1 00:00:05,470 --> 00:00:09,490 Talking routes that he was fascinated with. 2 00:00:09,490 --> 00:00:19,330 The beautiful gothic language and the tragic history of the ghosts is with other languages old English, Old Norse and Finnish. 3 00:00:19,660 --> 00:00:25,690 The incidence of Gothic on Tolkien on Tolkien's writings was both literary and linguistic. 4 00:00:27,220 --> 00:00:32,380 Tolkien's themes include elements of Gothic vocabulary. 5 00:00:32,650 --> 00:00:44,200 As noted by scholars, the needs of the royal family of authors are often in such as V to Govia and V to the Amavi are Gothic. 6 00:00:45,100 --> 00:00:54,430 The kings of the Ricardian were ancestors of early king of their a hearing whose culture was largely Anglo-Saxon. 7 00:00:54,940 --> 00:01:02,710 And since historical old English is related to Gothic, both languages belong to the Germanic linguistic group. 8 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:13,030 This is an example of a carefully chosen detail which helps to make the world of the middle earth seem real and internally consistent. 9 00:01:15,820 --> 00:01:22,180 Perhaps the best known example of Tolkien's E3 adaptation of Elements of Gothic History 10 00:01:22,390 --> 00:01:26,950 is his description of the battle of the Dead in the fields in the Lord of the Rings. 11 00:01:27,610 --> 00:01:32,620 It is partly modelled on a description of the battle of the Catalonian fields 12 00:01:32,950 --> 00:01:37,900 from the history of the course by the sixth century historian Joe Adonis. 13 00:01:38,950 --> 00:01:44,020 But I need to explain to you who the ghosts were and what happened to them. 14 00:01:44,170 --> 00:01:51,880 And hopefully this will make clear why their language and history fascinated Tolkien throughout his career. 15 00:01:55,080 --> 00:02:01,130 But the most comprehensive accounts of the history of the ghosts is The Guitar by Joe Dallas. 16 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:07,640 This slide gives references to the classic scholarly edition of the latent text of the gates, 17 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:12,590 echoed by Mommsen and its translation into English by Nero. 18 00:02:13,070 --> 00:02:16,340 Nero's translation is not difficult to find. 19 00:02:16,370 --> 00:02:23,330 There is even an online version and it is a very readable account of the early history of the course. 20 00:02:24,620 --> 00:02:34,640 Joe Don This was a Christian monk property of Gothic descent who wrote Gates in Constantinople around 550. 21 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:42,530 It is based on a longer history of the course by the Roman historian Cassiodorus that does not survive. 22 00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:49,930 According to Joe Davis, the goose originated in Scandinavia. 23 00:02:50,410 --> 00:02:58,360 He reports that from there they sailed across the Baltic Sea on three ships school. 24 00:02:58,360 --> 00:03:06,189 The Athenian has always been divided about this claim that the goose originated in Scandinavia because historical, 25 00:03:06,190 --> 00:03:11,440 linguistic and archaeological evidence in its support is ambiguous. 26 00:03:12,100 --> 00:03:27,520 But they must have. But. But in the first century A.D., the fish they already know to to be to exist in what is now Northern Poland. 27 00:03:28,390 --> 00:03:40,060 And over the second and the third century A.D., they spread south towards the Black Sea into present day Ukraine, Moldova and Romania. 28 00:03:40,750 --> 00:03:49,000 There they subjugated tribes that lived in these areas and became economically and politically dominant in their region. 29 00:03:49,840 --> 00:03:58,510 They also became a major military threat on the Roman frontier, which was fixed on the Southern Bank Bank of the Danube. 30 00:04:06,690 --> 00:04:14,040 In the third century, they repeatedly crossed the Danube and spent years on the territory of the Roman Empire. 31 00:04:14,550 --> 00:04:21,090 Roman emperors could not defeat them and had to make concessions to them, but the wars continued. 32 00:04:23,520 --> 00:04:30,360 Joe Douglas and other authors in the fifth century wrote about two groups the Ostrogoths 33 00:04:30,660 --> 00:04:36,420 occupying the Eastern Territories and the physical occupying the Western territories. 34 00:04:37,470 --> 00:04:45,300 Joe Done This seems to have interpreted this tribal names as meaning the Eastern Goths and the Western Goths. 35 00:04:46,260 --> 00:04:55,380 Such an interpretation of the name Ostrogoths is undoubtedly correct, but the etymology of B.C is obscure. 36 00:04:55,860 --> 00:04:59,400 Classical authors use different forms of this name. 37 00:04:59,970 --> 00:05:10,560 We don't know what it means, but this would almost certainly cannot be historically connected with the Germanic word West. 38 00:05:12,090 --> 00:05:16,650 They both were farmers and traced crops and owned herds of cattle. 39 00:05:17,460 --> 00:05:19,980 They were settled rather than nomadic. 40 00:05:20,640 --> 00:05:27,900 The vocabulary of the Gothic translation of the Bible includes names for different professions such as carpenters, 41 00:05:27,900 --> 00:05:31,320 smiths, fishermen, porters and doctors. 42 00:05:33,540 --> 00:05:38,310 The metal workers achieved an exceptionally high level of skill. 43 00:05:38,940 --> 00:05:44,250 The cost of setting precious stones, particularly garnets in gold, 44 00:05:44,340 --> 00:05:52,770 was an innovation which had a very far reaching influence in Germanic arts at that time and long afterwards. 45 00:05:54,840 --> 00:06:00,840 Many ghosts served in the Roman army and civilians in Roman cities. 46 00:06:02,340 --> 00:06:06,540 The groups continue to dominate the region north of the Danube, 47 00:06:06,690 --> 00:06:17,850 successfully fighting against the romance of the Germanic tribes until an enormous disaster struck in the last quarter of the fourth century. 48 00:06:19,590 --> 00:06:28,300 This was the arrival of the Huns, who appeared in Europe around 370 during the fourth century. 49 00:06:28,380 --> 00:06:34,410 The Huns became a major power in the eastern margins of Europe and started to 50 00:06:34,410 --> 00:06:40,110 expand their territories west conquering the gorse and many other peoples, 51 00:06:40,980 --> 00:06:50,160 the Huns, and into European originally nomadic people whose egoistic and cultural affiliations remain unclear. 52 00:06:51,450 --> 00:06:55,920 They quickly overran the great gothic empire in the Ukraine. 53 00:06:56,700 --> 00:07:02,160 While many course stayed under the rule north of the Danube. 54 00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:12,450 Groups of them crossed the Danube into the Roman territory and asked the Roman Emperor violence for asylum. 55 00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:23,640 The asylum was granted in 376 and may have been and may have had conversion to Christianity as one of its conditions. 56 00:07:24,210 --> 00:07:29,280 Most conversions, of course, to Christianity are attested around this time. 57 00:07:30,540 --> 00:07:39,180 This was a very important points in Gothic history because essentially at that time they separated into two groups. 58 00:07:39,510 --> 00:07:43,740 Some migrated into the Roman territories, whereas other states, 59 00:07:43,770 --> 00:07:50,130 under the domination of the Huns and the fortunes of the two groups, were quite different. 60 00:07:52,020 --> 00:07:59,430 So what happened to those who migrated to Roman territory as they became known as the Visigoths? 61 00:08:00,220 --> 00:08:09,030 A year after their arrival, they rebuild as a result of hunger, and consequently it conflicts with the Roman authorities. 62 00:08:09,750 --> 00:08:15,480 They were allowed in, but no arrangements were made to feed them and they were starving. 63 00:08:16,590 --> 00:08:22,770 In the war that followed. Emperor violence was defeated and killed and conflicts continued. 64 00:08:22,770 --> 00:08:36,030 And the subsequent emperors besieged Rome twice under their leader Alaric in 408 and then again in 409 B.C. 65 00:08:36,030 --> 00:08:46,500 Just ended in negotiations. Alaric did not want to destroy Rome, but was hoping to negotiate land and privileges for his people. 66 00:08:46,980 --> 00:08:54,030 Within the Empire, she was offering to provide military service in return for regular pay and 67 00:08:54,030 --> 00:09:00,060 supplies in some degree of integration into the imperial administrative system. 68 00:09:00,930 --> 00:09:08,130 However, when these negotiations failed, the ghosts entered rule in August of 410. 69 00:09:09,090 --> 00:09:17,850 Historian Arawaks reports that they burned and pillaged for three days, sparing only churches and people who took refuge in them. 70 00:09:18,090 --> 00:09:23,340 Because, remember, after their migration to the Roman Empire, they became Christians. 71 00:09:24,330 --> 00:09:33,120 The dangers of the fall of Rome spread quickly via refugees through the Roman world, and was received with horror and shock. 72 00:09:34,110 --> 00:09:39,240 Alaric himself died from disease only a few months after the siege. 73 00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:44,040 Following this, the ghosts left Italy. 74 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:50,790 Alaric successor at the wolf led his followers out of Italy and into gold. 75 00:09:53,190 --> 00:09:56,910 He made peace with the emperor of the West, honorius. 76 00:09:57,330 --> 00:10:06,570 And in 414, he married Gala Placidia, half sister of Honorius, who was taken prisoner during the sack of Rome. 77 00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:15,179 It was apparently a happy marriage, but it lasted only one year after Wolf was murdered by personnel, 78 00:10:15,180 --> 00:10:22,020 and they meet in Barcelona in 415 and Gala Placidia returned to the court of her brother. 79 00:10:24,810 --> 00:10:31,980 Gothic settlements in Gaul became a kingdom which later expanded into the Iberian Peninsula. 80 00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:39,630 This kingdom flourished in the seventh century and produced outstanding writers such as Isidore of Seville. 81 00:10:40,590 --> 00:10:48,210 It survived until the early eighth century, when most of Spain was conquered by Muslims from North Africa. 82 00:10:50,390 --> 00:11:00,710 Very few gothic artefacts survive in Spain, but some can be seen in museums and in churches in Barcelona and elsewhere. 83 00:11:01,310 --> 00:11:04,310 A famous example is this votive crown. 84 00:11:04,850 --> 00:11:10,040 The painting letters spell spell out the king weight and offering. 85 00:11:12,420 --> 00:11:21,060 Another well-known example is San Pedro de la Nave, a visigothic church in the town of Pillow in Spain. 86 00:11:21,660 --> 00:11:30,150 It was built at the end of the seventh century, just before the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711. 87 00:11:30,690 --> 00:11:36,600 This is one of the last examples of Gothic architecture in Spain. 88 00:11:42,650 --> 00:11:48,740 So this is what happens to the goose who migrated to the territory of the Roman Empire. 89 00:11:48,950 --> 00:11:56,510 But what about the Ostrogoths who didn't migrate but stayed within the Empire? 90 00:11:59,660 --> 00:12:06,170 The Empire reached the summit of its power under a king whose name was Attila. 91 00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:15,820 He was a charismatic leader who success depended on military victories, but also on diplomacy. 92 00:12:16,480 --> 00:12:24,400 He managed to establish relationships of personal loyalty with the aristocracy of subject of nations within his empire. 93 00:12:25,180 --> 00:12:32,530 His rule depended on terror. And anyone who challenged his authority was quickly and publicly punished. 94 00:12:33,130 --> 00:12:41,260 But it also depended on the patronage of the leading men of other nations and the distribution of gifts and awards. 95 00:12:42,310 --> 00:12:49,510 Writing about Isaiah Jordan, this emphasises his love of war and the fear he inspired, 96 00:12:49,990 --> 00:12:56,290 but also says that he was gracious to supplicants and to those who were once received 97 00:12:56,290 --> 00:13:05,200 into his protection until it acted strategically in his relationships with the Romans, 98 00:13:05,770 --> 00:13:10,090 taking advantage of the problems experienced by the Empire. 99 00:13:11,230 --> 00:13:23,860 And after many successful campaigns on the territory of the Empire, he lit an enormous army from the territories into Roman gold in the spring of 451. 100 00:13:24,130 --> 00:13:35,830 The centre of the empire coincides with what is modern Hungary and hence of course, the name Hungary ends. 101 00:13:36,130 --> 00:13:45,010 Faced with this threats in gold, the Romans were forced to form an alliance with various nations that inhabited Gaul, 102 00:13:45,160 --> 00:13:56,560 including the Visigoths, until this diplomacy failed on this particular occasion, and the Huns didn't manage to secure allies in Gaul. 103 00:13:57,100 --> 00:14:06,400 And that was made was met by a coalition of virtually all the nations which inhabited Gaul, led by the Romans. 104 00:14:08,170 --> 00:14:17,410 The climax of this campaign was the battle of Catalonian fields, and their approximate, approximate location, as you can see, is shown on the map. 105 00:14:18,670 --> 00:14:22,840 It took place on the 20th of June 451. 106 00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:27,010 The exact location has never been identified, 107 00:14:27,220 --> 00:14:34,570 but it was somewhere near Troy in the Champagne urban region of northern eastern of north eastern France. 108 00:14:35,860 --> 00:14:43,300 In this battle, they both, interestingly, were fighting on both sides, the Visigoths. 109 00:14:43,630 --> 00:14:53,260 Well, of course, the allies of the Romans, whereas the Ostrogoths who stayed within the Empire arrived as part of Atlas Army. 110 00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:59,080 So to exceed the mass and international armies met in this battle. 111 00:15:00,490 --> 00:15:05,500 In this battle, the Visigothic King Theodoric was killed. 112 00:15:05,710 --> 00:15:09,370 But the victory went to the Romans and their allies. 113 00:15:10,150 --> 00:15:19,000 Artillery treated, invaded Italy next year, retreated again and died from illness in 453. 114 00:15:19,540 --> 00:15:25,099 His death and funeral are described with a lot of interesting detail by Jordan. 115 00:15:25,100 --> 00:15:32,829 This Dawkins battle of the tail in the fields is modelled on Jordan. 116 00:15:32,830 --> 00:15:37,809 This description of the Battle of Catalonia and Fields is here. 117 00:15:37,810 --> 00:15:47,800 Remember, it takes place in book three of The Lord of the Rings when the men of Granada and their allies fight against the forces of Saruman. 118 00:15:48,040 --> 00:15:53,980 So again, we have two international armies meeting in one great battle. 119 00:15:54,670 --> 00:16:00,070 You may remember that Theodore, the king of the A Rancheria is killed in this battle, 120 00:16:00,250 --> 00:16:07,770 and there are similarities between his death and the death of the Visigothic King Theodoric Jordan. 121 00:16:07,780 --> 00:16:18,730 This says that Theodoric was thrown from his horse and trampled underfoot by his own men while writing to encourage his army. 122 00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:25,690 Dawkins They are done also encourages his men just before he falls. 123 00:16:25,690 --> 00:16:34,030 And this is crushed by his horse. Following the collapse of the iconic empire, 124 00:16:34,150 --> 00:16:45,640 the ghost of the ghost who lived under the iconic rule re-established their independence and became united under the Amal's family. 125 00:16:46,450 --> 00:16:52,600 The Lamia is described by Jordan as is fighting in the battle of the Catalonian fields. 126 00:16:53,410 --> 00:17:00,610 His nephew, Theodoric, invaded Italy and established a kingdom with a capital in Ravenna. 127 00:17:02,170 --> 00:17:05,440 A few years later, in 511. 128 00:17:05,770 --> 00:17:14,560 He became a regent of the Visigothic Kingdom in Gold and Spain, effectively uniting the two Gothic powers. 129 00:17:17,110 --> 00:17:23,650 This short lived Ostrogothic kingdom seems to have been a place where Gothic culture flourished. 130 00:17:24,340 --> 00:17:29,050 Cassiodorus lost history on which Jordan this history is based. 131 00:17:29,310 --> 00:17:32,350 What's written there is still their export. 132 00:17:33,460 --> 00:17:38,920 This was also where most surviving Gothic manuscripts were produced. 133 00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:44,260 Work seems to have continued on the Gothic translation of the Bible. 134 00:17:44,560 --> 00:17:49,540 Church service, at least in part, seems to have been conducted in Gothic. 135 00:17:51,790 --> 00:17:58,600 It appears that Theodoric wanted to preserve the Gothic culture, law and order and religion. 136 00:17:59,410 --> 00:18:08,650 However, he died in 526 without leaving a son, and his death was followed by dynastic disputes. 137 00:18:08,980 --> 00:18:15,580 His daughter ruled the kingdom for some time, but the nobility was hostile to her and she was murdered. 138 00:18:16,450 --> 00:18:27,670 And this gave the Emperor of the East Justinian the first an excuse to invade the Gothic kingdom in 530 455. 139 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:33,610 The war ended a year later with the subjugation of the Gothic kingdom. 140 00:18:35,890 --> 00:18:46,000 I would like to say a few words about the reception of this fourth and fifth century events in medieval and modern historiography and literature. 141 00:18:49,330 --> 00:18:54,070 There is a tradition of portraying the ghost and particularly the horns. 142 00:18:54,280 --> 00:18:59,950 It's a blindly destructive, irrational force and the threat to the civilised world. 143 00:19:00,730 --> 00:19:09,280 When the Romans first came into contact with them, their accounts present us the horns as monsters and animals. 144 00:19:09,880 --> 00:19:16,840 Such attitudes, a result of fear and propaganda, are evident in down the history. 145 00:19:17,590 --> 00:19:22,030 In Chapter 24, he tells about the origin of the horns. 146 00:19:22,150 --> 00:19:24,310 According to old traditions, 147 00:19:25,150 --> 00:19:35,920 he relates a legend that the horns who are the offspring of witches who lived amongst the ghosts and expelled by the ghosts into the wilderness. 148 00:19:35,950 --> 00:19:45,880 In ancient times there was a witches mated with unclean spirits, spirits and beget a savage race, writes Giordano, 149 00:19:46,270 --> 00:19:54,610 scarcely a human and having no language safe, one which bore but slight resembles resemblance to human speech. 150 00:19:56,290 --> 00:20:00,910 There is, however, also a different tradition of portraying the horns. 151 00:20:01,410 --> 00:20:07,780 Jordan describes Isaiah is is a fierce but also brave and noble king. 152 00:20:08,710 --> 00:20:16,840 This is how he writes about Attila's defeat in the battle of the Catalonian fields at dawn on the following day, 153 00:20:17,110 --> 00:20:23,830 when the Romans saw they feel swole, piled high with bodies, and that the Huns didn't venture forth. 154 00:20:24,520 --> 00:20:33,820 They thought the victory was this, but knew that Arcilla would not see from the battle unless overwhelmed by a great disaster. 155 00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:39,040 Yet he did nothing cowardly, like one that is overcome. 156 00:20:39,610 --> 00:20:47,080 But with clash of with clash of arms, sound of the tramp, the trumpets and threatens and attack. 157 00:20:47,770 --> 00:20:55,930 She was like a lion, pierced by hunting spears, who paces to end throw before the mouth of his them. 158 00:20:56,350 --> 00:21:07,540 And there's no spring but Caesar's not to terrify the neighbourhood by his roaring even sold this warlike king at bay, terrified his conquerors. 159 00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:19,780 Even Christian sources, in spite of their emphasis on Attila scarcity, contain examples of his tolerance of the servants of God. 160 00:21:21,190 --> 00:21:31,060 Most famously, until the myths with Pope Leo, the first in Mantua at the end of his last Italian campaign in 452, 161 00:21:32,080 --> 00:21:40,960 the Pope persuaded Ursula to promise that he would leave Italy, and Attila indeed left Italy after that. 162 00:21:42,010 --> 00:21:47,440 The pope was no doubt assisted by Attila's military setbacks. 163 00:21:47,770 --> 00:21:54,400 But similar stories are told about his meetings with other bishops during his campaign in Gaul. 164 00:21:55,240 --> 00:22:05,500 He was not a Christian, but it seems that he had a kind of religious attitude to individuals dressed in priestly robes and unarmed. 165 00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:14,890 What? What I said about the Huns entirely also applies to the course. 166 00:22:15,730 --> 00:22:26,500 The association with darkness, gloom, the grotesque, the mysterious and the supernatural is evident even in some modern use of the word gothic, 167 00:22:26,770 --> 00:22:33,460 such as the literary critical to a Gothic novel in more than. 168 00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:45,490 In modern popular culture. Gothic is when you dress in black and wear a black lipstick. 169 00:22:47,250 --> 00:22:57,550 However. Gothic and iconic troops were probably nothing like the wild and disorderly hordes. 170 00:22:57,850 --> 00:23:01,840 It's that they were imagined by 19th century artists. 171 00:23:02,350 --> 00:23:09,730 They were skilled soldiers, trained for coordinated warfare who served as mercenaries in the Roman army. 172 00:23:10,450 --> 00:23:21,700 As historians tell us, the Roman influence in material culture was so pervasive that there probably was little to distinguish imperial 173 00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:29,110 troops from the Goths who lived on the territory of the Empire and were recruited to serve in the Roman army. 174 00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:35,860 Their weapons, dress and appearance will probably be the same as those of the Romans. 175 00:23:37,420 --> 00:23:42,600 Both the negative and the positive traditions of the portrayal of the ghosts and the 176 00:23:42,610 --> 00:23:48,280 horns stemmed from the same political situation of the fourth and fifth centuries, 177 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:56,800 which involved collaboration, but also military conflicts and the rivalry between them and the Romans. 178 00:23:58,570 --> 00:24:08,320 With the Gulf, however, there is another huge liability and another reason why they had a bad name. 179 00:24:08,530 --> 00:24:16,570 And this is because Theodoric the Great was remembered as the heretical Orient King, who executed Pytheas. 180 00:24:17,710 --> 00:24:21,280 Boethius was a leading counsellor to Theodoric. 181 00:24:21,580 --> 00:24:31,300 But at the height of his influence in power, he suddenly fell from favour, accused by his fellow senators of plotting against Theodoric. 182 00:24:32,050 --> 00:24:42,910 He was sent into exile and possibly imprisonment in Parthia and was executed, apparently of the King's orders in 524. 183 00:24:43,930 --> 00:24:54,100 We don't know for sure why this happens, but it is possible that he was suspected of plotting against the other with the Romans, 184 00:24:54,430 --> 00:25:04,030 with the eastern Roman emperor, just the first uncle of Justinian, the first who later defeated the other kingdom. 185 00:25:05,230 --> 00:25:07,780 It seems that, for whatever reason, 186 00:25:07,900 --> 00:25:17,920 Theodoric felt threatened at that time because other prominent members of the nobility were executed around this time as well. 187 00:25:21,180 --> 00:25:25,140 But now I need to tell you about the gothic language. 188 00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:30,690 It is known from a small group of mostly religious texts. 189 00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:36,750 The largest and most important is the translation of the Bible into Gothic. 190 00:25:38,310 --> 00:25:46,440 Gothic was the first language of the German troop of the German group to develop an extensive regional tradition. 191 00:25:47,550 --> 00:25:55,910 Gothic texts predate by centuries the emergence of such tradition in England, Scandinavia and Germany. 192 00:25:58,630 --> 00:26:05,770 The translation of the Bible into Gothic was undertaken, according to contemporary historians by Wolf Schiller. 193 00:26:06,850 --> 00:26:16,690 Much of what we know about him comes from a fragmentary letter of bishop scientists who was his pupil, Wolf. 194 00:26:16,690 --> 00:26:20,920 He was consecrated a bishop in Constantinople. 195 00:26:21,580 --> 00:26:31,750 He lived on gothic territories and later on the territory of the Roman or the Roman Empire in what is more than Bulgaria. 196 00:26:33,310 --> 00:26:39,340 Wasilla was an Orient. Christian Orient originated in the teachings. 197 00:26:39,580 --> 00:26:51,490 It was never a unified, never unified movement, but it is connected to the teachings of the fourth century theologian Artis Deacon in Alexandria, 198 00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:58,570 whose rejection of the divinity of Jesus Christ was declared heretical by the early Christian church. 199 00:26:59,830 --> 00:27:06,760 There were constant debates within the church in the fourth century over the nature and relationships 200 00:27:06,910 --> 00:27:14,320 of the three persons of the Trinity and their fractions and the wide range of views on the subject. 201 00:27:15,310 --> 00:27:18,730 In the opinion of many, including Luthuli, 202 00:27:18,970 --> 00:27:26,920 there was a clear separation and gradation of the members of the Trinity and they were not equal or substantial. 203 00:27:27,220 --> 00:27:32,440 In this disagrees with a view that was later declared Orthodox. 204 00:27:33,430 --> 00:27:44,550 During this period, however, Arianism was not yet officially condemned and was supported by several Roman emperors, including violence. 205 00:27:44,780 --> 00:27:51,189 The one who gave asylum to the gulfs where conversion to Christianity was probably one of 206 00:27:51,190 --> 00:27:58,000 the conditions so traditionally Goths wore it adopted Christianity in its earlier form. 207 00:28:01,330 --> 00:28:13,570 But the attitude changed. Later in the fourth century, Sadducees Emperor Theodosius passed his first laws against heresy in 380. 208 00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:20,020 And in the same year, Aria was condemned by the Church Council in Constantinople. 209 00:28:20,890 --> 00:28:27,580 Wolf Fiala was ordered to go to Constancio to Constantinople for a disputation. 210 00:28:28,390 --> 00:28:36,880 While in the capital. He fell ill and died probably in 382 or 383. 211 00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:46,720 It is hard to believe that it is an accident that his death followed the condemnation of Arianism so closely. 212 00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:53,890 We do not know when Wolf will translate to the Bible. 213 00:28:54,460 --> 00:29:01,120 But this enormous undertaking, we have occupied all the 40 years of his bishopric. 214 00:29:02,020 --> 00:29:06,010 We also don't know whether he translated the whole Bible. 215 00:29:06,520 --> 00:29:13,660 So a contemporary tradition claims that he did translate it all at ports from the books of Kings. 216 00:29:14,290 --> 00:29:23,350 A contemporary church historian says that he deliberately did not translate the books of kings because they describe wars. 217 00:29:23,740 --> 00:29:30,670 And Wolf, Wolfinger did not think that this was a useful reading for his already very warlike countrymen. 218 00:29:31,270 --> 00:29:37,150 It doesn't make a lot of sense, however, because, you know, of course, 219 00:29:38,050 --> 00:29:46,330 the books of kings are not the only books of the Old Testament where wars are described in almost every other book of the Old Testament. 220 00:29:46,780 --> 00:29:54,730 So he may not have translate that everything, because biblical canon was somewhat different at that time. 221 00:29:55,060 --> 00:29:57,400 It was still rather unstable. 222 00:29:57,400 --> 00:30:06,040 So he may not have translated books that were relatively elite additions to the biblical pan them such as Easter or Apocalypse. 223 00:30:06,250 --> 00:30:23,680 But he probably did translate the rest. Gothic translation of the Bible survives in seven, in several, in several fragmentary manuscripts, 224 00:30:23,860 --> 00:30:30,520 of which the most complete is a copy of the four gospels known as the Codex Argento's. 225 00:30:30,850 --> 00:30:34,870 It is now in the university library in Uppsala, in Sweden. 226 00:30:35,740 --> 00:30:44,080 The Codex Argento's was written in Italy during the reign of Derek the Great early in the sixth century, 227 00:30:44,350 --> 00:30:49,150 probably in Ravenna, probably for Theodoric himself. 228 00:30:50,290 --> 00:30:57,670 It is written in gold and silver ink on very thin purple porch, months of extremely high quality. 229 00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:03,430 It is so thin that unfortunately you can see the text on the other side. 230 00:31:04,330 --> 00:31:09,250 The silver ink is dominance and this is why it is called Argento's. 231 00:31:09,940 --> 00:31:18,280 It is on permanent display in the Uppsala University Library in a rather dark room covered most of the time. 232 00:31:18,940 --> 00:31:27,940 But there is a printed facsimile and now there is also a new high quality digital facsimile on the library's website. 233 00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:35,830 A couple of verses from the Gothic Bible are reproduced on this slide. 234 00:31:36,610 --> 00:31:44,500 The Gothic text is is cited from Tried Books Edition, which is still the standard scholarly edition of the Bible. 235 00:31:45,790 --> 00:31:54,640 Similarly to Old Norse and Gothic Austerity and adult English Gothic is published in late and transliteration. 236 00:31:56,080 --> 00:32:05,440 Gothic alphabets was invented by Paul Fiala, according to the tradition for his translation, and it is based on the Greek alphabet. 237 00:32:05,650 --> 00:32:10,480 So graphically it is rather different from the Latin alphabets. 238 00:32:10,870 --> 00:32:17,800 The text is written continuously at what is called by biographers Scripture accounts in the law. 239 00:32:18,280 --> 00:32:23,680 There are no breaks between the words, but there are breaks between phrases and verses. 240 00:32:26,350 --> 00:32:35,490 But looking at this and the translation from the King James Bible is provide that since Gothic is related to English, 241 00:32:35,500 --> 00:32:42,910 a speaker of modern English can recognise without much difficulty a few words, particularly if you know the context. 242 00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:55,780 So for example, for example, gothic book areas is of course inscribed, and this word is related to modern English word book. 243 00:32:56,710 --> 00:33:01,120 And some are gone. This is, of course, go. 244 00:33:02,170 --> 00:33:05,350 And so and this is of course, 245 00:33:05,350 --> 00:33:18,160 the accusative case of the pronouns down and across is also said do in what is to him and I go 246 00:33:18,310 --> 00:33:30,820 is modern English own and full gloss is fowls of birds and and sea plants is where you sit. 247 00:33:30,850 --> 00:33:33,910 So nests. And so this man's. 248 00:33:35,150 --> 00:33:47,320 This son of man. So, so many of the words are recognisable to a speaker of another Jemmy Clegg, which, such as modern English ends. 249 00:33:47,570 --> 00:33:55,190 Just to remind you, they're the major subgroups within the Germanic linguistic group. 250 00:33:55,580 --> 00:34:02,510 So there is a North one that comprises Scandinavian languages and they medieval ancestors, 251 00:34:02,870 --> 00:34:09,260 the Western one that includes includes English and the Eastern one. 252 00:34:09,470 --> 00:34:15,380 And none of the languages of the Eastern Group are spoken today. 253 00:34:15,410 --> 00:34:22,040 And the Gothic Gothic language is by far the best at best that other languages with other languages. 254 00:34:22,070 --> 00:34:25,219 Only personal names survive in the future. 255 00:34:25,220 --> 00:34:41,400 Not as. Gothic force and intellect, that language and parts like Old English and Old Norse, three genders and several cases. 256 00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:45,920 It also had a few very archaic features. 257 00:34:45,930 --> 00:34:55,200 So for example, so for example, gothic pronouns creds three numbers, singular, dual and plural. 258 00:34:55,350 --> 00:35:00,840 And here was used to refer to two rather than many persons of three of things. 259 00:35:01,290 --> 00:35:12,020 Gothic verbs also had dual forms in the first and second persons, and you may know that took an admired linguistic complexity. 260 00:35:12,450 --> 00:35:15,870 And this is evident in his invented languages. 261 00:35:16,050 --> 00:35:24,300 So talking square near one of the languages spoken by the ILS dual number, it also has two plurals. 262 00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:29,310 Different inflections are used to say all leaves and some beliefs. 263 00:35:30,780 --> 00:35:38,010 Talking started to study gothic, using a primer of the Gothic language which he bought from a friend. 264 00:35:38,370 --> 00:35:47,730 It was written by the linguist Joseph Reitz, professor of comparative philology at Oxford, who later became Tolkien's teacher. 265 00:35:48,510 --> 00:35:58,799 Tolkien even attempted to write it himself and published a poem in Gothic in his songs for The Philologist, 266 00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:07,110 a collection that he compiled with Igor Dunn. It is a short lyric in praise of a book three ends. 267 00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:15,840 Just to finish off, there is one another interesting thing, a fact about Gothic that I don't want to miss, 268 00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:23,580 because it seems that it's survive longer than anywhere else in Crimea. 269 00:36:25,370 --> 00:36:28,670 In Crimea at the Black Sea. 270 00:36:28,910 --> 00:36:33,230 So the coast reached Crimea already in the third century. 271 00:36:33,650 --> 00:36:45,740 The existence of a few dialects in the Crimea is tested by a number of sources from the ninth century and to the eighth century, for example, Crimea. 272 00:36:45,740 --> 00:36:53,930 And of course, I mentioned in the life of Saint Cyril, who in the ninth century with his brother Matthew, 273 00:36:53,930 --> 00:36:59,870 just translated the Bible into a Slavonic dialect, now known as two old church Slavonic. 274 00:37:01,310 --> 00:37:04,910 The life is anonymous but near contemporary, 275 00:37:04,910 --> 00:37:14,120 and the tales that St Cyril went to Crimea and mentions the Goths in the Crimea as people who worship God in their own language. 276 00:37:17,470 --> 00:37:23,530 Throughout the Middle Ages, there were legends. That's that's in Crimea. 277 00:37:23,560 --> 00:37:33,880 That was ecumenical. Speaking nation. That's why it's a complete translation of the Bible and where liturgy was. 278 00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:48,120 Germanic languages as well. And the most important piece of evidence is the letter published by a Flemish ambassador in Constantinople who should get 279 00:37:48,120 --> 00:38:01,050 a boost because he recorded several words that he learned from a Greek who spoke and a goose who spoke mostly Greek. 280 00:38:01,260 --> 00:38:05,070 And words are certainly Germanic words. 281 00:38:05,340 --> 00:38:13,650 And his evidence is imperfect because his informants were imperfect and he was transcribing language that he did not know. 282 00:38:13,830 --> 00:38:19,410 But the words themselves I certainly Germanic and they also have some East Germanic features. 283 00:38:19,650 --> 00:38:28,290 So for example, the word for an egg shows evidence of what is known as a horse man's law. 284 00:38:28,290 --> 00:38:38,460 So a prehistoric sound change that affected the eastern and the northern groups of Germanic languages, but not the Western group. 285 00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:50,580 There is no time to explain to you what is God's word, but the form given by Bruce Beck is a credible East Germanic form. 286 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:59,730 When I was in the year at Moscow University in the late 19th and early eighties, 287 00:38:59,970 --> 00:39:06,120 we believed that Gothic was still spoken in Crimea during the Second World War. 288 00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:13,450 Such rumours circulated around among us and we repeated them with great enthusiasm by us. 289 00:39:13,470 --> 00:39:19,830 I only mean undergraduates who were doing degrees in modern languages and were studying Germanic philology. 290 00:39:20,220 --> 00:39:28,740 It is almost certainly an urban legend, but almost everything is in gothic history is the stuff of legends. 291 00:39:29,130 --> 00:39:29,670 Thank you.