected by who they are, what they want to do.
But if you are a young man in the Republic letters, there are some places that are much more likely to be useful to you.
The novels, I think of all the places to be used to view in North York, it's Paris,
simply the sheer number of people that are there, but you can make contact with.
I don't think there are many people who come away from Paris who haven't made some contacts with somebody.
It's not in any way without its cost in that when you go back home, you're expecting to find specimens or artefacts.
For these people in Paris, they're using you. They're manipulating the public letters is like that, but it gives you a sort of a toe in the door,
which from then on ones you can exploit to gradually move up the the hierarchy or the ladder yourself.
If you've got the the gumption and the building, the willingness to do it.
This is what they never did. When he came down from from Sweden, he got to know the right people, first of all.
So Paris, I think, is whatever many will say about the Republic.
That was an enlightened beings and now decentralised, and I don't usually stick up for dawn.
But I do think at the end of the day, Paris is at the centre, certainly of one part of the intellectual in the 18th century.
But.