1 00:00:02,100 --> 00:00:05,580 Good afternoon. Welcome, everybody. Sorry for the short delay. 2 00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:13,980 I'm very happy and delighted and honoured to present the speaker this afternoon. 3 00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:23,250 Dr. Nancy Harker, who is currently a research fellow at the Aga Khan University, the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations. 4 00:00:23,880 --> 00:00:31,980 Nancy's main research has been focussed on the sociolinguistics of Palestinian, Arabic and modern Israeli Hebrew in zones of conflict. 5 00:00:32,910 --> 00:00:39,930 And in 2013, she published her book titled Palestinian Israeli Contact and Linguistic Practices. 6 00:00:40,590 --> 00:00:50,190 Her more recently published book, just in a very freshly minted book titled The Politics of Palestinian Multilingualism Speaking for Citizenship, 7 00:00:50,610 --> 00:00:56,530 was based on her work as a living young fellow fellow here at Oxford and in Bennett's home. 8 00:00:57,420 --> 00:01:02,190 Nancy previously worked at Amnesty International's secretariat in London, 9 00:01:02,190 --> 00:01:07,559 and her current research analyses audience receptivity to women's testimonies that 10 00:01:07,560 --> 00:01:11,790 have been translated between Arabic and English in human rights organisations. 11 00:01:11,790 --> 00:01:22,260 And the title of her talk today is Palestinian Multilingualism, a perfectly normal adaptation to colonialism, conflict and Late Capitalism. 12 00:01:22,620 --> 00:01:27,239 Nancy, thank you so much for coming. Thank you for inviting me. 13 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:30,420 And thank you, Stacie, for organising the logistics. 14 00:01:31,290 --> 00:01:41,920 I'm really happy to be back here as I was last year for examinations in June, so it's quite nice to come back and engage with you. 15 00:01:41,940 --> 00:01:45,360 I'm really curious to hear your reactions to what I have to say. 16 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:54,420 So definitely if you want to intervene during the talk, just wait till I've finished a sentence and then I'll be happy to engage on any of the points. 17 00:01:55,270 --> 00:01:56,930 Um hmm. 18 00:01:57,990 --> 00:02:10,890 So what I'd like to do today is, first of all, I'm going to present a snapshot of what the linguistic situation is for Palestinians inside Israel now. 19 00:02:12,120 --> 00:02:20,750 And then I'll give the back story of how this came about. And this is going through the back story. 20 00:02:20,760 --> 00:02:26,280 We'll go through chronologically, more or less the stages of colonialism, conflict and late capitalism, 21 00:02:26,640 --> 00:02:36,450 and how the language analysis can give insights to the political and historical analysis that maybe would have otherwise been missed. 22 00:02:37,680 --> 00:02:52,470 So on the basis of my research and the research of of other scholars of language and politics, what I'd say today is that in 2009, 23 00:02:52,710 --> 00:03:01,900 when I published the book, the situation was that on state platforms in Israel, Arabic is silenced. 24 00:03:01,920 --> 00:03:06,780 It is not currently permissible to speak Arabic on state platforms. 25 00:03:07,050 --> 00:03:08,970 What I call in the book Zionist platforms, 26 00:03:08,970 --> 00:03:15,630 because of course there are other institutional platforms which are Arabic specific, but on state platforms in Israel. 27 00:03:15,960 --> 00:03:25,650 Arabic is silent. So that's one element. The second element is that Arabic has been now contained for Palestinians to in-group communication. 28 00:03:25,710 --> 00:03:31,590 That means that it's avoided in situations which are possibly mixed where there might 29 00:03:31,590 --> 00:03:36,360 be a Jewish Israeli present or somebody whose identity is unknown or to be negotiated. 30 00:03:36,780 --> 00:03:40,860 So Arabic has now retreated into in-group communication. 31 00:03:41,670 --> 00:03:47,520 However, also this multilingualism has now formed a repertoire for those Palestinians who can 32 00:03:47,520 --> 00:03:55,980 command a range of registers and varieties as a kind of resource for pragmatic purposes. 33 00:03:55,990 --> 00:04:01,920 So what they do with their multilingualism is that they can achieve specific rhetorical effects. 34 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:05,969 They can do things with the words in in Hebrew and in Arabic. 35 00:04:05,970 --> 00:04:10,050 And I'll show you some examples for all three of these elements. 36 00:04:10,530 --> 00:04:15,660 But meanwhile so I'll go back to the story, this narrative of how the situation has come about, 37 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:20,470 starting with colonialism, then conflict and late capitalism. 38 00:04:20,790 --> 00:04:31,920 And throughout that, that story I'm going to highlight now and again how these rhetorical strategies and these 39 00:04:32,940 --> 00:04:39,450 this sociolinguistics situation constitutes what makes a legitimate speaker in this polity. 40 00:04:39,840 --> 00:04:43,200 And definitely, I'm looking at political discussions. 41 00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:53,610 That's where I did my fieldwork. So as a result of this of this situation, 42 00:04:54,330 --> 00:05:01,360 multilingualism has accrued on the Palestinian side of the of this very divided integrate a segregated society. 43 00:05:01,380 --> 00:05:09,690 So on the on the Jewish Israeli side, there's been a progressive, as in other societies, progressive advance of monolingual ism. 44 00:05:09,690 --> 00:05:15,480 So where there was a very multilingual Jewish Israeli society at some point in history. 45 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:21,570 Progressively Hebrew has become the hegemonic language, and the Palestinians have adapted to that by becoming multilingual. 46 00:05:24,210 --> 00:05:31,440 So to do with a legitimate speaker issue, this is a quote from Helen McElhinney. 47 00:05:31,680 --> 00:05:35,910 It is not enough to speak the legitimate language. You must also be a legitimate speaker. 48 00:05:36,510 --> 00:05:41,760 So language ideologies not only rank speaking subjects as racialised gendered and class, 49 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:49,410 but they also produce those subject as racialised gendered and classed and locate authenticity of different values and kinds among them. 50 00:05:50,310 --> 00:05:55,139 So I have noted here that the classed is in brackets, 51 00:05:55,140 --> 00:06:01,740 and you'll see in my conclusion that I'm kind of going to offer a reclaiming of the that category and how that may 52 00:06:01,740 --> 00:06:10,530 be interacts with Palestinian multilingualism as a class phenomenon as well as a national or racialised category. 53 00:06:12,950 --> 00:06:19,040 Another way of looking at these ideologies, which is one of the analytical tools of sociolinguistics, 54 00:06:19,700 --> 00:06:23,979 is that racial, linguistic ideologies produce racialized speaking subjects. 55 00:06:23,980 --> 00:06:26,870 So it's not only that we can identify it in analysis, 56 00:06:26,870 --> 00:06:34,360 but also these ideologies produce a political reality who are constructed as linguistically deviant, 57 00:06:34,370 --> 00:06:40,550 even when engaging in linguistic practices positioned as normative or innovative when produced by privileged white subjects. 58 00:06:40,910 --> 00:06:51,350 So even when the Palestinians and other Arabs in Israel speak Hebrew, that is constitute that is seen as deviant rather than as a normative position. 59 00:06:52,550 --> 00:06:57,670 And of course, this is not a this is not confined to Palestinians. 60 00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:00,860 This is a situation that is replicated in other colonial settings. 61 00:07:00,860 --> 00:07:03,050 So here I've got a quote from Frantz Fanon. 62 00:07:04,220 --> 00:07:12,620 And it's also during an election event which obviously is relevant to my research because I did most of my research on on election campaigning. 63 00:07:13,190 --> 00:07:21,230 A woman fainted during an electoral speech by M.A. Caesar in Martinique in 1945 because those French were so good. 64 00:07:22,010 --> 00:07:25,140 The power of language, she says sarcastically. So amazing. 65 00:07:25,250 --> 00:07:35,330 There was an award winning French writing Caribbean writer, right, who then became for a long time the leading politician of Guadeloupe in Martinique. 66 00:07:36,350 --> 00:07:42,800 So here, this kind of gives you the colonials, the colonised perspective on this linguistic dilemma, 67 00:07:42,950 --> 00:07:51,740 either authentic and you don't speak the dominant language or you are authoritative and you you embrace the hegemonic language. 68 00:07:52,160 --> 00:07:58,459 And so the dilemmas have to do with claiming authority, claiming authenticity and finding a platform. 69 00:07:58,460 --> 00:08:00,020 So it may Caesar had a platform. 70 00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:08,629 And you'll see how the Palestinian subjects of my study are looking for platforms in which they would be the legitimate speakers, 71 00:08:08,630 --> 00:08:10,430 which is what I'll be highlighting. 72 00:08:11,240 --> 00:08:24,350 So let's go to the first examples and how many of you would have guessed that at the opening of the first Knesset in 1949, Arabic was spoken? 73 00:08:24,380 --> 00:08:32,690 Here you go. One of the speeches was by Amin, Salim Jarrah, who was the mayor of Nazareth. 74 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:39,530 He was a member of a party that was affiliated with Mapai, which was the governing party. 75 00:08:40,430 --> 00:08:44,630 And he makes a speech, quite a short speech entirely in Arabic. 76 00:08:44,660 --> 00:08:54,050 And it is a he says the young state of Israel shall be founded on principles of freedom, justice and peace. 77 00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:59,810 It will grant social and civil rights to all its citizens without distinction of religion, race or sex. 78 00:08:59,840 --> 00:09:03,590 That's a quote from the Declaration of Independence. 79 00:09:04,190 --> 00:09:08,510 With happiness, we see the buds that heralds the end of fighting in the Holy Land, 80 00:09:08,900 --> 00:09:13,880 the end that will be followed by the signing of treaties with of good neighbours with the Arab countries. 81 00:09:14,270 --> 00:09:18,620 So he's kind of trying to do a speech act in Arabic at this most Zionist of ceremonies. 82 00:09:18,770 --> 00:09:31,610 Yeah. And making this kind of using the that little bit of inclusiveness in the Declaration of Independence to make this kind of peace message. 83 00:09:32,450 --> 00:09:39,169 But what is interesting for me is that I use this this phenomenon to look at the kind of metal linguistic comments 84 00:09:39,170 --> 00:09:47,600 that than his speaking in Arabic caused in the Knesset after that first that first Arabic in in the Knesset. 85 00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:59,780 So here we have Moshe it was then still talk became shot at foreign minister who immediately as soon as the the the speech is finished. 86 00:10:00,110 --> 00:10:07,850 He comments that he would like to complete the translation of the speech that Jeff Judah has just made. 87 00:10:09,530 --> 00:10:13,429 And he says that the the translation was incomplete. 88 00:10:13,430 --> 00:10:24,080 It should have mentioned that the speaker said that Israel should be a light of an example to other nations of how to build regional peace. 89 00:10:24,680 --> 00:10:27,750 Yeah. And should took that. 90 00:10:27,770 --> 00:10:30,320 Obviously his foreign minister chooses to highlight this. 91 00:10:30,650 --> 00:10:38,190 This is picked up by Eliyahu Al-mashat, who was representative of the Sephardi party in the Knesset, 92 00:10:38,190 --> 00:10:42,980 so representing Jews from the Middle East and North Africa. 93 00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:53,270 And he says, Well, I request that the whole translation be included in be distributed amongst the members of Knesset. 94 00:10:53,870 --> 00:10:59,930 And then finally, the last highlighted bit is Yosef Prince, who who's the chair of the Knesset at the time. 95 00:11:00,260 --> 00:11:08,510 He says the full translation will be included in the stenographic report of this of this session. 96 00:11:08,780 --> 00:11:15,450 And that's when the end of the. That's when they end that that session. 97 00:11:15,810 --> 00:11:23,970 So what is happening here? This is what the Knesset looked like in that first in that first instance, they are setting up a system. 98 00:11:24,150 --> 00:11:26,640 They are setting up the structure of this platform. 99 00:11:27,210 --> 00:11:35,910 And the structure then is an ethno Republican platform, where it's a structure where Hebrew is the dominant language. 100 00:11:36,060 --> 00:11:43,350 The record is only kept in Hebrew. But there's a managed diversity within it, and translation is managing that diversity. 101 00:11:43,620 --> 00:11:47,310 Translation is provided from Arabic into Hebrew. 102 00:11:48,510 --> 00:11:54,510 And. And this is signposted. 103 00:11:55,560 --> 00:12:01,230 So the even the the Arabic is provided for the Palestinian and other Arabs. 104 00:12:01,500 --> 00:12:07,650 But Eliyahu Alyosha and Musetta, who both speak Arabic, are the ones who are requesting the translation. 105 00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:15,600 Why? Because translation knows. Translation demarcates where that boundary is between the language. 106 00:12:16,020 --> 00:12:18,420 That is the other language and this language. 107 00:12:18,930 --> 00:12:27,479 And they needed that boundary to be clear, because what they were doing is setting up a system that reinforces the one nation, 108 00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:32,460 one language ideology, which was kind of the result of that of this new state. 109 00:12:33,060 --> 00:12:38,580 They needed this to be clear. They couldn't have a blurred boundary in this situation. 110 00:12:47,480 --> 00:12:55,160 Yes. Who can you recognise in this picture of the first six years of course is there at the opening. 111 00:12:56,870 --> 00:13:02,489 So I. There's Hertzel there. 112 00:13:02,490 --> 00:13:09,210 He's, he's, he's looking over them. Yeah. Golden on the on the far left. 113 00:13:09,470 --> 00:13:17,970 Yeah. Huh. Yes. Yeah, yeah. So I can see only one person who might be wearing headphones. 114 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,510 Yeah, because a simultaneous translation was provided to those who were. 115 00:13:21,570 --> 00:13:28,530 Who could not understand Hebrew. Yeah, there's one person here. So let's look a little bit. 116 00:13:28,590 --> 00:13:32,520 So I've done the research a little bit for you. So you have on the right. 117 00:13:32,520 --> 00:13:34,649 That's I mean, Salim Jazeera at the top. 118 00:13:34,650 --> 00:13:43,770 That's much it should get that series of prints that and that's Eliyahu Elazar from a prominent Jewish family of Jerusalem. 119 00:13:46,150 --> 00:13:55,450 Right. Another person who spoke Arabic in that first in that opening ceremony, it was Delphic to be Delphic to be was only 27 years old. 120 00:13:57,280 --> 00:14:02,750 He was representing the Communist Party, and he also made a speech in Arabic. 121 00:14:02,770 --> 00:14:07,680 Here you have the. 122 00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:13,300 The reason I know it was in Arabic, there's obviously no record of it, is that it says translation from Arabic. 123 00:14:14,140 --> 00:14:16,220 It's a much longer speech than Joshua's. 124 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:28,899 And here he he says the principles on which the Israeli state claimed to be founded are being violated and it's becoming an imperialist project. 125 00:14:28,900 --> 00:14:38,469 And the the refugees or the evidence of this are refugees in camps all around the region, and they need to be brought home. 126 00:14:38,470 --> 00:14:42,910 And how will this be arranged to you? Names the villages that have been emptied. 127 00:14:43,330 --> 00:14:49,450 And he he goes into details about numbers and so on. 128 00:14:51,370 --> 00:15:00,070 Already then, Tawfiq, to be near enough Hebrew to heckle speeches in Hebrew and that first Knesset. 129 00:15:02,320 --> 00:15:07,330 Yeah. So who was the how was this managed? 130 00:15:07,330 --> 00:15:10,870 This person in the middle. Is more shipment. 131 00:15:11,050 --> 00:15:17,050 He was the first translator in the Knesset. He's from a family, also Jewish family of Jerusalem. 132 00:15:17,470 --> 00:15:26,680 14 generations in Jerusalem by the 1940s. And he wrote an article about this in Middle Eastern Affairs. 133 00:15:26,690 --> 00:15:30,760 It's only four pages long, but it gave me a lot of information. 134 00:15:31,930 --> 00:15:40,000 And what it meant, the system that he was managing meant that Arabic was heard for long stretches in the Knesset, 135 00:15:40,300 --> 00:15:47,080 because the the the Arabic speaking parliamentarians were made their speech in Arabic. 136 00:15:47,470 --> 00:15:57,520 And there was consecutive interpreting of those speeches by Moshe Pimenta for for the for those parliamentarians, 137 00:15:57,520 --> 00:16:00,880 those Palestinian and other parliamentarians who could not understand Hebrew. 138 00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:06,219 There was simultaneous interpreting into headphones, which was an expensive and new technology at the time. 139 00:16:06,220 --> 00:16:11,799 It had been most recently used at the Nuremberg trials, and it was it required a lot of skills. 140 00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,340 And he was quite proud of shipment of being able to set this up. 141 00:16:15,730 --> 00:16:19,750 He did complain a little bit of overworking even in this short article. 142 00:16:22,510 --> 00:16:27,430 Eventually. He did get an assistant. Actually, he. Interesting story. 143 00:16:27,430 --> 00:16:33,520 He. He he died in 2012. His brother was a very senior member of the Shabak. 144 00:16:33,700 --> 00:16:39,940 So was Moshe Payment. He was he became an academic who worked at the Hebrew University. 145 00:16:40,630 --> 00:16:44,920 He won the Israel Prize for scholarship in 1996. 146 00:16:46,630 --> 00:16:53,750 And some of his work has to do with how Jewish Jerusalem varieties of Arabic were disappearing. 147 00:16:53,770 --> 00:17:03,520 And he wrote extensively about that. He also was tasked in the seventies with setting up a curriculum for teaching Arabic in Jewish schools. 148 00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:13,810 That would be a communicative method rather than as a passive comprehension comprehension method that was promoted by the military. 149 00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:20,660 So and I think he has a nephew that was a rock star and something like that. 150 00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:26,260 It's an interesting found. Anyway, one of my ideas for the future is to maybe do a biography of that. 151 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:30,940 So this is what it looked like again, from the inside. This is what it looked like from the outside. 152 00:17:31,240 --> 00:17:33,250 It was done King George Street in Jerusalem. 153 00:17:33,250 --> 00:17:41,680 It had just been moved to Jerusalem after the U.N. had made a resolution on on Jerusalem being administered internationally. 154 00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:46,300 So as a reaction to that, Ben Gurion moved the Knesset to Jerusalem. 155 00:17:49,360 --> 00:17:53,440 So, yes, you correctly identified Ben-Gurion that he is in the middle. 156 00:17:54,100 --> 00:18:00,040 That behind him is Joseph Spencer, who is credited with setting up the parliamentary culture in Israel. 157 00:18:01,250 --> 00:18:09,190 Behind him, that is Moshe Pimenta. Now he's he's behind a screen so that he doesn't his his simultaneous translation doesn't disturb the speakers. 158 00:18:09,970 --> 00:18:22,910 And they're on the. That's the stenographer. Taking the record in Hebrew only means there's no Arabic in the official records of the Knesset. 159 00:18:24,110 --> 00:18:27,409 So that's the first element of constructing legitimacy of speech. 160 00:18:27,410 --> 00:18:31,850 You create the platforms and you create how that platform is managed. 161 00:18:34,040 --> 00:18:43,700 When Ben Golan came to speak after Jordan to be the next day, his what he said was for the first time in history, 162 00:18:43,940 --> 00:18:49,340 members of the two nations, the Jewish nation and the Arab nation come together. 163 00:18:52,460 --> 00:18:55,700 So for the first time in history, Jews and Arabs come together. Really? 164 00:18:56,930 --> 00:19:00,050 But what he was doing, he was he was turning it into this equation. 165 00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:04,040 These two speakers had spoken in Arabic because they were representatives of the Arab nation. 166 00:19:04,940 --> 00:19:09,800 The Jews spoken in Hebrew, which must have been quite difficult for many of them. 167 00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:14,690 Right. They had many of them were born in Europe and elsewhere. 168 00:19:15,500 --> 00:19:19,630 But he was establishing this blood lineage, you know, the Arabs and the Jews. 169 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:26,110 And then he mentions children to be and welcomes them as if they are guests in this Knesset, which is I am. 170 00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:37,400 But then he spends most of his time demolishing what to be had to say. But they weren't the only two. 171 00:19:37,430 --> 00:19:42,620 There was a judge who ran to be and there was a third Arabic speaking member of Knesset, Saifuddin, 172 00:19:42,950 --> 00:19:50,720 a zombie, who came later on, and he was also elected on a list that was aligned with the governing party. 173 00:19:51,170 --> 00:20:00,229 He also was the mayor of Nazareth. According to Pimenta, to be a zombie could understand Hebrew just about, but he could not speak in it. 174 00:20:00,230 --> 00:20:06,860 And that's when I looked through the parliamentary records. I only found instances where his interventions were pre-prepared. 175 00:20:06,860 --> 00:20:12,469 He had sent in his interventions to be translated in advance. 176 00:20:12,470 --> 00:20:17,270 So he doesn't do the spontaneous heckling that to be Tawfiq to be could do. 177 00:20:17,810 --> 00:20:34,280 So this is one example from 1960 617 as or B he is starting off to say Nazareth has been put under military administration, 178 00:20:34,760 --> 00:20:38,329 which was initially a problem for him because he had been mayor of Nazareth. 179 00:20:38,330 --> 00:20:40,370 He had been the civilian mayor of Nazareth. 180 00:20:40,820 --> 00:20:50,270 This there were some there was a kind of social crisis in Nazareth to do with the control of the municipality and the military appointed a governor, 181 00:20:50,270 --> 00:20:58,880 a military governor. And the way he goes about complaining about this is that he says the governor cannot function because he does not know Arabic. 182 00:20:58,970 --> 00:21:07,880 And most of the the population of Nazareth speaks Arabic and the staff of the municipality speaks Arabic, 183 00:21:08,330 --> 00:21:14,510 and they find it difficult to operate with a governor who does not speak Arabic. 184 00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:27,229 And then the underneath the other bit that's highlighted in yellow, it's the the deputy interior minister says the fact that the military governor, 185 00:21:27,230 --> 00:21:31,490 Mr. Einstein, does not speak Arabic, does not reduce his effectiveness in any way. 186 00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:36,480 Yeah. And the staff can cope perfectly well in Hebrew. 187 00:21:37,650 --> 00:21:41,370 So, um. 188 00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:51,060 And then finally 17 as I be comes back on to the to what the Deputy Minister of Interior had to say. 189 00:21:52,020 --> 00:21:59,610 But the Speaker of the Chair, the chair of the session it's Carnarvon instructs the translator. 190 00:21:59,710 --> 00:22:06,060 That's the highlighted bit to only translate the speech that has not been pre-prepared. 191 00:22:06,060 --> 00:22:14,970 The pre-prepared speech does not need to be translated. And that's what's recorded in the in, in, in the official record. 192 00:22:15,420 --> 00:22:20,850 So we can already see by 1966 there is a problem with Arabic on state platforms, 193 00:22:20,850 --> 00:22:25,919 this kind of managed translation that made the most shipment they had wanted to institute 194 00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:31,020 and that was present in that first year of the Knesset is now being withdrawn gradually. 195 00:22:31,020 --> 00:22:35,340 The platform is is disappearing. 196 00:22:37,470 --> 00:22:45,180 Hillel Cohen wrote a very good book about the situation of these of some of these Palestinian and other leaders who are 197 00:22:45,180 --> 00:22:53,669 cooperating with the authorities and trying to maybe manage the situation cooperatively and did get some advantages from that. 198 00:22:53,670 --> 00:22:58,980 For instance, the land wasn't confiscated quite as much as the land was confiscated from other Palestinians, 199 00:22:59,340 --> 00:23:07,500 whereas the the communists were in a situation of opposition to that kind of cooperation with the authorities. 200 00:23:07,770 --> 00:23:13,829 This is still felt to be a little bit older because he he did last a very long time in the Knesset. 201 00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:22,470 Right. He he lesson from 1949 continuously to 1990, he was the last serving Knesset member who had also served in the first Knesset. 202 00:23:24,140 --> 00:23:33,260 He is remembered for in 1985 introducing the basic law, which has a wording of the state for all its citizens. 203 00:23:36,260 --> 00:23:45,440 And here's another there's another quote from the 1960s where Delphic to be is having an argument. 204 00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:52,820 He has the floor and he's being heckled by another Arab in the Knesset called Jabal Mahdi. 205 00:23:54,410 --> 00:24:03,980 And the way it's recorded in the Knesset protocol is, uh, there's an exchange of words between Mahdi and the speaker. 206 00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:12,500 So it's not specified what the words were, to which Avraham Hertzfeld, who obviously could not understand. 207 00:24:13,370 --> 00:24:19,640 He was born, I think, in Poland. He he asks, why is it necessary to curse? 208 00:24:21,080 --> 00:24:25,639 So he's heard Arabic. He's heard these two Arabs speaking, exchanging words in Arabic. 209 00:24:25,640 --> 00:24:28,970 And he's his intervention is to ask, why is it necessary to curse? 210 00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:32,989 Now, obviously, there's no simultaneous there's no translation is happening. 211 00:24:32,990 --> 00:24:41,780 That's why he felt feeling alienated from this situation where the Arabs are having an argument and Delphic to be resorts to translating himself. 212 00:24:41,970 --> 00:24:48,200 Right. By then the translation has been withdrawn to such a degree that he says don't like to be says I'm not cursing. 213 00:24:49,220 --> 00:25:02,420 Well, maybe he was, but we don't know. I'm just saying that the the Jabal Mada is not representing his own constituency, the Druze constituency. 214 00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:06,740 And then so he's translating himself. 215 00:25:06,740 --> 00:25:15,260 And then the chair says there's been a decision made that the exchange between Mahdi and to be has 216 00:25:15,260 --> 00:25:19,550 not is not going to be translated and it's not going to be recorded in the official protocol. 217 00:25:20,120 --> 00:25:26,299 And anyway, it doesn't matter because as the translator has informed me, 218 00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:33,680 that the exchange between to be and Mahdi is of a personal nature and Delphic to be comes back again. 219 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:41,570 And he translates himself. He says, I do not have any personal matters between Jeb and modern myself. 220 00:25:41,870 --> 00:25:47,470 I am just saying that he is not representing his his Druze constituency. 221 00:25:47,480 --> 00:25:50,990 And then the decision is made, the translation will not be recorded. 222 00:25:51,320 --> 00:25:56,270 And these these these words will not be entered into the record. 223 00:25:56,780 --> 00:26:02,270 So we don't know. Maybe he was shouting to Mahdi saying, you are a reactionary because obviously to be was a communist. 224 00:26:02,750 --> 00:26:10,579 But we don't know. Right. Because by then there'd been a retreat of Arabic and this is what I call the Arabic silence, 225 00:26:10,580 --> 00:26:18,890 which seems to have gone from the middle of the 1960s until, as you will see, maybe 2010. 226 00:26:22,090 --> 00:26:27,399 So that's the element of constructing the legitimacy of speech makes the audience. 227 00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:30,850 So when when Delphic to me was speaking in Hebrew, 228 00:26:31,210 --> 00:26:36,580 he did so because there were urgent problems of affecting the Palestinian and other Arab population. 229 00:26:36,820 --> 00:26:40,060 And he was addressing the authorities. And the authorities were Hebrew speaking. 230 00:26:40,270 --> 00:26:47,050 It was a matter of expediency, and he needed to resolve these problems in policy. 231 00:26:47,500 --> 00:26:53,440 There were other Palestinian speakers at the time who had other platforms as Hanan Akara and alas, whosoever lawyers. 232 00:26:53,440 --> 00:27:02,739 So in the court also at the beginning there were there was translation by the time the sixties happen came about Nakuru and who could could 233 00:27:02,740 --> 00:27:09,610 operate in Hebrew and Hebrew unless of course a complaint a lot he wrote a lot of complaints that he could no longer operate in Hebrew, 234 00:27:09,610 --> 00:27:21,340 in Arabic, in the courts. But by the sixties, by the sixties, it was Hebrew only because the audience was the policymakers and the judiciary. 235 00:27:23,630 --> 00:27:27,020 So was there a formal decision to. 236 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:38,410 No. No, it was just for. The only evidence we have all these little metal metal commentaries on the absence of translation. 237 00:27:38,950 --> 00:27:43,950 So here we have a few events that happened during the Arabic silence on the institutional platforms. 238 00:27:43,950 --> 00:27:53,010 So at the top head to recognise what's happening. So that's Anwar Sadat is in the Knesset. 239 00:27:53,910 --> 00:27:58,500 So Anwar Sadat was obviously he was the president of Egypt and he was build it. 240 00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:06,750 They were building up to the the peace accords of Menachem Begin, whose sofa Anwar Sadat visit. 241 00:28:06,750 --> 00:28:10,860 There was simultaneous translation in both sides. You can see the headphones. 242 00:28:11,580 --> 00:28:16,800 Hmm. So at one point of the one photo, it's the he's speaking in Arabic. 243 00:28:16,830 --> 00:28:21,060 They have headphones on the beginning had just finished speaking in Hebrew. 244 00:28:21,390 --> 00:28:22,860 Sadat has the headphones on. 245 00:28:23,820 --> 00:28:33,600 So and what's happening in the bottom is Rabin's funeral is another kind of a state institutional platform, a Zionist platform who's speaking? 246 00:28:35,650 --> 00:28:39,110 And he guesses it's a word Mubarak is speaking at. 247 00:28:39,130 --> 00:28:43,240 So what language do you think he's speaking English? He's speaking English. 248 00:28:43,390 --> 00:28:48,220 Yeah, yeah, yeah. He's speaking English. And the King Hussein of Jordan also spoke in English. 249 00:28:49,570 --> 00:28:54,820 Can you imagine how it would have come across if Mubarak had spoken Arabic at Yitzhak Rabin funeral? 250 00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:59,580 That was not the right he would. They were creating an audience which was in the nineties. 251 00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:05,319 This the Bill Clinton's effort for the Oslo process. 252 00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:09,309 This was, you know, the peace was going to break out in the Middle East. 253 00:29:09,310 --> 00:29:16,030 If you remember, there was that time, but there was obviously you can see they needed translation into English, 254 00:29:16,030 --> 00:29:25,090 I suppose, because all three of them are wearing the headphones. What the pushback from the Egyptians about about Mubarak speaking in English? 255 00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:31,390 No, I think that was just accepted that English was the lingua franca for this type of diplomacy. 256 00:29:32,060 --> 00:29:33,230 The initial. Yeah, yeah. 257 00:29:35,640 --> 00:29:42,860 So that's the Arabic silence, the fact that Anwar Sadat spoke in Arabic, that it was because he was addressing the Arabs that were beyond the border. 258 00:29:42,870 --> 00:29:47,849 It did not change anything for the local Arabs, because, in fact, when Sadat says We the Arabs, 259 00:29:47,850 --> 00:29:51,659 he did not mean and the Arabs that were potentially present there. 260 00:29:51,660 --> 00:29:58,050 He was definitely giving up on them and speaking on behalf of the Egyptians. 261 00:29:59,070 --> 00:30:06,120 Right. So I'm fast forwarding a little bit because it's very hard to document silence linguistically. 262 00:30:06,540 --> 00:30:14,430 So I'm going to 2015. This is a little bit to show you, to show you that silence. 263 00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:17,130 So to go through the chronology of it, 264 00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:28,110 I showed you the two speeches in Arabic in the inauguration of the Knesset and what Sadat speaks in Arabic and Amal Habib in, 265 00:30:28,230 --> 00:30:36,000 who was a member of Knesset for the Communist Party. Also, for many years he was awarded the Israel Prize for Literature in 1992. 266 00:30:36,570 --> 00:30:44,340 He was not given the opportunity to speak at that award. He had prepared a speech, but and it's not known what language he was going to say it in. 267 00:30:45,180 --> 00:30:53,339 But he was it was thought that it would be too provocative to have him speak at that on that platform. 268 00:30:53,340 --> 00:30:58,310 So he did not speak. Then you have the attack. 269 00:30:58,380 --> 00:31:04,770 Rabin's funeral you rightly recognised two 2012 is the first record I could find 270 00:31:05,460 --> 00:31:10,890 of an Arab going back to speaking Arabic in the Knesset and Talib Asthana, 271 00:31:10,890 --> 00:31:17,340 who was a Bedouin representative in the Knesset. He managed to slip in 20 seconds of Arabic until he was shouted down. 272 00:31:18,390 --> 00:31:22,290 And 2013 was the next instance as far as I could find. 273 00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:28,409 Aviv brought out another Bedouin representative started started reading a Koranic verse in Arabic. 274 00:31:28,410 --> 00:31:32,490 He got it. He didn't get to the end of it, and he was shouted down. 275 00:31:33,060 --> 00:31:41,850 So you can see that's a far cry from those inaugural speeches in Arabic that were possible for Saifuddin and Zogby, for Jabara, for to be in 2012. 276 00:31:41,850 --> 00:31:47,190 It becomes a different strategy they are doing speaking a few words in Arabic 277 00:31:47,190 --> 00:31:51,630 in order to increase the audibility of Arabic on this Hebrew only platform. 278 00:31:52,440 --> 00:32:01,349 Those who Eichler interestingly, he was a representative of a of a religious of a religious faction in the Knesset, 279 00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:04,890 an ultra-Orthodox Ashkenazi faction. 280 00:32:05,430 --> 00:32:14,999 He said one sentence in Arabic The military gives a sort of sentence in Arabic, and then then 2015, it really kicks off. 281 00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:24,360 And that, funnily enough, is the year after I was awarded the fellowship to do to do a research on why there was no Arabic in the Knesset. 282 00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:28,650 And then suddenly there were all these people. It was as if they did it on purpose. 283 00:32:28,750 --> 00:32:33,420 Yeah, right. So how does it actually work in practice? 284 00:32:35,630 --> 00:32:45,220 So I have here another excerpt from the transcript, the Knesset transcripts, Ayman Order, who was the leader of the Joint List in 2015. 285 00:32:45,230 --> 00:32:56,540 So he was representing the kind of an alliance of four parties, of which three were the Arabic Arab parties and one the Communist Party. 286 00:32:57,980 --> 00:33:06,170 And he just comes along and the 23rd of December, 2015, and he just wants to say something. 287 00:33:06,170 --> 00:33:12,670 So he says, I'm just going to turn to my to my compatriots. 288 00:33:13,580 --> 00:33:18,520 And then in the stenographers, there's a stenographer puts these brackets highlighted in yellow. 289 00:33:18,530 --> 00:33:24,830 He says he speaks in Arabic from now on, recording the translation. 290 00:33:25,730 --> 00:33:33,830 So he basically goes on to say, it's in in honour of Christmas that's coming and the birth of the prophet. 291 00:33:33,830 --> 00:33:42,200 I would like to say to my my fellow citizens, happy holidays, etc., etc. immediately. 292 00:33:43,310 --> 00:33:48,620 He doesn't even manage to go on with his speech at his interrupted by Ksenia Svetlova, 293 00:33:49,160 --> 00:33:53,570 who stood saying something which is not recorded that's just unrecorded heckling. 294 00:33:54,980 --> 00:33:59,770 And then he repeats himself. And this time it's recorded in Arabic because as column will jump heard. 295 00:33:59,900 --> 00:34:03,590 And then he translates himself. He says, Happy holidays to everybody. 296 00:34:04,580 --> 00:34:10,370 Then there's some more heckling. Uh, and then there's more transcription of Arabic. 297 00:34:10,370 --> 00:34:14,450 He says, Shukran, thank you. Thank you. Happy holidays to you as well. 298 00:34:15,050 --> 00:34:18,110 And then another email. 299 00:34:18,110 --> 00:34:22,219 Bar-Lev feels a bit excluded from this Arabic all the time. 300 00:34:22,220 --> 00:34:27,860 Yeah. So he says, Tell us what you said. And he says, Well, what I meant, what I said was just happy holidays for everybody. 301 00:34:27,860 --> 00:34:35,870 And we are going to struggle together for a good life, a dignified life in our homeland. 302 00:34:36,410 --> 00:34:41,630 And so then he starts being heckled again. What homeland, what historical homeland are you talking about? 303 00:34:42,320 --> 00:34:46,700 And then he tries to change the subject, and then it just descends into shouts. 304 00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:51,589 Yeah. So he's he. He can't continue with his speech. 305 00:34:51,590 --> 00:34:58,309 He's being heckled. Finally he regains the floor and he tries to justify his Arabic, 306 00:34:58,310 --> 00:35:03,950 his kind of forced into a position of trying to explain why he's he's speaking Arabic. 307 00:35:03,950 --> 00:35:08,960 He says, I actually consider the fact that Arabs are multilingual to be an added value. 308 00:35:09,410 --> 00:35:13,010 And if you know another person's language, 309 00:35:13,010 --> 00:35:25,250 then you you it's enriches you as a person and you can really understand somebody else's history and their culture. 310 00:35:25,910 --> 00:35:31,110 So he sees it as added value. That's his actual words and says. 311 00:35:33,460 --> 00:35:38,980 I'll come back to that when I'm talking about class. Language resources is added value. 312 00:35:39,610 --> 00:35:44,800 So what changed between 1992 when Arabic was silenced and 2015? 313 00:35:45,250 --> 00:35:50,860 And what I argue is that what changed in those intervening years was the advent of late capitalism. 314 00:35:51,310 --> 00:35:55,930 So on the left of Amel Habib, definitely not a capitalist. 315 00:35:58,120 --> 00:36:02,590 He was in the Knesset office for quite a long time as also a novelist. 316 00:36:03,940 --> 00:36:08,440 And you can see here his mouth is closed, his eyes, or somehow he's looking to the side. 317 00:36:08,860 --> 00:36:15,490 He knew at the very at the award ceremony for the Israel Prize for Literature, he was being heckled by a right wing politician. 318 00:36:15,910 --> 00:36:20,860 So maybe he's looking at him, Lucy Owlish or in Arabic, Lucy Koresh. 319 00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:29,920 She was given the honour of lighting the torch at the Israel Independence Day on Mount Herzl in 2015. 320 00:36:30,310 --> 00:36:34,330 She is there with her mouth open as she is allowed to give a speech. 321 00:36:34,930 --> 00:36:41,650 She was also heckled by the right wing for for being an Arab, speaking on a Zionist platform. 322 00:36:42,430 --> 00:36:49,600 But in the intervening years, what happened was these kind of phenomena of late capitalism. 323 00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:55,120 So the percentage of school leavers who went into higher education more than doubled, 324 00:36:56,140 --> 00:37:05,410 which was in line with the developments in in all the Western capitalist democracies. 325 00:37:06,010 --> 00:37:11,320 In Israel, it's specifically interesting because tertiary education is one of the disaggregated spaces. 326 00:37:11,330 --> 00:37:18,459 So it would be perhaps for many Palestinian and Arab citizens and for Jewish Israeli citizens, 327 00:37:18,460 --> 00:37:24,370 the first place where they'd encounter somebody of the other nationality or ethnicity. 328 00:37:25,810 --> 00:37:32,890 It's also an instance of neoliberal education, marketing. 329 00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:36,820 Marketing these skills is is a marketable resource. 330 00:37:36,920 --> 00:37:43,300 Yes. So this it becomes a new idea of what knowledge means. And it's something that you can buy and add on your CV. 331 00:37:43,660 --> 00:37:48,940 At the same time, however, these graduates in 2016, when I got these statistics, 332 00:37:49,510 --> 00:37:53,410 they came against some structural inequalities of Palestinian citizens, 333 00:37:54,880 --> 00:38:01,480 of Palestinian graduates from Israeli educational systems would earn a lot less. 334 00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:07,480 Usually they'd go to work in education rather than in their area of expertise. 335 00:38:07,570 --> 00:38:14,170 So these are the people who who came of age, political age at the time when I was doing the fieldwork. 336 00:38:14,170 --> 00:38:23,050 These are the people who are wanting to vote to change the of this kind of structural inequality in a materialist terms. 337 00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:29,770 Also, at the same time, it's a number of shopping centres of Israel increased dramatically. 338 00:38:30,680 --> 00:38:38,889 I my count was that currently there are about 116 big shopping centres in Israel. 339 00:38:38,890 --> 00:38:42,850 So that's yeah, the rise of consumerist leisure. 340 00:38:42,860 --> 00:38:50,919 So the idea that you can, you can buy your free time outside of a political context and the product of this 341 00:38:50,920 --> 00:38:57,730 and I'm using Lucy at least a little bit maybe as an emblematic example of, 342 00:38:57,910 --> 00:39:03,760 of the rise of this consumerist generation, this late capitalist generation. 343 00:39:04,120 --> 00:39:07,900 She's a news presenter. Therefore, her linguistic skills are her resource. 344 00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:17,260 She was a first Arab to be on mainstream, mainstream TV, the newsreader. 345 00:39:18,490 --> 00:39:23,230 And here she is at the ceremony for the Independence Day. 346 00:39:23,240 --> 00:39:39,129 So she's presented you can see this is the video of the of the ceremony and she's presented as an, um, she's an interviewer and a journalist. 347 00:39:39,130 --> 00:39:44,980 She's a muslim Arab. She pioneered the advancement of respectful dialogue between Arabs and Jews. 348 00:39:45,490 --> 00:39:49,719 And then she says of herself, I am the daughter of Selwyn model. 349 00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:55,990 And Selwyn Maarouf are Arab names. She is claiming on this most Zionist of platforms Arab identity. 350 00:39:58,210 --> 00:40:03,940 Then she makes this speech full of pathos and, you know, sincere. 351 00:40:03,940 --> 00:40:07,180 I mean, these are emotions that she has expressed also elsewhere. 352 00:40:08,410 --> 00:40:13,030 And she ends with one sentence in Arabic. 353 00:40:13,690 --> 00:40:19,630 And then she says, I am lighting this torch for the glory of the state of Israel. 354 00:40:20,320 --> 00:40:26,200 Yeah. So what she is doing, is she on this Zionist platform? 355 00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:32,380 She is saying we the Israelis in Arabic which. 356 00:40:33,100 --> 00:40:41,350 She's claiming some kind of liberal transformation of the state that would include this multilingualism as a resource for her success. 357 00:40:41,810 --> 00:40:45,160 So this is of course, she you know, 358 00:40:45,160 --> 00:40:56,740 it provoked negative reactions from Palestinian nationalists that provoked negative reactions from Lehava and the anti US anti assimilation, 359 00:40:57,880 --> 00:41:01,480 Jewish supremacists, fascist faction as well. 360 00:41:05,080 --> 00:41:13,659 So going on from that, I know I'm going a bit quickly, but this is a third element. 361 00:41:13,660 --> 00:41:18,370 So you can see how in this context of colonialism and conflict, 362 00:41:18,370 --> 00:41:24,849 some speakers are trying to increase Arabic audibility on Hebrew monolingual platforms. 363 00:41:24,850 --> 00:41:32,470 But there's something else. There's how to use your repertoires to do speech acts that work, how to claim legitimacy through speech acts. 364 00:41:32,650 --> 00:41:38,050 Speech acts are as, yeah, an element of language philosophy. 365 00:41:38,590 --> 00:41:43,870 It's been analysed as words that can be said within certain contexts and certain 366 00:41:43,870 --> 00:41:48,190 circumstances that create some kind of material difference in the real world. 367 00:41:48,730 --> 00:41:56,469 So this is now drawing on my own field work and the situation as one of these two speakers. 368 00:41:56,470 --> 00:42:04,480 So we have two Communist members of Knesset, different in a very active member of Knesset for the Communist Party. 369 00:42:05,020 --> 00:42:18,730 He resigned in 2019 and credited with introducing the best legislation for the protection of women from violence and for environmental protection. 370 00:42:19,060 --> 00:42:26,320 He was awarded a UNICEF award for in 2014, for that year, for doing the most for the protection of children. 371 00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:37,660 And here he is in this Bedouin tent in La Kiev, where I did a field work just a few weeks before the elections in March 2015. 372 00:42:38,290 --> 00:42:42,579 The other Knesset member, Ida Touma Suleiman, a new member of the Knesset, also communist. 373 00:42:42,580 --> 00:42:50,020 And as she is being introduced by talking to these Bedouin women who know of Haneen for a while, 374 00:42:51,550 --> 00:42:56,620 so in this Bedouin tent, we have the representative of this women's cooperative, 375 00:42:56,620 --> 00:42:59,620 the director of the organisation of Haneen I, 376 00:42:59,650 --> 00:43:08,860 the two Muslim men and about 12 women from the from the cooperative who are women who are severely deprived in socioeconomic terms. 377 00:43:09,580 --> 00:43:14,320 And this is the speech that I'd like to analyse with you. 378 00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:18,490 And the speech was mostly in Hebrew. 379 00:43:18,490 --> 00:43:22,600 Dobrynin is a Jewish Israeli. He does. He is highly educated. 380 00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:31,930 And but in in respect for him, the most of the the conversation was going on in in Hebrew. 381 00:43:32,920 --> 00:43:33,910 But at this point, 382 00:43:34,180 --> 00:43:42,160 two mostly men is taking the floor and she is signalling that she is now going to switch from that language that had been going on for a while. 383 00:43:42,760 --> 00:43:50,020 And now she will speak in Arabic and Ukrainian, understands immediately that this is asking permission of him. 384 00:43:50,350 --> 00:43:54,700 So he says, yes, yes, you can speak in Arabic. 385 00:43:54,700 --> 00:44:04,630 So in my transcript, the italics is Hebrew and the regular font is Arabic, in case you can't read the transcript on the left. 386 00:44:06,520 --> 00:44:14,469 So I the two Muslim man, is claiming some kind of authority on one subject, which is women's rights in the niqab. 387 00:44:14,470 --> 00:44:22,810 I'm thinking this way. And then she addresses the director of the cooperative maybe for a long time we the subject of the women in the niqab. 388 00:44:22,840 --> 00:44:28,120 You know, as far as I'm concerned, this is a subject that has occupied my mind for more than ten years. 389 00:44:28,630 --> 00:44:32,920 So the poses are marked as brackets with dots. 390 00:44:33,640 --> 00:44:40,750 She's claiming authority and her switch is taking the floor from defining who is the more senior politician. 391 00:44:42,220 --> 00:44:48,730 So director continues for a while in Arabic, she says, But I have something I need to say. 392 00:44:48,940 --> 00:44:53,770 I would like to get it across. I mean, I'd like to get the message through. Is it okay to say a word? 393 00:44:54,640 --> 00:44:58,090 I don't know if Dov understands Arabic well. 394 00:44:58,720 --> 00:45:04,000 So there's an activist there, Jewish-Israeli rights activist, who intervenes in Arabic. 395 00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:09,730 In her Arabic, which has mistakes, but it's Arabic. 396 00:45:10,330 --> 00:45:14,709 He understand Arabic well better than me and of Hanin understands. 397 00:45:14,710 --> 00:45:18,520 He's understands well enough to laugh. He understands that it's a tease and a joke. 398 00:45:19,360 --> 00:45:23,049 The director's back. The director is serious, she says. 399 00:45:23,050 --> 00:45:29,710 It is very important. It is very important that the front, such as the Communist Party understands exactly the mood in the niqab. 400 00:45:30,280 --> 00:45:34,850 And then she switches to Hebrew to. Make sure that the point gets across. 401 00:45:44,230 --> 00:45:52,270 So what I look at this and of course, her switching back to Hebrew means that the local women who were women, 402 00:45:52,270 --> 00:45:55,960 who had very little formal education, they could not follow the Hebrew. 403 00:45:57,670 --> 00:46:01,150 But the point that needed to get across was just how deprived these women were. 404 00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:05,650 But to voice their deprivation to the authorities, they had to somehow be excluded. 405 00:46:07,040 --> 00:46:10,790 From the discourse. They could not understand the Hebrew, but it had to be voiced in Hebrew. 406 00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:15,950 And that may be in this I can see the urgency that don't feel to be alone in the to fill 407 00:46:15,990 --> 00:46:21,470 felt in those early years when the dispossession of Palestinians was still very fresh. 408 00:46:25,490 --> 00:46:33,710 Another example where, again, I'm going to look to see what language do you need to create your legitimacy for your speech, 409 00:46:33,890 --> 00:46:41,630 to create authority for speeches from Hura another another Bedouin locality at the lower end of the socioeconomic scale, 410 00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:48,170 who was built in the 1970s to force the centralisation of Bedouin. 411 00:46:48,500 --> 00:46:56,719 And so gradually they did move in the Bedouin and but sanitation was only introduced in the nineties, I think, anyway. 412 00:46:56,720 --> 00:47:05,660 So it's a very deprived place. And here I am in this town hall again, and now there's not even a single Jewish Israeli presence in Jenin, isn't there? 413 00:47:05,960 --> 00:47:11,330 It's a town hall debate with representatives of the Arab parties and of of the joint list, 414 00:47:11,330 --> 00:47:15,650 therefore, in 2015 and of the advocates for boycotting the elections. 415 00:47:16,280 --> 00:47:22,640 So it's a political hustings, let's say, before the elections, and an argument has just broken out. 416 00:47:22,670 --> 00:47:30,110 And the audience is very engaged, very keen on debating ideas of the common good and who to vote for. 417 00:47:30,710 --> 00:47:35,750 And now, if nobody who says no to this and is the chair of the debate, 418 00:47:35,750 --> 00:47:44,090 he's a local journalist from one of the local tribes, and he is trying in formal Arabic to get them to quiet down. 419 00:47:44,090 --> 00:47:50,989 And he's saying, please. REGION Yeah. JAMAL Gentlemen, brothers, please, sir, no, we cannot go on like this. 420 00:47:50,990 --> 00:48:01,610 They are shouting on top of him on the recording. His voice is kind of like a distant, distant, very polite voice, trying to get them to quieten down. 421 00:48:01,610 --> 00:48:09,920 But then he says it smartly, and then he turns to one of the one of the voters in the audience who has been particularly argumentative. 422 00:48:10,610 --> 00:48:15,470 And he says so and so. And then he switches to Hebrew. 423 00:48:16,340 --> 00:48:20,809 This very polite, speaking in very formal Arabic, suddenly switches to Hebrew. 424 00:48:20,810 --> 00:48:25,910 And he says, I'm calling you to order for the third time. 425 00:48:29,790 --> 00:48:33,629 And then the vote to understands this. He knows what's going on. Oh, dear, oh, dear. 426 00:48:33,630 --> 00:48:37,140 I'm in trouble now. You know, this is sarcastic. Oh, dear. 427 00:48:37,440 --> 00:48:41,540 The seed and the chess was written. 428 00:48:41,850 --> 00:48:44,910 The security is. If I could now call the security from the door. 429 00:48:44,940 --> 00:48:50,400 Of course there's no security. This is you know, this is a dust filled sports hall. 430 00:48:51,090 --> 00:48:56,630 Security. And he says to him, they're sitting behind you now. So what is he doing? 431 00:48:56,640 --> 00:49:06,040 Why is he using Hebrew? It's the authorities. 432 00:49:06,730 --> 00:49:11,850 Yeah. Yeah. There's the bogeyman, you know, with the con will come. 433 00:49:11,940 --> 00:49:17,790 That's like as bad as it gets, but also as an equal set up, I'm sure sheet. 434 00:49:17,820 --> 00:49:23,220 This is exactly what the Knesset chair says when the parliamentarians get out of order, 435 00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:28,110 because if you're you out for the suit, you know, you interrupt for the third time, you're out. 436 00:49:28,380 --> 00:49:33,690 Right. And they don't want to sound like those rude parliamentarians. 437 00:49:33,870 --> 00:49:38,159 It's an in-joke. Yeah, we. Yeah, come on. 438 00:49:38,160 --> 00:49:47,970 We are better than that. So he is creating he's parodying the Knesset chair in order to create a solidarity. 439 00:49:48,120 --> 00:49:52,919 And it works. The guy did quieted down and he could go, but they could go back to taking turns, 440 00:49:52,920 --> 00:49:56,850 which was what the chair wanted, was to have this polite political debate. 441 00:49:56,850 --> 00:50:04,170 He didn't want them to be shouting at each other. Partly, I think maybe because I was there, I was the only outsider. 442 00:50:04,190 --> 00:50:11,400 He wanted them to not be not be unruly Bedouin, you know, to take turns and discuss it politely. 443 00:50:13,260 --> 00:50:18,149 So another way of creating a platform in which you get authorities Arabic language day in the Knesset, 444 00:50:18,150 --> 00:50:27,720 which was instituted in 2017 for the first time. It's a little bit like having International Women's Day in the situation of rampant sexism. 445 00:50:27,890 --> 00:50:29,850 You have an exception to the rule. 446 00:50:30,690 --> 00:50:40,650 You have an exception where by having Arabic language day for one day, the institution or multilingualism that's normally there becomes more obvious. 447 00:50:41,880 --> 00:50:45,240 But interesting things happened. And I included this for you. 448 00:50:45,780 --> 00:50:52,290 So you'll see. Yona, whose parents were born in Iraq, took the floor in Arabic on that day. 449 00:50:53,550 --> 00:50:57,800 And people have to ask, should we put the headphones on blessing was it. 450 00:50:58,110 --> 00:51:04,979 Yeah. And he says yet to put on your put on your headphones because now I'm speaking in Arabic and he's he's an academic 451 00:51:04,980 --> 00:51:12,420 Yossi Yona for the Labour Party and he speaks in Arabic and he obviously was recorded as the translation as usual, 452 00:51:12,420 --> 00:51:15,360 everything's recorded in Hebrew, even though it's Arabic language day. 453 00:51:15,990 --> 00:51:24,000 And he's saying that it's so great that his preferred leader of the Labour Party was elected in the primaries in Arabic. 454 00:51:25,050 --> 00:51:30,330 And the reactions to that is not to do with the content, it's to do with the language. 455 00:51:30,510 --> 00:51:34,440 Once again, the linguistic analysis is what interests me. 456 00:51:34,980 --> 00:51:43,920 And another Labour Party member says, come on, is it's painful enough in Hebrew, you don't have to rub it in in Arabic. 457 00:51:44,040 --> 00:51:51,090 Yeah. And then Yesh Atid, Yael Gellman says he said thank you to Allah. 458 00:51:52,680 --> 00:52:00,570 She picks up on this that when he says and Oscar I love that you know, but he used an Arabic word for Allah. 459 00:52:01,230 --> 00:52:08,520 And and so in the end, the discussion becomes about this, about whether it's can be ordinary to speak Arabic. 460 00:52:09,300 --> 00:52:12,810 And this is what he's trying to say. So the last bit I highlighted was this way. 461 00:52:12,810 --> 00:52:17,130 He says, this is ordinary, isn't it? While really it isn't, 462 00:52:17,190 --> 00:52:20,759 that was the whole point of Arabic language day know you cannot take what was 463 00:52:20,760 --> 00:52:25,050 ordinary for him to speak in Arabic with his parents and put it in the Knesset. 464 00:52:27,370 --> 00:52:30,970 Right? Sure. Yeah, we're nearly there. 465 00:52:32,260 --> 00:52:36,910 So can you use Arabic and be a legitimate speaker? 466 00:52:37,780 --> 00:52:39,640 Well, some people have managed. 467 00:52:45,660 --> 00:52:56,160 So I apologise to those who don't know Hebrew or Arabic, but it will be quite clear this is media to give who's a Likud so to. 468 00:52:56,940 --> 00:53:13,480 Oh yeah they won't doesn't do it doesn't. So she's coming up on a debate about access to Haram al-Sharif, Halabi, 469 00:53:13,510 --> 00:53:20,050 Temple Mount and Jerusalem and the old city of Jerusalem, which was a matter of contest at the time. 470 00:53:20,740 --> 00:53:39,059 And this is how she deals with it. What you have here is a little uncomfortable because I just wasn't convinced that it 471 00:53:39,060 --> 00:53:44,010 meant that settling any deals in the deal suddenly was not a glass of blackness. 472 00:53:44,030 --> 00:53:48,850 It kind of just having a moment ago of a bite to bear then. 473 00:53:49,440 --> 00:54:02,220 In Wyoming, a Zion boy. And it's so funny show that Lincoln Malibu Martha Amy on the show we'll tell you about so it's like give it to Mrs. Spock. 474 00:54:02,920 --> 00:54:08,600 La la la la. Well, how mad that I saw that doc, right? 475 00:54:08,610 --> 00:54:19,860 So she's saying, uh, you know, what was the point of the of the 1967 war if now a Jew cannot go on to a temple, the Temple Mount? 476 00:54:20,400 --> 00:54:23,910 Is it necessary, therefore, for a Jew to say this sentence, 477 00:54:23,910 --> 00:54:34,920 which is the Muslim conversion sentence in Arabic, in order to be able to get access to the temple? 478 00:54:34,930 --> 00:54:38,510 No, go. No, I never go get my sense. 479 00:54:38,670 --> 00:54:42,470 I don't know. I know, I know. Niacin, right. 480 00:54:43,230 --> 00:54:49,050 So I think that gives you an idea. Yes. So this is a kind of theatrics of of political debate. 481 00:54:49,560 --> 00:54:54,750 But this is the way that Arabic has been used by right wing politicians. 482 00:54:54,750 --> 00:54:57,870 She she made it to a high rank in the IDF. 483 00:54:57,870 --> 00:55:03,659 And possibly that's where she has found a way of using of learning Arabic. 484 00:55:03,660 --> 00:55:08,340 Then we have, you know, my girl and this is from 2015 again. 485 00:55:08,940 --> 00:55:18,620 So he you know, and my girl was representative for Jewish home about the Yehudi he has a B.A. in Middle East studies from Hebrew University. 486 00:55:19,050 --> 00:55:22,200 So that gives you a warning about what education can do to you. 487 00:55:22,830 --> 00:55:28,110 And so he decides to speak in. 488 00:55:28,350 --> 00:55:33,960 He uses his 3 minutes. So the way that's structured is that when you have the speaker's podium, 489 00:55:34,230 --> 00:55:39,660 you have 3 minutes for your speech and he uses his 3 minutes to speak in Arabic, 490 00:55:39,660 --> 00:55:40,410 as you will see, 491 00:55:40,410 --> 00:55:51,300 and in which he talks about Jewish the exclusively Jewish rights to Israel due to Israel Jewish history and the exclusion of Palestinians from that. 492 00:55:51,750 --> 00:55:58,920 And he's threatened. He is yeah. He threatens the the representatives of the Palestinians and other Arabs. 493 00:55:59,460 --> 00:56:04,500 So I'll let you listen just because. Well, Sally Field Bell, a 50 year old, his middle name. 494 00:56:09,430 --> 00:56:17,989 Yeah. So he calls them now cousins. So here I've just stopped it because the camera has picked up and picked up the members of Knesset, 495 00:56:17,990 --> 00:56:22,760 which are from the Arab parties, just trying to look at their reactions when they're addressed in Arabic. 496 00:56:23,180 --> 00:56:30,829 Also, these strategies seem to work because not every parliamentary session is recorded in this way with videos. 497 00:56:30,830 --> 00:56:35,630 So once once they do some theatrics like this, it does get picked up by the media. 498 00:56:35,660 --> 00:56:50,170 Yeah. So now when I come up at night to watch like one below Libya late, late and this is more like Zoom not to long at the hardest. 499 00:56:50,180 --> 00:56:56,389 We like to be set up so it's lonely, not know what I'm really glad now about. 500 00:56:56,390 --> 00:57:01,760 And since then I feel sad that well, it could be slow. 501 00:57:01,760 --> 00:57:05,020 Zay had that issue when he would run. 502 00:57:05,020 --> 00:57:10,420 Now I hate them. Well, I got to feel cool. 503 00:57:10,430 --> 00:57:17,090 I'm soon to survive Are you are Mia will see to what role will you have? 504 00:57:17,180 --> 00:57:27,920 Like what would you let me one. Okay so right so he he gives the kind of narrative of returning to the homeland after 2000 years in exile. 505 00:57:28,250 --> 00:57:36,440 And, you know, he says and you cannot oppose this through violent resistance and terrorism. 506 00:57:36,980 --> 00:57:45,320 And he's also dismissing the way the Palestinian and other Arab representatives are portraying history and says, 507 00:57:45,560 --> 00:57:51,770 what I'm telling you now is the truth. That's why I have to say it to you in Arabic, says to communicate with you directly. 508 00:57:52,100 --> 00:57:55,879 Anyway, he got done in on sexual harassment allegations. 509 00:57:55,880 --> 00:57:59,420 So that's a that's a way of going about it. 510 00:57:59,420 --> 00:58:07,840 But he obviously he also served in the Army and he that what you need. 511 00:58:07,890 --> 00:58:14,150 And also one of the scholars of Arabic in Israel, Yonatan, has written a book on Israeli Arabic. 512 00:58:14,720 --> 00:58:20,720 And so the way he portrays it, Israeli Arabic is a way of using Arabic by Israelis, 513 00:58:21,050 --> 00:58:27,110 Jewish Israelis in order work as through an education which was promoted by the army. 514 00:58:27,110 --> 00:58:36,019 So using Arabic in these kinds of settings by rightwing Jewish Israelis, and I'm using right wing as a kind of shortcuts, you know, 515 00:58:36,020 --> 00:58:43,129 to describe a certain position on the on the conflict is to display this kind of legitimacy, 516 00:58:43,130 --> 00:58:48,590 this kind of authority associated with with militarised education in some way. 517 00:58:48,590 --> 00:58:56,900 You know, I've I've gained this knowledge of Arabic through a type of education that is supported by the military. 518 00:58:57,320 --> 00:59:03,920 I can display my credentials not to the Palestinians or the Arabs, but to other Jews, to the Jewish-Israeli voters. 519 00:59:04,550 --> 00:59:17,870 And anyway, you can look at your NIS really excellent analysis, looking through the archives of of how this education system was created. 520 00:59:18,590 --> 00:59:25,659 So to cheer you up a little bit. If these platforms don't work, 521 00:59:25,660 --> 00:59:32,709 then it seems that Palestinians and other Arabs in Israel have just created other other ways of going 522 00:59:32,710 --> 00:59:41,040 about and using their language as a resource to create very entertaining cinematic productions. 523 00:59:41,100 --> 00:59:47,490 So this is this is of I would have it both said Kashua would love. 524 00:59:47,560 --> 00:59:54,130 It was a sitcom that started being broadcast on mainstream TV in Israel in 2007. 525 00:59:55,240 --> 00:59:59,500 In English, it was rendered as Arab labour. But everyday, all of it also means it's a pun. 526 00:59:59,500 --> 01:00:01,030 It also means shoddy work. 527 01:00:02,500 --> 01:00:12,010 And aside, Kashua is one of those people who has high degrees of multilingual proficiency, and he uses it as a way of doing humour. 528 01:00:12,670 --> 01:00:17,200 I don't think that video works, but. Hmm. 529 01:00:17,320 --> 01:00:22,360 Anyway. Never mind. So in this. In this. Anyway, it's very funny. 530 01:00:22,360 --> 01:00:32,590 And he uses puns in both languages to kind of highlight a very nuanced identity that's not exclusively Israeli or Palestinian. 531 01:00:33,190 --> 01:00:41,280 And kind of putting the conflict as a background rather than the centre of the. 532 01:00:44,050 --> 01:00:54,860 Of the of the of the narrative. And there was a kind of rise in cinematic productions in after the end of the second intifada inside Israel, 533 01:00:54,880 --> 01:00:59,130 again, multilingual cinematic productions and a lot of them very successful. 534 01:00:59,140 --> 01:01:02,980 All of these that I've got here are were award winning. 535 01:01:02,980 --> 01:01:16,390 So, I mean, in 2009, set in a deprived district of Jaffa, um, talking about drugs and social deprivation, using multilingualism. 536 01:01:16,720 --> 01:01:21,000 In between was about the situation of Arab women in Israel. 537 01:01:21,040 --> 01:01:25,480 Also very funny. And 2008. 538 01:01:25,630 --> 01:01:34,540 I really recommend if you have not seen Tel Aviv on fire, it is a very, very funny film about a screenwriter who's Arab. 539 01:01:34,540 --> 01:01:43,089 And this has to cross a checkpoint in order to get to to work every day and to check the head of the checkpoint wants 540 01:01:43,090 --> 01:01:48,970 to contribute to this film script and keeps having suggestions on how you doing could portray different characters. 541 01:01:49,450 --> 01:01:58,240 And so all of these relatively successful productions again, are using multilingualism as a resource. 542 01:02:00,470 --> 01:02:13,340 But the most successful, multilingual cinematic production of this decade has been folder, which got a Netflix Netflix contract. 543 01:02:13,820 --> 01:02:26,750 Photo is an Israeli production. It's about an elite commando unit that is infiltrates armed groups, 544 01:02:26,750 --> 01:02:34,400 Palestinian armed groups in the occupied Palestinian territories by speaking Arabic so well that they can pass for Palestinians. 545 01:02:34,880 --> 01:02:39,290 So again, this is using multilingualism as a skill, as a as a resource. 546 01:02:40,040 --> 01:02:43,549 And the passing for issue, as you can see on that photo, 547 01:02:43,550 --> 01:02:56,330 it's the the the person in the forefront is the military commando an Israeli and as a the person in the background is the terrorist Palestinian. 548 01:02:56,330 --> 01:03:02,320 And you can see it's kind of playing on the idea that these they look quite similar and as a its 549 01:03:02,330 --> 01:03:08,720 identity the bounded ness of their identities can be destabilised by passing for the other group. 550 01:03:10,280 --> 01:03:20,690 So even though it destabilises the exclusive categories that destabilisation is a threat to security and the obviously the winners are the, 551 01:03:20,930 --> 01:03:27,380 you know, the big fat commandos and they don't win by using books or humour, I can tell you that. 552 01:03:27,740 --> 01:03:40,970 So and as a result of the success of Folder, um, which maybe was the first time some Jewish Israelis saw Jews speaking Arabic so well, 553 01:03:41,480 --> 01:03:45,290 there was an increase apparently in sign up for Arabic classes in Israel. 554 01:03:45,740 --> 01:03:55,219 That's, um, that was reported by commercial providers of Arabic language courses that some of many more students and gave 555 01:03:55,220 --> 01:04:00,470 is the reason for signing up that they had seen Arabic on Fouda and that they wanted to speak like that. 556 01:04:01,280 --> 01:04:07,429 I see that as the in meshing of securities and with consumerism you know in the in the context of less late capitalism. 557 01:04:07,430 --> 01:04:15,050 So that might be what we are looking forward to. Right. 558 01:04:15,060 --> 01:04:18,950 So why am I doing this? So these are some of the sources. 559 01:04:19,460 --> 01:04:25,130 This is the some of the scholarship that I like on Arabic and Hebrew in Israel. 560 01:04:25,810 --> 01:04:33,130 Um, and then I, Lefkowitz did a study which was anthropological, going around listening to people and how they spoke. 561 01:04:33,140 --> 01:04:34,610 He was based mostly in Haifa, 562 01:04:35,420 --> 01:04:43,850 and he brought with him from us studies a kind of idea of the the mapping of language and ways of speaking on racial categories. 563 01:04:44,570 --> 01:04:54,080 Ronnie Henkin I like very much because she uses pragmatics to analyse speech acts, so that's definitely the method I was inspired by. 564 01:04:54,080 --> 01:04:59,360 And she use it to uses it to highlight the way multilingualism can be used for humour. 565 01:04:59,750 --> 01:05:13,010 Yonatan Mendel I mentioned him with regards to the education system and how Arabic was promoted as part of the security security system in Israel. 566 01:05:13,640 --> 01:05:16,490 Bill Cotton Uri Hirsch did a variation of study, 567 01:05:16,490 --> 01:05:25,100 which is a sociolinguistics way of studying phonetic change about how refugees from Jaffa started to speak slightly 568 01:05:25,100 --> 01:05:34,670 differently from those who would did not become refugees throughout the ages as a result of the history of 1948. 569 01:05:35,300 --> 01:05:46,970 And Tomaso Milan in 11 have done work on how language is used to claim a kind of a type of multilingual pluralism in Israel, 570 01:05:46,970 --> 01:05:58,430 including for LGBTQ rights in Israel, a kind of inclusiveness that maybe doesn't exist as much as some people allow. 571 01:05:59,120 --> 01:06:08,150 And the what the the scholarship of scholarship that I'm reacting against is the scholarship that sees these languages as kind of in conflict. 572 01:06:08,330 --> 01:06:16,129 That's as if that's the only way of looking at it. So this is one quote, interference from local sedentary dialects have, in the meantime, 573 01:06:16,130 --> 01:06:20,959 penetrated the Bedouin dialects more deeply as one language versus the other language, 574 01:06:20,960 --> 01:06:24,440 and they penetrate each other, and that's a source of a problem. 575 01:06:25,670 --> 01:06:33,410 Here we go. More penetration and more serious penetration occurs when the knowledge of Hebrew is traceable among younger groups in educational domain. 576 01:06:33,770 --> 01:06:38,750 And this is attributed mostly to the truths and may be the male Bedouin. 577 01:06:39,050 --> 01:06:46,100 And it's linked and this kind of generalised summary to and serving in the army. 578 01:06:47,660 --> 01:06:52,760 And look here we have penetration again. I wonder what Sigmund Freud would have to say about this. 579 01:06:52,880 --> 01:06:55,760 Here it's Rahman Marty, who says, 580 01:06:55,760 --> 01:07:03,980 Does the massive lexical penetration of Hebrew into Arabic constitute a danger to the essence of the presence of Arabic in the country? 581 01:07:05,660 --> 01:07:08,720 And this is mostly how the scholarship looks at it. 582 01:07:09,410 --> 01:07:14,389 Another way of calling penetrations interference. That's another way it's generally been referred to. 583 01:07:14,390 --> 01:07:18,980 And here we have referred to Roman Arabic as a minority language in Israel. 584 01:07:19,010 --> 01:07:23,450 One may recall the intensively quoted words of the Arab Knesset members, Orbih, 585 01:07:23,750 --> 01:07:29,870 who expressed his concern back in 1966 about the disappearance of Arabic from use in the state of Israel. 586 01:07:30,620 --> 01:07:37,310 The facts hardly justify this pessimistic view, although Zombie's impressionistic evaluation may be judged somewhat differently. 587 01:07:37,670 --> 01:07:43,130 After consideration of the role of Hebrew interference in the Arabic used by the Arab citizens of Israel. 588 01:07:43,940 --> 01:07:45,169 So what is going on here? 589 01:07:45,170 --> 01:07:56,030 Obviously, Zogby I if you remember the beginning of the talk, Zogby did complain in 1966 that the administration of Nazareth did not speak Arabic. 590 01:07:56,620 --> 01:08:03,050 Now, this is how it's reported in the scholarship, you know, 30, 40 years later, 591 01:08:03,800 --> 01:08:08,150 without actually referring to the political context of what Zombie's complaint was about. 592 01:08:09,440 --> 01:08:13,519 And then so first, zombies complaint is kind of dismissed. 593 01:08:13,520 --> 01:08:15,020 You know, this hardly justified. 594 01:08:16,040 --> 01:08:23,420 But then maybe actually the Hebrew interference means that is correct, that he Arabic is disappearing in the state of Israel. 595 01:08:23,720 --> 01:08:32,570 Was what Zogby was complaining about was not that his Arabic speaking constituents in Nazareth were losing Arabic. 596 01:08:32,570 --> 01:08:34,490 On the contrary, were saying they do speak Arabic. 597 01:08:34,520 --> 01:08:42,470 The problem is that the state does not speak Arabic, its use of Arabic not in the state of Israel, but use of Arabic by the state of Israel. 598 01:08:42,950 --> 01:08:50,690 So this is what gets to me. This is why I think we need a reframing of a scholarship that has gathered a lot of evidence. 599 01:08:51,530 --> 01:08:58,520 But what I am hoping is that by putting it into the framework for a framework of analysis of what makes a legitimate speaker, 600 01:08:58,790 --> 01:09:03,560 we can use this evidence in a more politically sophisticated way. 601 01:09:04,520 --> 01:09:08,090 And why is it important? This is don't worry. This is my final slide. 602 01:09:08,630 --> 01:09:13,130 What makes a particular language authoritative in community members eyes and. 603 01:09:13,850 --> 01:09:18,590 What relationship to language allows a government and its institutions to be perceived as legitimate? 604 01:09:19,220 --> 01:09:23,870 And what entitles a speaker to use a language freely and to convince others without use? 605 01:09:24,320 --> 01:09:29,210 Monolingual speakers of dominant languages rarely have to pause to consider such questions. 606 01:09:29,630 --> 01:09:35,270 But members of bilingual and minoritized speech communities routinely confront them implicitly and explicitly. 607 01:09:35,720 --> 01:09:43,100 The answers matter because the foundations of linguistic authority are also the foundations of identity, community, nation, polity and citizenship. 608 01:09:44,600 --> 01:09:48,589 And for me, what I'm looking at is this group of speakers, 609 01:09:48,590 --> 01:09:58,520 these Palestinian politicians and and and filmmakers who are trying to reform the foundations of linguistic authority. 610 01:09:59,180 --> 01:10:04,430 And here it is, because these foundations are not fixed forever. 611 01:10:04,730 --> 01:10:10,550 They are negotiated constantly. And to change it, you need resources. 612 01:10:10,580 --> 01:10:20,390 This is why I call them the new middle class. They have the resources, including the discursive resources, to try and make this reform possible, 613 01:10:20,630 --> 01:10:24,290 to be included in the polity, included in the ideas of citizenship. 614 01:10:25,250 --> 01:10:31,700 And so what I'm proposing is that if we introduce not only nationhood, 615 01:10:31,700 --> 01:10:36,890 which is so clear cut with the Arabic and Hebrew indexing very strongly that two different nations, 616 01:10:37,100 --> 01:10:42,200 but also class to see more the dynamics of power in that negotiation, 617 01:10:42,560 --> 01:10:54,240 then we can call this new middle class multilingual as those who have who are the owners of this discursive means of self production. 618 01:10:54,260 --> 01:11:01,880 That's my proposal for defining class in a useful way for social linguistic analysis. 619 01:11:02,570 --> 01:11:07,270 Oh, and look, somebody wrote something about it. Okay. 620 01:11:07,860 --> 01:11:10,879 Right. So this is a yeah, this is what the book looks like. 621 01:11:10,880 --> 01:11:15,380 And I can pass it around in case you're interested. 622 01:11:15,380 --> 01:11:20,360 It was out earlier this year. Thank you so much.