1 00:00:03,930 --> 00:00:10,080 Okay. We're very happy to be hosting the real here today. 2 00:00:11,040 --> 00:00:16,230 Gabriel is going to give a presentation of something like 45 minutes and then we will have 45 minutes for a question and answer. 3 00:00:16,240 --> 00:00:20,580 So do be engaged. Just a small introduction. 4 00:00:20,580 --> 00:00:27,930 So Gabriel's record as an assistant professor at fire and you will see that it still though he is a changed architects, 5 00:00:27,930 --> 00:00:34,530 urban planner, researcher and historian. He completed his graduate and undergraduate studies at Tel Aviv University, 6 00:00:34,530 --> 00:00:39,809 and he obtained his Ph.D. from Technical University in Delft, the Netherlands. 7 00:00:39,810 --> 00:00:45,240 And he is the author of Dwelling on the Green Line Privatise and Rule in Israel, Palestine, 8 00:00:45,810 --> 00:00:52,260 and several articles focusing on the influences of neo liberalism and nationalism on the process of spatial production. 9 00:00:53,190 --> 00:01:02,100 His general areas of interest include urban and architectural history, housing, territoriality, contested spaces, privatisation and postcolonialism. 10 00:01:03,180 --> 00:01:07,320 Gabriel studied, taught and conducted research at a variety of institutions, including Tel Aviv University, 11 00:01:07,620 --> 00:01:14,610 Groningen Architecture, Architecture Academy, TU Delft and the University of Sheffield, Munich, Darmstadt and more and more. 12 00:01:15,390 --> 00:01:19,560 And he is also an active practitioner and partner at studio Sabra in Amsterdam. 13 00:01:21,870 --> 00:01:25,420 Thanks for doing that. And I always feel like an obituary. Yes. 14 00:01:26,580 --> 00:01:30,180 Good afternoon, everyone. I'm very happy to be here. So thanks for inviting me. 15 00:01:30,510 --> 00:01:34,140 I feel like a very important guest being at today's Israeli elections. 16 00:01:34,550 --> 00:01:43,530 So but we're not going to talk about the elections. So, yeah, I think it's a great opportunity to come here and to talk about my work and my research, 17 00:01:43,530 --> 00:01:47,490 what I've done previously and what I'm perhaps planning to do in the future as well. 18 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:55,860 So, so many talking about the reasons that led to my recently published book by Cambridge Press Dwelling on the Green Line, 19 00:01:56,310 --> 00:02:00,390 which discusses this relationship between housing, territory and privatisation. 20 00:02:01,410 --> 00:02:11,090 The Israeli settlements build along the border with the occupied West Bank, the so-called Green Line, and what I termed as privatised territoriality. 21 00:02:11,460 --> 00:02:16,710 And this is based on the basic development of my PhD project, 22 00:02:16,710 --> 00:02:21,720 which I did at the ultra immersive technology in the Netherlands and the Chair of History of Architecture and Urban Planning. 23 00:02:22,170 --> 00:02:27,540 And here comes the question then why want an architecture and urban historian like myself? 24 00:02:28,320 --> 00:02:32,250 And what do I have to say to people who are doing research or interested in this area? 25 00:02:32,250 --> 00:02:37,110 Studies or political sciences looking at threatened transnational politics? 26 00:02:37,740 --> 00:02:47,520 And I always like to start with with this example, hoping someone has an idea which what house this is or what it's a house in Paris. 27 00:02:47,740 --> 00:02:52,830 Uh, I'm not sure whether it's ever been built. And all of sudden. 28 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:55,890 Zinoviev, it's not the Brooklyn. Uh, no, no, no, no. 29 00:02:58,790 --> 00:03:03,570 It's the where the plot of Balzac's Father Grillo takes place. 30 00:03:04,530 --> 00:03:07,559 And that is his own book. He was called. 31 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:18,330 And, uh, and but this house and the way built Zack uses it in the and the novel is is not just is this is not a basic scenery. 32 00:03:18,330 --> 00:03:22,440 It's not a decoration. It's not where the plot takes place. 33 00:03:22,440 --> 00:03:29,669 It is the plot in itself. Uh, some would say that the main protagonist of the, of the novel, some by chance the first chapter, 34 00:03:29,670 --> 00:03:36,780 is a one long detailed description of the house and its different tenants. 35 00:03:37,290 --> 00:03:45,600 And he explains to us how this house, in a way, embodies the social tensions of early 19th century Paris, 36 00:03:46,170 --> 00:03:51,210 with the more the richer, uh, tenants living in the first floor. 37 00:03:51,240 --> 00:03:59,549 Yeah. The, the sort of built houses. And as we go higher and higher and through the building, we reach the poorer tenants. 38 00:03:59,550 --> 00:04:05,310 And then we meet Father Grillo and his neighbour who goes by the name genderless. 39 00:04:06,390 --> 00:04:11,190 Um, and this is, this is in a way, Paris of the 19th century. 40 00:04:11,190 --> 00:04:19,090 And, uh. Um, and later in chapter two, Balzac tells us that the Korean always lived on the third floor. 41 00:04:19,590 --> 00:04:26,400 This is the one floor. And under the servants. Yeah. It actually began three years before the novel starts. 42 00:04:26,580 --> 00:04:34,510 Began being a tenant. It was on vacation, but lived on the first floor. And as he got poorer and poorer and his economic status deteriorated again, 43 00:04:34,530 --> 00:04:40,830 selling his assets and gradually moving along the building, reaching the third floor. 44 00:04:41,430 --> 00:04:48,270 And so in that sense, the is deteriorating status is also a spatial one. 45 00:04:48,900 --> 00:04:57,660 And um, and it's not by chance that there he meets the yeah, we just came to Paris and started the journey from the other way around. 46 00:04:57,660 --> 00:05:00,790 So coming from nothing and eventually. I mean, a rich person. 47 00:05:01,330 --> 00:05:09,879 And so and later on in the novel, when they plan the future activities to move to a different building where eventually resting, 48 00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:13,570 I could live on the first floor and that and we all would live in the attic. 49 00:05:14,140 --> 00:05:20,620 And so we would. Sacco tells us that in that sense, social mobility is also spatial, but it's also a zero sum game. 50 00:05:20,950 --> 00:05:30,700 So one has to go up and someone has to go down. And but this is a it's not just an anecdote, but how so that this house is building that? 51 00:05:31,350 --> 00:05:35,050 I'm not sure. No one's sure whether it ever existed. 52 00:05:35,060 --> 00:05:38,330 It's a microcosm of of Paris in the 19th century. 53 00:05:38,370 --> 00:05:43,299 And as I said before, it embodies the social and economic tensions of that time. 54 00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:51,560 And so does Zarco, in a way, lost his fortune a couple of times due to real estate speculation, which would cause him actually to be in debt. 55 00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:55,120 The person, some would say, even quite an anti-Semite. 56 00:05:55,870 --> 00:06:01,780 And also 200 years ago, Rachel, as the built environment is basically a socioeconomic text. 57 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:10,629 And the question what interests me as an architecture and urban historian is how to how to read these, you know, bills, texts, as we call them. 58 00:06:10,630 --> 00:06:16,300 And this, for me as a historian, is to say the essence of what Nietzsche called critical race theory, 59 00:06:17,050 --> 00:06:24,610 which in contrast, is a monumental history which magnifies the past and creates myths. 60 00:06:24,610 --> 00:06:30,550 Also, the antiquarian historical historiography, which is the nostalgic one, the old, the good and the new, 61 00:06:30,970 --> 00:06:36,490 the critical one deals with the past, but in order to explore it, to understand its meaning, 62 00:06:36,490 --> 00:06:47,980 and to dismantle these myths, and to carry out the geologies that re-examine borders and that are relevant today and see how we are even today, 63 00:06:48,100 --> 00:06:51,400 reliving the past, but not understanding it in that sense. 64 00:06:53,110 --> 00:06:58,719 So yeah, to understand the history and the way I think we should understand history with, 65 00:06:58,720 --> 00:07:03,700 it needs to be examined from a theoretical socioeconomic and political perspective. 66 00:07:04,750 --> 00:07:08,800 And and this is a, quote, a relay from the. 67 00:07:09,390 --> 00:07:16,600 And whenever we're talking about which theories we use and we is from Graber when was the recent book The Dawn 68 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:23,110 of Everything Must Read to Everyone say that a social theory always necessary involves a bit of simplification, 69 00:07:23,110 --> 00:07:28,690 essentially reduce everything to a cartoon so as to be able to detect patterns that would be otherwise invisible. 70 00:07:29,170 --> 00:07:32,350 One must simplify the world to discover something new about it. 71 00:07:32,410 --> 00:07:37,030 The problem comes when, long after discovery has been made, people continue to simplify it. 72 00:07:37,780 --> 00:07:46,239 And this is and this is something that I think is essential because it just reduces if you do history, look at one perspective. 73 00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:49,790 You're always terribly. How to avoid it. 74 00:07:49,950 --> 00:07:57,770 What I believe that one should do is to test the theories when they meet internal contradictions. 75 00:07:57,780 --> 00:08:03,060 We are the less the relevant, and then to merge them or to contract or confront them with other ones. 76 00:08:03,510 --> 00:08:08,100 And by that, to create a multilayered study of the built environment. 77 00:08:08,960 --> 00:08:16,880 And there's sort of this way I usually try to do, you know, sort of focus on this socioeconomic tension with the relationship, 78 00:08:17,060 --> 00:08:25,370 the relationship between national political processes, with the work of the house and the asset and national agendas of the other. 79 00:08:25,820 --> 00:08:34,010 So this is the prison where I study the built environment because I believe that land or property never owned or houses there never just houses, 80 00:08:34,010 --> 00:08:42,680 the lands and property. There are multiple connections, signs and signifiers that manifest the social context in which they are produced. 81 00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:52,430 And yet, when we come to the idea of housing or of the nation building process, it was part of the emphasis of creating a nation of homeowners. 82 00:08:52,940 --> 00:08:58,370 And it was an integral part of the post-war western democratic nation state, 83 00:08:58,910 --> 00:09:05,880 which advocated for post welfare policy on one hand, but also to the poor. 84 00:09:05,900 --> 00:09:12,920 The realisation of the working class who, by becoming a private, owning almost a private house, 85 00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:19,010 could become a partner or a shareholder in the country, in the state and its economy. 86 00:09:20,040 --> 00:09:31,759 And but housing as we know it today real estate and became one of the most significant and um parts 87 00:09:31,760 --> 00:09:39,020 of national economies also benefiting an upper middle class have been turned into now asset owners. 88 00:09:39,320 --> 00:09:44,150 You see this aggression and bigotry you see how that income from housing has increased 89 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:51,830 during the last 5060 years actually wasn't always a scary is the part of income in the US. 90 00:09:52,100 --> 00:09:57,980 And we had slaves and it disappeared and then was translated into housing eventually. 91 00:09:58,580 --> 00:10:04,340 But so with with this significant part of housing has been playing in national economies, 92 00:10:04,340 --> 00:10:09,889 we see this a shift from where this focus of the upper middle class to become homeowners, 93 00:10:09,890 --> 00:10:15,950 but not just homeowners as a place to to to live where one dwells, but to own assets, 94 00:10:16,070 --> 00:10:21,860 to claim landlords, and eventually also rental hoarders, not the conceptual ones. 95 00:10:21,860 --> 00:10:25,880 And they should build a process of national economies and so on and so on. 96 00:10:26,390 --> 00:10:34,820 And to connect this actually with with the could avoid bringing this this with the night of elections today taking place in Israel. 97 00:10:35,180 --> 00:10:43,520 And this is an image of an extreme right wing party it's my with it which translated into English as Jewish strength or Jewish might or Jewish power. 98 00:10:44,870 --> 00:10:49,370 And there are slogans like Who are the who are the landlords or who are the home owners here? 99 00:10:49,880 --> 00:10:56,540 And which illustrates for me it these the merger between the ownership concepts and housing discourse, but also, 100 00:10:56,810 --> 00:11:02,540 of course, nationalism, because we all know who are the homeowners that they're talking about in a way. 101 00:11:02,780 --> 00:11:11,380 Returning to my research for me. Yeah, it's to understand this dynamics between housing assets, privatisation and state territoriality. 102 00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:19,240 We need to explore then how it evolved and eventually develop new theoretical frameworks that allow us to analyse history. 103 00:11:19,250 --> 00:11:23,450 Now the history of the built environment I drew, uh, um. 104 00:11:23,480 --> 00:11:28,130 But how to do that? I drew inspiration again from Graber when he says the 5000 years of debt, 105 00:11:28,490 --> 00:11:32,569 the easiest way to understand the role that debt has played in human societies is simply to follow 106 00:11:32,570 --> 00:11:37,040 the forms that money has taken and the way money has been used across the centuries and the origin. 107 00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:44,480 The arguments that initially ensued about what all this means is very easy, the simplest way to do that. 108 00:11:45,140 --> 00:11:51,290 So I was trying to do something similar and it's not 5000 years, not the entire world. 109 00:11:51,560 --> 00:11:58,220 A very specific context of Israel-Palestine, a very specific racism in Palestine and over a period of four decades. 110 00:11:58,850 --> 00:12:03,530 And but the reason I came to this actually was due to my work as an architect in the project. 111 00:12:03,560 --> 00:12:08,210 I was involved in planning in southern Israel, in Dimona, and for the Ministry of Construction and Housing. 112 00:12:08,750 --> 00:12:14,239 And then one of the meetings, the representative of the Ministry of Construction Housing told me, this is very nice. 113 00:12:14,240 --> 00:12:17,810 What you did is very beautiful, but we cannot market this. 114 00:12:17,830 --> 00:12:27,890 It's not market. It was not bankable, meaning we will not have entrepreneurs coming here, does not have enough, will generate enough profits. 115 00:12:28,730 --> 00:12:34,639 And I was wondering then what does that mean, that planners are not supposed to create something good, 116 00:12:34,640 --> 00:12:36,590 or are we supposed to create something profitable? 117 00:12:37,730 --> 00:12:45,950 And that time I was doing my research on mentioned and if it said many mentioned the word Israeli to Palestinian 118 00:12:46,970 --> 00:12:52,970 neighbourhoods in Israeli cities today and how their redevelopment was part of neo liberal processes. 119 00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:57,290 And I was continuing to wanted to do that. It's in a bigger scale. 120 00:12:57,290 --> 00:13:02,419 But at that time I was actually living in Tel Aviv and each and every other 121 00:13:02,420 --> 00:13:06,440 week I was travelling to meet with my family in Nazareth or northern Israel, 122 00:13:06,890 --> 00:13:09,160 so I was usually travelling along. This road. 123 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:16,540 Route number six, which is the first ever privatised piece of national infrastructure built in the late 1990, 124 00:13:16,540 --> 00:13:22,300 is also them which symbolises to many others the Israel's neoliberal turn. 125 00:13:22,720 --> 00:13:33,520 And driving along it, yeah, one cannot not notice the construction boom that that the area has witnessed in the last two or three decades. 126 00:13:33,910 --> 00:13:40,569 Decades resembles actually that the mark of planning that the Ministry of Construction Housing want me to do as I was like, 127 00:13:40,570 --> 00:13:44,380 Oh, so this is what they're talking about. But also driving along the road. 128 00:13:45,510 --> 00:13:51,180 He was very pleasant ride. And and as with the private role in the private construction, 129 00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:58,650 it's impossible not to notice the famous WASP and Westmore whispering separation barrier. 130 00:13:59,820 --> 00:14:03,240 Even if it's hidden by trees. So as if it's not there. 131 00:14:03,750 --> 00:14:10,260 And so for me, it illustrates the connection between privatisation, the private road, the private house, 132 00:14:10,260 --> 00:14:18,030 and the private construction and the free market, but also the violent apparatus of state territoriality that made it possible. 133 00:14:18,720 --> 00:14:25,440 And I think the last the last I was going to quote Graber when he said that whenever someone starts talking about the free market, 134 00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:29,550 it's a good idea to look around for the man with the gun. He's never far away. 135 00:14:30,450 --> 00:14:38,130 And he said that, yes, because it's impossible to get free market without thinking and thinking of the agenda that it serves. 136 00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:44,429 Um, so we have to, therefore to if we take this seriously to by examining the built environment, 137 00:14:44,430 --> 00:14:49,320 we have to look at it through the common interests of both the free market and the man with the gun. 138 00:14:49,740 --> 00:14:53,399 And if someone doubts whether there is a man with a gun and the settlements along 139 00:14:53,400 --> 00:15:02,190 the green line and that this is an image from whatever and the 1990 and 1996. 140 00:15:02,550 --> 00:15:07,020 But I is and I think this goes for the definition of a gun. 141 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:16,320 And the rifle is an upper middle class suburban community and not not concerned in in within the, say, Israel proper. 142 00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:17,970 So it's not in the legal settlement. 143 00:15:18,540 --> 00:15:25,350 But yeah, we can understand how this process of suburbanisation is then connected to the man with the gun eventually. 144 00:15:25,620 --> 00:15:34,560 There are no tanks there today, but we need to ask whether the man with the gun be mayor is now redundant due privatisation due to suburbanisation. 145 00:15:35,460 --> 00:15:41,280 But to understand that the territorial interests behind establishment base that whatever 146 00:15:41,280 --> 00:15:45,900 we have to bid go through the historical context of settlements in Israel-Palestine. 147 00:15:46,500 --> 00:15:54,810 So we have to go back a bit 100 years and understand how housing settlements were integral part of now what we would call in Hebrew, 148 00:15:55,350 --> 00:15:58,020 which is my mind conquering the wastelands or the frontiers, 149 00:15:58,380 --> 00:16:04,500 and which is a leading Zionist narrative which eventually paved the way to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. 150 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:11,189 Uh, you know, the focus of creating a shared national identity through the act of settling Palestine, 151 00:16:11,190 --> 00:16:19,530 which perceived the so-called land without the people, um, for the people without the land where they would eventually become a nation. 152 00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:25,440 So therefore settlement housing dwelling units where there were a leading national mission. 153 00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:34,800 And I building on the idea of the David Emperor, the divide and rule sometimes uh, wrongly translate to divide and conquer. 154 00:16:35,970 --> 00:16:40,890 Chose to call this a settled rule through settlements. 155 00:16:40,890 --> 00:16:45,410 One ruled over the land and in the central these action was the collude. 156 00:16:45,640 --> 00:16:52,020 The pioneer was for firm ideological figure involved agricultural land redemption in Wales 157 00:16:52,020 --> 00:16:58,829 of from forming this entity an antithesis the anti-Semitic image of Jews in the diaspora, 158 00:16:58,830 --> 00:17:05,130 you know, the wandering nation of the foreign moneylenders that are far away from, you know, this strong men. 159 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:16,630 And so in certain passing, was this the knack of fulfilment, a map where one fulfils one's individual calling, but as part of the national, um, 160 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:19,620 the greater national mission and due to that, 161 00:17:19,620 --> 00:17:26,580 that the house was always a small dwelling unit which received its meaning only as part of the larger communal context. 162 00:17:27,120 --> 00:17:34,709 And this we see, see this in this and these elements into the communal settlements of the pre stages of years, 163 00:17:34,710 --> 00:17:46,020 the famous communal Moussavi and kibbutzim and drawn know sketches from Alice and on in the 1950s made the sketches and it's always been stuck. 164 00:17:46,530 --> 00:17:54,340 And so taking the idea of of the southern rule of that gold it and but looking at it through the agricultural perspective like I said, 165 00:17:54,360 --> 00:17:59,009 actually is an act of cultivating or so through agriculture and settlement. 166 00:17:59,010 --> 00:18:00,810 One then redeems the land. 167 00:18:02,130 --> 00:18:11,520 And I think it's perfectly illustrated by this poster from the genocide in the 1920s, you know, uh, yeah, it's and polish and, and Polish in Yiddish. 168 00:18:12,150 --> 00:18:17,100 But the act of farming is an act of redeeming the fatherland. 169 00:18:17,580 --> 00:18:25,050 And this idea of, of cultivated rule of agricultural settlements, the rural settlements continued afterwards in the early statehood years, 170 00:18:25,350 --> 00:18:31,740 with an additional moshav in kibbutzim built mainly along the newly formed borders of the State of Israel. 171 00:18:32,280 --> 00:18:41,790 And these were eventually also enhanced by the new strategic plan draft for the young Jewish state drafted by architect Ari Sharon in 1949 to 1950, 172 00:18:42,360 --> 00:18:44,470 when under the direct orders of the. 173 00:18:44,930 --> 00:18:53,510 Ben-Gurion, which had four main objectives to disperse the Jewish population from the coastline and then heavily populated, 174 00:18:55,220 --> 00:19:01,610 and to fortify the control over previously Arab areas and the new borders to stimulate the country's 175 00:19:01,610 --> 00:19:06,690 industry and provide housing solutions to the waves of of newly coming Jewish immigrants. 176 00:19:07,130 --> 00:19:12,290 And the answer of all these objectives was the development on the B two, 177 00:19:13,160 --> 00:19:19,460 which were mid-sized peripheral industrial towns, both in areas with low Jewish presence. 178 00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:28,500 And here as well, we see that the dwelling units was a basic entity that again received its meaning only as part of the created societal context, 179 00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:36,160 so that so the spartan, minimalistic, very modernistic and part of forming a new melting pot, 180 00:19:36,180 --> 00:19:39,940 new national identity are nothing but at the same time also to boost the industries 181 00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:45,020 of therefore I continue to cultivate role at the end to industrialise more. 182 00:19:45,920 --> 00:19:56,600 But the semi or quasi socialist territory development began changing, let's say in the mid 1960s with the gradual privatisation of the local economy. 183 00:19:56,750 --> 00:20:07,730 Many see it in the construction of the metres along in 1965 in Tel Aviv and then the tallest building in the Middle East. 184 00:20:09,080 --> 00:20:21,139 How naive as the but yeah, that was a before before the Gulf kicked in and but yeah for me someone who's interested 185 00:20:21,140 --> 00:20:25,670 in state economy relations I was interested in seeing how then this privatisation 186 00:20:25,670 --> 00:20:32,899 process within harnessed for national interests to the territorial project because 187 00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:38,060 at that time you see that following the occupation of the West Bank in 1967, 188 00:20:38,930 --> 00:20:47,510 it expanded basically the national frontiers to be domesticated and provided this needed a platform where privatisation could be practised. 189 00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:58,100 And if you look at the area which interests me, which is the one along the the seems on the scene line is called in the area of the green line. 190 00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:05,629 Um, see that until the 1960s there was scarcely developed was several rural settlements, very, 191 00:21:05,630 --> 00:21:17,960 very small because the state preferred other frontiers, many Galilee, the Negev which were had more priority that in that sense. 192 00:21:18,500 --> 00:21:24,320 But let's say in the mid 1970s with a new metropolitan approach, um, 193 00:21:25,370 --> 00:21:31,620 for the Tel Aviv metropolitan area done and this area became the mainland reserves for, 194 00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:39,799 for development, which also enabled moving Israel's border resource to an end to the Green Line. 195 00:21:39,800 --> 00:21:47,900 Even not officially. It is the fact that visual uh and exploring expanding what Israelis call the the narrow waist. 196 00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:53,720 Yeah this it's a very very narrow piece of the around 15 to 21 kilometres. 197 00:21:54,440 --> 00:21:57,739 And so in that sense, 198 00:21:57,740 --> 00:22:08,270 this area is a place that experienced accelerated development mainly since the 1970s or during the time when privatisation started kicking in. 199 00:22:08,870 --> 00:22:15,769 And what makes it into for me at least an ideal case study to analysing the built environment in light of the social, 200 00:22:15,770 --> 00:22:19,099 economic and historical transformations. 201 00:22:19,100 --> 00:22:22,910 But I was also I would like to talk about how do we do that? It's it's very easy. 202 00:22:23,360 --> 00:22:31,790 And I started, you know, say with a quite interesting or the Marxist approach of historical materialism where, you know, 203 00:22:31,820 --> 00:22:38,059 the built environment is one part of the superstructure which is needed by the base and the relations of production 204 00:22:38,060 --> 00:22:45,270 and therefore is supposed to serve it uh and to neighbours continuity and we'll see we all with our remarks. 205 00:22:45,860 --> 00:22:50,840 Uh, so if we understand the basis very simple to understand, build space as simple as that. 206 00:22:51,260 --> 00:22:55,760 And it reminds me of the oldest example of the Jews lives from the movie. 207 00:22:55,760 --> 00:23:04,909 They live when the character of Roddy Piper plays is sunglasses and he puts the sunglasses, able to read space, which is very nice. 208 00:23:04,910 --> 00:23:14,130 It's very, very catchy. But remind me of the simplicity that the going wrong maybe we're talking about because we all know it's not that simple. 209 00:23:14,510 --> 00:23:20,120 So and even if we y, if we think about the Frankfurt boys, mainly Adorno and Horkheimer, 210 00:23:21,280 --> 00:23:26,359 we took the much more thrilling developed by coining the idea of in a cultural industry, 211 00:23:26,360 --> 00:23:32,120 what they did was essentially abolish this distinction between base and superstructure. 212 00:23:32,120 --> 00:23:33,529 We have just have culture. 213 00:23:33,530 --> 00:23:39,950 Industry does everything together, which is yeah, it's very interesting that this is the multilayered perspective that we're talking about, 214 00:23:40,070 --> 00:23:44,670 but it makes it also more difficult, especially in now liberalism because. 215 00:23:44,850 --> 00:23:53,110 Complicates everything even more because apparently now liberalism is a platform for individual freedoms fulfilment. 216 00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:59,220 But as David Harvey explains at the end, 217 00:23:59,550 --> 00:24:08,340 it's usually meant usually promotes more investment and to this business climate, not necessarily individual freedom. 218 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:16,440 But we have to remember that usual main theories on neo liberalism and they represent spatial development like Harvey, but many others. 219 00:24:16,950 --> 00:24:21,400 They're usually applicable to Western context and if there's such a thing in Western context. 220 00:24:21,470 --> 00:24:31,410 But let's say that post came easy and forties states unless relevant to to places like Israel where it's hard to 221 00:24:31,410 --> 00:24:38,580 say who's serving who and whether is the country that's a status is serving the market or the other way around. 222 00:24:38,850 --> 00:24:48,420 And we should answer it's very hard to draw the line here and usually also we have a different answer, but I will get to that later. 223 00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:55,500 And but and this is all part of, say, Western liberalism. 224 00:24:55,560 --> 00:25:01,920 It's a European, but also North American one is the fact that, as Harvey says, it is then sort of a scheme, 225 00:25:01,920 --> 00:25:11,309 you know, like, uh, and he does not say that it's, that it's kind of a conspiracy of the pre-war elites. 226 00:25:11,310 --> 00:25:16,440 But in a way he said that it's a conspiracy of pre-war elites to regain the power that they 227 00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:23,399 began losing during the the nature of the welfare and welfare years of the 1950s and 1960s. 228 00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:35,340 And we see this is the income of upward design in the US and we see how it diminished during the 1950s and 1960s and in 2000s we're back to 1928. 229 00:25:36,420 --> 00:25:40,469 So, uh, so if there is someone downstairs, this has been called name liberalism. 230 00:25:40,470 --> 00:25:42,510 I think this graphic spans everything. 231 00:25:42,810 --> 00:25:49,950 But then the question, what happens in context, like Israel, where there were no post-war release, if these are not economic ones, okay, 232 00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:54,180 how does then privatisation, how, uh, neoliberalism, 233 00:25:54,390 --> 00:26:01,980 how is it then manifested there and who help me actually in thinking about this was or solving but perhaps. 234 00:26:01,980 --> 00:26:06,480 Frank So the question was Kim Novak in his right, in his writings about power or space control? 235 00:26:07,020 --> 00:26:11,879 And one of the things that he points out is that social spatial theories are not all of 236 00:26:11,880 --> 00:26:16,500 their own further than the other Frenchman and as well as historians that rely on them, 237 00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:24,720 they usually ignore the question of agency and the fact that individual could be simultaneously empowered and disempowered by or through space. 238 00:26:25,950 --> 00:26:29,400 And if we combine this with the concept of spatial privilege, 239 00:26:29,820 --> 00:26:41,030 which explains the ability of hegemonic groups to influence the production of space according to their desires and to match their interests and to, 240 00:26:41,070 --> 00:26:53,190 uh, to create these spatial hierarchies. Then we can understand that that agency of hegemonic groups is actually part of a states control mechanism. 241 00:26:53,820 --> 00:26:58,980 And so what I was trying to do and what I did actually was to examine privatisation 242 00:26:59,220 --> 00:27:03,960 by relying on this distinction of power over power to mine by David. 243 00:27:04,500 --> 00:27:13,709 And I was arguing that and, and, and ethnic based post socialist democracies like in Israel to the process. 244 00:27:13,710 --> 00:27:23,880 Privatisation is then directed to enhance the state's power over space by using it by giving privileged groups the power to influence space. 245 00:27:24,180 --> 00:27:34,139 So in that sense, you know, for me two ways to enhance the state through its reality and through an integral research documents, 246 00:27:34,140 --> 00:27:38,430 surveys, uh, statistical data mapping, modelling. 247 00:27:38,910 --> 00:27:43,050 I was what I was trying to do all the time is to identify who these groups were. 248 00:27:43,290 --> 00:27:55,260 Okay with the likely name, how the ideological nucleus is in school in Hebrew or colonels, uh, or housing associations or later than entrepreneurs. 249 00:27:56,070 --> 00:28:00,690 What were the special privileges that they received to establish community and to build one, to plan to, to, 250 00:28:00,690 --> 00:28:08,160 to market a space and then analyse the spatial product, uh, which includes in the settlement itself, its planning and housing, its architecture. 251 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:13,290 And then to understand is this link between the relationship between the power over and power two, 252 00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:16,770 because again we have done some of the privatisation and this is uh, 253 00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:24,149 what Danny Goodfriend claims that privatisation, Israel was where we always say that 1977 to 1977 seven, 254 00:28:24,150 --> 00:28:28,530 everything was great, country was socialist, and then everything went wrong. 255 00:28:28,830 --> 00:28:36,780 But the way that Dan Guofeng explains that no privatisation started so much earlier and without privatisation, 256 00:28:36,780 --> 00:28:44,790 without the new economic elites that started forming during the 1960s, uh, the 1977 Journal War would not have taken place. 257 00:28:46,230 --> 00:28:51,480 So it is because in his brain it is actually the alliance with the, 258 00:28:51,680 --> 00:29:00,030 the right wing kibbutz party with the Liberals, the free Liberals, that the turn over was eventually successful. 259 00:29:01,050 --> 00:29:08,860 And so it is this reliance on this new class, but also on the. 260 00:29:09,500 --> 00:29:16,460 Support of the so-called socialist elite is reflected in the Economic Stabilisation Stabilisation Plan from 1985, 261 00:29:16,910 --> 00:29:21,170 which was authorised by Shimon Peres. 262 00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:27,770 Until he died, he was still going to the internationalist conferences. 263 00:29:29,570 --> 00:29:33,290 But we see here that this process will always. 264 00:29:34,330 --> 00:29:40,629 Part of me see that these influential groups like the Save the Labour Party or its members 265 00:29:40,630 --> 00:29:48,190 of its lobby were able to steer the process of privatisation to benefit their interests, 266 00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:54,640 but also to translate a political or cultural capital into. 267 00:29:56,050 --> 00:30:02,110 Real capital, in our case, real estate. So we can call this process basically a process of selective privatisation. 268 00:30:02,950 --> 00:30:10,569 So if we look at the settlements along the Green Line and asking then how, how this segment 60 privatisation developed, 269 00:30:10,570 --> 00:30:16,560 meaning who were these groups, what were the privileges that they they received? 270 00:30:16,570 --> 00:30:22,150 We saw understanding Israel's name legalisation, how it became an integral part in the national interests. 271 00:30:23,080 --> 00:30:30,709 And so contrary actually to most writing on and politics and architecture which focussed mainly on monuments, 272 00:30:30,710 --> 00:30:34,600 the buildings on, say and capital cities. 273 00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:41,950 And in the case of Israel, it's a hard core par excellence, settlements and the depth of the West Bank or contested spaces of East Jerusalem, 274 00:30:41,950 --> 00:30:50,260 Morocco or Jaffa was what I thought that actually this boring architecture and this really the scenery actually represents better 275 00:30:50,770 --> 00:31:00,549 than the historical process of privatisation or the privatising national positive sense which exists within Israel proper, 276 00:31:00,550 --> 00:31:04,390 but also continues beyond the Green Line into the West Bank. 277 00:31:04,930 --> 00:31:11,890 So I came on these metrics that we had cultivated rules, industrialise rule that we continue to privatise and rule. 278 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:15,670 And, but also this privatisation rule is not static, it's, 279 00:31:16,330 --> 00:31:22,510 it has its own and for some periods as identified them each with its own mode of production. 280 00:31:22,510 --> 00:31:27,309 So we have the natural realisation in the 1970s, late 1970s and eighties, 281 00:31:27,310 --> 00:31:32,020 and then the gentrification of the Green Line and then the massive urbanisation, the 1990s, 282 00:31:32,020 --> 00:31:41,650 and then current finance financialization, which is what we see today and we're talking about now the near rural phase is the first step, 283 00:31:42,010 --> 00:31:45,940 I think at least the previous segment of the Green Line. 284 00:31:46,270 --> 00:31:54,040 And the focus here was meaning with the goal. Then the commune, the settlements is quasi agricultural there in for now rural settlements that 285 00:31:55,420 --> 00:32:02,410 that causes quite small number of of families of very homogenous character. 286 00:32:03,940 --> 00:32:10,270 And these were used by the government basically to attract the urban upper middle class, 287 00:32:10,420 --> 00:32:18,670 mainly young secular couples to frontier areas by providing them this pioneering experience and giving 288 00:32:18,670 --> 00:32:25,450 them special privileges here to to establish an isolated community and in a very small and gated one. 289 00:32:25,450 --> 00:32:30,309 Yeah. So designing it was this pioneer experience and social seclusion. 290 00:32:30,310 --> 00:32:35,710 This what was, was the main focus of the late 1970s, the 1980s. 291 00:32:36,610 --> 00:32:42,070 And we see this, for example, in the late 1980s, 1980, the construction of the first houses. 292 00:32:42,430 --> 00:32:48,100 See that this is still suburbia. Greg was stuck and it's quite hard living there then. 293 00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:55,670 Now it's a really nice. Then it was quite hard with these prefabricated units and this is the settlement cluster. 294 00:32:55,690 --> 00:32:59,430 And I said, Oh, by the way, let's see your name. 295 00:32:59,440 --> 00:33:03,310 Both groups were secular centre even calls themselves leftists. 296 00:33:03,970 --> 00:33:09,190 Uh, but quite meagre additions in the same year with shenanigans occurred. 297 00:33:09,280 --> 00:33:18,100 So all but old urban families, upper middle class or middle class that want to move around and to look for something new, something different. 298 00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:24,070 And this is part of the say already, namely within this post-industrial experience oriented development. 299 00:33:24,460 --> 00:33:32,380 And we see also that the planning phases and the layout all resemble the what I call this the cluster model. 300 00:33:32,380 --> 00:33:37,000 They resemble the communal settlement with their resembled the mausoleum, they resemble the global scene. 301 00:33:37,270 --> 00:33:42,430 We had this minimal dwelling units sharing one big open green space. 302 00:33:42,850 --> 00:33:48,610 But unlike the most remarkable team, we have something here that's lacking, which is finance. 303 00:33:49,450 --> 00:33:55,810 So they're designed as agricultural settlements, but not without any agricultural functions, without any means of production. 304 00:33:56,290 --> 00:33:59,890 So it was like an agriculture same without agricultural land. 305 00:33:59,920 --> 00:34:04,180 So this is why this whites now rural but not really rural, 306 00:34:05,320 --> 00:34:14,049 but since the early days they were prefabricated units, fortified concrete or assembled on sides. 307 00:34:14,050 --> 00:34:17,950 Very minimal is slowly families began expanding them. 308 00:34:17,950 --> 00:34:23,409 But we're not so not talking about and and this suburban settlements that we 309 00:34:23,410 --> 00:34:29,620 know today this began changing in the early 1980s with settlements like millet, 310 00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:39,700 west and west on the green line in Israel proper, which was planned this model beginning but began expanding what I call the star model. 311 00:34:40,090 --> 00:34:48,879 And this semi Americanised way of suburbia are not not there yet but we're getting there slowly. 312 00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:57,010 Slowly. Yeah, but the, and also the example of Yara, which is why I would say American housing, suburbia, Levittown, 313 00:34:57,010 --> 00:35:03,459 etc. and they both symbolise the other, the intervention of the growing intervention of private companies there. 314 00:35:03,460 --> 00:35:09,280 And we see also has brought this new typology of the new house and put the nuclear family this. 315 00:35:09,280 --> 00:35:16,840 Now what's what's important here? We had the big house in the lot with the house sits on other than the centre of the planning process. 316 00:35:17,110 --> 00:35:25,540 This is not the ideal two years and we have a totally different architecture and this continues to develop in Korea that this focus on the, the, 317 00:35:25,570 --> 00:35:31,510 the family and the private family, the private life house of the community, 318 00:35:31,510 --> 00:35:35,830 what I call the gentrification of the Green Line and which we now the suburban settlement, the pure. 319 00:35:36,250 --> 00:35:41,080 And these were small scale, but now larger 2500 families. 320 00:35:41,110 --> 00:35:43,510 This is interesting that still they count families. 321 00:35:43,780 --> 00:35:52,090 So it's a it's a term that all planning establishments in a way took from the rural settlements of the pre-state was 322 00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:59,350 years and the resemble the the community settlements but the is still different we don't have an ideological group. 323 00:35:59,710 --> 00:36:06,700 We have housing associations or housing groups and they're usually privileged members of, let's say, influence groups, 324 00:36:06,790 --> 00:36:15,399 either the IDF political parties that would be now the Ministry of Defence or the military industries. 325 00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:20,350 And these people, in a way receiving these groups receive the rights and privilege to build their own house, 326 00:36:20,750 --> 00:36:28,210 their own settlement and their own houses. And what we're seen before transforming their political capital into housing. 327 00:36:28,750 --> 00:36:35,889 And so something much as we see them, the House itself now and the family began that being the focus of planning, 328 00:36:35,890 --> 00:36:45,970 like the case of Kohavi in a town of youngsters, IDF and the Association of the Federation of Zionists of South Africa. 329 00:36:46,480 --> 00:36:51,430 Um, and just looking at who was able to get out of those 4 hours. 330 00:36:51,820 --> 00:36:58,870 But what was interesting here, we see that now we don't have there's no hierarchy, we just have plots that we're just put together. 331 00:36:59,410 --> 00:37:05,450 That's it. And it's this new form of planning. The Union of Plots is a new union of individuals. 332 00:37:05,470 --> 00:37:16,480 That sense. And so it's the house themselves, the larger, much more extravagant talking about large house 25 and 250 metres. 333 00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:26,920 That's quite huge for the everyone lived in and there was an upper middle class but they're still not we're not rich and there were young officers. 334 00:37:27,820 --> 00:37:30,820 And what's also interesting here is the uniformity of design. 335 00:37:31,330 --> 00:37:39,309 All hands looked the same, and that is 100 degrees of the other upper middle class that was getting the right to build their own houses, 336 00:37:39,310 --> 00:37:44,140 which is the design of the class who were always seen as building this novel. 337 00:37:45,240 --> 00:37:54,389 Faceless villains. But, you know, this is the beautiful Israeli, the ideological one as it's going through, which was a vocation. 338 00:37:54,390 --> 00:37:59,050 But still it has its its its ideological. 339 00:37:59,100 --> 00:38:06,510 Also, you can call it still socialism in that sense that we're all the same, even if we're living in and in extravagant villas. 340 00:38:07,890 --> 00:38:11,910 But so this this newly formed and newly formed the upper middle class, 341 00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:19,200 one whose large class now in the mid 1980s was the main force behind development of cities, 342 00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:23,520 is said to have a west of the green line, but also east of the Green Line, 343 00:38:23,850 --> 00:38:31,950 reminiscent of the same design principles originally intended for military officers and or unit. 344 00:38:32,130 --> 00:38:42,270 And we see this in this section of the house, this split level house with the family area and the backyard, 345 00:38:42,570 --> 00:38:44,790 with the cross facade towards the community. 346 00:38:45,030 --> 00:38:53,880 So if we had the communal setting of the five years before, I would say the minimum Willingham is what's important with the folks was the community. 347 00:38:54,090 --> 00:38:58,290 Now, the focus here is totally that the private house, the car we see, 348 00:38:58,290 --> 00:39:05,880 the small windows that are directed towards the the the the neighbours and everything is happening inside. 349 00:39:06,060 --> 00:39:12,570 So and this is, is taking place parallel to the transition from community to individual. 350 00:39:12,570 --> 00:39:20,550 We can call it. Um, and actually if you talk about the direction of the facade of the living rooms, 351 00:39:20,850 --> 00:39:26,129 there's this quote from, from, from the advertisement from Hollow Land actually started with him and. 352 00:39:26,130 --> 00:39:31,770 SIEGEL analysing this typology and civilian occupation and then then leaned 353 00:39:31,770 --> 00:39:36,000 on very low and said that this is in a way can be read as a panoptic order. 354 00:39:36,270 --> 00:39:39,060 So and in Holland, Batman takes this further. 355 00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:47,970 And he simply says that in a way that it was purposely designed to make settlers as part of the of the occupying force, 356 00:39:48,330 --> 00:39:51,520 which is it's an interesting explanation, but I believe it's a bit farfetched. 357 00:39:51,990 --> 00:39:59,550 And this, again, oversimplification, because we have to take economy into its, you know, bigger than the desire for better living standards into it, 358 00:39:59,850 --> 00:40:07,409 especially when we see that this design is resulting from the recommendations of the Jewish Agency several years ago and 359 00:40:07,410 --> 00:40:13,820 how to build in mountainous and mountainous areas and how to create optimal panoramas and and sense of space and privacy. 360 00:40:13,840 --> 00:40:20,100 That's the most important. And again, we see this then this model implement everywhere. 361 00:40:20,100 --> 00:40:27,210 This is military still today, many military personnel living there. 362 00:40:27,690 --> 00:40:31,380 And even here where there is no topography, they still build as if there was. 363 00:40:31,770 --> 00:40:41,450 But they create this this split level model to emphasise the separation between the family and the family area and, you know, the outside, you know. 364 00:40:42,240 --> 00:40:46,860 And so this was mainly the main protagonist neighbour and then the main, 365 00:40:47,070 --> 00:40:54,830 the main driving force and this and this continued evolving this in the mid 1990s with the massive boom, 366 00:40:55,380 --> 00:41:01,320 the massive suburbanisation of the area was called in the star's plan having relying on the name 367 00:41:01,530 --> 00:41:10,710 reveal your star and was promoted by a number of Middle Eastern one of the founders of the of Kohavi. 368 00:41:11,730 --> 00:41:17,710 But now what we had here what we have here now is now totally well-coordinated mechanism, 369 00:41:18,780 --> 00:41:24,300 as is the sort of assembly line that started with locating lands for development. 370 00:41:24,480 --> 00:41:28,050 But the ones that we had first turn towards significance, 371 00:41:28,620 --> 00:41:37,140 which is either where there are no known of Jewish settlements or near to many Arab settlements on the one hand, but also economic feasibility. 372 00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:42,120 This started being something that's very important, which did not appear in protocols before that, 373 00:41:42,540 --> 00:41:46,379 and then serving and mapping the areas and then planning them and dividing them 374 00:41:46,380 --> 00:41:52,410 into clusters and plans and then allocating parcels for development and beginning. 375 00:41:52,410 --> 00:41:56,760 We see some housing associations that one idea for political parties. 376 00:41:57,090 --> 00:42:06,210 But by the mid 1990s the Minister of Construction Housing stopped relying on them and shifted towards private construction companies. 377 00:42:06,870 --> 00:42:12,689 And with that we see that there was a planning of the houses and studies themselves in a way 378 00:42:12,690 --> 00:42:19,490 continue resembles the houses of the 1980s but now much higher uniformity because we have a well 379 00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:28,799 said would well coordinated the much more significant scope of construction and and in that sense 380 00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:37,410 also one that is totally directed by by the market and that lets us then to the final stage. 381 00:42:37,410 --> 00:42:42,470 What's taking place today. Wonderful. The financialization of the green line, meaning cohesion. 382 00:42:42,480 --> 00:42:48,000 And so it's not which. Started actually as a continuation of earlier stages. 383 00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:56,760 So it was initially a kibbutz, so its heart was in the development of an autonomous rural settlement. 384 00:42:57,210 --> 00:43:10,410 Musharaff But due to a lack of interest, the state repeatedly halted the construction but tried every time it ignited the construction. 385 00:43:11,010 --> 00:43:14,489 It was then adapted to the relevant mode of production then. 386 00:43:14,490 --> 00:43:19,830 So beginning in the 1980s, after the the failed rule phase, the trial, 387 00:43:19,830 --> 00:43:27,990 communal settlement and then more semi-arid suburban ones in the early 1990s or high rise suburbia in the late 1990s. 388 00:43:28,380 --> 00:43:36,540 And but what's interesting here is that continuously what the state did mainly after 2001, that as these projects did not ignite, 389 00:43:36,990 --> 00:43:44,640 there was no there was a lack of interest, mainly from contractors, not from not from families or potential buyers. 390 00:43:44,670 --> 00:43:52,350 What the Ministry of Construction did was to repeatedly guarantee the economic feasibility through alteration of 391 00:43:52,350 --> 00:44:03,329 planning and redesigning re re parcelling and changing the housing typologies from low to mid same dwelling units. 392 00:44:03,330 --> 00:44:16,270 But a rearranged and has quotes extra intended to exploit the economic potential of the land and quote this official statement of misery, 393 00:44:16,350 --> 00:44:23,400 construction of housing. And this was eventually and then enhanced by allocating entire complexes to or neighbours 394 00:44:23,410 --> 00:44:28,080 as one single entrepreneur to make do to enhance economic feasibility once again. 395 00:44:29,670 --> 00:44:35,219 And this exactly then this change in passing from this spatial privilege from 396 00:44:35,220 --> 00:44:41,550 initially that the gully name and the associations to eventually the way the private 397 00:44:41,970 --> 00:44:47,879 entrepreneurs that we began moving from the idea from the house to well we 398 00:44:47,880 --> 00:44:52,530 have your property and eventually the asset which eventually would use hybrid. 399 00:44:53,250 --> 00:44:59,610 I know as an architect I cannot say what this is and this is it's this hybrid of suburban 400 00:44:59,610 --> 00:45:07,739 urban typologies that one finds it hard to find the parallels in other complexes. 401 00:45:07,740 --> 00:45:08,310 I have to say, 402 00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:17,730 when we look at the land that there is this house that is called and these were the building which now it's a symbol of the Israeli built environment. 403 00:45:17,910 --> 00:45:20,670 We'll see how it evolved there during that time. 404 00:45:20,670 --> 00:45:28,470 And in a way, we can call this type of neo liberal vernacular, which for me it completes the final transition from the House into an asset. 405 00:45:29,580 --> 00:45:40,590 But we're constantly facilitating the contamination of the national territorial agenda, but simultaneously transforming the the landscape. 406 00:45:40,950 --> 00:45:45,630 And I will start wrapping up my by giving this example. 407 00:45:45,990 --> 00:45:53,610 So if we started with Barack I will finish with the commission accommodates one of the most popular Israeli comedy series from the 1990s which 408 00:45:53,610 --> 00:46:04,410 sadly we're still very funny to date and and this and this a sketch and Rami Rami might be playing the role of a typical secular settler. 409 00:46:04,860 --> 00:46:08,610 Why it doesn't have a it doesn't have a yarmulke. This was intentional. 410 00:46:08,610 --> 00:46:15,930 But the as the set the tone and the set is telling us about the quality of life of the settlement in light of the fears 411 00:46:15,940 --> 00:46:23,220 evacuation the 1990 as people were still thinking that the sermons will be evicted because it's the happy days of Oslo then. 412 00:46:23,940 --> 00:46:32,520 So when the whole building and the settlers started telling us, look at this view, vegetation, boulders, rocks, animals, you have everything here. 413 00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:36,660 Look at the horizon, how bright it is. Look at the houses, how nice they are. 414 00:46:37,050 --> 00:46:41,910 The kids are playing in the yard. Look how everything was built here with faith, love, honesty. 415 00:46:42,240 --> 00:46:45,870 Do you feel the breeze? Do you see the skies are in the blue are here. 416 00:46:46,230 --> 00:46:50,160 Breathe, breathe. It's not Tel Aviv here you can breathe with all the lungs. 417 00:46:50,460 --> 00:46:55,740 You know, I opened my eyes here in the morning birds are on the windows, sunset over the mountains. 418 00:46:56,040 --> 00:47:04,379 This house, for example, built to stand for years, three floors with room for many children and grandson and grandchildren. 419 00:47:04,380 --> 00:47:08,640 Inshallah, the basketball that I installed in the yard, the pool is almost finished. 420 00:47:08,920 --> 00:47:13,889 Just have to pave around it. Now, I'm not a religious person, but add to that all this at all. 421 00:47:13,890 --> 00:47:20,340 There's the sense of mission and the power of that and the concept of ancestral land which all have real meaning here. 422 00:47:20,340 --> 00:47:24,570 A tangible one. Isn't this worth one one or 200,000 shekels? 423 00:47:25,230 --> 00:47:31,440 No. What did they have there? And you meet an Israeli settlement in the Sinai was evacuated in 19 2081. 424 00:47:31,890 --> 00:47:37,440 What did they have? Golan The ground. It's the whole land in the desert since Moses, not even a dog, was there. 425 00:47:38,010 --> 00:47:42,180 And what do they get? People there open banks with the money they received from the state banks. 426 00:47:42,270 --> 00:47:47,190 They built villas. So. What's for a house like this in the central centre of the country? 427 00:47:47,460 --> 00:47:51,030 They won't give 1 million. 200,000. Come on, get out of here. 428 00:47:51,270 --> 00:47:55,820 You're making me crazy. 1 million. 400,000? No. Let's go tell your government. 429 00:47:55,830 --> 00:48:00,479 Otherwise there is no peace. Oh, we're not allowed to be. So what? 430 00:48:00,480 --> 00:48:07,200 You're only harbouring or trying to tell us here will actually live on and that the building of violence is not just. 431 00:48:08,180 --> 00:48:12,180 It's a multilayer text. It's not just the house. And it's not as an asset. 432 00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:17,880 It's not just the territory. It's all of them together. But it's also a lot of the multitude of signs, 433 00:48:18,330 --> 00:48:29,460 signifiers and meanings that only through this multi-layered historical perspective, we're able to start dismantling them. 434 00:48:30,810 --> 00:48:34,830 And now, after finishing that, those things are clear. 435 00:48:34,860 --> 00:48:42,450 Now what? And, uh, what I'm doing now is continuing, but in a mirror image, you know, wrapping out of this, 436 00:48:42,450 --> 00:48:49,829 this, uh, recent research I did about this, uh, neighbourhood in the 1950s, 437 00:48:49,830 --> 00:48:53,670 and its affiliates then get up and sell it to the end of Hagelin because in the 438 00:48:53,730 --> 00:48:58,710 1950s it was an officer's neighbourhood for the newly formed Northern Command, 439 00:48:59,160 --> 00:49:05,459 and it was part of, uh, you know, the interest to Judaism, the Galilee in to enhance states to the state control over the area, 440 00:49:05,460 --> 00:49:08,640 meaning mainly the largest Arab city in Israel, Nazareth. 441 00:49:09,210 --> 00:49:14,040 Um, by settling the around especially by officers of the North Command. 442 00:49:14,520 --> 00:49:18,300 But what's interesting here is that due to the proximity to Nazareth, 443 00:49:19,170 --> 00:49:29,910 which is the centre of the Arab community inside Israel, uh, what we see actually is this new uniform bourgeois Arab class. 444 00:49:30,240 --> 00:49:37,080 Late 1970s and early 1980s that started looking for a better quality of life, which they couldn't find in their own cities. 445 00:49:37,410 --> 00:49:40,600 And they began moving to. Of Nazareth. 446 00:49:41,560 --> 00:49:46,090 Mainly to the officers neighbourhood. And we see this in the late 1970s. 447 00:49:47,120 --> 00:50:00,109 No Arabs. We see the 1980s, some Arab Arab families moving in 1990s and by 2020 the former and still called by the official name of the neighbourhood, 448 00:50:00,110 --> 00:50:05,930 still the military neighbourhood and officers neighbourhood and is 95% Arab today. 449 00:50:07,510 --> 00:50:12,530 And yeah, we can we can we can in a way say it's similar to what they what they call in the US white flight. 450 00:50:13,190 --> 00:50:16,370 The first black family moves in, all white families move out. 451 00:50:17,090 --> 00:50:23,930 But this is usually accompanied by deteriorating real estate prices is usually why families using. 452 00:50:23,930 --> 00:50:31,580 We don't want them we don't we we don't hate black people now we just we don't want our property to lose its its value. 453 00:50:31,970 --> 00:50:35,660 But what happened here actually is that prices exploded. 454 00:50:36,350 --> 00:50:42,510 So in that sense. So on one hand, we have one fight, but on the other hand, we have gentrification, right? 455 00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:49,070 We have upper upper class Arab families moving in and middle class Jewish families moving out. 456 00:50:50,170 --> 00:51:00,130 So in a way these are the powerful group here economically is actually the one was that's now the underprivileged one. 457 00:51:00,180 --> 00:51:03,580 Yeah. And how do we define this? 458 00:51:04,300 --> 00:51:07,390 Decolonising gentrification is very hard to say. 459 00:51:08,200 --> 00:51:11,319 And and we see that with the changes visual. 460 00:51:11,320 --> 00:51:18,670 The first lady returning from small scale houses near designed into the same house, the same perspective. 461 00:51:19,150 --> 00:51:21,010 And this is grand villas. 462 00:51:21,010 --> 00:51:29,530 But the ones who are aware of the differences of event can see that these also aesthetically turn into an Arab neighbourhood. 463 00:51:29,650 --> 00:51:37,230 The use of stone. The use of arches. The satellite dishes, which are usually especially if you have to if you have to sell, 464 00:51:37,240 --> 00:51:45,850 is a problem because you always need one satellite in the Arab world and one oriented to the to the Western world, 465 00:51:46,120 --> 00:51:52,530 whereas Jewish families usually don't have satellite dishes that will have cables and as has the Russian immigrants. 466 00:51:53,180 --> 00:52:00,940 But but even for people who are not experts in reading identity through architecture, 467 00:52:00,940 --> 00:52:07,780 this is you can see that once you see that the house is already have grown engravings for Christmas trees. 468 00:52:08,560 --> 00:52:14,860 So one entering the neighbourhood today and I took these images in in during 469 00:52:14,860 --> 00:52:21,040 Christmas you see that it's it's a it's already a it's a it's an Arab neighbourhood. 470 00:52:22,420 --> 00:52:26,410 So it is a question of re appropriation on the one hand, but privatisation on the other. 471 00:52:26,420 --> 00:52:33,100 So it's in a way a mirror image of what I was doing before and try now to develop this new theoretical framework. 472 00:52:33,220 --> 00:52:37,540 Can we talk about privatised decolonisation? Is there such a thing? 473 00:52:38,500 --> 00:52:43,690 Which is it's a question that I've not been able to answer because we see this in other places, we see them. 474 00:52:44,020 --> 00:52:47,860 And then people wrote about individual Omar Salaam, 475 00:52:50,080 --> 00:52:58,120 which is an alternative by ethnic binational community that was built in the early 1980s, began as this alternative project. 476 00:52:58,120 --> 00:53:07,240 And today, equality, a binational real estate project that even here, it's hardly noticeable to understand which family lives in which house. 477 00:53:07,480 --> 00:53:13,630 And I can tell the difference by design who lives, who are Arabs and who are Jews? 478 00:53:14,080 --> 00:53:17,750 And I was asking myself whether this intention was lucky or because they don't know. 479 00:53:17,770 --> 00:53:22,570 This is how we. Represent our identity. 480 00:53:23,630 --> 00:53:34,020 Through the market. And while this is seen as a work why it is costly in poor planning to say something in small scale inside 481 00:53:34,020 --> 00:53:41,430 Israel in the West Bank is taking a much larger risk area with the construction of a lobby and 2008, 482 00:53:42,150 --> 00:53:50,700 uh, by Bashar al Masri, uh, you know, open to say the privatisation of the organisation of the Palestinian cause. 483 00:53:51,120 --> 00:53:59,100 So through the commercial real estate, through speculation, uh, through private initiative. 484 00:54:00,660 --> 00:54:12,000 Palestine will be liberated, which is in a way the it and what I was talking about before and what we're watching today, 485 00:54:12,090 --> 00:54:15,510 which is, you know, we can talk about whether it's a failed project or not. 486 00:54:15,510 --> 00:54:16,110 And architecturally, 487 00:54:16,110 --> 00:54:26,640 financially is a footnote because what what the and Palestine Investment Fund is doing today is establishing much larger projects, 488 00:54:27,270 --> 00:54:30,360 uh, like the handle Jinan, 489 00:54:30,360 --> 00:54:37,180 but also other ones like superheroes or because there is a ties and ruled neighbourhoods always, 490 00:54:37,440 --> 00:54:45,120 you know, very also know and well marketed, uh, real estate projects, very suburban and very high end. 491 00:54:45,330 --> 00:54:57,240 And the highlight of everything is, is Moon City, uh, which is, you know, promoted as this luxurious city and a close, you know, high rise, 492 00:54:57,270 --> 00:55:03,419 a high end housing spa's research facilities, you know, the, the, the, 493 00:55:03,420 --> 00:55:07,440 as far as possible what someone could think of when talking about decolonisation. 494 00:55:07,500 --> 00:55:12,930 Yeah. But when promoted, if you go to the, to the promotion campaigns, it was oh, 495 00:55:12,930 --> 00:55:22,770 it's always promoted as part of the Palestinian cause, which for me is just, you know, it's so it's fun. 496 00:55:22,770 --> 00:55:27,180 It's about I can, uh, I was watching all these promotion campaigns for hours, 497 00:55:28,350 --> 00:55:36,059 but I think that we, we cannot say no and can't say yes, and we have to then continue thing. 498 00:55:36,060 --> 00:55:41,340 You know, if we talk about colonisation, when what about decolonisation? 499 00:55:41,970 --> 00:55:45,270 And I think we cannot just give this, uh, over this past. 500 00:55:45,270 --> 00:55:47,759 Now that does not work. Yeah, it doesn't work. 501 00:55:47,760 --> 00:55:56,520 But we have to talk about it because as I said a couple of times before on say for the last time build spaces is the multilayer text. 502 00:55:56,520 --> 00:56:00,090 Yeah, it is. It's territories and assets. It's all of this together. 503 00:56:00,330 --> 00:56:09,899 And only by understanding this set of signs and signifiers, uh, we're able to read this text and then finish. 504 00:56:09,900 --> 00:56:11,310 Well, that then. Thanks.