1 00:00:10,170 --> 00:00:18,870 So everyone here about the big hand has passed the top, so I shall begin. 2 00:00:26,730 --> 00:00:34,200 On Tuesday, I argued that the notion of domestic tourism has coloured our general thinking too far, 3 00:00:36,090 --> 00:00:41,340 that in the absence of very strong evidence such as we have from Anglo-norman Canterbury, 4 00:00:42,210 --> 00:00:50,970 it should be reinterpreted in terms of hired scribes who may have been lay artisans and libraries. 5 00:00:50,970 --> 00:00:59,580 And the production of books for libraries should be seen as part of a much larger book economy and not separated from it. 6 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:07,139 The rule of donors has always been in evidence against the notion of planned collection 7 00:01:07,140 --> 00:01:12,870 development and the fact that we know of gifts of books from the 10th and 11th centuries, 8 00:01:13,380 --> 00:01:17,670 as well as having a mass of evidence from the 13th to 15 centuries, 9 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:28,320 invites us to think of secular book production as possible right across the period, and that we can shed the monastic dominance. 10 00:01:30,190 --> 00:01:37,210 The argument runs not against the notion that a campaign of copying might be organised for a short period of time, 11 00:01:38,140 --> 00:01:43,210 but against the notion that those writing are assumed to be monks or canons. 12 00:01:45,290 --> 00:01:52,670 Today's lecture will highlight some of the evidence against what I think of as another widespread assumption, 13 00:01:53,570 --> 00:02:00,200 namely that library books continue in monastic and other libraries from their date 14 00:02:00,200 --> 00:02:07,190 of accession until the dissolution of religious houses between 1532 and 1540. 15 00:02:07,850 --> 00:02:18,260 They just stay there. Although books in private hands must find a new keeper and protector in every generation to survive. 16 00:02:18,890 --> 00:02:27,170 Library books have the chance of remaining unnoticed in the cupboards of a large library for centuries. 17 00:02:28,250 --> 00:02:34,070 The example I showed on Tuesday of a book formed by binding together 25 booklets, 18 00:02:34,700 --> 00:02:39,290 many of them personal copies of very diverse material, is an example. 19 00:02:39,710 --> 00:02:50,720 This was probably never much used after the time of the owners of the original booklets, but it was burned and it got a press mark around 1500. 20 00:02:52,010 --> 00:02:58,710 It would not have been missed. But there was very likely no second hand market for it either. 21 00:03:00,390 --> 00:03:04,290 That there was a second hand market in books goes without saying. 22 00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:11,550 Parchment books were usually durable, and in the absence of very serious wear and tear, 23 00:03:12,060 --> 00:03:15,210 they could certainly serve the needs of more than one generation. 24 00:03:16,230 --> 00:03:27,570 Owners and users of books often pass them on by bequest to successors with similar needs, and countless other books were sold and bought. 25 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:32,330 We know all too little about this trade in the Middle Ages. 26 00:03:33,410 --> 00:03:41,000 In 1262, the sheriff of Oxford was ordered to produce one Roger, a stationer of Oxford, 27 00:03:41,690 --> 00:03:48,440 to answer a claim in court from a Clerk of the Exchequer about a book worth 20 shillings. 28 00:03:51,140 --> 00:03:56,840 Which was due and the book was due to the clock, but was held back by Roger. 29 00:03:59,340 --> 00:04:06,720 By the mid 14th century, we often find Cantonese books used as surety for loans of money, 30 00:04:07,740 --> 00:04:14,010 and a defaulters book could be sold by auction to whoever offered the best price. 31 00:04:15,390 --> 00:04:23,460 So although the first catalogue of books printed for an auction that we have in England is 1676. 32 00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:29,280 The auctioning of books in Oxford is certainly attested before 1350. 33 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:34,700 Such arrangements appear in Oxford University Statutes. 34 00:04:35,750 --> 00:04:41,510 But we have little sense of who was bidding for the books being disposed of. 35 00:04:43,100 --> 00:04:46,280 Was it other students or was it dealers? 36 00:04:49,350 --> 00:04:53,490 It is a fact that libraries, too, participated in the second hand trade. 37 00:04:54,540 --> 00:05:04,170 But we have very little sense of the circumstances. The easier way in is to look at libraries buying second hand books. 38 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:11,130 How readily available they were is not apparent. I said in the first lecture that we have. 39 00:05:13,460 --> 00:05:15,560 I should have put that up sooner so you could be reading it. 40 00:05:16,730 --> 00:05:22,820 I said in the first lecture that we have very little understanding of how a reader met his want for 41 00:05:22,820 --> 00:05:30,200 particular works outside the very limited context of approved texts in the university setting. 42 00:05:32,300 --> 00:05:41,870 The text on screen, which you have not had time to read, was first excerpted by ANDELMAN B in his article on the Library of King's College, Cambridge. 43 00:05:43,550 --> 00:05:50,810 It was printed in full for the first time by James Willoughby in the head notes to Eton in his outstanding two 44 00:05:50,810 --> 00:05:58,100 volume work on the libraries of the late medieval secular colleges published in the Corpus a few years ago. 45 00:05:59,890 --> 00:06:06,549 What you have here is a begging letter to King Henry, the sixth from the province of his two foundations, 46 00:06:06,550 --> 00:06:16,270 Eton and Kings, who find themselves in want of books, vestments and ornaments. 47 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:29,750 I am not the right person to open a discussion of the secondary market for vestments, but there surely was one valuable commodities, 48 00:06:30,050 --> 00:06:35,810 very valuable commodities, often for which a need continued from generation to generation. 49 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:46,550 This petition to the King was submitted in March 1447, less than a month after the death of our great benefactor, Duke Humphrey. 50 00:06:47,390 --> 00:06:52,340 And it mentions access to the books and valuables of the late Duke. 51 00:06:54,910 --> 00:06:58,620 I didn't do Gloucester is the last phrase underlined here. 52 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:10,350 The request is for the right of privileged access to sellers, setting out a mechanism for agreeing a fair price. 53 00:07:11,250 --> 00:07:17,310 And the implication is that the commodities wanted by the two colleges were hard to find. 54 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:24,750 I wonder how true that is. Was this simply a pretext for asking for the King's help? 55 00:07:27,780 --> 00:07:35,610 One result of the petition was perhaps the gift to kings of what is now King's College manuscript 27, 56 00:07:36,270 --> 00:07:49,740 an English made dedication copy of Antonio Arias Latin translation of Athanasius or alternates Beck Aria was Latin secretary to Duke Humphry, 57 00:07:50,460 --> 00:08:00,030 and the book had certainly reached kings by 1453 when it was listed in the first library catalogue of the college library. 58 00:08:02,150 --> 00:08:08,120 Henry Bradshaw described it as the sole relic of the original library of the college. 59 00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:15,950 But it is a very exotic text and there is a second volume now in the Royal Library. 60 00:08:16,670 --> 00:08:28,670 I wonder, perhaps Henry the Sixth intervened with Becker or with Duke Humphrey's executors to help out King's with this book. 61 00:08:29,990 --> 00:08:33,830 But what of Mr. Pye? John Pye in red. 62 00:08:35,930 --> 00:08:44,570 He is to us a well-known London stationer with a long career, largely thanks to the work of Paul Christiansen, 63 00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:54,050 whose Directory of London stationers and book artisans 1300 1500 has gathered four pages of facts about him. 64 00:08:56,120 --> 00:09:02,239 Among the data or half a dozen surviving books with inscriptions that indicate they were 65 00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:11,480 bought by individuals from John Pye and they were all new books at the time of purchase. 66 00:09:13,870 --> 00:09:18,190 But a look at the early library of Eton College tells a different story. 67 00:09:20,320 --> 00:09:31,330 From 1465, we have an inventory of the valuables of the college, which includes an impressive array of choir books and 42 books in the library. 68 00:09:33,220 --> 00:09:39,400 My inventories usually do. It gives only a few words about the text and it gives the second folio. 69 00:09:40,210 --> 00:09:44,590 But we are fortunate that eight of them remain in Eton College Library. 70 00:09:46,360 --> 00:09:58,600 There a late 13th century Galen made in France with no known provenance and rather more interestingly, a copy of the twenties on the Pauline Epistles. 71 00:09:59,560 --> 00:10:09,820 A book written for St Albans Abbey at the behest of Abbot Witham, stood before 1440, who paid 50 shillings for it. 72 00:10:10,810 --> 00:10:14,590 It appears in a list of books given by him to the Abbey. 73 00:10:16,220 --> 00:10:28,890 And it has the amp is actually Bruce and anathema. And despite the anathema it was given to Eton before 1465, almost certainly before 1461, 74 00:10:29,230 --> 00:10:34,840 while Wheat, Hampstead and Henry the sixth was still alive and in office. 75 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:38,950 But there are other monastic books here. 76 00:10:39,490 --> 00:10:48,670 There's a lake 12th century volume of notes on the Bible with both 13th and 14th century Exlibris of Beaver Priory. 77 00:10:49,570 --> 00:10:52,240 That Beaver Priory is a cell of St Albans. 78 00:10:52,690 --> 00:11:03,520 So it was possibly another gift coming in on the outskirts of the town, says, but it was possibly something bought in a second hand market. 79 00:11:05,080 --> 00:11:12,730 There's a three volume collection of commentaries on the Old Testament attributed in the book list to Peter the Chanter. 80 00:11:13,630 --> 00:11:22,120 They were written in England at the beginning of the 13th century and they belonged to the Cistercians of Cor AP in the Isle of Wight. 81 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:27,490 When the cistercians deaccessioned these volumes does not appear. 82 00:11:29,580 --> 00:11:39,780 Two other surviving books cross matched with entries in the 1465 list date from the late 12th and the late 13th century, 83 00:11:40,290 --> 00:11:45,900 and each has evidence of institutional ownership. Sadly, not yet interpreted. 84 00:11:46,560 --> 00:11:49,770 So each and 15 has a 14th century press. 85 00:11:49,770 --> 00:11:57,450 Mark Prima part second day grabbed you ET in Sinestro. 86 00:11:59,410 --> 00:12:09,800 I have a problem with some of the agreement that. And Ms. 19 apparently p trick into Roman numerals 30. 87 00:12:10,340 --> 00:12:12,080 Neither of the recognised. 88 00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:23,450 Now if seven out of eight survivors from the 42 were already old books, and if six of them show evidence of previous institutional ownership, 89 00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:35,630 then the buyer was buying among Exlibris Books, and the 34 books that don't survive may have been from a similar source. 90 00:12:37,990 --> 00:12:46,149 Another library that was buying in the early 15th century is that of the London commu Thomas Netter prior 91 00:12:46,150 --> 00:12:53,260 provincial in the 14 teens and twenties invested money in increasing the library of the Carmelites in London, 92 00:12:53,830 --> 00:12:57,400 seemingly as a central resource for the order in England. 93 00:12:58,390 --> 00:13:05,980 We have no book list, but we can tell from the press box of surviving books that it was no small collection. 94 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:11,319 Surviving books have Mocs in each letter. 95 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:22,240 Class a1c 24 F 18 I 79 and 57 and s nine. 96 00:13:23,950 --> 00:13:26,800 We can predict nearly 200 books from that. 97 00:13:27,190 --> 00:13:38,680 And if we allow ourselves to guess at, say, 50 books under each letter from eight to S, then we should predict 900 books in the collection. 98 00:13:40,510 --> 00:13:48,640 We have still 17 books from the library, all but one bearing an early 15th century press mock of the set. 99 00:13:50,230 --> 00:14:00,820 Earliest is a one given by the leading Carmelite, John Bacon's Thorp in 1248 of the foundation of the London comet. 100 00:14:01,990 --> 00:14:05,740 Now boldly in manuscript Lord let 87. 101 00:14:07,890 --> 00:14:13,170 Several 14th century books were received from members of the order, usually named. 102 00:14:14,010 --> 00:14:21,300 Three were given as new books by Robert Ivory Prior Provincial before 1392. 103 00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:34,080 And John Bell, who knew the London Carmel well in the early 16th century, tells us that Ivory wonderfully enlarged the library of his convent. 104 00:14:36,060 --> 00:14:43,680 There may therefore have been many more books bought or commissioned by Ivory in, say, the 1380s. 105 00:14:44,970 --> 00:14:51,180 But my concern is with three books acquired by Thomas Netter in the early 15th century. 106 00:14:52,380 --> 00:15:01,110 Two of the books he acquired were written in the 12th century, so they were well past 200 years old when bought. 107 00:15:02,880 --> 00:15:06,840 One of them is now bodily. 730. 108 00:15:07,290 --> 00:15:17,490 It's a good monastic text, John Carson's Colossians and it has the liberties of build roads and be a Cistercian house in Shropshire, 109 00:15:17,970 --> 00:15:21,629 as well as that of the Carmel and the Carmelite press. 110 00:15:21,630 --> 00:15:37,300 Mark 66. No a 13th century gloss psalter also from build was turns up in Baylor College by gift of Robert Sweets, who died in 1458. 111 00:15:38,960 --> 00:15:50,810 This is manuscript 35 A which carries an inscription to show that it had been bequeathed to build was Abbey in 1277 by a secular master. 112 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:59,660 No inscription reveals when it left build was, which is 150 miles from London and 100 miles from Oxford. 113 00:16:02,060 --> 00:16:13,969 Five Further Build Walls. Books are now recognisable in value and this 40 is inferred to be from the since it was judged by 114 00:16:13,970 --> 00:16:22,310 miners to be from the same script aureole as manuscript 150 which has the X Library build was. 115 00:16:23,980 --> 00:16:34,010 M's 173b no longer carries the X Liberals, but it was there in the 17th century when it was copied by Gerard Lang Bain. 116 00:16:35,810 --> 00:16:45,230 And Mass 2 to 9 also has the build was ex libraries and traces of an Oxford Couto from 1421. 117 00:16:47,250 --> 00:16:51,030 It was in Oxford to be annotated by Thomas Gascoigne. 118 00:16:51,060 --> 00:17:01,720 He doesn't tell us where he saw it, but it was perhaps already in the possession of his friend William Grey, who gave these five books to Balliol. 119 00:17:03,860 --> 00:17:09,980 Thalia was not buying books in the second hand market, but its benefactors evidently were. 120 00:17:11,150 --> 00:17:15,890 And chief among those benefactors was this William Grey, bishop of Ely. 121 00:17:17,540 --> 00:17:23,470 Among his other gifts, we find a Paris made copy of Aquinas, Christina's disputed city, 122 00:17:24,590 --> 00:17:30,740 which was certainly the property of ilie cathedral priory in the first half of the 15th century. 123 00:17:32,180 --> 00:17:41,450 Now William Grey was feeling. So this no doubt found itself picked up among Bishop Grey's personal property at some time, 124 00:17:42,110 --> 00:17:49,340 between his being enthroned sometime after his being enthroned at Ely in 1459. 125 00:17:50,630 --> 00:17:58,520 And it was not necessarily decommissioned. And Deaccessioned is what I've written that my eyes are not focusing. 126 00:18:00,320 --> 00:18:07,790 Among the books given by Bishop Greater Balliol. Then there is a 12th century book once owned by Lincoln Cathedral. 127 00:18:08,870 --> 00:18:15,080 Grey's uncle had been Bishop of Lincoln, and he himself had held a Canon read there before 1431. 128 00:18:15,650 --> 00:18:20,570 So this too was perhaps simply picked up in his luggage. 129 00:18:23,300 --> 00:18:33,230 There's a 12th century volume with the Library of Humberston, a small Benedictine house in North Lincolnshire, from where no other book is known. 130 00:18:34,850 --> 00:18:41,780 There's a 12th century copy of Florence's compilation of Augustine on the Psalms from Reuben Abbey, 131 00:18:43,070 --> 00:18:46,300 the only manuscript known from that Cistercian House. 132 00:18:46,310 --> 00:18:53,810 Though I mentioned in the second lecture that 248 titles from here appeared in Ridley Stream Anglia. 133 00:18:55,220 --> 00:19:05,840 There's a 12th century book from Bury St Edmunds with its 14th century actually libraries and its 14th century letter Mark b283. 134 00:19:07,580 --> 00:19:12,440 And we don't generally think of Bury as a place that was doing much deaccessioning. 135 00:19:14,650 --> 00:19:18,640 Hardly less surprising is a copy of the sermons of Master Lawrence, 136 00:19:19,870 --> 00:19:28,690 an interesting figure who worked as a secular at Durham before becoming a monk at St Albans, who was elected Abbot of Westminster. 137 00:19:30,160 --> 00:19:34,210 Only one copy of his 12th Century sermon compilation is known. 138 00:19:35,290 --> 00:19:39,790 It was seen at Westminster by Henry Cook stood in the 14th century. 139 00:19:40,950 --> 00:19:46,230 And it was a value in the 15th century, though, with no known donor. 140 00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:52,440 And again, we don't think of Westminster as somewhere that was flogging off its books. 141 00:19:55,380 --> 00:20:00,990 There are two books from St Andrew's Clinic Priory in Northampton, one of them 12th Century. 142 00:20:01,350 --> 00:20:04,680 The other of the 13th century was given by Grey. 143 00:20:05,910 --> 00:20:12,240 Three other books from here are now in Oriel. But there's no evidence when or how they got there. 144 00:20:12,420 --> 00:20:18,420 But I wonder whether they left Northampton at the same time as those that fell into Grey's hands. 145 00:20:20,440 --> 00:20:28,030 There's a 13th century book from Chester Abbey, which was still at Chester in the 14th century, but is now Balliol 57. 146 00:20:28,990 --> 00:20:37,809 It has an inscription from Chester in the same hand as marked many other books in the Abbey, another of them now broadly, 147 00:20:37,810 --> 00:20:45,640 373 would also leave Chester and turn up in the 15th century library of St George's Chapel, Windsor. 148 00:20:46,750 --> 00:20:50,170 It looks as though Chester had a bout of deaccessioning. 149 00:20:52,040 --> 00:20:58,430 Grey also gave a 13th century book that had belonged to the Austin Canons of Newark in Surrey. 150 00:20:59,850 --> 00:21:05,400 Three other books from there on now in boldly with no evidence of how they left Newark. 151 00:21:07,230 --> 00:21:12,360 That was a 13th century manuscript from Ossett Priory in Essex. 152 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:19,230 My first learnt to call that tosay Priory in Essex and another from some bottles in Colchester. 153 00:21:19,410 --> 00:21:25,680 Both small houses of Austen canons. There were two books belonging to the Franciscan Convent in Cambridge, 154 00:21:26,250 --> 00:21:32,970 a late 13th century copy of Henry of Ghent called Liberta and an early 14th century copy of Bonaventure, 155 00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:38,280 which still carries the name of a Franciscan from the Mid-15th Century. 156 00:21:39,240 --> 00:21:49,310 Again, both given by Bishop Grey. And another copy of Henry of Kent from the Cistercian Abbey of Swayne said came through Bishop Grey. 157 00:21:51,130 --> 00:22:02,630 No college in Oxford came to own so many X library books from religious houses during the middle years of the 15th century in Cambridge. 158 00:22:02,650 --> 00:22:08,260 The only rival is Peterhouse, though not on such a large or diverse scale. 159 00:22:08,740 --> 00:22:16,570 Of course, Peterhouse is one of the best documented of Cambridge libraries with a splendid and continuing 15th century catalogue. 160 00:22:18,610 --> 00:22:24,010 Picking these examples out in MGB is not entirely straightforward. 161 00:22:25,450 --> 00:22:36,909 In the indexed MGB two, there are long lists of monastic provenance is under many colleges and nothing to tell the user which entered their present 162 00:22:36,910 --> 00:22:46,000 locations only long after the dissolution and two books in Balliol from Westminster Abbey and from Hereford Cathedral, 163 00:22:46,270 --> 00:22:50,800 for example, arrived in 1697 and 1766. 164 00:22:52,240 --> 00:23:00,770 You can't tell that from the index. Colleges such as Corpus Christi and Trinity in Cambridge have spectacular collections of sex 165 00:23:00,820 --> 00:23:07,480 monastic books given by well-connected benefactors from Canterbury in the late 16th century. 166 00:23:08,290 --> 00:23:18,130 But Keres index offers no differentiation. As I said in my first lecture, referring to Cardinal Easton's copy of the Polish critics, 167 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:24,400 which passed from Norwich Cathedral priory into Greys hands in the 15th century. 168 00:23:25,210 --> 00:23:31,210 Those that were in university colleges in the Middle Ages and stayed there are 169 00:23:31,210 --> 00:23:38,560 entirely invisible in care until our database is augmented later this year. 170 00:23:38,620 --> 00:23:48,690 I cross my fingers. So how do books such as these come to leave their institutional homes and make their ways 171 00:23:49,020 --> 00:23:55,050 into the hands of grey or other 15th century collectors and benefactors of colleges? 172 00:23:57,100 --> 00:24:00,610 In one case, we can say there is an easy explanation. 173 00:24:01,390 --> 00:24:12,100 Bail 240 is from the small alien priory, a charming tomb of monks Kirby in Warwickshire, which was suppressed in 1415. 174 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:22,170 The books may simply have gone onto the market. This one came to bail you from Richard Bull, if that's how he pronounced it. 175 00:24:22,170 --> 00:24:27,000 Bull. Archdeacon of Ely. Who was Grace Secretary? 176 00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:33,430 And he gave a dozen books to. So if whatever books were at Monk's Kerb, 177 00:24:33,450 --> 00:24:43,950 he came into the second ten trade in 1415 bulls picking picking up this copy did not happen until perhaps 30 years later. 178 00:24:45,530 --> 00:24:50,570 I may say books from Alien Prior is dissolved at this date are singularly rare. 179 00:24:55,320 --> 00:25:02,700 I can think of one from I in Suffolk that has a note saying that it's not to be sold. 180 00:25:03,870 --> 00:25:08,220 I can't read the whole inscription, but it ends. M.A. Vignale SC. 181 00:25:11,110 --> 00:25:17,020 It appears from this breathless tally that I've given you, monastic houses of all sorts, 182 00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:26,530 nunnery excepted, were parting with books that were still desirable to a collector such as Grey. 183 00:25:27,990 --> 00:25:34,050 This is not the disposal of worn out books or books whose contents appeared useless. 184 00:25:35,710 --> 00:25:42,070 If the books were worth Grey's, while they might have been worth keeping in their religious homes. 185 00:25:44,950 --> 00:25:49,720 I shall deal more briefly with what is perhaps the longest such tally. 186 00:25:51,660 --> 00:25:57,390 St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle was founded by Edward, the third in the middle of the 14th century. 187 00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:04,380 Its late medieval library is now best approached through the 82 surviving books, 188 00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:12,600 of which the great majority are preserved here in the Bodleian by gift of the Dean and canons in 1612. 189 00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:17,460 The chronology of these books relationship with the chapel. 190 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:21,920 It's difficult to establish. James, 191 00:26:21,920 --> 00:26:28,700 wouldn't it be in his treatment of the subject in his volumes on collegiate churches already plugged 192 00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:35,810 once and no plugged twice printed extracts from the presenter's accounts and other dated records. 193 00:26:37,730 --> 00:26:44,330 Among them, there's a list of books, vestments, altar plates and other valuables from 1318. 194 00:26:45,380 --> 00:26:50,480 But it's difficult to match anything in this list with surviving books. 195 00:26:51,510 --> 00:27:03,060 A copy of Petrus Rikers Aurora may be sent no Bodley 8 to 2 written in the early 13th century, which has no earlier provenance. 196 00:27:04,570 --> 00:27:15,190 I look on this is insecure and no other from among the surviving books can be given any dated context from the documentary record. 197 00:27:16,270 --> 00:27:26,590 Will it be? In his long head note draws the inference that a considerable expansion of the library must have taken place after 1389. 198 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:32,420 In MGB one care cautiously noted. 199 00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:39,740 It is not certain that all the books in the list belonged to Windsor before 1540. 200 00:27:41,690 --> 00:27:48,230 And in MLG, too, he added. Many of them belong to monastic houses before they came to Windsor. 201 00:27:48,890 --> 00:27:52,560 For details, see the index pages 374 280. 202 00:27:54,500 --> 00:28:01,969 Well, the detail here is no more than the appearance of one or more Peruvians in addition to Windsor next to the modern shelf. 203 00:28:01,970 --> 00:28:09,020 Marx and I may say that they're arranged alphabetically so that for places of the Windsor in the alphabet, 204 00:28:09,470 --> 00:28:14,960 the direction of travel appears to be, for example, from Windsor to Worcester. 205 00:28:16,780 --> 00:28:23,409 Further, no distinction is made between books with consecutive provenance like this and modern 206 00:28:23,410 --> 00:28:29,230 volumes that represent the binding together of items with independent preferences. 207 00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:36,610 There's another double entry that's even more impossible to handle. 208 00:28:37,900 --> 00:28:46,030 The library's inscriptions and surviving books from Windsor represent the Charterhouse of, 209 00:28:46,120 --> 00:28:53,200 I think it's pronounced Wisdom Augustinian abbeys at Osney nearby and Hexham far away. 210 00:28:54,130 --> 00:29:03,460 And the Priory Mussenden in Buckinghamshire, from where two survivors reached boldly from Windsor and Shelford in Nottinghamshire, 211 00:29:03,790 --> 00:29:12,549 whose library is otherwise entirely on the tested Benedictine houses that include Ely Cathedral. 212 00:29:12,550 --> 00:29:17,320 Priory, Rochester Cathedral. Priory, Worcester Cathedral. 213 00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:23,410 Priory Chester Abbey already mentioned in connection with Eton and Antrim Abbey. 214 00:29:25,090 --> 00:29:30,670 And the Cistercian houses of Roberts Bridge and built was. 215 00:29:32,900 --> 00:29:37,010 The book from Roberts Bridge had left early in the 14th century, 216 00:29:37,550 --> 00:29:44,570 a period when it was deposited as a couto, and it passed into the hands of Bishop Grandison of Exeter. 217 00:29:46,310 --> 00:29:53,050 One ought to suppose that it was at Exeter Cathedral, therefore before being obtained by the Canons of Windsor. 218 00:29:53,060 --> 00:30:00,080 But there was a gap in its history. The second hand market, no doubt Builth Wells has come up before. 219 00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:09,890 The obvious and difficult question is what are so many books from religious houses doing at Windsor in the 15th century? 220 00:30:11,870 --> 00:30:18,860 The case of build was maybe the most instructive for we've seen books from Build was at the London Carmel. 221 00:30:19,040 --> 00:30:27,860 Certainly before 1430 and perhaps 20 years before and at Eton, not before its foundation in 1440, 222 00:30:28,490 --> 00:30:33,770 but before our list from 1465 and at Windsor from an uncertain date. 223 00:30:34,700 --> 00:30:43,340 Care, as I've quoted, was reluctant to decide whether the Windsor books were to be compared with the large number of ex monastic books 224 00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:53,060 that were sequestered by the crown and taken to the Royal Library at Windsor at Westminster between 1528 and 1533, 225 00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:55,760 catalogued in 1542. 226 00:30:57,850 --> 00:31:07,660 There is no good evidence to associate the presence of these books at Windsor with Henry V Yates, who put his mark on many of his books. 227 00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:14,139 And there is a good case for saying that the House bindings of the Windsor Books imitative 228 00:31:14,140 --> 00:31:21,130 of much older bindings date from the late 15th century and are not post dissolution. 229 00:31:23,160 --> 00:31:28,770 Will it be argued from the availability of build was books on the market in the early 15th century 230 00:31:29,310 --> 00:31:35,610 that Windsor's acquisitions like those of Eaton were picked up in the medieval second hand trade? 231 00:31:38,360 --> 00:31:43,220 If we patiently work through the evidence, including the books in the university colleges, 232 00:31:43,730 --> 00:31:51,559 we can find a good number of ex monastic books migrating in the 15th century from houses. 233 00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:58,010 We wouldn't expect to be losing books. But we cannot contextualise that migration. 234 00:31:59,630 --> 00:32:05,690 We find another example, and it may add another religious house that lost or sold a book, 235 00:32:06,500 --> 00:32:18,440 but it's proved impossible to gather a meaningful cluster better than the case of Build was to say that there was here a substantial deaccessioning. 236 00:32:19,820 --> 00:32:25,460 And that leaves us in a poor way when it comes to explaining the old homes. 237 00:32:25,490 --> 00:32:29,900 And that's why I said the easier way was to look at the new homes. 238 00:32:31,970 --> 00:32:37,610 Here we are much better placed with evidence and we find different patterns. 239 00:32:38,870 --> 00:32:51,110 Netter was picking up books as opportunity allowed to augment the holdings of the London Carmel, which was already a substantial library by the 1390s. 240 00:32:52,280 --> 00:32:59,749 We have no idea how much Nutter bought. And Hudson's judgement on the evidence of NATO's doctrine. 241 00:32:59,750 --> 00:33:08,180 All, if you classify an immense work of scholarship was that it's also had access to an enormous library. 242 00:33:08,780 --> 00:33:11,930 Most of it presumably at the London White Friars. 243 00:33:12,740 --> 00:33:20,600 And I'm sure she's right. Sadly, as with almost everything to do with mendicant libraries, we lack the evidence we want. 244 00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:33,110 Now, by contrast with the cold lights, Eton was a new library claiming to find difficulty in buying books and apparently 245 00:33:33,110 --> 00:33:36,920 building a library in the first instance through the second hand trade. 246 00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:47,090 This clearly included former monastic books. The Canons of Windsor appeared to have approached their own collection development in the 247 00:33:47,090 --> 00:33:53,270 same way obtaining books from a very diverse range of institutions around the country. 248 00:33:54,020 --> 00:33:56,390 The canons of Windsor were not short of money. 249 00:33:57,080 --> 00:34:05,000 They could afford whatever it cost with neither Abbey books nor Benetton care to help them find what they might want. 250 00:34:07,050 --> 00:34:13,230 We may perhaps presume that there was some centralisation in the trade. 251 00:34:15,130 --> 00:34:25,180 The books from different parts of the country might come to London to be read, marketed by men such as John Pye, the Stationer. 252 00:34:25,690 --> 00:34:35,350 I think that's infinitely more likely than that. These buyers are looking at the markets in towns up and down the country. 253 00:34:37,780 --> 00:34:41,680 But there were also new libraries established in the 15th century. 254 00:34:43,210 --> 00:34:45,920 I mentioned Psion as an example on Tuesday. 255 00:34:45,940 --> 00:34:57,220 Founded in 1417, where the Brethren built a considerable library within 30 to 40 years, largely through gift by men who became brethren. 256 00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:07,740 From the Library of Zion, which had grown very large by the early 16th century, we appear to have more than 100 survivors. 257 00:35:08,670 --> 00:35:14,490 But Vincent Gillespie warns us that not all of these come from the Brethren Library. 258 00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:25,050 Some not mentioned at all in the existing catalogue must have reached us from the Sisters Library, which made no attempt to separate out. 259 00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:33,920 Among the 100 and more survivors, fewer than ten date from earlier than the 15th century, 260 00:35:34,790 --> 00:35:39,020 and the great majority were current books at the time of acquisition. 261 00:35:39,710 --> 00:35:43,580 Over the course of the 15th and into the early 16th century. 262 00:35:45,370 --> 00:35:51,220 It is no surprise when we consider how active was the production of manuscripts in the 15th century. 263 00:35:51,730 --> 00:35:57,760 Thus, an appropriate library could be built up without evident difficulty from new books. 264 00:36:00,490 --> 00:36:05,410 All Souls College was founded after Scion and before Eton. 265 00:36:06,310 --> 00:36:09,040 And here we see some former monastic books. 266 00:36:09,640 --> 00:36:17,680 For example, Manuscript 12 belong to one of those Cistercian houses named Stoneleigh or Stoneleigh or Stanley. 267 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:25,900 There are three in different parts of the country, but it was already in Archbishop Critchley's possession in 1400. 268 00:36:27,850 --> 00:36:36,489 So the escape of monastic books into the second hand trade must be pushed earlier than the 15th century manuscript. 269 00:36:36,490 --> 00:36:39,220 82 is a 12th century, Virgil. 270 00:36:39,880 --> 00:36:49,480 It was at Siren Sister Abbey in the late 13th century that came to All Souls from Henry PENWORTHAM Critchley's treasurer, 271 00:36:50,110 --> 00:36:56,250 who died while the college was first building. Mars 49, 272 00:36:56,260 --> 00:37:03,100 a 13th century copy of the first part of the digest was at Bury St Edmunds in the 273 00:37:03,100 --> 00:37:09,610 14th century when it received the letter Mark L four legs and the number 289. 274 00:37:10,660 --> 00:37:17,890 Its front leaves bear marks of chaining, but its late 15th century binding does not. 275 00:37:19,060 --> 00:37:26,610 My guess, therefore, is that it was chained in Abbott Curtis's library at Bury around 1420, 276 00:37:27,550 --> 00:37:35,590 but later in the century it was judged surplus to requirements, lost its chains and headed for Oxford. 277 00:37:36,890 --> 00:37:41,840 Very possibly via London. So that's Berry coming up twice. 278 00:37:41,870 --> 00:37:45,170 Not a place I would have expected to be selling redundant books. 279 00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:53,540 We could systematically go through libraries first established in the 15th century and first decide 280 00:37:53,540 --> 00:37:59,720 whether they were built on modern purchases or on the acquisition of old books or a mixture of the two. 281 00:38:00,170 --> 00:38:07,430 And second, consider whether or not the old books betray evidence of institutional use. 282 00:38:08,420 --> 00:38:17,030 As I said earlier, there must always have been a second hand trade to help individuals acquire books from an earlier generation. 283 00:38:17,930 --> 00:38:23,150 And library books could easily be absorbed into that trade. 284 00:38:24,630 --> 00:38:34,650 Now we could, for example, go through the several large collections of books formed by Bishop William Reid of Chichester in the late 14th century, 285 00:38:34,980 --> 00:38:39,030 who gave books in substantial numbers to several colleges. 286 00:38:40,050 --> 00:38:46,140 Can we see whether he was buying up all the books as well as paying for the writing of new ones? 287 00:38:47,160 --> 00:38:59,059 Well, the evidence is now rather scattered. I haven't done it yet. But finding library books in the second hand trade looks like a late phenomenon, 288 00:38:59,060 --> 00:39:04,680 and I'm not seeking yet to push back much before the late 14th century. 289 00:39:05,820 --> 00:39:09,510 The unanswered question remains why deaccession? 290 00:39:10,080 --> 00:39:19,150 In what circumstances? There is earlier evidence of books that migrated from one library to another. 291 00:39:19,690 --> 00:39:25,030 But it's difficult to track down. Some of it involves very old books, 292 00:39:25,030 --> 00:39:34,900 ninth or 10th century books that have been handed around and get a an identifiable institutional mark in the 12th or 13th century. 293 00:39:36,820 --> 00:39:39,070 Accidents of exchange could happen. 294 00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:51,370 Bury St Edmunds ended up in possession of a rather interesting set of notes on Bible late the 13th century Bible lectures from Paris, 295 00:39:52,060 --> 00:39:58,060 which had been deposited with them by Robert GROSS Test when he borrowed another book and never returned it. 296 00:39:58,070 --> 00:40:05,680 So they kept his Paris notes. On the whole, institutions were not. 297 00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:12,820 It seems to me careless, though one does occasionally find complaints about improper loans outside a community. 298 00:40:14,370 --> 00:40:17,820 In 1337 at Canterbury Cathedral Priory. 299 00:40:18,270 --> 00:40:24,330 Lists were drawn up of some 93 books not in place. 300 00:40:26,720 --> 00:40:35,390 From the two demonstrative owners in the slight buy now the main bookstore between the chapter House and the South Transept. 301 00:40:36,020 --> 00:40:47,360 13 were missing from the first demonstrative six from the second, but the low notes existed and members of the community were to answer for the books. 302 00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:54,950 A further 19 books entered in Parviz tablets were also to be answered for. 303 00:40:57,670 --> 00:41:05,290 There was another 38 books signed out in the names of deceased monks harder to recover. 304 00:41:07,390 --> 00:41:11,830 And 17 books were on loan to borrowers outside the community. 305 00:41:12,370 --> 00:41:17,260 First among them, the life of Saint Thomas signed out to King Edward, the second, 306 00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:26,439 who'd been dead for nine years and lost a work attributed to Saint John Chrysostom on loan by 307 00:41:26,440 --> 00:41:31,960 the King's Command struck me as a rather surprising thing for the King to be taking an interest. 308 00:41:33,430 --> 00:41:41,710 This rare information is not evidence of casual losses, and records of loss are actually very infrequent. 309 00:41:43,700 --> 00:41:48,770 Deaccession records as such simply do not exist. 310 00:41:49,370 --> 00:41:55,040 Apart from the remarkable and I think we can say unintentional case of Syon Abbey, 311 00:41:55,910 --> 00:42:09,049 where the entries for 282 books were deleted from the catalogue and the shelf marks assigned to other books, most of them newer books, but not all. 312 00:42:09,050 --> 00:42:13,020 Some of the old books coming in as recent gifts. 313 00:42:14,690 --> 00:42:22,430 But the alteration of the catalogue is after 1520, when there was a large flow of printed books into the library. 314 00:42:24,050 --> 00:42:28,820 Deaccessioning of Manuscripts. At that period, as we shall see in my sixth lecture, 315 00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:38,000 was likely that likely to go into not the second hand book trade, but the trade in scrap parchment. 316 00:42:40,910 --> 00:42:50,960 It's often said that university students were a drain on the books of religious houses away from Abbey, Priory or Friary. 317 00:42:51,500 --> 00:42:56,660 Though ostensibly tied to an associated community here in Oxford or in Cambridge, 318 00:42:57,890 --> 00:43:03,110 they spent too much money and ended up pledging books that were never recovered. 319 00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:08,360 Abbeys did not worry too much about this when it's led to believe. 320 00:43:08,480 --> 00:43:14,630 I am not so sure. It may explain some very obscure moves. 321 00:43:16,020 --> 00:43:24,419 For example, really AP outside the west gate of Oxford and close to only MP was a Cistercian house. 322 00:43:24,420 --> 00:43:28,530 That makes very little impact on our university sources. 323 00:43:29,310 --> 00:43:40,110 The only book known from there is no Trinity College manuscript 59 a copy of Augustine's City of God, written plus or -1300, 324 00:43:42,300 --> 00:43:49,150 which we meet in Brother John Whitfield's detailed catalogue of the library at Dover Priory in 1389. 325 00:43:49,620 --> 00:43:53,010 And one cannot miss a match with Dover Priory List. 326 00:43:54,560 --> 00:44:00,860 In the book, an inscription sees that in 1504 it belongs to Rooney and was worth three and sixpence. 327 00:44:02,840 --> 00:44:06,110 That's a small sum for a book as big as the City of Gold. 328 00:44:08,230 --> 00:44:14,620 The new catalogue of the library read of the manuscripts in the library reinterprets 329 00:44:14,620 --> 00:44:20,440 what can be seen of the inscription to move the book from really to cook it. 330 00:44:21,870 --> 00:44:35,280 A Cistercian house in Lincolnshire. I'm not persuaded by the reading itself, which hinges on what castle is a capital or games and sees a capital K. 331 00:44:35,820 --> 00:44:39,110 And the rest is no unreadable work. 332 00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:48,380 Look, it's still there. And I'm not persuaded by the new reading. 333 00:44:48,390 --> 00:45:00,180 And I think it impossible to explain a migration from Dover to Cook State, but a drift to Oxford with some student from Dover Long of Canterbury. 334 00:45:02,780 --> 00:45:06,079 Washing up in the end and really happy which by 50 No. 335 00:45:06,080 --> 00:45:11,690 Four did not admit students at the university is on the other hand just possible. 336 00:45:15,760 --> 00:45:22,030 I haven't spoken about college libraries in this context other than as recipients. 337 00:45:23,110 --> 00:45:35,410 But I do think that college libraries in themselves experienced a considerable turnover in their books, losing and acquiring books over time. 338 00:45:36,760 --> 00:45:43,000 But the books going out and coming in were often the same texts. 339 00:45:44,050 --> 00:45:49,150 Fellows of colleges were often reading the same texts. 340 00:45:49,750 --> 00:45:55,480 Colleges needed multiple copies. The curriculum was the same for all of these people. 341 00:45:57,020 --> 00:46:01,820 And provided that the turnover did not leave too much need unmet. 342 00:46:02,360 --> 00:46:11,870 It was not a grave problem when the volume of the corpus that deals with university and college libraries of Oxford was going through my editing. 343 00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:20,250 I felt sure that making a list of the hundreds of manuscripts reported at Merton 344 00:46:20,520 --> 00:46:28,260 by Second Folio that would allow us to differentiate copies of this work. 345 00:46:30,600 --> 00:46:40,679 If I made such a catalogue, I think I would have been able to see that copies of the text being matched up were actually 346 00:46:40,680 --> 00:46:46,260 different copies and one had been lost and another had come in and taking its place. 347 00:46:48,630 --> 00:46:51,780 Making a list by second folios is tedious, 348 00:46:52,260 --> 00:47:03,780 and you have to investigate whether there might have been two clusters of words in the same book that a different cataloguer might have recorded. 349 00:47:05,190 --> 00:47:11,910 And there's a limit to how far the general editor should take over engagement in the research of the book. 350 00:47:12,300 --> 00:47:18,300 I didn't do it. It's a task for someone on a weekend. 351 00:47:20,560 --> 00:47:31,510 Between our documentary sources and our proven books, it is very difficult to maintain a picture of books over time. 352 00:47:31,990 --> 00:47:41,320 If they are moving. If we simply allow the assumption that once in the library, always in the library, it reduces the difficulty. 353 00:47:41,330 --> 00:47:47,050 But it is a fact that books left libraries sometimes for other libraries, 354 00:47:47,140 --> 00:47:52,900 sometimes for private ownership, perhaps followed by a return to another library. 355 00:47:54,900 --> 00:48:04,290 The continuing usefulness of 12th, 13th and 14th century books in the 15th century is not in itself surprising. 356 00:48:05,100 --> 00:48:12,720 But it does seem to me quite surprising that a late 15th century librarian such as William Charity, 357 00:48:13,380 --> 00:48:20,280 Canon of Leicester, should have been buying, for example, a late 12th century copy of Alfred. 358 00:48:21,420 --> 00:48:24,420 They were talking about 1480, 1490 here. 359 00:48:24,990 --> 00:48:29,340 He could have got a more reasonable he could have got a decent printed what? 360 00:48:32,130 --> 00:48:35,430 But he acquired an old one. 361 00:48:37,080 --> 00:48:40,680 If old books lost their relevance in one context. 362 00:48:40,770 --> 00:48:45,840 Some at least found new relevance in a different context. 363 00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:56,460 Now, before concluding today's lecture. I want to fill out something I mentioned briefly yesterday about college libraries. 364 00:48:58,750 --> 00:49:07,630 For the most part, college libraries, well attested by surviving books and documents, were there to meet well-defined needs. 365 00:49:08,230 --> 00:49:13,840 And we do not expect to find books in them that have nothing whatsoever to do 366 00:49:13,840 --> 00:49:19,740 with the curriculum or with the careers envisaged by fellows of the college, 367 00:49:19,750 --> 00:49:24,670 whether fellows looking forwards or former fellows looking back and giving their books. 368 00:49:27,210 --> 00:49:35,910 In the 15th century. However, we do find readers with more exotic interests, such as Thomas Gascoigne, 369 00:49:36,480 --> 00:49:45,060 who showed a great interest in obsolete books and read many leaving us a trail in his notes. 370 00:49:46,840 --> 00:49:51,590 He died in 1458. In the next generation or two. 371 00:49:51,610 --> 00:49:59,290 We find men such as, I will say, John Geiger, but I don't know how he pronounced his name. 372 00:50:00,660 --> 00:50:04,840 And who appear to have been interested in collecting old books. 373 00:50:06,070 --> 00:50:19,900 He was a foundation fellow of All Souls in 1437, but in 1438 he moved to the greater comforts of Merton, where he remained 15 years and became warden. 374 00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:28,750 And he died 50 years later, at a great age, on the foundation of Lord Treasurer Cromwell's collegiate church. 375 00:50:28,910 --> 00:50:44,960 Tattersall in 1504. He gave books to both Merton and Tattersall, and among those given to Merton was an early 12th century copy of Bede on Proverbs. 376 00:50:46,010 --> 00:50:51,020 Jerome and various other authors of commentaries on the recipient of theologies. 377 00:50:53,880 --> 00:51:03,000 The scribes of this book include three identified elsewhere as writing books for use by William of Malmesbury. 378 00:51:05,060 --> 00:51:15,020 The catalogue refers to the describes as malmesbury monks as well as a dozen or so other hands not so identified, 379 00:51:15,020 --> 00:51:26,090 but clearly writing together something like 15 hens in both manuscript 181a binding leaf. 380 00:51:27,650 --> 00:51:30,910 Is in the formal hand of William of Malmesbury himself. 381 00:51:30,920 --> 00:51:34,310 It's a discarded leaf from a copy of Refine This. 382 00:51:35,750 --> 00:51:38,990 The book has the 14th Century Press mark of Malmesbury MP. 383 00:51:41,280 --> 00:51:48,510 But in the middle of the 15th century, it was valued at 30 shillings by an Oxford stationer, John Godson. 384 00:51:49,440 --> 00:51:56,160 And soon after that it was in the hands of John Geiger, who in 1486 gave it to Merton. 385 00:51:57,990 --> 00:52:01,890 This was hardly a useful book in the university context, 386 00:52:02,580 --> 00:52:12,330 and it seems to have been deaccessioned from malmesbury employing no longer of use, minimalistic context and sent to Oxford before 1458. 387 00:52:13,200 --> 00:52:22,080 I don't think Geiger could have recognised the connection with William of Malmesbury, which indeed need not have held any interest for him. 388 00:52:23,220 --> 00:52:29,760 But he gave it to the college where in the immediate future it could hardly expect readers. 389 00:52:31,700 --> 00:52:37,490 Another of his books was a four volume set of the pencil, the gossipy Shrew of Cornwall, 390 00:52:38,510 --> 00:52:44,450 written by professional scribes in London in 1189 for the author. 391 00:52:45,530 --> 00:52:51,170 This was indeed the presentation set for the difficulty of the first part. 392 00:52:51,290 --> 00:52:54,800 Ralph de Altieri. Paul Archdeacon of Colchester. 393 00:52:56,470 --> 00:53:05,440 It's my belief that Peter had a copy for himself made and for copies for the detectives, at least. 394 00:53:07,180 --> 00:53:21,190 And the book is something like 900,000 words for scribes worked on part one of the volume, the first volume in Merton, Merton 191. 395 00:53:21,820 --> 00:53:23,350 And if we multiply up, 396 00:53:24,370 --> 00:53:35,650 that suggests 100 and suggest 96 scribes copying a minimum number of copies of the fancy holy goose for Peter of Cornwall in London. 397 00:53:37,990 --> 00:53:47,320 It's unlikely that anyone in Oxford had heard of Peter Cornwall, but this date is an extremely unlikely that anyone will take an interest. 398 00:53:48,350 --> 00:54:01,010 Now. We have no idea where these four volumes had been since Ralph left them in England and went off on the Third Crusade, never to return. 399 00:54:02,420 --> 00:54:16,190 But they survived, and almost 300 years later, Geiger gave them to Merton as a safe home for what I can only think of as antiquarian books in his day. 400 00:54:18,590 --> 00:54:24,620 I cannot even imagine whether he thought they would be accessible to the curious like himself. 401 00:54:26,210 --> 00:54:30,470 Which would presumably not have been the case if they'd gone to a monastic library. 402 00:54:34,190 --> 00:54:42,920 Unless these volumes had been kept safe, undetectable in some library, perhaps somewhere in London where Peter was based. 403 00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:47,810 They must have changed hands many times and yet survived. 404 00:54:50,030 --> 00:54:58,760 Thank goodness they did. They bear very important witness to the London craft in the late 12th century, which is something I should develop next week.