Talking routes that he was fascinated with.
The beautiful gothic language and the tragic history of the ghosts is with other languages old English, Old Norse and Finnish.
The incidence of Gothic on Tolkien on Tolkien's writings was both literary and linguistic.
Tolkien's themes include elements of Gothic vocabulary.
As noted by scholars, the needs of the royal family of authors are often in such as V to Govia and V to the Amavi are Gothic.
The kings of the Ricardian were ancestors of early king of their a hearing whose culture was largely Anglo-Saxon.
And since historical old English is related to Gothic, both languages belong to the Germanic linguistic group.
This is an example of a carefully chosen detail which helps to make the world of the middle earth seem real and internally consistent.
Perhaps the best known example of Tolkien's E3 adaptation of Elements of Gothic History
is his description of the battle of the Dead in the fields in the Lord of the Rings.
It is partly modelled on a description of the battle of the Catalonian fields
from the history of the course by the sixth century historian Joe Adonis.
But I need to explain to you who the ghosts were and what happened to them.
And hopefully this will make clear why their language and history fascinated Tolkien throughout his career.
But the most comprehensive accounts of the history of the ghosts is The Guitar by Joe Dallas.
This slide gives references to the classic scholarly edition of the latent text of the gates,
echoed by Mommsen and its translation into English by Nero.
Nero's translation is not difficult to find.
There is even an online version and it is a very readable account of the early history of the course.
Joe Don This was a Christian monk property of Gothic descent who wrote Gates in Constantinople around 550.
It is based on a longer history of the course by the Roman historian Cassiodorus that does not survive.
According to Joe Davis, the goose originated in Scandinavia.
He reports that from there they sailed across the Baltic Sea on three ships school.
The Athenian has always been divided about this claim that the goose originated in Scandinavia because historical,
linguistic and archaeological evidence in its support is ambiguous.
But they must have. But. But in the first century A.D., the fish they already know to to be to exist in what is now Northern Poland.
And over the second and the third century A.D., they spread south towards the Black Sea into present day Ukraine, Moldova and Romania.
There they subjugated tribes that lived in these areas and became economically and politically dominant in their region.
They also became a major military threat on the Roman frontier, which was fixed on the Southern Bank Bank of the Danube.
In the third century, they repeatedly crossed the Danube and spent years on the territory of the Roman Empire.
Roman emperors could not defeat them and had to make concessions to them, but the wars continued.
Joe Douglas and other authors in the fifth century wrote about two groups the Ostrogoths
occupying the Eastern Territories and the physical occupying the Western territories.
Joe Done This seems to have interpreted this tribal names as meaning the Eastern Goths and the Western Goths.
Such an interpretation of the name Ostrogoths is undoubtedly correct, but the etymology of B.C is obscure.
Classical authors use different forms of this name.
We don't know what it means, but this would almost certainly cannot be historically connected with the Germanic word West.
They both were farmers and traced crops and owned herds of cattle.
They were settled rather than nomadic.
The vocabulary of the Gothic translation of the Bible includes names for different professions such as carpenters,
smiths, fishermen, porters and doctors.
The metal workers achieved an exceptionally high level of skill.
The cost of setting precious stones, particularly garnets in gold,
was an innovation which had a very far reaching influence in Germanic arts at that time and long afterwards.
Many ghosts served in the Roman army and civilians in Roman cities.
The groups continue to dominate the region north of the Danube,
successfully fighting against the romance of the Germanic tribes until an enormous disaster struck in the last quarter of the fourth century.
This was the arrival of the Huns, who appeared in Europe around 370 during the fourth century.
The Huns became a major power in the eastern margins of Europe and started to
expand their territories west conquering the gorse and many other peoples,
the Huns, and into European originally nomadic people whose egoistic and cultural affiliations remain unclear.
They quickly overran the great gothic empire in the Ukraine.
While many course stayed under the rule north of the Danube.
Groups of them crossed the Danube into the Roman territory and asked the Roman Emperor violence for asylum.
The asylum was granted in 376 and may have been and may have had conversion to Christianity as one of its conditions.
Most conversions, of course, to Christianity are attested around this time.
This was a very important points in Gothic history because essentially at that time they separated into two groups.
Some migrated into the Roman territories, whereas other states,
under the domination of the Huns and the fortunes of the two groups, were quite different.
So what happened to those who migrated to Roman territory as they became known as the Visigoths?
A year after their arrival, they rebuild as a result of hunger, and consequently it conflicts with the Roman authorities.
They were allowed in, but no arrangements were made to feed them and they were starving.
In the war that followed. Emperor violence was defeated and killed and conflicts continued.
And the subsequent emperors besieged Rome twice under their leader Alaric in 408 and then again in 409 B.C.
Just ended in negotiations. Alaric did not want to destroy Rome, but was hoping to negotiate land and privileges for his people.
Within the Empire, she was offering to provide military service in return for regular pay and
supplies in some degree of integration into the imperial administrative system.
However, when these negotiations failed, the ghosts entered rule in August of 410.
Historian Arawaks reports that they burned and pillaged for three days, sparing only churches and people who took refuge in them.
Because, remember, after their migration to the Roman Empire, they became Christians.
The dangers of the fall of Rome spread quickly via refugees through the Roman world, and was received with horror and shock.
Alaric himself died from disease only a few months after the siege.
Following this, the ghosts left Italy.
Alaric successor at the wolf led his followers out of Italy and into gold.
He made peace with the emperor of the West, honorius.
And in 414, he married Gala Placidia, half sister of Honorius, who was taken prisoner during the sack of Rome.
It was apparently a happy marriage, but it lasted only one year after Wolf was murdered by personnel,
and they meet in Barcelona in 415 and Gala Placidia returned to the court of her brother.
Gothic settlements in Gaul became a kingdom which later expanded into the Iberian Peninsula.
This kingdom flourished in the seventh century and produced outstanding writers such as Isidore of Seville.
It survived until the early eighth century, when most of Spain was conquered by Muslims from North Africa.
Very few gothic artefacts survive in Spain, but some can be seen in museums and in churches in Barcelona and elsewhere.
A famous example is this votive crown.
The painting letters spell spell out the king weight and offering.
Another well-known example is San Pedro de la Nave, a visigothic church in the town of Pillow in Spain.
It was built at the end of the seventh century, just before the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711.
This is one of the last examples of Gothic architecture in Spain.
So this is what happens to the goose who migrated to the territory of the Roman Empire.
But what about the Ostrogoths who didn't migrate but stayed within the Empire?
The Empire reached the summit of its power under a king whose name was Attila.
He was a charismatic leader who success depended on military victories, but also on diplomacy.
He managed to establish relationships of personal loyalty with the aristocracy of subject of nations within his empire.
His rule depended on terror. And anyone who challenged his authority was quickly and publicly punished.
But it also depended on the patronage of the leading men of other nations and the distribution of gifts and awards.
Writing about Isaiah Jordan, this emphasises his love of war and the fear he inspired,
but also says that he was gracious to supplicants and to those who were once received
into his protection until it acted strategically in his relationships with the Romans,
taking advantage of the problems experienced by the Empire.
And after many successful campaigns on the territory of the Empire, he lit an enormous army from the territories into Roman gold in the spring of 451.
The centre of the empire coincides with what is modern Hungary and hence of course, the name Hungary ends.
Faced with this threats in gold, the Romans were forced to form an alliance with various nations that inhabited Gaul,
including the Visigoths, until this diplomacy failed on this particular occasion, and the Huns didn't manage to secure allies in Gaul.
And that was made was met by a coalition of virtually all the nations which inhabited Gaul, led by the Romans.
The climax of this campaign was the battle of Catalonian fields, and their approximate, approximate location, as you can see, is shown on the map.
It took place on the 20th of June 451.
The exact location has never been identified,
but it was somewhere near Troy in the Champagne urban region of northern eastern of north eastern France.
In this battle, they both, interestingly, were fighting on both sides, the Visigoths.
Well, of course, the allies of the Romans, whereas the Ostrogoths who stayed within the Empire arrived as part of Atlas Army.
So to exceed the mass and international armies met in this battle.
In this battle, the Visigothic King Theodoric was killed.
But the victory went to the Romans and their allies.
Artillery treated, invaded Italy next year, retreated again and died from illness in 453.
His death and funeral are described with a lot of interesting detail by Jordan.
This Dawkins battle of the tail in the fields is modelled on Jordan.
This description of the Battle of Catalonia and Fields is here.
Remember, it takes place in book three of The Lord of the Rings when the men of Granada and their allies fight against the forces of Saruman.
So again, we have two international armies meeting in one great battle.
You may remember that Theodore, the king of the A Rancheria is killed in this battle,
and there are similarities between his death and the death of the Visigothic King Theodoric Jordan.
This says that Theodoric was thrown from his horse and trampled underfoot by his own men while writing to encourage his army.
Dawkins They are done also encourages his men just before he falls.
And this is crushed by his horse. Following the collapse of the iconic empire,
the ghost of the ghost who lived under the iconic rule re-established their independence and became united under the Amal's family.
The Lamia is described by Jordan as is fighting in the battle of the Catalonian fields.
His nephew, Theodoric, invaded Italy and established a kingdom with a capital in Ravenna.
A few years later, in 511.
He became a regent of the Visigothic Kingdom in Gold and Spain, effectively uniting the two Gothic powers.
This short lived Ostrogothic kingdom seems to have been a place where Gothic culture flourished.
Cassiodorus lost history on which Jordan this history is based.
What's written there is still their export.
This was also where most surviving Gothic manuscripts were produced.
Work seems to have continued on the Gothic translation of the Bible.
Church service, at least in part, seems to have been conducted in Gothic.
It appears that Theodoric wanted to preserve the Gothic culture, law and order and religion.
However, he died in 526 without leaving a son, and his death was followed by dynastic disputes.
His daughter ruled the kingdom for some time, but the nobility was hostile to her and she was murdered.
And this gave the Emperor of the East Justinian the first an excuse to invade the Gothic kingdom in 530 455.
The war ended a year later with the subjugation of the Gothic kingdom.
I would like to say a few words about the reception of this fourth and fifth century events in medieval and modern historiography and literature.
There is a tradition of portraying the ghost and particularly the horns.
It's a blindly destructive, irrational force and the threat to the civilised world.
When the Romans first came into contact with them, their accounts present us the horns as monsters and animals.
Such attitudes, a result of fear and propaganda, are evident in down the history.
In Chapter 24, he tells about the origin of the horns.
According to old traditions,
he relates a legend that the horns who are the offspring of witches who lived amongst the ghosts and expelled by the ghosts into the wilderness.
In ancient times there was a witches mated with unclean spirits, spirits and beget a savage race, writes Giordano,
scarcely a human and having no language safe, one which bore but slight resembles resemblance to human speech.
There is, however, also a different tradition of portraying the horns.
Jordan describes Isaiah is is a fierce but also brave and noble king.
This is how he writes about Attila's defeat in the battle of the Catalonian fields at dawn on the following day,
when the Romans saw they feel swole, piled high with bodies, and that the Huns didn't venture forth.
They thought the victory was this, but knew that Arcilla would not see from the battle unless overwhelmed by a great disaster.
Yet he did nothing cowardly, like one that is overcome.
But with clash of with clash of arms, sound of the tramp, the trumpets and threatens and attack.
She was like a lion, pierced by hunting spears, who paces to end throw before the mouth of his them.
And there's no spring but Caesar's not to terrify the neighbourhood by his roaring even sold this warlike king at bay, terrified his conquerors.
Even Christian sources, in spite of their emphasis on Attila scarcity, contain examples of his tolerance of the servants of God.
Most famously, until the myths with Pope Leo, the first in Mantua at the end of his last Italian campaign in 452,
the Pope persuaded Ursula to promise that he would leave Italy, and Attila indeed left Italy after that.
The pope was no doubt assisted by Attila's military setbacks.
But similar stories are told about his meetings with other bishops during his campaign in Gaul.
He was not a Christian, but it seems that he had a kind of religious attitude to individuals dressed in priestly robes and unarmed.
What? What I said about the Huns entirely also applies to the course.
The association with darkness, gloom, the grotesque, the mysterious and the supernatural is evident even in some modern use of the word gothic,
such as the literary critical to a Gothic novel in more than.
In modern popular culture. Gothic is when you dress in black and wear a black lipstick.
However. Gothic and iconic troops were probably nothing like the wild and disorderly hordes.
It's that they were imagined by 19th century artists.
They were skilled soldiers, trained for coordinated warfare who served as mercenaries in the Roman army.
As historians tell us, the Roman influence in material culture was so pervasive that there probably was little to distinguish imperial
troops from the Goths who lived on the territory of the Empire and were recruited to serve in the Roman army.
Their weapons, dress and appearance will probably be the same as those of the Romans.
Both the negative and the positive traditions of the portrayal of the ghosts and the
horns stemmed from the same political situation of the fourth and fifth centuries,
which involved collaboration, but also military conflicts and the rivalry between them and the Romans.
With the Gulf, however, there is another huge liability and another reason why they had a bad name.
And this is because Theodoric the Great was remembered as the heretical Orient King, who executed Pytheas.
Boethius was a leading counsellor to Theodoric.
But at the height of his influence in power, he suddenly fell from favour, accused by his fellow senators of plotting against Theodoric.
He was sent into exile and possibly imprisonment in Parthia and was executed, apparently of the King's orders in 524.
We don't know for sure why this happens, but it is possible that he was suspected of plotting against the other with the Romans,
with the eastern Roman emperor, just the first uncle of Justinian, the first who later defeated the other kingdom.
It seems that, for whatever reason,
Theodoric felt threatened at that time because other prominent members of the nobility were executed around this time as well.
But now I need to tell you about the gothic language.
It is known from a small group of mostly religious texts.
The largest and most important is the translation of the Bible into Gothic.
Gothic was the first language of the German troop of the German group to develop an extensive regional tradition.
Gothic texts predate by centuries the emergence of such tradition in England, Scandinavia and Germany.
The translation of the Bible into Gothic was undertaken, according to contemporary historians by Wolf Schiller.
Much of what we know about him comes from a fragmentary letter of bishop scientists who was his pupil, Wolf.
He was consecrated a bishop in Constantinople.
He lived on gothic territories and later on the territory of the Roman or the Roman Empire in what is more than Bulgaria.
Wasilla was an Orient. Christian Orient originated in the teachings.
It was never a unified, never unified movement, but it is connected to the teachings of the fourth century theologian Artis Deacon in Alexandria,
whose rejection of the divinity of Jesus Christ was declared heretical by the early Christian church.
There were constant debates within the church in the fourth century over the nature and relationships
of the three persons of the Trinity and their fractions and the wide range of views on the subject.
In the opinion of many, including Luthuli,
there was a clear separation and gradation of the members of the Trinity and they were not equal or substantial.
In this disagrees with a view that was later declared Orthodox.
During this period, however, Arianism was not yet officially condemned and was supported by several Roman emperors, including violence.
The one who gave asylum to the gulfs where conversion to Christianity was probably one of
the conditions so traditionally Goths wore it adopted Christianity in its earlier form.
But the attitude changed. Later in the fourth century, Sadducees Emperor Theodosius passed his first laws against heresy in 380.
And in the same year, Aria was condemned by the Church Council in Constantinople.
Wolf Fiala was ordered to go to Constancio to Constantinople for a disputation.
While in the capital. He fell ill and died probably in 382 or 383.
It is hard to believe that it is an accident that his death followed the condemnation of Arianism so closely.
We do not know when Wolf will translate to the Bible.
But this enormous undertaking, we have occupied all the 40 years of his bishopric.
We also don't know whether he translated the whole Bible.
So a contemporary tradition claims that he did translate it all at ports from the books of Kings.
A contemporary church historian says that he deliberately did not translate the books of kings because they describe wars.
And Wolf, Wolfinger did not think that this was a useful reading for his already very warlike countrymen.
It doesn't make a lot of sense, however, because, you know, of course,
the books of kings are not the only books of the Old Testament where wars are described in almost every other book of the Old Testament.
So he may not have translate that everything, because biblical canon was somewhat different at that time.
It was still rather unstable.
So he may not have translated books that were relatively elite additions to the biblical pan them such as Easter or Apocalypse.
But he probably did translate the rest. Gothic translation of the Bible survives in seven, in several, in several fragmentary manuscripts,
of which the most complete is a copy of the four gospels known as the Codex Argento's.
It is now in the university library in Uppsala, in Sweden.
The Codex Argento's was written in Italy during the reign of Derek the Great early in the sixth century,
probably in Ravenna, probably for Theodoric himself.
It is written in gold and silver ink on very thin purple porch, months of extremely high quality.
It is so thin that unfortunately you can see the text on the other side.
The silver ink is dominance and this is why it is called Argento's.
It is on permanent display in the Uppsala University Library in a rather dark room covered most of the time.
But there is a printed facsimile and now there is also a new high quality digital facsimile on the library's website.
A couple of verses from the Gothic Bible are reproduced on this slide.
The Gothic text is is cited from Tried Books Edition, which is still the standard scholarly edition of the Bible.
Similarly to Old Norse and Gothic Austerity and adult English Gothic is published in late and transliteration.
Gothic alphabets was invented by Paul Fiala, according to the tradition for his translation, and it is based on the Greek alphabet.
So graphically it is rather different from the Latin alphabets.
The text is written continuously at what is called by biographers Scripture accounts in the law.
There are no breaks between the words, but there are breaks between phrases and verses.
But looking at this and the translation from the King James Bible is provide that since Gothic is related to English,
a speaker of modern English can recognise without much difficulty a few words, particularly if you know the context.
So for example, for example, gothic book areas is of course inscribed, and this word is related to modern English word book.
And some are gone. This is, of course, go.
And so and this is of course,
the accusative case of the pronouns down and across is also said do in what is to him and I go
is modern English own and full gloss is fowls of birds and and sea plants is where you sit.
So nests. And so this man's.
This son of man. So, so many of the words are recognisable to a speaker of another Jemmy Clegg, which, such as modern English ends.
Just to remind you, they're the major subgroups within the Germanic linguistic group.
So there is a North one that comprises Scandinavian languages and they medieval ancestors,
the Western one that includes includes English and the Eastern one.
And none of the languages of the Eastern Group are spoken today.
And the Gothic Gothic language is by far the best at best that other languages with other languages.
Only personal names survive in the future.
Not as. Gothic force and intellect, that language and parts like Old English and Old Norse, three genders and several cases.
It also had a few very archaic features.
So for example, so for example, gothic pronouns creds three numbers, singular, dual and plural.
And here was used to refer to two rather than many persons of three of things.
Gothic verbs also had dual forms in the first and second persons, and you may know that took an admired linguistic complexity.
And this is evident in his invented languages.
So talking square near one of the languages spoken by the ILS dual number, it also has two plurals.
Different inflections are used to say all leaves and some beliefs.
Talking started to study gothic, using a primer of the Gothic language which he bought from a friend.
It was written by the linguist Joseph Reitz, professor of comparative philology at Oxford, who later became Tolkien's teacher.
Tolkien even attempted to write it himself and published a poem in Gothic in his songs for The Philologist,
a collection that he compiled with Igor Dunn. It is a short lyric in praise of a book three ends.
Just to finish off, there is one another interesting thing, a fact about Gothic that I don't want to miss,
because it seems that it's survive longer than anywhere else in Crimea.
In Crimea at the Black Sea.
So the coast reached Crimea already in the third century.
The existence of a few dialects in the Crimea is tested by a number of sources from the ninth century and to the eighth century, for example, Crimea.
And of course, I mentioned in the life of Saint Cyril, who in the ninth century with his brother Matthew,
just translated the Bible into a Slavonic dialect, now known as two old church Slavonic.
The life is anonymous but near contemporary,
and the tales that St Cyril went to Crimea and mentions the Goths in the Crimea as people who worship God in their own language.
Throughout the Middle Ages, there were legends. That's that's in Crimea.
That was ecumenical. Speaking nation. That's why it's a complete translation of the Bible and where liturgy was.
Germanic languages as well. And the most important piece of evidence is the letter published by a Flemish ambassador in Constantinople who should get
a boost because he recorded several words that he learned from a Greek who spoke and a goose who spoke mostly Greek.
And words are certainly Germanic words.
And his evidence is imperfect because his informants were imperfect and he was transcribing language that he did not know.
But the words themselves I certainly Germanic and they also have some East Germanic features.
So for example, the word for an egg shows evidence of what is known as a horse man's law.
So a prehistoric sound change that affected the eastern and the northern groups of Germanic languages, but not the Western group.
There is no time to explain to you what is God's word, but the form given by Bruce Beck is a credible East Germanic form.
When I was in the year at Moscow University in the late 19th and early eighties,
we believed that Gothic was still spoken in Crimea during the Second World War.
Such rumours circulated around among us and we repeated them with great enthusiasm by us.
I only mean undergraduates who were doing degrees in modern languages and were studying Germanic philology.
It is almost certainly an urban legend, but almost everything is in gothic history is the stuff of legends.
Thank you.