1 00:00:03,090 --> 00:00:11,010 Good afternoon and welcome, everybody. Thank you for choosing to be with us in this one unaired room and that day, this beautiful spring day outside. 2 00:00:11,610 --> 00:00:15,570 Much appreciated. I'm. 3 00:00:15,930 --> 00:00:23,820 It's a special it's a real special delight to present the speaker to you today because, uh, uh, Dr. William Habib is one of our own. 4 00:00:24,420 --> 00:00:29,850 Uh, he's doing his postdoctoral research here with us at the Oxford School of Global and Area Studies. 5 00:00:30,540 --> 00:00:33,630 Um, arriving here since last summer. Yeah. 6 00:00:34,500 --> 00:00:39,870 Dr. Latifah's scholarship deals with issues pertaining to identity and politics and conflict. 7 00:00:39,870 --> 00:00:51,210 Conflict resolutions, democratic values, religion and conflict, political Islam, Israeli politics, Middle East politics and the Arab-Israeli conflict. 8 00:00:51,630 --> 00:00:59,610 He has published in in a number of peer reviewed journals, including the most prestigious The Journal of Peace Research, 9 00:01:00,100 --> 00:01:03,690 International Journal of Conflict Management and Citizenship Studies. 10 00:01:04,110 --> 00:01:11,790 Currently is working on the relationship between democratic values, identity, threat, conflict, 11 00:01:11,790 --> 00:01:19,800 perception and willingness to reconcile in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, which is also the topic of his talk today. 12 00:01:19,830 --> 00:01:25,790 Ibrahim, thank you for coming. Thank you, Arad Yaakov, thank you for all of us. 13 00:01:25,790 --> 00:01:29,429 So that coming here and this nice weather, really thank you for that. 14 00:01:29,430 --> 00:01:38,610 I appreciate it. So so I'm I'm going to present my research based on my dissertation. 15 00:01:38,610 --> 00:01:41,940 And I also worked on that now, but in different aspects. 16 00:01:42,300 --> 00:01:51,840 So the research tackles the questions of identity, conflict, perception and reconciliation between the Arab and the Israelis after the Arab Spring. 17 00:01:53,160 --> 00:02:01,080 So, uh, and this 30 minutes or 40 minutes and I will talk about several topics about this research. 18 00:02:02,010 --> 00:02:06,150 First, I should begin with the story of this research. 19 00:02:06,570 --> 00:02:18,480 Actually, I, I thought that it's very important to, um, trying to ask the questions about democracy and conflict during the Arab Spring. 20 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:28,049 Because, as all of us know, um, a lot of, um, issues raised during the Arab Spring about values, 21 00:02:28,050 --> 00:02:38,520 democracy and what's going to be happen in the Middle East following the Arab Spring and the democratic demands among the Arab, 22 00:02:38,850 --> 00:02:41,250 um, population, the Middle East. 23 00:02:42,560 --> 00:02:52,470 Ah, you know, there is a lot of theories, a lot of research done about democracy and reconciliation, democracy and peace. 24 00:02:52,830 --> 00:02:57,750 And then the question is coming. We have our spring, we have democratic demands. 25 00:02:57,960 --> 00:03:06,000 So it is, it walks in the Arab world that, uh, democracy will bring us a peace in the Middle East. 26 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:14,130 Then I tried to to figure out the question of identity and conflict in this context. 27 00:03:14,910 --> 00:03:23,940 At the same time, during the Arab Spring, uh, the first three or four years of the Arab Spring, a lot of religious groups, 28 00:03:24,310 --> 00:03:29,970 um, talked about the conflict in the Middle East, talk to, about what's happened in the Middle East. 29 00:03:30,360 --> 00:03:39,750 But this was a component with, with a lot of demands, uh, regarding the rule of religion in this context. 30 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:49,410 And a lot of movements in the Middle East tried to talk about the conflict in the Middle East and the religious aspects. 31 00:03:50,100 --> 00:03:58,319 So I tried to figure out the relation between identity and conflict, perception and democratic values. 32 00:03:58,320 --> 00:04:02,580 And then I came with this kind of question and context of protracted conflict. 33 00:04:02,580 --> 00:04:08,340 Is there a relation between democratic values, identity, perception and reconciliation? 34 00:04:09,180 --> 00:04:16,799 And if, uh, this relation exists, in which way we can, um, let's say, 35 00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:24,960 talk about this kind of relation between this kind of three or more, um, let's say variables in this context. 36 00:04:26,430 --> 00:04:38,180 So I try to. To find out if there is research done about the relation between identity and reconciliation. 37 00:04:38,360 --> 00:04:50,750 And there is. But the relation between identity and and reconciliation and dealing with the social identity theory, 38 00:04:51,380 --> 00:05:00,800 taking into account democracy and identity, conflict, perception, this thing that has been that has been not done before. 39 00:05:01,010 --> 00:05:03,620 And in other research, 40 00:05:04,490 --> 00:05:16,400 although I find something which is very special about the relation between identity and general and attitudes for regarding other groups, 41 00:05:16,700 --> 00:05:24,300 which is based on social identity theory. The second thing that I tried to to ask about. 42 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:35,120 Okay, so we are talking about identity. We are talking about how people may identify themself, but how it's correlated, related to a conflict. 43 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:42,170 So and how it's going to conflict perception, how it's related to conflict types. 44 00:05:42,170 --> 00:05:47,960 We talking about different kinds of types in the conflict. We're talking about national conflict, material conflict and religious conflict. 45 00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:59,360 So I find that there is, uh, a little, um, and a few research done about this, this topic also, 46 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:06,710 um, my research trying to, to, to focus on the perceptions of the conflict, I mean. 47 00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:16,350 Many schools talking talked about conflict in several ways and international relations and comparative politics. 48 00:06:16,750 --> 00:06:27,639 And they try to ask about different kinds of conflicts, trying to classify the conflict in three ways, or even more like, 49 00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:36,520 as I said before, religious and national and perception based on some theoretical, theoretical classification. 50 00:06:36,910 --> 00:06:40,240 But they didn't say about anything about perceptions. 51 00:06:40,690 --> 00:06:45,790 So for example, Jonathan Fox and his research talked a lot about, uh, 52 00:06:45,850 --> 00:06:52,509 religious conflict and then he said we can define a religious conflict based on the 53 00:06:52,510 --> 00:06:56,979 groups in the conflict in order to just the groups that the issues in the conflict, 54 00:06:56,980 --> 00:07:04,570 the topics that they. And that there is the conflict and this kind of things. 55 00:07:05,710 --> 00:07:15,850 But then I said, okay, it's good classification, but it still needs something much more in-depth and it's related to the perceptions of the people. 56 00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:22,420 So, for example, the Arab-Israeli conflict, according to some classification, can be classified as national conflict. 57 00:07:22,780 --> 00:07:30,249 But but people can perceive the conflict as a religious one because they think that it's more religious for them, 58 00:07:30,250 --> 00:07:36,730 even that the theoretical classification said no, it's more fit on the national aspect. 59 00:07:37,720 --> 00:07:42,580 So this research is focusing on perceptions, how people perceive the conflict. 60 00:07:43,930 --> 00:07:48,870 So and there is some embedded empirical, uh, 61 00:07:49,000 --> 00:08:01,720 contribution of this research because I already did some surveys in the Middle East during the last two years about conflict, perception and identity. 62 00:08:02,470 --> 00:08:10,150 So as I said before, and the main argument of this research that there is a relation between identity, 63 00:08:10,390 --> 00:08:20,290 perception and willingness to reconcile, but this relation mediated, we are two mediators in conflict perception and perception. 64 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:23,680 So the main theory that, uh, let's see, 65 00:08:23,680 --> 00:08:33,130 am cover part of this research is social identity theory which is coming from identity theories and conflict theories. 66 00:08:34,180 --> 00:08:38,590 And the main argument of social identity theory that people, um, 67 00:08:38,890 --> 00:08:48,340 classify themself as part of a group and putting the others and the outgroup and general people, um, 68 00:08:49,300 --> 00:08:55,270 let's say trying to classify themselves as a good group and the others, 69 00:08:55,270 --> 00:09:02,830 the outgroup as the bad one, as the, uh, um, let's say the, the different group in this case. 70 00:09:03,130 --> 00:09:15,570 And as you're here in the slide, it's includes the different kind of emotional and either psychological, um, uh, 71 00:09:15,670 --> 00:09:22,900 let's say classification which affects this kind of classification of classification of in-group and outgroup. 72 00:09:24,190 --> 00:09:27,280 So, uh, social identity theory. 73 00:09:28,990 --> 00:09:42,640 Talks about good behaviour, intergroup relations and individual and social identity and how people can perceive and compare themselves with others. 74 00:09:46,780 --> 00:09:53,480 At the same time since my research and here we can can show the model of here. 75 00:09:54,100 --> 00:10:01,840 So since the research is talking about democratic values and conflict, identity and reconciliation, 76 00:10:01,900 --> 00:10:12,970 I also found that one of the main theories in international relations about peace theory is also can be for this kind of research. 77 00:10:13,180 --> 00:10:24,460 Since this theory say that if we have democratic states, we will have more peaceful attitudes be caught between these states. 78 00:10:25,210 --> 00:10:37,240 So I tried to figure out the relation between this kind of different variables and that there is like different kind of hypothesis in this context. 79 00:10:37,570 --> 00:10:44,530 The first one that the relation between identity, perception and reconciliation is not a direct one. 80 00:10:44,770 --> 00:10:48,520 That is that mediators, which are mainly conflict perception and threat perception. 81 00:10:49,510 --> 00:10:53,980 The second one, that identity perception and conflict perception related to each other. 82 00:10:54,520 --> 00:11:01,220 So if you perceive your identity. As a religious identity, then it would perceive the conflict as a religious one. 83 00:11:03,980 --> 00:11:07,490 The same with national and civic identity. 84 00:11:08,840 --> 00:11:22,850 Thus the third hypothesis is this research that identity perception and threat perception also, um, have positive correlation. 85 00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:27,590 So a few of you perceive your identity as a religious one. 86 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:33,530 Then you would perceive the second group as a threat, uh, for your group. 87 00:11:34,220 --> 00:11:37,340 While if we're talking about civic identity. Which is it? 88 00:11:37,340 --> 00:11:38,150 More general? 89 00:11:38,240 --> 00:11:47,990 Which is it could be accepted in different kinds of societies and may lead to, uh, maybe to accept the other, the other people, the other community. 90 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:52,639 The second group in this case, it could be correlated negatively with threat perceptions. 91 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:56,870 So if you have this civic identity, which is a more general one, which is more, 92 00:11:57,200 --> 00:12:02,540 say, global or international, you will feel less certain from the second group, 93 00:12:03,650 --> 00:12:11,870 uh, the third or the fourth, uh, assumption in this research that conflict perception also related to external insight. 94 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:17,690 So if you perceive that the conflict as otherwise just one, you will have less feelings to reconcile. 95 00:12:18,140 --> 00:12:23,030 Well, if you perceive the conflict as a material one, which is it over resources. 96 00:12:23,660 --> 00:12:26,960 So we'll have more weeks to reconcile in this case. 97 00:12:28,230 --> 00:12:33,860 Um, and third perception will have a negative relation with meaning circle. 98 00:12:33,860 --> 00:12:41,000 So we can see that. We can say that if you feel threatened from the second, you will have less willing to look inside with him. 99 00:12:42,700 --> 00:12:48,999 I think it's the most important or one of the most important assumptions this this research that democratic 100 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:57,340 values and the rule of democratic values and regarding the relation between values and reconciliation. 101 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:04,890 According to the literature, democratic values have a positive relation with we need to reconcile you. 102 00:13:04,900 --> 00:13:10,090 If you adopt more democratic values, you will have more willingness to reconcile. 103 00:13:11,290 --> 00:13:16,110 But it see that the results of then we can see if it's true or not. 104 00:13:16,630 --> 00:13:27,860 Maybe that one more thing that I need to add. If we're talking about democracy and reconciliation, I tried also to, uh, to, 105 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:37,390 to check how democratic regime and non-democratic regime, authoritarian regimes related to reconciliation. 106 00:13:37,630 --> 00:13:40,480 So that type of regime and reconciliation. 107 00:13:42,340 --> 00:13:55,180 So this is my hypothesis is just try to be sure that I didn't miss anything in this yet slides so you know that the Middle East, 108 00:13:55,450 --> 00:14:05,920 um, and in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Palestinians and the Arabs perceive the conflict in different ways. 109 00:14:06,340 --> 00:14:14,860 While, uh, there is a large group that perceive the conflict between the Arabs and the Israelis, 110 00:14:15,250 --> 00:14:21,879 the Zionist movement part of the Arab said the conflict, 111 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:31,270 no, it's not between the Arab and the Zionist, it's between it's between the all the Muslims around the world and the Jewish in this context. 112 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:37,960 Well, others, they said, no, it's conflict, like other conflicts over material things of resources over borders, 113 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:44,380 which, yes, there is some elements related to national or religious. 114 00:14:44,590 --> 00:14:51,040 But the main issue of the conflict right now is the is the resources of the material aspects. 115 00:14:52,990 --> 00:15:03,969 So and this research I did a survey and some interviews and Israel among the Arabs and Israel Palestinians, 116 00:15:03,970 --> 00:15:08,379 citizen Israelis and Israel and among the Jewish community. 117 00:15:08,380 --> 00:15:12,880 Or the Jewish and Israel and Jordan. 118 00:15:14,620 --> 00:15:16,540 And Palestine. 119 00:15:17,250 --> 00:15:33,360 And also in Tunisia, I tried to do something in Egypt, but unfortunately I did get like a very, very small response rate in this case that I, um. 120 00:15:34,720 --> 00:15:39,760 Let's say I just focus on the four cases. I tried also to do the research. 121 00:15:39,820 --> 00:15:49,930 Egypt to go there, but I didn't have the chance to do that because the regime there is very, you know, the situation there. 122 00:15:49,960 --> 00:15:55,390 So when I ask somebody to get the visa to to go to Egypt, he told me, Ibrahim, you have two choices. 123 00:15:55,930 --> 00:16:05,560 If you say that you were trying to ask something about democracy so you would be classified as one of the opposition or Muslim Brotherhood, 124 00:16:05,770 --> 00:16:11,080 so you would be in jail. The second option is to tell them that you're doing something about the Arab-Israeli conflict. 125 00:16:11,830 --> 00:16:12,400 At the same, 126 00:16:12,820 --> 00:16:20,710 either it will be in the jail because you may be classified as somebody who related to Israel and and what's going on between Israel and Egypt. 127 00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:25,030 So I tried to be out and then I decided not to go there. 128 00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:46,270 And so I have around 2002 hundred people and participated in this survey and this countries am part of them participated in online survey others. 129 00:16:46,450 --> 00:16:52,630 I did. Yeah I went to that first is there and I did the survey in these countries. 130 00:16:54,550 --> 00:17:04,080 So to the results. I would try to do it as as simple as possible. 131 00:17:05,460 --> 00:17:12,840 If we compare the Arabs and the Jews in this case, how they perceived their identity, 132 00:17:14,280 --> 00:17:22,650 so we can see that almost more than 50% of the Arabs perceive their mean it is their religious identity. 133 00:17:24,740 --> 00:17:32,260 So from 5 to 10, it's like it was like ten questions about identity and uh, 134 00:17:32,660 --> 00:17:41,270 5 to 10 is like more than 50% of your answers, uh, indicate that you adopt a religious identity. 135 00:17:42,620 --> 00:17:45,710 So more than 50% among the Arab population. 136 00:17:46,250 --> 00:17:50,040 Among the Israeli Jews, we can say that, uh, 137 00:17:50,120 --> 00:17:59,330 mainly they adopt the national and the civic identity more than national one as the main identity that they perceive. 138 00:18:04,470 --> 00:18:11,130 About conflict perception. So the issues which issues are perceived that they are the core of the conflict. 139 00:18:12,190 --> 00:18:16,800 Uh, and we can see also that the more than. 140 00:18:17,910 --> 00:18:23,160 40% of Arabs perceive the conflict as a religious conflict. 141 00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:31,680 While the Jews in this case perceive the conflict either national or a material conflict. 142 00:18:33,670 --> 00:18:44,680 At 76% of the Jews that they didn't think that that conflict had has any aspect of religious conflict. 143 00:18:46,390 --> 00:18:52,420 Um, but the majority of the US, they said the conflict is mainly a religious conflict. 144 00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:58,210 So there is like a different perception, perception regarding the conflict. 145 00:19:01,050 --> 00:19:07,610 So. I'll try to do that. 146 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:09,170 One goal was simple as possible. 147 00:19:10,820 --> 00:19:20,540 So we can see that in this case, religious identity perception, uh, correlate positively with religious conflict perception among the two groups. 148 00:19:21,820 --> 00:19:26,830 And the green one is for the Jews, the Jewish people. 149 00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:30,460 And the orange one for the Arabs. 150 00:19:31,090 --> 00:19:35,740 So if you perceive your identity as a religious, you perceive the conflict as a religious. 151 00:19:36,910 --> 00:19:43,330 The same amount that two groups of you perceive your identity as a religious identity. 152 00:19:43,610 --> 00:19:53,380 Also, you would feel threatened from the second group in this context in both groups, the Arabs and Israelis. 153 00:19:54,730 --> 00:20:01,480 Regarding perception and reconciliation, it's correlated negatively, which means that if you, 154 00:20:01,480 --> 00:20:07,030 uh, you feel that there is a threat, who will have less willingness to reconcile. 155 00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:19,210 And if you perceive the conflict as a religious conflict, you will have as that, as we said, and the hypothesis that you will perceive. 156 00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:24,970 You will have less willingness to reconcile in this case in both societies. 157 00:20:26,380 --> 00:20:32,950 But the most I mean, one of the most interesting things here is the relation between democratic values and reconciliation. 158 00:20:36,270 --> 00:20:37,860 As the literatures state. 159 00:20:38,070 --> 00:20:49,110 In this context, democratic values correlated positively with reconciliation, but just among the Jewish group, among the Arabs. 160 00:20:49,260 --> 00:20:58,470 If you have a few adopts democratic values, you will have less willingness to reconcile, will not have meaning to reconcile with the second group. 161 00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:06,510 I will talk about that, how we can explain it. So here we can see the result. 162 00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:15,150 There is a full mediation that especially in the Arab samples, that mean we can't see anything about the religion, 163 00:21:15,360 --> 00:21:19,440 the relation between religious identity and reconciliation without the two mediators. 164 00:21:22,940 --> 00:21:26,330 About the national identity and reconciliation. 165 00:21:27,780 --> 00:21:30,960 Here. The relation is not significant. 166 00:21:32,740 --> 00:21:36,430 Because we can see that here about the relation between national identity and threat, 167 00:21:37,060 --> 00:21:40,960 at the same about national conflict, perception and reconciliation. 168 00:21:42,730 --> 00:21:50,730 But. Also, we can say that there is a positive relation between national identity and national conflict perceptions. 169 00:21:50,770 --> 00:21:52,870 So if you perceive your identity as a national one, 170 00:21:53,020 --> 00:21:59,440 you'll perceive the conflict as a national conflict among the Arabs if you perceive and your identity as 171 00:21:59,440 --> 00:22:09,040 a national a also feel that from the second group and national conflict perception and reconciliation, 172 00:22:09,220 --> 00:22:20,080 we can see that there is a significant relation because we can see that, see that among the Arabs there is a positive relation. 173 00:22:20,290 --> 00:22:27,249 But among the Jewish roots, the greenlane, the relation between national conflict, perception and reconciliation is not significant. 174 00:22:27,250 --> 00:22:34,580 So we can't I think about if you perceive the conflict as a national, how it affect your attitudes regarding reconciliation. 175 00:22:35,530 --> 00:22:40,300 But again, democratic values and reconciliation positive. 176 00:22:41,350 --> 00:22:52,000 And that Jewish sample negative among the Arab, uh, Arabs in the Arab world regarding the civic identity. 177 00:22:52,750 --> 00:22:57,510 So. As as the results show. 178 00:22:59,100 --> 00:23:05,790 If you perceive your your identity as civic, so perceive the conflict more as a material. 179 00:23:06,750 --> 00:23:15,050 Uh. If you perceive your identity as civic, you will not perceive the second group as a threat. 180 00:23:16,210 --> 00:23:25,210 So it's correlated negatively and threat perception the same as others, if you will. 181 00:23:26,110 --> 00:23:31,030 Is there a threat existed so perceive you will have less willingness to reconcile. 182 00:23:31,690 --> 00:23:35,740 If you perceive the conflict as a material conflict, you will have more willingness to reconcile. 183 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:47,470 Well, the same again regarding general democratic values and willing to cancel positive among the Jewish sample and negative among the Arabs. 184 00:23:48,820 --> 00:23:59,800 So, um, as I say, there is a for mediation and we can say that social and in some cases and others there is a but show mediation. 185 00:24:00,250 --> 00:24:08,110 So we can't see that all of us social identity can explain that identity can explain attitudes regarding reconciliation. 186 00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:16,969 And as I also said, identity perception is correlated with conflict perception. 187 00:24:16,970 --> 00:24:20,500 If you perceive the conflict as a religious, you would perceive it. 188 00:24:21,350 --> 00:24:25,340 So if you perceive identity as a religious, you'll perceive the conflict as a religious. 189 00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:29,150 If you perceive your identity as a national, you perceive the conflict as a national. 190 00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:36,680 And if you perceive your identity as civic, one would perceive the conflict as a conflict over material resources. 191 00:24:39,110 --> 00:24:56,410 Okay. So. If I tried to and divide the research or even to talk about each country along 192 00:24:56,950 --> 00:25:00,430 the same regarding the relation between identity and conflict perception, 193 00:25:00,730 --> 00:25:11,170 we can see that Tunisia, Palestine and Jordan, uh, religious identity related positively with conflict. 194 00:25:11,380 --> 00:25:17,830 Religious conflict the same among Israeli Jews and the Arabs and Palestinians inside Israel. 195 00:25:20,060 --> 00:25:28,400 So am. According to the literature. 196 00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:39,830 We can we can we can say that identity perception leads people to perceive the conflict as a conflict between two identity groups. 197 00:25:41,330 --> 00:25:56,870 And and that shows that the centrality of identity and religious identity and protracted conflict and social identities, in this case, 198 00:25:56,870 --> 00:26:08,390 more symbolic identities in this case, like litigious national, may lead to perceive the second group in negative and negative way. 199 00:26:10,190 --> 00:26:16,010 So regarding conflict, perception and reconciliation, the third hypothesis in this case. 200 00:26:16,540 --> 00:26:26,110 So as the results show and all of the countries religious conflict, perception and reconciliation uh, 201 00:26:26,390 --> 00:26:32,810 correlated negatively while national conflict and we need to reconcile, 202 00:26:33,530 --> 00:26:42,979 there is no significant correlation in all the cases regarding material conflict and reconciliation and all the cases in Jordan, 203 00:26:42,980 --> 00:26:52,340 Palestine and Tunisia, Israel among the Arabs and the Israeli Jews, if you perceive the conflict as material, will have more willingness to reconcile. 204 00:26:54,780 --> 00:27:05,639 So, uh, research done by or by research done by others also say that Sam aspects of 205 00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:13,980 conflict may it's like may lead to much harder to resolve this kind of conflicts. 206 00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:20,820 Litigious conflicts is make compromise more difficult to achieve. 207 00:27:21,870 --> 00:27:34,979 Um, so this is for religious justification and there is no, like, there is a samples that people can't compromise in this case because they feel, 208 00:27:34,980 --> 00:27:40,860 they feel that it's part of their belief and they can't compromise. 209 00:27:40,860 --> 00:27:53,040 And this kind of conflicts, material conflict, people tend to compromise regarding the issue in the conflict. 210 00:27:54,390 --> 00:28:02,990 So back to, um, the most, I think the most interesting results here about the relation between democratic values and reconciliation. 211 00:28:04,940 --> 00:28:16,430 So. Religious conflict perception and religious identity perception. 212 00:28:17,960 --> 00:28:22,640 I mean, if we if we try to compare the groups according to their identity, 213 00:28:23,030 --> 00:28:30,560 so then we try to to check the relation between general democratic values and reconciliation. 214 00:28:31,010 --> 00:28:39,980 So people who classify themselves as a religious or perceive their identity as a religious one, they will have at least three things to reconcile. 215 00:28:40,280 --> 00:28:48,920 While people who perceive their identity as, um, as a civic one, they will have more will, 216 00:28:49,280 --> 00:28:57,380 uh, to reconcile among the Israeli Jews, but not among the, uh, the Arabs. 217 00:28:57,710 --> 00:29:11,990 So Arabs tend not to, um, um, tend to cluster to reconcile with the Israelis, even if they adopt, uh, democratic values, uh, in this case. 218 00:29:13,340 --> 00:29:18,920 So I tried to, to check if it's the same case in other conflicts. 219 00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:27,800 So then I tried to look at the conflict between India and Pakistan, about the conflict there, about Kashmir. 220 00:29:28,280 --> 00:29:42,469 And I also found a research done, um, by three researchers there, and they also found that democratic values of strong support, 221 00:29:42,470 --> 00:29:52,730 of democratic values, um, correlated with less or even more militant groups. 222 00:29:53,150 --> 00:30:05,570 So, and let's, we need to reconcile and then the justifications and the explanation that they give to this, uh, results that people, 223 00:30:05,570 --> 00:30:17,780 they say that their rights has been violated and adopting democratic values means that we need to get our rights and reconciliation, 224 00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:24,340 compromise, um, if it's not giving our rights and justice. 225 00:30:24,530 --> 00:30:29,840 So we should, uh, disagree with this kind of reconciliation. 226 00:30:31,880 --> 00:30:42,220 But then I tried to ask. If we ask people about liberal democratic values, which is more in depth, because as I said before, 227 00:30:42,220 --> 00:30:53,860 the PC theory said that people who adopts more liberal values tends to have more willingness to compromise and reconcile. 228 00:30:54,340 --> 00:31:02,190 So nationalism with values, not just the right to vote or the, um, 229 00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:09,250 let's say the speech rights or something like that, more in depth, uh, rights and values. 230 00:31:10,270 --> 00:31:18,610 In this case, we say liberal democratic values. And I also try to add the same model and this context. 231 00:31:20,500 --> 00:31:32,740 Other factors are the same regarding the liberal democratic values and reconciliation and then context of people who adopts their identity as we can. 232 00:31:33,010 --> 00:31:37,870 We can see here still among the Arabs. 233 00:31:38,050 --> 00:31:44,890 If you perceive and if you adopt liberal values, you will have this feeling stuck inside. 234 00:31:45,070 --> 00:31:53,709 But it's much more, uh, um, let's say and not that much. 235 00:31:53,710 --> 00:32:03,910 Cenk It's -0.4. While we can see that before in that first model, it's -0.30 or something of that. 236 00:32:05,550 --> 00:32:08,910 18. So it's weaker. 237 00:32:10,590 --> 00:32:21,840 Then before. But still, we can't say that adopting liberal values will lead to more willingness to reconcile what among Israelis, 238 00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:23,640 in Israel, among the Israeli Jews, 239 00:32:24,030 --> 00:32:34,379 still liberal democratic values leads to more willingness to reconcile regarding the civic identity is the same is still a negative, 240 00:32:34,380 --> 00:32:36,630 but it's weaker than before. 241 00:32:36,630 --> 00:32:47,460 It's -0.05 among the Arabs and Israelis, Jews more if you have more liberal democratic values, will have more willingness to reconcile. 242 00:32:50,750 --> 00:33:01,010 I tried to, uh, to compare, uh, between the original radical values and the liberal democratic values and different countries. 243 00:33:01,710 --> 00:33:08,750 And I think the most interesting results is here in Tunisia, which is it according to, 244 00:33:08,990 --> 00:33:15,350 um, um, a lot of international reports now it's a democratic state. 245 00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:22,180 The results say that in general, democratic values, uh, if, 246 00:33:22,390 --> 00:33:27,170 if people adopt more general democratic values, they will have less willingness to reconcile. 247 00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:32,710 But if they adopt liberal democratic values, they will have more, we see because of. 248 00:33:36,650 --> 00:33:43,310 So but at the same time and it's not the case all the time. 249 00:33:43,850 --> 00:33:55,750 I mean, people who adopt, uh, national identity or even civic identity, they will, they, um, they don't, uh, 250 00:33:55,760 --> 00:34:05,540 they doesn't have a kind of, they don't have the kind of this significant relation between liberal values and reconciliation. 251 00:34:07,340 --> 00:34:19,579 I tried to, to neglect the models of identity and just to focus on the relation between liberal values 252 00:34:19,580 --> 00:34:25,100 and reconciliation without taking into account how people perceive their identity. 253 00:34:26,570 --> 00:34:38,090 And then I found that. As before and the Arab states generally democratic values and reconciliation correlated negatively. 254 00:34:38,810 --> 00:34:41,240 And the Arab and Israel, it's positively. 255 00:34:43,100 --> 00:34:50,210 But again, in Tunisia, if we talk if we looking on the relation between liberal democratic values and reconciliation, 256 00:34:50,390 --> 00:34:55,880 we can find there is a positive relation between the liberal values and reconciliation. 257 00:34:56,860 --> 00:35:11,400 Which is a positive figure, a significant. So back to hypothesis number five about identity perception and threat perception. 258 00:35:14,380 --> 00:35:21,550 And here again, religious identity correlated negatively with the. 259 00:35:22,270 --> 00:35:29,540 Uh. Um. The sort of positivity with that perception and all the cases. 260 00:35:30,260 --> 00:35:38,270 Well, if we're talking about perception and reconciliation, it's correlated negatively in all the cases. 261 00:35:39,050 --> 00:35:44,750 So and and the civic identity and all the cases. 262 00:35:44,750 --> 00:35:48,770 Jordan, Palestine, Tunisia and and Israel. 263 00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:55,070 If you perceive your identity as civic one, you will have less threat perception. 264 00:35:57,630 --> 00:36:06,220 If we move to that. Last one, which is, I think, very important in this case. 265 00:36:08,140 --> 00:36:13,220 Yes. So I tried. 266 00:36:15,700 --> 00:36:23,529 To ask. If we looking in to this research and different, 267 00:36:23,530 --> 00:36:32,379 we would try to classify the countries as regimes democratic and undemocratic and to ask if there is a differences between, 268 00:36:32,380 --> 00:36:37,870 uh, and democratic states and democratic states. 269 00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:48,339 Again, I follow the Freedom House report, which classified Tunisia as a democracy and also Israel, 270 00:36:48,340 --> 00:36:55,040 even though that all of us know that there is like a lot of literature, uh, 271 00:36:55,330 --> 00:37:03,639 talking about how we can classify Israel if it's really democratic, if it was Tunisia or in the case of Israel, 272 00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:09,040 it's a democratic state or a theocratic state or it's a defective democracy. 273 00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:12,910 What others also talked about, Tunisia and Tunisian case. 274 00:37:12,910 --> 00:37:26,500 It's very fresh democracy. So or it's in transition because it's not, uh, just like a few years with transitions towards democracy. 275 00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:35,410 Even though I follow the accepted classification which classify Tunisia is as a democratic states. 276 00:37:36,490 --> 00:37:41,140 If we compare, um, this regime type regarding reconciliation, 277 00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:50,530 we can find that there is no difference regarding reconciliation between reconciliation, attitudes between Tunisia and other Arab states. 278 00:37:52,680 --> 00:37:58,860 Um. So being a Democratic state. 279 00:37:59,880 --> 00:38:14,500 That's not mean. If. Probably will lead to adopt, um, reconciliation in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict then and. 280 00:38:17,840 --> 00:38:30,560 As I said before, comparing to the, uh, identity model, we can also say that there is no difference between Tunisia and the Arab states. 281 00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:36,740 Even though we can see that it's much more accepted. 282 00:38:37,040 --> 00:38:43,700 And the Tunisian case, if you're adopting more liberal values, to have more willingness to reconcile. 283 00:38:45,290 --> 00:38:58,610 So, uh, also I tried to, uh, to ask questions about compromise and militant attitudes to compare this between these countries. 284 00:38:58,850 --> 00:39:04,160 And I can see, I can see that there is, um, 285 00:39:04,700 --> 00:39:15,770 a very few differences between these countries and liberal democratic values in general correlated negatively with militancy. 286 00:39:16,880 --> 00:39:19,400 But it's not as if it is significant in all the cases. 287 00:39:19,970 --> 00:39:28,180 So if you're adopting a more liberal democratic values, you will not have this very high militant attitudes. 288 00:39:28,620 --> 00:39:39,910 Um. Again regarding the compromise people upstate, they didn't support compromise, uh, 289 00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:48,719 based on the solution that proposed in this research, based on the two state solutions and this state. 290 00:39:48,720 --> 00:39:54,600 And then I just tried to do some interviews with some of the Muslim and Arab leaders. 291 00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:56,640 One of them was Rochester, Baluchi. 292 00:39:57,060 --> 00:40:08,160 And I asked him, um, Anousheh, the literature saying that adopting democratic values and democracy leads to reconciliation and compromise. 293 00:40:10,940 --> 00:40:17,660 But what do you think about that? And then he said something which is interesting. 294 00:40:18,380 --> 00:40:29,330 He said, yes, we fully and we really want to have Democratic states and we fully adopt democratic values, 295 00:40:30,650 --> 00:40:38,660 which is a very important for us and for the Arab states and even for the Islamic movements in the Arab world. 296 00:40:40,580 --> 00:40:47,270 But it's internal issue. It's very important for our country. 297 00:40:47,870 --> 00:40:53,720 But at the same time, it's not means that we need to have a compromise with Israel. 298 00:40:53,750 --> 00:40:57,590 And then I said, Why? They say, because. 299 00:40:59,750 --> 00:41:08,280 First of all, we think that the question of justice, uh, is not coming with this kind of reconciliation. 300 00:41:08,570 --> 00:41:20,750 If we're talking about a two state solution, this case and all the compromise and reconciliation, we think that it's not the justice in this context. 301 00:41:21,080 --> 00:41:26,360 Adopting democratic values means adopting other values like justice, freedom. 302 00:41:27,770 --> 00:41:31,940 That's not mean. If you adopt democratic values, will you will. 303 00:41:32,480 --> 00:41:35,690 That will lead to more willingness to reconcile. 304 00:41:36,440 --> 00:41:46,230 And then I asked him, but again, I and he said, we will support the Palestinians and their and their country and the land. 305 00:41:46,250 --> 00:41:51,320 And then I asked him which land? He said, Palestine is Palestine. 306 00:41:53,240 --> 00:41:56,930 And, uh, which meaning? 307 00:41:56,940 --> 00:42:03,080 The context of Palestine is the past, the whole Palestine, including Israel in this case, and according to his perception. 308 00:42:03,710 --> 00:42:10,850 So, um, and the same I asked some leaders in the Israeli Arab leaders about that, 309 00:42:11,090 --> 00:42:17,180 and they said that the democratic values is very important for us and for the will of the Arab states. 310 00:42:17,450 --> 00:42:20,600 But that is protected values. 311 00:42:21,650 --> 00:42:30,310 Which means protected values as the freedom of Palestine is to have a state which we can reconcile. 312 00:42:30,320 --> 00:42:37,220 And this is protected values, this political issue, and not adopting democratic values or not. 313 00:42:38,510 --> 00:42:42,620 So in order to conclude my speech here. 314 00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:46,430 So there is five or six things that are important. 315 00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:55,880 So conflict and threat perception are a mediators between identity and a willingness to reconcile. 316 00:42:57,140 --> 00:43:01,250 This relation can't be existed if we didn't have these two mediators. 317 00:43:01,700 --> 00:43:07,790 So social identity can explain part of the relation between identity and reconciliation. 318 00:43:08,240 --> 00:43:13,820 That is, conflict perception decrease need to reconcile while material one can increase it. 319 00:43:14,630 --> 00:43:18,710 There is a differences between the two people, how they perceive the identity of the perception. 320 00:43:19,670 --> 00:43:24,470 And actually this is affect the attitudes, how we can talk about negotiation. 321 00:43:24,770 --> 00:43:30,679 So if we ask the Palestinians to about diminishes the conflict and they think that that 322 00:43:30,680 --> 00:43:35,930 adjusting is the most important thing is the think that the material or the national one. 323 00:43:36,320 --> 00:43:49,190 Then we should take that into account and in our and let's say, attitudes regarding the compromise and how we can resolve the conflict. 324 00:43:51,170 --> 00:43:55,370 Democratic values play adequate and a good role for reconciliation among the population. 325 00:43:55,640 --> 00:43:58,940 Well, among the Israeli Jews, it's more positive. 326 00:43:59,930 --> 00:44:05,810 Having a democratic regime is not going to to have to achieve reconciliation. 327 00:44:06,020 --> 00:44:13,430 Liberal values and democratic regime together make making may contribute more positively and reconciliation. 328 00:44:13,640 --> 00:44:19,520 But it's not. Also, uh, I guarantee you to achieve reconciliation. 329 00:44:20,030 --> 00:44:20,420 Thank you.