Of Afrox funding. And as a result of postponing his time with us.
What we've decided it is both with Fred and and with other visiting fellows is to try
and involve them as much as we can in our programme of activities through the year.
And so the flip side of the of the the pandemic is the ability to use the technology to linking it to departments across the continent.
And so, rather ambitiously, we are directly connecting to consumer, to the university of the same manner.
And to the Department of Sociology and Anthropology. And so it's a very great pleasure to welcome Freddy Candar to a seminar.
He's a social anthropologist and he's on the editorial board of Africa.
He trained at Cambridge and he works on a whole range of issues around bureaucracy and kinship, dispute resolution, religion, gender.
And this all kind of comes out of a doctoral thesis focussing on humanitarianism, refugees in northern and northeastern Kenya,
and particularly on the role of kinship in maintaining and reproducing the structures within a refugee camp.
And so, without further ado, and with all our fingers and toes crossed, that the connexion holds up.
It's a great pleasure to to welcome Fred to this seminar and to introduce his paper,
Somali Kinship on Bureaucratic Governance at the gala refugee camp in Kenya.
Fred Otey. Fred, either.
Connection's been holding up for a whole half an hour until then.
We'll try to connect. We do have a backup plan, which is actually to play a recording of his talk.
Right. Are you there? Fred, if you're there, do you know that your muted.
All right. Brenda, if a friend's connexion had completely gone.
Would we still see him? I mean, would we still see his icon? I think if he had completely gone, he would have, like, been kicked out of the session.
All right. We're sorry. We can hear you now. OK.
I was muted. Sorry about that. That's OK. OK. It was a heart stopping night.
Thank you. You're back. Thank you, madam.
Yes, sir. Thank you very much. So I'm going to talk about a house, a medical issue, intellectually bureaucratic governance at.
How did you come to Kenya? One of the biggest ironies of African cities is they are putting blue state control over the working of camps,
as evidenced by the runaway lawlessness in the spaces. The Goma refugee camp in the Democratic Republic of Congo was one example in the famous
for harbouring how many of these activities following the London genocide of 1994.
Cases of African casualties inside refugee camps have also been reported in countries.
I guess it is Zambia, Tanzania and Uganda. Why?
Instead of an organised crime, political radicalism and recruitment of using military units at our common
occurrence in our linking Tompsett including those in Kenya Mauritania area.
These clubs are also widely believed to be sites of human trafficking,
as well as smuggling police to Kenya, where I conducted 12 months of the Democratic visa.
A classic illustration of the lawlessness that is associated with refugees.
It deals with cases of banditry, rape, kidnappings, bombings, murder and intercommunal strife reported throughout the comfort of existence.
The complex comprises of A4 data and bighearted cups that are difficult,
embedded as one because they are restricted in close proximity within each other.
This can't have been any friend. Could you turn your camera on for us?
We can't see you. Oh, sorry, sorry. I kind of see me now.
Yeah, I can see you. Thank you. Do you want me to begin off, Rachel?
I pick up from where I was. You can just pick up from where you are.
Thank you. OK, so they set up complex cabezas laws.
If all that data comes, a typical is that it does one because of that, it's treated in close proximity with each other.
These clubs have been in existence this 1991 when my dad became stateless following the overthrow of the president siete buddy.
Like to give you numbers, coping with the protracted hosting situation had to transport it comes to sort of contain cities with schools,
shops, restaurants, lodgings, hospitals and other social amenities.
But unlike other cities that are under municipal or state control, these cops appear to be loosely governed.
As highlighted by the new MIT media reports,
that becomes a dead up activity is breeding grounds and centres of unregulated and tax consignments of goods and capital from Somalia.
How to get the government has gone so far as to label this comes as training grounds for the Somalia based al-Shabab militia.
Which has claimed responsibility for 30 artillery strikes in May. Look at the tough area that have to get there.
What that planted on to people.
Disembody Majority Quynh happy to this comes out about Riegle, nomadic, dominant Muslim people who are divided into clans, subclans and religious.
You have two mothers living both inside and outside pick up walls, and they like to drink with the guys and locals is bloody.
They groups brought with the Semitic group have historically been bound together by centuries
old intellectual that they could just muddy a Buddha and therefore have overlapping experiences.
Appellations becomes existence for more than two decades has, moreover, actually been sustained by the relationship.
So, Fred, you've just muted you to Mike. And again, again, sir, it's me to begin.
So, for example. It was not uncommon to come across locusts with inhabited villages, as did as two, because it.
For Central made in Western countries and Glugs is offering food and social services.
Some refugees, it notes, are suing the local identity to move freely in Kenya.
The bodies of Kadisha. But that was particularly illustrated by the distinctions that people make between new and old biggest.
These differences. Well,
I think by lifers who certainly exonerate themselves from the widespread insecurity by linking it to late arrivals comedy branded as new litigates.
Isn't it that I voted and I could have been driven into exile? But is it the approach that was experienced throughout the Horn of Africa?
During my fieldwork? However.
You really get these were also added selection of leadership dynamics in the context of the war in Somalia that has often worked, that translates.
Indeed, many of the area labels head specifically choosing to flee to Dabdoub because they belong.
But they battled clan who, like devils, shared the same plan.
And that was not true for disaccord. Nudity GIFs. Newbold, with artificial distinctions, were therefore strategically deployed by Adaiah rivals,
excluding attributes from becomes which are political processes.
However, new arrivals are vulnerable because they could not mobilise these networks to access valuable resources.
The days of kinship with letting people are fed up with that, that appears to have particularly been in our streets by the remoteness of the area.
The systematic marginalisation by post-colonial governments.
The UK government appears to have deliberately located the pumps in the remote semiarid area twice late Monday for Modise.
We told that it brings with it information of time. Ms.
Against this backdrop, gives you becomes even more important to sustain one's own existence in this presentation.
I examine how leadership has come out and put an.
In the functioning of the never becomes in the face of minimal bureaucratic business inside cups, I begin by stripping.
That is the discussion in leveraging the. And you might to end the government governance.
The ineffectiveness of this different agencies in managing better pumps is a strength,
a striking contrast to how bureaucracies are commonly portrayed as having unethical control over people's lives instead of organisations.
This premise of bureaucracy, in its Burián sense is particularly positive,
aided by helpful madisen neutrality documentation that could Kippy and minority rationality
inept bureaucrats to disguise subjective national goals as logical UNIVERSALISE policies.
What estate broker has is, moreover, weird and pretty, the power and the way they eclipse the conduct of their respective operations.
They get made force as well as rewards and sanctions. It is not.
Yes. So anything that gives thieves and pirates and more and the lot of ballistic power even that is totally defined political space.
As peeping as and what others observe,
Scapes also have an observer status that allowed them to deploy was quizzical student exemption to preserve their sovereign power.
This entails preserving states by using people to base speed law.
If this debt is driven by serious danger from within, not without commentators, I guess, but I am.
If it is, I guess that state law has achieved and is debating what is in the present of declining US influence.
They Paul, Montanan organisations in COP 16 is equally powerful as a body that is legally mandated to provide the natural protection for refugees.
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR and its humanitarian partner.
Half that is, plus visually establishing policing and justice mechanisms that provide the biggest with basic information.
What makes it possible that the rule of law?
The bodies of the UNHCR in providing basic needs and services, clarification camp settings, causing deep imbued it with state like qualities.
Michael Barnet's and other others have even accused the UNHCR of becoming bruising.
Thanks. The insinuation of this judge is that UNHCR has come to some simplistic
bureaucracy that is often epitomised by rationality in efficiency and opaqueness.
These attributes Embar. It's so visual is to have unlimited monopoly of livelihood resources.
The pointy qualities that exist between these officials and their clients has indeed left several quarters.
Does it get too convoluted that you muttering how you we can only get up ahead if you give rights as their rights?
His view is apparently informed by green conditions in minicam settings that are characterised by labour or political rights,
restricted mobility with fairness of human potential and fewer economic opportunities.
We got to quote, as I just had a bunch fuelled perceptions that comes up of business with exception that seek to depoliticise occupants.
If steps and you maintain bureaucracies are monolithic entities with the
preponderance of people's lives as they are commonly portrayed in the literature,
it is our policy to ask why the lack of enforcement for basic rules and conditions is the dominant trope of couple dynamics at that and other 16.
It also prompts us to ask what keeps these guns going for so long in the face of weak institutional control?
I guess I guess that is, I'm not the all powerful abstract entities that are often portrayed to be.
And that bureaucratic action of the depends on the realities on the ground begins.
And the states has hit that troubled history with its nomadic populations in general and some other cities in particular.
There had been numerous things such as this in this almighty dominated area prior to the arrival of refugees and the election of crumps,
simply because it drifted in security in one critical area by increasing the number of items to students and the number of people dropped.
This has prompted the states to deploy drastic measures that fit in this general exemption framework.
As I discuss below it, professionally conducted so-called security operations inside the double pumps
and in so much dominated areas in Nairobi to ostensibly rule out a criminal.
And in reality, however, these operations merely highlights the stakes in a bid to govern,
become as well as the or muddied, if not eastern part of Kenya.
This is most notably epitomised by radical police presence inside the camps.
That has created room for kinship status. And you might take through classes in shipping practises, sharing kinship ties with locals.
Moreover, enable refugees to manoeuvre the difficult hosting conditions.
Realities are in line with what others, such as David Mozi.
How should we do that with graphic that we don't see this debate and development schemes
and with a context that government is the logic and less rigid that we might think?
Basket success. Cholmondeley Debate preparation. To be sure, they're problematic.
UNHCR set up inequalities between players were murdered.
Yes. It was crazy to positively transform their lives instead of producing prisoners.
At Bad Attic's. It is not as if government officials didn't know about the limits of their power.
They nearly always relied on local institutions to minimise tension in social conditions, which did it to the Rolls Royce of state and aid agencies.
He was most visibly demonstrated by the blame game that often ensued between the government and the U.N.
Seattle officials were never bumping or bundi that type of gathering around the cops.
Government officials who typically blame you in Seattle harbouring criminals under the guise of refugee protection, this puts.
When the government crossed the border and suspended the give Australia registration for the abduction of two agents,
what cars are allowed people to come in 2011, for example?
The district commission informed me that an informal discussion that he repeated once you u.
Yeah. And they quote, so-called refugees are from all of us.
We shall be facing charges of crimes against humanity. Yet people betting does predict them here.
He didn't. Later, they did. The government. It is hoped to roost. It comes in the following day at us.
And I quote, I don't consider them to becomes outdrawn. What is the difference between the cubs and the local temperaments?
Why do you and people insist on calling the camps as if the guys are confined somewhere?
What do we all know that establishing themselves in every part of this country?
There was indeed an entrenched feeling amongst government officials that he believes what of protecting.
Four minute feature time director. How is that gonna get you select many?
Because the biggies are expected to operate under the laws of the host country that was responsible for maintaining security.
What do you make from this exchange? This was I said that this did not see itself as being responsible for maintaining law and order inside the camps.
And it is due and different circumstances for doing so. This became evident following a series of bombings that targeted police, the.
A military in my late 20s living with this, I began to claim I was a bit of a number of casualties.
D.C. And I was in a public meeting that the government conducts what he termed as a cute little operation.
If you have not put its house in order. In January 2012, well, this final conducted, an overnight operation ended up where new arrivals decided.
These refugees who mostly belong to plans that were not related to local residents,
had widely been branded local supporters, flooding, widespread insecurity. Many of them put up social media for the operation,
but the details were not immediately clear until we could get reports of widespread police brutality, looting, robbery, assault steadily much.
You was the only police operation that I was made aware of during my yearlong field.
Look, we can't escort the reality of step in the field fast, perhaps because of the devastating consequences that starting to come does portended.
But even then, what these officers really conducted, patrol teams, they pick up.
The officers I interacted with explained that that willingness to patrol the camps was
informed by the threat of government funded attacks that were common in the area.
It was just government officials who are plus two visiting becomes as long as living foot five boats travelled around
only under heavy police escort and avoided getting inside becomes you believe are prevailing in the security.
In light of these arrangements that have come through allegedly self-sustained units,
we asked, did you maintain officials prefer to work through residuary does?
The had left taking a leading role in steering operations.
This longstanding practise of high demand has pointed out, has been bombarded by the unexpected object of considering it is as bad as people.
Many it is decision making process. The effectiveness of somatic kinship units was what regularly give becomes that of functionality.
That, in turn provided us with the Nesat approach attraction for actualising its governance.
They set up we, Brooke, medical officials went through it to give it us, mostly benefited all refugees,
porcupine most Debuchy positions in the changing political landscape where nudity Gisela viewed with suspicion.
Gives fuel intercommunal conflicts in a difficult setting of scarcity as new refugees attempted to stick deadly on leadership positions.
Detailed account of refugees. We just did. And you might even agencies.
Happened against this backdrop. Good. That kinship provided it.
I'm against drug tests, betray and production, food shipping company dynamics.
What is it that the guest of the district, this chairman, to contextualise this it up?
It was one of the most intriguing people who heard repeatedly about a building police operation,
is that if you come in public meetings before it actually happened.
He also lobbied successfully for the to put an end of refugee elections, pushed for police, abject poverty,
not turning up on local politics and influence how development and security related issues were coordinated in the area.
Indeed, instead of Piggins, bureaucracies were often sucked into clan and the new old rivalries.
People like the district, this German police state is all diplomatic machinery.
We've got the welfare of their relatives inside they come, or if the punishment puzzle's rifle is as a marriage that has demonstrated.
The state of insecurity in this company seems to be consistent with the opinions of writers such as Patrick Shover and Pascal Delos.
Cool, right? I get it. The chaotic, corrupt and the modern African state.
Company EDS, for example, if I were getting ideas of separating home from office.
For Minister Modi, government officials, just as you played that role in facilitating functioning of Eurocracy.
Apart from hacking, but Reisinger is models about the traditional social.
See, the patriotism of rocketing Africa's problems to safety of professional bureaucrats
is taking root in sub-Saharan Africa due to state not being divorced from society.
It correctly diverts our attention away from putting in proper perspective the importance of kinship in African societies.
In what follows, I describe how endless bureaucratic procedures meant that abusive encounter between imatinib officials and Big Daddy big clients,
which in turn strengthened the role of kinship in governance resource access.
I didn't have camps.
The UNHCR did like governance structure was illustrated by the fact that agencies it had contracted out to provide special services.
These included gained national we can an educational gym that would have programmes that one,
the division which was in charge of combating its tuition, have been safe.
We provided medical services to use to Save the Children, which was supposed to be given protection issues, had not been imaginal.
We provided much as a foot traffic is with disabilities, amongst others.
The extent to which the UNHCR bureaucracy has come to exemptions did.
Bureaucracy is it it is by the irrationality in officiants and opaqueness that dominate its practises.
Organisations have adopt a form of rapid growth. Instead, it is proper procedure to default on both operations.
Why was it a little debugger that was assigned to pages? And it often seemed that having not budge was a perfect site.
Working in the cup areas without an official budge, one could never use agent vehicles nor gain access to the box.
Another bureaucratic Brutsch vision. That's how should other get us was attending meetings,
gridlocking also Dimensional was going to be that he had not been to the camp for close to six months,
even though if you've in identifying and dealing with this violence, get opponents.
This business. Then again, the other is what has provided outreach services to refugees.
His daily routine now involved attending meetings and day puts.
He often expressed frustration at the lack of redeeming is the activities that he admits planning for his work difficult?
Ironically, as he often pointed.
It was not unusual to hear complaints about inadequate staffing and if there are meetings where participants feel a sense of or being utilised.
He compared life inside the Agins complaints prison system in light of the
mobility restrictions that people are subjected to the debit prevailing security.
Their preoccupation with procedures, so Vedanta might actually have his delivery.
I pick up. The experiences of that 80 year old woman might help to shed light on the frustrations of negotiating the difficult bureaucratic mess.
In seeking services from agencies. Habib, was existing months changed.
Physical disability and he'd been agonising. They had property soon after.
But. But the mother was no longer willing to take. And yet the nearby MSF clinic.
Although she had visited the clinic three times every week for the past one year.
The condition gradually been deteriorating. Does she talk to me that she saw no need in dealing with the medical equipment?
She had initially hoped that she would as a cure. And I know that whenever the child gets better treatment by the doctor,
MSF had informed her that he had more serious get tested positive for the limited opportunities.
How does he should abandon the middle of this was also informed by other family
obligations because she was the head of the household and the husband was winning.
Had people's was applicable case of giving up after knocking on his door?
That's how she described it. She hit 70 children who had dated to try to handicap international utility Jones physical disability.
She thought that high up international would like MSF would have made a final request.
But all of that was a promise to provide, I guess,
to help the jet's mobility at how looking stage she had also been advised by her neighbours to visit.
Guests get that vision. He'll be great.
Assisted women in a car.
Killable officials, in fact, head back to Save the Children after informing had that they ordered 100 domestic issues after listening to minorities.
I convinced the district's children officer to assist the child through his working relationship with his officials.
Together, we visited the 70 children, Manigat. His dad ahead of his.
He was very reluctant to give up on us. He decided to come citing agents, put prohibitions, but left and left under the agreed to come with us.
When we arrive at a people's house, the manager asked her whether she had ever approached Handicap International.
We did. This did matter. He didn't explain that he will need competition from Handicap International before shipping in assistance.
Considering that, I doubt that he's got disability.
He still took down the family's deepest and promised to might handicap International about that duty.
When I called on him a month later to find out about the case,
he explained that he delivered to the on our previous visits and had no capacity to pursue a mother,
mother, father without handcuffing DiMaggio implementation.
The existence of numerous speeches about it made it easier for bureaucrats to shirk responsibility by apportioning blame,
others knowing who to approach your blame was therefore one of the biggest challenges that the biggest Fiske's these dynamics added.
Plus, years of confusion within the past, knowing who was engaged.
That's often portrayed comes as it is other places.
It also contributed to an atmosphere where kinship took centre stage in the social political processes.
Indeed, indeed, Iraq is often debated on occasion.
To put couple dynamics which prove that the two systems to work as hyping submissions in governance.
This was accepted amidst the lawlessness that emanate from rivalries, banditry and general disorder.
Kinship becomes even more important as an insurance, not good as the pathology of insecurity.
It is doing is capable of gatekeeping practises that allow now time.
They said they keep an Monegasque case,
shows how bureaucrats more as a get to keep us off information sources as often to do with immense powers over their clients.
Still, it does not justify apprehending you must do that is through the lens of barely doing so leaves
little room for nuance influence on how we get populations by responding to this point equality's.
So Modise, as I show indecision, often deployed in ship, because I convinced did you Montanan prescriptions.
If a new DVD or that extensive kinship networks navigate the difficult setting of stars, it will not helpless.
They insisted by babies that saw two sides prevent them from something if guilty.
Does. This fuelled the rivalry between you and all these two groups, clipped each other for the security inside the car.
Using General Dynamics copper with their knuckles, economic to economic opportunity is largely accounted for.
The company executives at Debra. Administration access to company sources was heavily influenced by this,
despite the rhetoric about international standards that ostensibly govern these functions.
As explained above, they look at what the division did not have physical presence inside become if they thought it was genuine democracy,
income, security and administration. Instead, it gave out its mandate principally for cars and does.
And with that unwanted division walk through, committed to peace and security teams that were comprised of addicted BeeGees,
well coordinated security issues in and around the camps.
The teams who are trained to perform in order to commit to policy through gun patrols and who are often called upon.
Sort of various problems, including queue jumping off boats, is Butte's together providing protection for women and other groups.
Become also a high like system of administration with Chairman A. at the top.
Followed by security, does one of the videos, Homosexuals and Broccoli, does who I am, judge of the individual prox we do not section.
The cumbersome, inefficient model of self governance, it put a premium on leadership positions on the middle class trade-offs in Egypt units.
Leadership positions were highly coveted because of the benefits that accompany deep or low due to does not salaries.
They do allowances for tending against meetings. In addition, they often used their positions as leverage to get numerous benefits.
Security does one, for example, expect it to flood names of people to be employed as food distribution plugs even after six months?
Why? Broccoli does what I did. They didn't find people in need of housing on Leprince.
We did that blob's ministry BeeGees convicted the distribution clerk position because
it what it said lacks the opportunity to make quick money through funded food shops.
If you want to read it to me, how did unsuccessfully attempted to bribe his section leader?
Because he dug for the position of distribution clerk. He was not considered for the position,
despite promising to give the sectional leader or the incentive pay he received for the six month fixed contract of the position.
And he cited his lack of kinship connexion to the fictional leader as a reason for this failure.
When I asked Way Out of love for three, he explained that water, which is the fact is we are still up a percentage point.
Evidently, biggest food ration during food distribution was more lucrative for them, not us.
That's the biggest one paid monthly as an incentive.
The widespread nature of the mother was epitomised by an industry that the minute discussions during my fieldwork.
In 2010, the local member of parliament disguised himself has added Viji and goondas waiting to get
food rations to investigate the widespread complaints of people getting food rations.
That's then Duwayne title. However, everybody, including the MP, got our purpose.
She has on that occasion. Because what had leaked out?
The use of the equation government, and it gives his commitment to get them,
given that the stolen food was always on public display in the new ban on food stores, that was stated directly opposite the discussion centre.
This incident should not be linked as a case where the MP was acting as a state agent,
coming in to supervise or facilitating management practises in his constituency.
Rather, he was responding to his kinsmen complaints about lack of enough laws to snuff out distribution of Klaxons inadequate food rations.
Many of those who served as distribution clerks were either locals posing as refugees or alternatively,
if you got rifles who are members of the hosting community subtribe.
This illustrates how kinship and bureaucracy worked as a hybrid formation in governance and resource access.
Similarly, it is somewhat inaccurate, tributed complains about, but that form of corruption of the ostensibly rational bureaucracy.
Has the experience of the man who tried to rape, stiction or need to have shown it was not always obvious that having money to
bribe officials was all it took for one to be appointed as a distribution clerk.
Indeed, many of those who failed to secure this position often attributed their failure directly to relatives in high places,
facilitates the process as opposed to lacking money.
But I believe the guilty does. Those who missed out three inadequate rations or positions found it easier to frame Bermuda as a form of corruption.
And in reality, these complaints did it to highlights the vulnerability, as people within did without in front of intimate.
This is an indictment, to quote us, I just about Dallas could deploy a ethnicity,
nepotism and gift exchange to corruption as an African problem without appreciating the value that people put on kinship in these contexts.
Do you find that local politicians sometimes intervene in the working world?
Yes, again, reinforces the weakness of the state on humanitarian officials to impose order and highlights.
How can she fill the void left by humanitarian organisations?
The Vogels kinship in gaining access to company sources was willing, scripted by the campaign for electing to give it us.
That coincided with my field.
When the campaigns begun, the fight over these positions are the positions of Yemen charity section of Brooklyn does assumed a kinship dimension.
The D.C. set of electioneering thought by the Department of DFS to liaise with the
UNHCR in organising the exercise that had been postponed on two previous occasions.
The Department of Rebegin Office then announced that it of June 2012, the election date which kicked off campaigns in Detroit,
and this as candidates started putting money on breathing campaign propaganda and hiring people in what was increasingly turning into a show of might.
However, as the campaigns continued, there was a desert between new and old with the geese,
with the new treaty geese complaining that they were being prevented from running
for this position by Odali bigots who claim to be the owners of the place.
Eventually, however, the Department of Defence should resist or whatever.
But who had applied for these positions? But in the public meetings on the informal discussions, locals explains their preference for having arrivals.
So if I were in this position for what did call us security reasons would extend CHOP and the new order.
It leaves both men and and that'll do BeeGees dismasted Manda's approach for maintaining the status quo.
Considering that those occupying these positions had close kinship links to the local hosting, some subclan.
The district chairman, for example. Advocated for postponement of the elections by claiming in several public meetings without evidence
that new refugees were either members or sympathisers of this almighty based al Shabaab militia.
Ford wasn't deemed security situation in the area. If they are elected as a.
The days leave for Labour to win between standards and get done with the elections was illustrated by an explosive attack on the campaign.
One voice of outgoing charity of Infocom, we delivered how critical injuries,
but it was widely feared it may local suckles predictions luck was putting definite no extra gap to its.
I learnt of the consolation from a group of US pilots who had assembled outside the UNHCR to seek clarification on the way forward.
After failing to get odious from the government or agency officials in his.
Babe, that is who is vying for the position of sexual leader.
I take that step on the amount of individuals knew that the numbers of nearly begins to increase tremendously and therefore feared that younger,
younger and it begins like himself, that Howard describes himself, who took be mostly older, at least with the group of the man who did this.
One of the agents fund. So what would.
The opposition has shown that membership was an important consideration in shipping company nomics.
It is less opposed to being scheduled for distributing relief. Aid did come.
Yet it knows about unfairness in food allocation kept increasing by each passing day.
And this was because it relied on an incentive for us whose appointment was actually governed by the rules of kinship that was disguised as addiction.
These guys are discussions on how to perhaps really make a better life.
Deep into these local nuances on bare necessities.
Thank you very much. All right.
Thank you so much indeed. Just a few comments and and questions about asking questions.
Before I do that, I wanted to say to everyone that we are joined in seminar by some of trade students from the same.
No. So I just wanted to extend a very warm welcome to your students to to the seminar, as we were discussing before we started.
It is really wonderful thing to be able to to have these kinds of exchanges.
And if our students want to continue talking with your students, then that would be fantastic.
Just to say to everyone here that we can take questions by the they're raising their hand.
And if you can see the chaps, the group chat, then you could put it a question there in the conversation.
And also, if those methods just put you on the spot a little bit too much,
then to feel free to drop me a line and with through this sort of personal chat facility.
And I can ask the question for you as well. So lots of ways to participate in the seminar.
And Fred, back to you. Took a really wonderful deacon.