1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:15,650 They? Hi everyone. 2 00:00:16,040 --> 00:00:20,630 Thank you very much for coming to Lecture four in this series on Amanuensis and Early Modern Europe. 3 00:00:21,830 --> 00:00:27,650 So, so far I've emphasised that Amanuensis were a regular part of the working environment of scholars and authors in many periods. 4 00:00:27,980 --> 00:00:31,720 But as they became more visible and likely more numerous in the early modern period, 5 00:00:32,120 --> 00:00:35,629 like other servants, they were generally taken for granted and hidden from public view. 6 00:00:35,630 --> 00:00:39,950 But they surfaced in letters, working papers and in print to who they were. 7 00:00:39,950 --> 00:00:42,200 And what they did depended on each specific context. 8 00:00:42,210 --> 00:00:47,930 At one end of the spectrum, we've heard about ten year old Heinrich Bullinger copying a theological letter for his father. 9 00:00:48,410 --> 00:00:53,450 And at the other end, Nicolaus Copernicus helped Erasmus revise the adages by improving the index, 10 00:00:53,570 --> 00:01:00,460 removing repetitions that Erasmus himself hadn't noticed, and adding many passages, whether under dictation or based on his own research. 11 00:01:00,470 --> 00:01:06,049 It's hard to tell. So today I'll argue that a focus on Amanuensis can complicate our understanding 12 00:01:06,050 --> 00:01:09,170 of the authorship of various parts of a learned book in the Renaissance, 13 00:01:09,620 --> 00:01:15,410 counteracting the impact of title pages, bibliographies and catalogues which have often emphasised single authorship. 14 00:01:16,190 --> 00:01:19,639 I'll also present evidence of some cases of false authorship involving helpers. 15 00:01:19,640 --> 00:01:26,629 We expect the pattern of an amanuensis writing a text published under the principals name, but we'll also encounter that. 16 00:01:26,630 --> 00:01:30,530 But also, more interestingly, in my view, the reverse. For reasons I'll explore. 17 00:01:31,980 --> 00:01:33,330 In attributing authorship, 18 00:01:33,330 --> 00:01:42,030 Harold Love provides a handy breakdown of authorship in two phases the precursory phase in which existing sources shape the work being written. 19 00:01:42,450 --> 00:01:45,269 The way Erasmus pulls from Athanasius, for example, 20 00:01:45,270 --> 00:01:52,500 to put into his adages the executive phase or what we usually think of as authorship itself to core is the work of composing the text. 21 00:01:52,830 --> 00:01:59,069 Next come declarative authorship or the act of publicly associating one or more names with the work on the title page. 22 00:01:59,070 --> 00:02:05,970 For example, sort of like Falco's author function. It need not be identical with the executive authorship. 23 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:14,070 And finally, revisionary authorship comprises editorial interventions that follow the author's work for the first or subsequent editions. 24 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:19,680 And it seems to me that many Wences or other helpers can be present in all of these phases. 25 00:02:20,750 --> 00:02:23,510 So first I'm going to talk about attribution in Perry texts. 26 00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:27,590 In the early decades of the new technology, printed books were designed to look like manuscripts. 27 00:02:27,860 --> 00:02:29,209 But by the early 16th century, 28 00:02:29,210 --> 00:02:35,330 the printed book had developed various conventions by which the text was identified and packaged to maximise its appeal to buyers. 29 00:02:35,810 --> 00:02:39,890 The title page in particular typically aims to provide an attribution for the text within. 30 00:02:40,310 --> 00:02:45,110 It's the place to identify the book among a new plethora of options available, 31 00:02:45,110 --> 00:02:49,280 whether in a store or in a book fair or perhaps in your own library after you've bought a few. 32 00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:57,050 The title page typically boasts about the book's qualities, signalling also its content and genre, all in the hope of luring a buyer. 33 00:02:57,800 --> 00:03:03,890 The title pages typically mention an author and title and were soon mandated to carry information about when, where and by whom. 34 00:03:03,890 --> 00:03:09,410 The book was printed so that the producer's author and printer could be held responsible for content deemed incriminating. 35 00:03:10,190 --> 00:03:15,170 So the title page was meant as a sales device, not a source of accurate information for future book historians. 36 00:03:15,710 --> 00:03:19,010 But of course, we couldn't do without the claims made there. But I love Roger. 37 00:03:19,010 --> 00:03:24,410 Starter's memorable observation, in short, that most books lie to you in some way. 38 00:03:24,950 --> 00:03:33,490 So we need to read these claims critically. In particular, title pages rarely suggest the number of people involved in preparing a work. 39 00:03:33,820 --> 00:03:37,389 And I'm going to use here a nine volume edition of the works of the Church, 40 00:03:37,390 --> 00:03:42,970 Father Jerome, which had been in preparation at Basil before Erasmus arrived in 1516. 41 00:03:44,020 --> 00:03:49,540 Already underway the print shop of Johann Robin. And when the book came out, though, in 1516, 42 00:03:49,540 --> 00:03:55,059 it was published as the work of Jerome was just one of the humanist editors named Erasmus who had the name recognition 43 00:03:55,060 --> 00:03:59,440 to help sell the copies and the international connections to dedicate the book to a high ranking prelate, 44 00:03:59,590 --> 00:04:06,909 William Wareham, Archbishop of Canterbury. But the title page was just one of multiple pair of texts that is shorter texts that package 45 00:04:06,910 --> 00:04:10,600 the main body of the text with AIDS to reader further details about his composition. 46 00:04:11,020 --> 00:04:16,120 And among these, the call often carried over from medieval practice was less sales oriented maybe, 47 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:21,100 and might offer additional detail, sometimes contradictory, to the title page with a different date, for example. 48 00:04:21,490 --> 00:04:27,549 And here in the California, the first volume of the Jerome the California ads enjoy reader and remember that 49 00:04:27,550 --> 00:04:31,060 these books rest on several learned men and efforts that can hardly be counted. 50 00:04:31,060 --> 00:04:36,520 So these other people aren't named, but they are motion to and in correspondence around the time, 51 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:41,620 including a letter to Pope Leo, the 10th Erasmus named the distinguished scholars who participated in the addition. 52 00:04:42,970 --> 00:04:44,950 And he also names them inside the book. 53 00:04:44,980 --> 00:04:51,070 Yohannes, Franklin, Yohannes, Kono, the artist renowned us, and the three Amir brothers, Basil Boniface and Bruno. 54 00:04:51,820 --> 00:04:55,600 So these names appear at various points in the pair texts inside the volumes. 55 00:04:55,600 --> 00:05:01,600 For example, here in a five line blurb, prefacing a letter of Jerome's on his principles of biblical translation. 56 00:05:01,990 --> 00:05:11,380 This located inside Volume four. So given the high level of expertise and the independent publications of these men, I wouldn't call them amanuensis. 57 00:05:11,710 --> 00:05:17,140 They're rather collaborators. Some of them had skills that Erasmus did not have, notably knowledge of Hebrew. 58 00:05:17,740 --> 00:05:21,280 And no doubt Amanuensis were involved in the preparation of this edition too. 59 00:05:21,290 --> 00:05:22,600 But they go unmentioned. 60 00:05:22,630 --> 00:05:29,680 Not surprisingly, given how little attention is paid even to the other major scholars involved, so long was the shadow cast by Erasmus. 61 00:05:29,950 --> 00:05:34,120 And so weak were the conventions about announcing multiple authorship in a printed book. 62 00:05:34,900 --> 00:05:39,910 So I want to think a little bit about when we see multiple authors on the title page of Latin books. 63 00:05:40,450 --> 00:05:45,909 This happens in composite volumes which contain texts by different authors who are then mentioned on the title page. 64 00:05:45,910 --> 00:05:55,840 And here we have an example from the Gessner Corpus of a collection of treatises on The Anima by Vives Amor, both Melanchthon and Gessner. 65 00:05:56,620 --> 00:06:01,870 So each of those names appear of more interest to me is when multiple people have contributed a single text. 66 00:06:02,470 --> 00:06:07,600 And here is a genre that I studied in too much to know the sort of the Polish tale of Domenico Mirabelli, 67 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:13,510 first published in 1503, which in successive editions sometimes mentions the editions of other people. 68 00:06:14,050 --> 00:06:17,470 So in particular, there are three editions in Cologne by Colinas, 69 00:06:17,890 --> 00:06:23,350 the first of which here boasts that in addition to Mirabelli, you're going to get Bartolomé Aciman to use. 70 00:06:23,890 --> 00:06:29,080 And then the later edition boasted, in addition to Mirabelli in a month, yes, you're also going to get Francisco's tortillas. 71 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:33,520 And the argument here is this is a lure to the buyer. 72 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:37,030 You're going to get new stuff. So maybe if you bought an old edition, you might still want to buy this new one. 73 00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:37,959 But the other point, too, 74 00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:46,420 is it's extending the justification for the privilege which has expired by the time these new editions come along about every ten years. 75 00:06:46,420 --> 00:06:52,950 And you can see it says a privilege of ten years. In order to justify a new book getting a new privilege. 76 00:06:52,950 --> 00:06:56,099 And that's a great argument that George Hofmann developed around Montana. 77 00:06:56,100 --> 00:07:03,570 I think it applies to a lot of other genres. So if we take this further, we get a Pollyanna here in the 17th century where we see. 78 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:11,200 Maribel Amancio is tortillas and then Joseph Lungu who gets a very big billing and and still Francisco Sylvia's. 79 00:07:11,860 --> 00:07:16,840 So this is an example of collaborative authorship over time. 80 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:20,380 DYER Chronic, spanning more than 100 years. 81 00:07:20,950 --> 00:07:26,889 It's only in the late 17th century that I've encountered a category term for a work of scholarship that was written collaboratively at one time. 82 00:07:26,890 --> 00:07:30,670 And that's the Liberal Socialists, Vincent Fluxus and Daniel Gerhard more. 83 00:07:31,270 --> 00:07:34,450 Use talked about them and give examples of them. 84 00:07:34,810 --> 00:07:42,850 The Coimbra commentaries by a bunch of Jesuits and the academic dictionaries, the first of which is the Dictionary of the Accademia de la Fusco. 85 00:07:43,810 --> 00:07:51,910 So here the title page is just mentioned the institution. And of course, then how they're classified in library catalogues is an interesting issue. 86 00:07:53,430 --> 00:07:56,129 Historians have also studied different kinds of collaborative books. 87 00:07:56,130 --> 00:08:01,220 So, for example, the King James Bible was produced by 47 men, grouped in six committees. 88 00:08:01,230 --> 00:08:07,139 This is a form of division of labour, some non-hierarchical each one just assigned a different piece of the Bible to proceed similarly. 89 00:08:07,140 --> 00:08:17,550 And I'd call attention to Jeffrey Alan Miller's wonderful find of Samuel Ward's draft of his work on his portion of the King James Bible. 90 00:08:18,630 --> 00:08:21,750 It hasn't come out in publication yet, but you can read about it in blog posts. 91 00:08:22,590 --> 00:08:32,160 Another form of collaboration is that detailed by Anthony Grafton, but also Harold Bell book The Magdeburg Century, so called by. 92 00:08:32,190 --> 00:08:38,730 So we associate them with Matthias Fluxus because in particular because he was the PI. 93 00:08:39,210 --> 00:08:45,600 He described in another document how he was going to proceed with 15 different people hierarchically organised. 94 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:55,280 So he's got. Seven students to select and copy out excerpts to holders of M.A. degrees to arrange the material into a narrative. 95 00:08:55,460 --> 00:08:58,460 Five Inspectors to advise the others and contribute to the writing. 96 00:08:58,700 --> 00:09:02,210 A copy is to make clean copies and the h.r. 97 00:09:03,020 --> 00:09:08,929 To keep accounts and manage the hiring. So here are some examples of successful works. 98 00:09:08,930 --> 00:09:12,420 And you can see here actually multiple people signing the dedication. 99 00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:17,870 Even though their names were not on the title page. Dedication is a really important way of claiming authorship. 100 00:09:19,140 --> 00:09:24,870 Vintage luckiest, however, concludes that Liberty scholars are not frequent due to the dissension among men. 101 00:09:25,050 --> 00:09:27,330 And indeed, we can think of the Academy France's dictionary, 102 00:09:27,330 --> 00:09:32,010 which took almost hundred years to come out with because they couldn't agree on a variety of things. 103 00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:39,879 Other projects sometimes offer more detail. And Richard Ostrov has brought to light a fascinating and to my not quite unique cluster 104 00:09:39,880 --> 00:09:44,530 of acknowledgements in the collar fans of mathematical books from the 1490s in Paris. 105 00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:49,300 This is still the period of Nabila before the conventions are have become rigid. 106 00:09:49,300 --> 00:09:55,629 I think about what you say and what you don't wear. Osterholm argues that the faculty Tapp, who taught at the college cardinal, 107 00:09:55,630 --> 00:10:00,280 the one in Paris, depended on a coterie of his students to bring his manuscripts to print. 108 00:10:00,820 --> 00:10:03,070 And he even made this explicit in the early years. 109 00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:13,660 So publishing here, the discoverer of Sacra Bosco in 1494 was the complex book containing multiple kinds of mathematical charts and tables. 110 00:10:14,380 --> 00:10:21,970 The the title page explains that the books for use of the university at the University of Paris of students at the University of Paris, 111 00:10:22,330 --> 00:10:29,440 the fellows name does not appear, but it does appear on the version of the title page and the dedication to celebrate Royal Treasurer. 112 00:10:30,010 --> 00:10:35,739 And in his preface there he goes on to thank our domestic Yohannes returnees who ease 113 00:10:35,740 --> 00:10:40,030 the burden skilled in the study of counting on the abacus and other mathematics. 114 00:10:40,660 --> 00:10:45,219 And then in the call of fun, he goes on to name more people, a nice little motto. 115 00:10:45,220 --> 00:10:48,549 Great things were achieved not by the forces or speeds of bodies, but by judgement, 116 00:10:48,550 --> 00:10:52,780 wisdom and authority and by the most diligent editing of Lucas Voltaire. 117 00:10:52,780 --> 00:10:58,240 Quality is Guillaume Gaultier, Yohannes, St Thomas and Petro Brazil lovers of Mathematics. 118 00:10:58,960 --> 00:11:02,710 Interestingly, in later editions these details are dropped. 119 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:07,649 So there's the call often and it's most detailed. 120 00:11:07,650 --> 00:11:11,070 And then in subsequent editions we just get down to printed in Paris. 121 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:17,590 So that's I think it becomes the convention the norm. Let's look at the arithmetic. 122 00:11:17,680 --> 00:11:25,380 1496 by the they data which on its title page sports an 18 line poem by Guillaume Gautier, who is clearly a member of the Circle. 123 00:11:25,410 --> 00:11:31,290 He was named in the previous one. And in the course of fun, we get a thank you to the proofreader. 124 00:11:32,070 --> 00:11:36,720 One David locks the Briton from Edinburgh, who diligently corrected the whole thing from the exemplar. 125 00:11:38,090 --> 00:11:42,800 Again. Then in 1514, the name of David Locks is dropped. 126 00:11:43,130 --> 00:11:49,850 But that poem that used to be on the title page is now on the back page, where apparently there was some extra space. 127 00:11:50,090 --> 00:11:53,540 And it's not conventional by the end to put a poem on the title page. 128 00:11:55,190 --> 00:11:58,669 So well. I'm not aware of other colour phones used for acknowledgement. 129 00:11:58,670 --> 00:12:03,380 The pair textual poem was commonly used as an option for gathering words of praise and support, 130 00:12:03,620 --> 00:12:09,859 usually from the author's peers, but occasionally from students. And I have one example of this from the 1613 Lexicon Philosophy. 131 00:12:09,860 --> 00:12:12,890 Com by Rudolf Linnaeus, a professor of logic at Marburg. 132 00:12:13,460 --> 00:12:17,960 So in his to the reader Googling his notes that this work was slow to appear. 133 00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:22,040 He was 66 when it did, but that it would have been even slower to print without, 134 00:12:22,040 --> 00:12:26,630 quote, the industry and remarkable erudition in both languages of Johann of Zurich, 135 00:12:26,930 --> 00:12:32,750 who not only copied a large part of this work, but even corrected it so that students of philosophy should be grateful to his name. 136 00:12:33,370 --> 00:12:34,550 So it's very unusual. 137 00:12:35,870 --> 00:12:43,160 You know, teachers acknowledgement of students help in turn, then virtuous is composed the longest of the luminary odes in the book, 138 00:12:43,910 --> 00:12:47,030 following three shorter poems by colleagues of Good Clean You Celebrating the 139 00:12:47,030 --> 00:12:51,290 author in his work verses is a long Latin poem ending with a chronic ram. 140 00:12:51,500 --> 00:12:54,560 I'm no pro, but it has a special gloss to explain it, 141 00:12:55,220 --> 00:13:02,150 and I think we know who he is because he became a professor of theology at the Carolina in Zurich and they published little, 142 00:13:02,480 --> 00:13:07,820 you know, write ups of all their professors. So he was age 22 at the time. 143 00:13:07,820 --> 00:13:17,780 He was helping Linnaeus. And I think here we have an example of a mutual admiration going on in prints between teacher and students. 144 00:13:17,960 --> 00:13:22,700 This teacher praises his student. The student praises the teacher. Everybody's advantaged by this. 145 00:13:23,960 --> 00:13:28,650 Another kind of helper, saint by name and prince in the pretext of learned books are family members. 146 00:13:28,670 --> 00:13:32,090 So here is Kitten Singer, whom I introduced last time, but is Tatra Mamani. 147 00:13:32,450 --> 00:13:40,040 We talked about the interesting definition of mechanical. He has an extensive preface here in the last edition, which is the largest one, 148 00:13:40,040 --> 00:13:45,800 1586, which was basically three times the size of the first edition of 5065. 149 00:13:46,580 --> 00:13:53,290 He says. If you ask about help in this third edition, the growth of which you can gather from its bulk first, 150 00:13:53,290 --> 00:13:58,620 but much more correctly from the number of volumes I relied for three years and more only on Brazilians. 151 00:13:58,630 --> 00:14:04,700 Lucas, my very dear cousin, to copy with a faithful, elegant hand and to glue things which needed to be put together. 152 00:14:05,530 --> 00:14:11,739 And this Brazilians. Lucas was likely the older brother of Ludovica Lucas, who was born in 1577, 153 00:14:11,740 --> 00:14:20,650 started learning Latin at age six and entered Singer's household as an amanuensis in 1587, i.e. the year after this work comes out in print. 154 00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:24,310 And not for long because Singer died the following year in 1588. 155 00:14:24,940 --> 00:14:29,080 So we know about this because Ludovico became a professor at Basel. 156 00:14:29,980 --> 00:14:37,090 And we also know then that Basilio Lucas, his older brother, died of the plague or something bad an epidemic in 1610. 157 00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:42,910 So it's interesting to think about what's going on here, that by mentioning Basilio, 158 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:50,050 he's encouraging the father of Ludovico to send the other brother to him because he's getting a nice shout out there. 159 00:14:50,870 --> 00:14:56,200 And interestingly, the singer also mentions another young relative is Luca Iselin, his dearest stepson, 160 00:14:56,560 --> 00:15:00,760 explaining that he had outlined the method of study for him to take on his travels to France and Italy. 161 00:15:01,150 --> 00:15:06,520 This seems to be just sort of name dropping for the sake of mentioning this and not quite so. 162 00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:16,329 The Shoutout does exist in the Renaissance. Sometimes helpers were thanked anonymously, for example, in the one of the Carolinas volunteers, 163 00:15:16,330 --> 00:15:22,480 one of them he thanks one Petrus, Lina, Ros, and to whom about whom I have zero detail. 164 00:15:22,660 --> 00:15:27,280 And another one. He thanked a friend not unlearned, who helped correct the Greek quotations. 165 00:15:29,510 --> 00:15:36,139 And an unusual instance of anonymous credit occurs in an early imprint by Conrad Gessner, his eponymous deacon or Dictionary of Proper Names, 166 00:15:36,140 --> 00:15:43,310 first published in 1544 and much reprinted along with the Dictionary of Colapinto, which was for not common names. 167 00:15:43,850 --> 00:15:48,500 And here the title page reads, gathered in part by Konrad Gesner, in part by his friends. 168 00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:52,669 This mention of friends in the title of the work was dropped from all later editions. 169 00:15:52,670 --> 00:15:58,820 But Gessner himself repeats mention of the friends each time he can, so he has a fair number of auto bibliographies. 170 00:15:59,060 --> 00:16:06,350 One is his own, his bibliotheque universalis, and here he is in 14 1545, talking about those friends who helped. 171 00:16:06,830 --> 00:16:11,780 And he does so again in his auto bibliography of 1562, mentioning the friends. 172 00:16:12,470 --> 00:16:18,920 And interestingly, in the second edition of the A.M.E. Con, he gives a bit more detail. 173 00:16:19,310 --> 00:16:24,260 He says that his he he explains it in the first edition. 174 00:16:24,260 --> 00:16:31,940 He had worked on letters starting with A, B, R, S vs X and Z, and his friends worked on words beginning with the other 19 letters of the alphabet. 175 00:16:32,630 --> 00:16:38,630 And he continues now in the second edition, we made many corrections nonetheless, especially the errors of our friends. 176 00:16:39,260 --> 00:16:44,780 And in addition, we added the draft geography vocab of Stansberry Grammar, along with other words. 177 00:16:45,110 --> 00:16:50,960 So he can't resist blaming those anonymous friends for introducing errors into his work, even while he's also thanking them. 178 00:16:52,490 --> 00:16:59,190 Maybe they're happy not to have been named. So what purposes did anonymity serve in these cases of thanks in the power of text? 179 00:16:59,970 --> 00:17:03,690 And sometimes the author mentions that to help her wish to remain anonymous out of modesty. 180 00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:11,790 But he might want to avoid embarrassment. We talked about how Joseph Gallagher did not refuse to have his name associated with the index of 181 00:17:11,790 --> 00:17:16,440 Groucho's inscriptions because he considered it a lowly work compared to his intellectual status. 182 00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:23,340 But I like the hypothesis of Martin should know that Anonymous thanks can also hide the author's own work. 183 00:17:23,640 --> 00:17:29,580 This is the hypothesis that she makes when Roberta Easton thinks a certain friend of ours for doing various things, 184 00:17:29,580 --> 00:17:31,530 putting him in touch with manuscripts, correcting things. 185 00:17:31,850 --> 00:17:39,419 Especially for a printer, she argues, who doesn't have the status to sort of claim a scholarly authority for his work, 186 00:17:39,420 --> 00:17:49,200 although he was very learned and therefore rather would like to thank an anonymous friend for doing the work to lend authority to the final product. 187 00:17:50,990 --> 00:17:57,710 Foremost hypothesis seems plausible to me in the case of Konrad Gessner in his historic animal room on Fish, 188 00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:04,670 he's got 2 to 3 poems by John Parkhurst, and then he has a figure of August Quidam poem. 189 00:18:05,750 --> 00:18:10,200 Gessner, of course, wrote at least three dozen poems in Latin and Greek for other people. 190 00:18:10,610 --> 00:18:15,740 And I would not be surprised if he's written a poem to perform his own work, but he can't say so. 191 00:18:16,340 --> 00:18:18,080 But of course, that be hard to prove. 192 00:18:20,010 --> 00:18:26,520 So anonymity is one way that authors might mask their voice to achieve a desired effect of gathering voices and contribution or support of their work. 193 00:18:27,060 --> 00:18:31,770 More actively still, authors could mask their own voice in the pair text by using others as mouthpiece. 194 00:18:32,640 --> 00:18:39,090 So Alexander Bernard Garden has shown convincingly to my mind that Erasmus, for example, or perhaps someone in his household, 195 00:18:39,360 --> 00:18:44,550 composed the addresses to the reader by his printer, Froman, which surfaced regularly in his publications. 196 00:18:45,090 --> 00:18:50,069 But not, Gurdon mentions that Froman did not know Latin that needed help to read Latin letters, 197 00:18:50,070 --> 00:18:55,979 in particular that these Latin pair of text did not appear in the Latin works of Robin printed with other authors that the same is likely 198 00:18:55,980 --> 00:19:01,320 true of charity merchants in the little countries whose production of Latin pair texts coincided exclusively with Erasmus imprints. 199 00:19:01,890 --> 00:19:07,980 So why do this? But again argues that Erasmus sought to portray these printers as learned on the model of Aldus of Venice, 200 00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:15,030 whom he so admired and in enhanced Erasmus's prestige to work with a printer who himself could turn out good Latin prose. 201 00:19:16,820 --> 00:19:19,969 Erasmus was exceptionally shrewd in his management of his persona, 202 00:19:19,970 --> 00:19:26,390 but this behaviour was not unique to him and one clue is to look for unpublished manuscripts that include a printer to the reader. 203 00:19:26,540 --> 00:19:32,060 Since no printer was found to publish that manuscript, it's more likely that the author composed this pair of text from the get go, 204 00:19:32,510 --> 00:19:39,770 and I've encountered this in an unpublished manuscript, or at least where you get going to research by Rebecca, which is in the Basil Library, 205 00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:45,830 complete with a tip over of us victory in quiz at hand, ready for a printer who might agree to print it. 206 00:19:46,550 --> 00:19:50,720 Danny Yamaguchi has also reported the same is true of a second edition of Fox's Historia store. 207 00:19:50,750 --> 00:19:55,790 HUME, which was never printed but survives as a manuscript in Vienna, along with a typographer to the reader. 208 00:19:56,890 --> 00:20:00,400 So the takeaways here are that Perry Tex regularly included contributions from others. 209 00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:06,790 A preface by the Printer Odes of Praise by Friends Indexes are about a list drawn up by amanuensis or someone hired by the printer, 210 00:20:07,210 --> 00:20:10,480 or an acknowledgement of help received by the author in a preface or dedication. 211 00:20:11,080 --> 00:20:13,030 But given their importance in packaging the texts, 212 00:20:13,030 --> 00:20:20,200 percent pair text could also be misleading in ways that were thought to enhance the authority of the book by using anonymity or false attributions, 213 00:20:20,950 --> 00:20:25,239 including the pair of texts of books in the catalogue of rare books is a practice that has ebbed and 214 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:29,020 flowed since the professionalisation of this in the book trade as well as in the library world. 215 00:20:29,380 --> 00:20:32,590 And I hope it will continue to grow and maybe become standard. 216 00:20:32,650 --> 00:20:35,650 Taking advantage of opportunities to share these records through the Internet. 217 00:20:36,190 --> 00:20:40,750 Detailed cataloguing distributes attribution across more of the players involved in making a book, 218 00:20:41,140 --> 00:20:44,320 even though some contributors no doubt still remain unnamed and unknown. 219 00:20:44,590 --> 00:20:52,180 And I have the idea of developing a spreadsheet of the amanuensis I've encountered in case these names can be correlated with work on other texts. 220 00:20:54,420 --> 00:21:01,180 So I'm moving to my second part here. Of course, the attributions we care most and most about are not pair texts, but texts themselves. 221 00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,650 And so now I'm going to turn to the example of giant Alba, 222 00:21:05,460 --> 00:21:12,030 who in Geneva offers a nice overview thanks to recent work by Max Ngema and Olivier of different ways of composing 223 00:21:12,030 --> 00:21:17,160 text with helpers and of the kinds of attributions that appear in title pages and in modern cataloguing. 224 00:21:17,910 --> 00:21:24,070 So like Bullinger, Calvin was a busy man running the church in Geneva, delivering sermons and lectures, engaging in polemics. 225 00:21:24,090 --> 00:21:30,780 In addition, he was often in ill health and would work from his bed. When that happened, he relied on multiple helpers his younger brother Antoine, 226 00:21:30,780 --> 00:21:34,739 and a range of secretaries who were not students but most often devoted colleagues, 227 00:21:34,740 --> 00:21:41,220 fellow ministers, not too much younger than he was, some of whom worked for him for most of his 28 years of leadership in Geneva. 228 00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:48,740 So these are exceptional amanuensis. One category of text published under Calvin's name were based on Calvin's oral delivery. 229 00:21:49,550 --> 00:21:55,690 So there is there is our man. In particular sermons. 230 00:21:56,290 --> 00:21:57,670 So in these cases. 231 00:21:58,680 --> 00:22:07,979 The we have a man who specialised in the Haganah who knew how to take sermons on the fly that Calvin would deliver probably extemporaneously, 232 00:22:07,980 --> 00:22:09,870 mostly, or from very minor notes. 233 00:22:10,470 --> 00:22:18,750 The the note taker then is able to record the whole sermon in French and publishes it, and it never gets vetted by Calvin. 234 00:22:19,110 --> 00:22:25,920 It's just turned around that way. Although his name is not on these title pages, I do find it in some cataloguing. 235 00:22:26,520 --> 00:22:30,780 And of course, Calvin's name is on these vernacular sermons. 236 00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:39,270 Secondly, we have Calvin's lectures on biblical exegesis in Latin delivered orally, 237 00:22:39,270 --> 00:22:42,930 also, in which case two or three secretaries took notes in longhand, 238 00:22:43,260 --> 00:22:47,010 which they collated among themselves to come up with the full text that they read back 239 00:22:47,010 --> 00:22:51,420 to Calvin the next day to make sure the text didn't need correction before printing. 240 00:22:52,260 --> 00:22:56,030 So these publications listed the helpers names on the title page alongside Calvin's. 241 00:22:56,040 --> 00:23:01,250 We've got a GMB Day, I think no connection to accumulate and of the year. 242 00:23:02,820 --> 00:23:07,680 Then we have biblical commentaries, which Calvin composed himself, 243 00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:15,059 although it was often by dictation and is known that his secretaries always had glue and scissors on hand for rearranging texts, 244 00:23:15,060 --> 00:23:18,090 as we've seen as a common way of operating. 245 00:23:18,510 --> 00:23:26,370 And interestingly, there was a a lawsuit. The the Antoine Calvin was angry at the size of the printers mark on this title page, 246 00:23:26,670 --> 00:23:31,950 finding it not suitably large for the prestige and the folio size of this volume. 247 00:23:33,300 --> 00:23:37,560 I don't think I mean, obviously the book was printed, so we didn't really he just lodged his protest. 248 00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:44,610 And we also know of helpers who were instrumental in translating Calvin's work from Latin into French and French into Latin. 249 00:23:45,060 --> 00:23:48,840 And like Erasmus, Calvin wrote his letters in his own hands, barring illness. 250 00:23:49,770 --> 00:23:55,349 Calvin also wrote a few polemical tracts. Oh, I want to just show this. 251 00:23:55,350 --> 00:24:02,730 The errata page here tells you that this paragraph needs to be added because it was on a slip of paper that had fallen out. 252 00:24:03,420 --> 00:24:06,690 So that's where the the slips and the glue come in. 253 00:24:07,230 --> 00:24:09,180 If it's loose, it can fall out. 254 00:24:10,390 --> 00:24:16,840 This is a polemical tract which is attributed to Calvin and all the bibliographies, but you see that his name is not there. 255 00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:24,160 And in fact it is published under the name of Nicola DeGolyer Glasgow's, who was one of his amanuensis. 256 00:24:25,140 --> 00:24:31,140 This is a track against a hated figure, the apostate Pierre Kelly, who had joined the Reformation and then returned to Catholicism. 257 00:24:32,620 --> 00:24:40,090 And we know that it was written by Calvin because he mentions doing so in a letter to Pharrell where he says, 258 00:24:40,540 --> 00:24:45,960 If you feel that carefully was properly handled by us, thank DeGolyer and myself under his name. 259 00:24:45,970 --> 00:24:49,690 I was so inflamed when we started that I sped through to the end with no difficulty. 260 00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:55,750 Indeed, one cause of this facility was that I played more freely and almost exuberantly under the name of another. 261 00:24:56,530 --> 00:24:59,860 So very fun to write under someone else's name, evidently. 262 00:25:00,160 --> 00:25:05,500 I think we can assume that they really knew what was going on and basically tacitly approved. 263 00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:10,690 So but we don't have access to his perspective on this process. 264 00:25:11,500 --> 00:25:15,729 Now, I'd like to just look at the pronoun use in this passage. 265 00:25:15,730 --> 00:25:21,129 The movement between I and we. I realise it's hard to put a lot of weight on pronoun use. 266 00:25:21,130 --> 00:25:26,140 There are cases of authors using the using the first person to designate work they almost likely delegated. 267 00:25:26,290 --> 00:25:33,000 So they use AI to say something that someone else did. And we also have people using we to say things that they do. 268 00:25:33,010 --> 00:25:37,480 This is considered more modest perhaps, or meant to embrace the reader in agreement. 269 00:25:37,990 --> 00:25:42,270 And generally translations have used a lot of singular instead of the weak. 270 00:25:42,280 --> 00:25:45,939 But if we see someone who's shifting between I and we, 271 00:25:45,940 --> 00:25:51,489 I think it might be worth pondering the potential for the we to designate the collaborative activity versus a personal one. 272 00:25:51,490 --> 00:25:59,500 So in this passage we have he's talking about, you know, the things he did himself, 273 00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:06,190 the emotion he felt he was he sped along, he was angry and the things they did together, they started this process. 274 00:26:07,150 --> 00:26:12,580 They yeah. So I also have a passage here from Erasmus, which I find interesting, 275 00:26:12,580 --> 00:26:19,240 especially because he starts the passage by talking about delegation having delegated the business of comparing exemplars to servants. 276 00:26:20,020 --> 00:26:25,870 I write Having delegate to servants, the business of comparing exemplars that would be better expressed. 277 00:26:25,870 --> 00:26:32,770 I took upon myself the task of judging. Having read the whole work without negligence, I ordered the verses of the poems. 278 00:26:33,190 --> 00:26:37,659 When the exemplars varied, either we adopted what was verified or if a decision was uncertain. 279 00:26:37,660 --> 00:26:43,270 We retained both readings one in the text, the other in the margins. We corrected some things without the agreement of the manuscripts, 280 00:26:43,270 --> 00:26:49,629 but that many and where the matter was not obscure for a learned and experienced person and we added some comments, well, I did this. 281 00:26:49,630 --> 00:26:52,990 It was necessary to use two or three days in other studies. 282 00:26:53,740 --> 00:27:06,430 So he is talking about things that he decided to do, but things that were done also perhaps with help and that the time it cost him from other things. 283 00:27:09,080 --> 00:27:13,760 So does the we indicate a process of working together? I think this is certainly piqued my interest. 284 00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:20,300 We know, for example, Hema Pavel notes erasmus's use of Wie in prefatory letters in the edition of Jerome, 285 00:27:20,660 --> 00:27:22,340 where we know a lot of other people were involved. 286 00:27:22,610 --> 00:27:28,370 Stephen sharpened flags Boyle's description of experiments saying things like We pumped and horrible book 287 00:27:28,370 --> 00:27:34,100 about the Magdeburg centuries notes the use of a quote nameless but collective we that they use often. 288 00:27:35,110 --> 00:27:40,020 So of course there are many stylistic conventions that would vary by individual and by context. 289 00:27:40,180 --> 00:27:49,090 But I think this is the idea of pronoun use has piqued my interest and maybe, maybe other people will be interested in trying it out, too. 290 00:27:50,710 --> 00:27:55,120 So I'd now like to turn to a kind of source we haven't encountered yet in a social context. 291 00:27:55,120 --> 00:28:01,059 I've only touched briefly on so far the institutional setting of a Paris college in the mid to late 16th century, 292 00:28:01,060 --> 00:28:05,530 about 50 years later, from the Ulster Hall of Material at the cutting of the one. 293 00:28:05,860 --> 00:28:09,640 This is the college pile where Petrus Ramos was the principal. 294 00:28:10,480 --> 00:28:17,320 He is someone who excited a lot of anger from his colleagues because he was stridently anti Italian. 295 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:23,080 His colleagues even got him banned from teaching dialectic between 5044 and 47. 296 00:28:23,680 --> 00:28:31,120 But he had a protector who got him back and stated and in fact warranted his being named to the College Royale in 1551. 297 00:28:31,630 --> 00:28:36,250 So which is which is a very high honour because the literature on Ramus is massive. 298 00:28:36,910 --> 00:28:42,540 Here is just a small walk through it with a focus on what we can. 299 00:28:42,550 --> 00:28:46,450 What I've used to talk about his working methods, basically. 300 00:28:47,050 --> 00:28:52,360 Here's what a little glimpse of the college tableau, which is in the Latin Quarter in Paris, 301 00:28:52,360 --> 00:28:59,440 where Ramus spent really almost his entire life, except for a trip to Germany for a couple of years in the early 1970s. 302 00:29:01,240 --> 00:29:10,180 So. We have this lovely biography by Nicola Donnell Sell, which was published, 303 00:29:10,300 --> 00:29:15,280 which was composed ten years after famous death in St Bartholomew's Day massacre, 304 00:29:15,280 --> 00:29:22,389 which led to his being lionised by Protestant geographers and much uptake actually in Calvinist environments, 305 00:29:22,390 --> 00:29:31,840 including Cambridge, England and Fairbourne in Germany. Interestingly, this Vita Ramey was only published in 1599 by Nicola A.L., 306 00:29:31,840 --> 00:29:40,030 who was a former pupil of his who spent 20 years living with Ramus in the College of Powell and by then has become a successful physician. 307 00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:46,300 And is he has a couple of purposes in this in this life. 308 00:29:46,630 --> 00:29:49,540 We also have a new document that's recently come to life. 309 00:29:49,540 --> 00:29:59,710 ST is a work of Mari Domine Cucina which is now says own notebooks in classes given by Ramos and Talen as this is the raga in Waddington, 310 00:30:00,460 --> 00:30:07,120 which is in a suburb, a little library, the philosophy department library, basically inside the Sorbonne. 311 00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:10,960 So it doesn't, you know, it doesn't surface in the normal ways, 312 00:30:12,320 --> 00:30:17,770 and it has not yet been digitised or studied beyond what Murray Domine has done, which is to list the contents. 313 00:30:18,190 --> 00:30:20,660 We can see here some examples of notes. 314 00:30:20,680 --> 00:30:27,850 No cell is very big on lovely colour phones as here where he's signing, signing off and we'll see that in his later work. 315 00:30:28,240 --> 00:30:33,820 So why is no cell writing this veto around me? I think he is on one hand, 316 00:30:34,240 --> 00:30:41,350 having failed in writing letters and pleading with people he knew to find Greek manuscripts that he describes 317 00:30:41,350 --> 00:30:49,149 writing painstakingly for Ramos from very unique sources that were on loan from Fontainebleau and even Vatican, 318 00:30:49,150 --> 00:30:56,230 he claims that have gone missing since his library was sacked when he was assassinated in 1572. 319 00:30:56,920 --> 00:31:00,249 So these manuscripts actually survive. 320 00:31:00,250 --> 00:31:08,890 At least eight of them do. I'm aware of four of them at the BNF and four of them in Leiden, and they are identified by the call fine in particular. 321 00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:14,799 So here we have Pepys of Alexandria is a long manuscript of 200 plus pages. 322 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:22,270 We can see that it's got a lot of technical diagrams in there and a colour font by no cell, which helps identify it. 323 00:31:22,870 --> 00:31:27,640 Here's another manuscript where we see the diagrams have not been entered. 324 00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:33,510 Now, I don't know if that was just no cell didn't get to it, or perhaps someone else made the diagrams. 325 00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:37,960 I don't know. Now, says most famous work was published posthumously by his son. 326 00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:45,580 And it's basically a work of medicine because after leaving the college to Pell at age 29, he became a doctor. 327 00:31:45,580 --> 00:31:52,390 He married and he became the physician to the abyss of 44, which is a fairly prestigious and probably well-paid position. 328 00:31:52,780 --> 00:31:57,040 And this is a massive book of 2200 folio pages. 329 00:31:58,560 --> 00:32:05,070 Here is a person crucial to Raimi's career and how he managed to get away with angering all of his colleagues. 330 00:32:06,090 --> 00:32:13,020 The Cardinal Sean DeLorean, whom Ramus met as student and who became impressed with him. 331 00:32:13,020 --> 00:32:17,740 So Nosal describes that although Raimi's condition was that of a servant. 332 00:32:17,760 --> 00:32:23,610 The cardinal could see and admire in him the signs of a liberal mind and the marks of natural learning and nobility. 333 00:32:25,320 --> 00:32:33,390 So clearly, Ramus cultivated a classmate of a very different social rank, and it was a lifelong connection. 334 00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:37,450 Another person very important in Ramos's life was Martello. 335 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:43,330 This is not the famous one whose name is on the Billboard Techcentral Vive and whose image is available online. 336 00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:49,569 Who was no doubt a just. Well, I'm not sure about a descendant, but a family member, both famous and along, 337 00:32:49,570 --> 00:32:58,350 came from upwardly mobile peasant families and talent came to Paris at the same time as Ramos. 338 00:32:58,360 --> 00:33:03,430 He's slightly younger. We don't exactly know his birth date, and they were really a duo. 339 00:33:03,850 --> 00:33:12,219 So in his will in 1556, Tello explains that he owned nothing neither books, clothes, furnishings, utensils that do not belong to Petrus Ramos. 340 00:33:12,220 --> 00:33:15,820 The principal declared the crowd because they had always lived together and 341 00:33:15,820 --> 00:33:19,600 said Ramos has always provided for all his needs in health and in sickness. 342 00:33:20,730 --> 00:33:29,130 So this is the circumstance of Walter Owens composing in 1958, the famous and telling inventory. 343 00:33:29,640 --> 00:33:34,290 Basically, Ong does not want to pronounce very strongly on who wrote what. 344 00:33:34,890 --> 00:33:40,210 Among their works. And so comes into the mix. 345 00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,250 Talent and Ramus are basically the same age. 346 00:33:42,250 --> 00:33:49,659 A younger man, Nicolette A.L., who shows up at age nine at the college play, which is standard for a he had one of nine bursaries. 347 00:33:49,660 --> 00:33:56,440 And fascinatingly, Skolnick has shown that many of these bursaries had the last name of Ramus or of Ramus, his mother. 348 00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:02,560 So he is filling the place with relatives would be the conclusion that Skolnick makes. 349 00:34:03,730 --> 00:34:05,080 But now Sal is not a relative. 350 00:34:05,770 --> 00:34:13,840 He so the usual age to start at the college was eight or nine years old and you let you study there between seven and ten years. 351 00:34:13,870 --> 00:34:22,809 Now, Sal was a whiz kid and finished in just six years his degree and stayed on then as Ramos's assistant and as a teacher until 1568. 352 00:34:22,810 --> 00:34:30,280 And he says, none too modestly, that he spent the same amount of time with Ramos as Aristotle spent with Plato 20 years. 353 00:34:31,490 --> 00:34:36,049 So no sail performed typical tasks of helpers as I've described in other contexts, 354 00:34:36,050 --> 00:34:40,370 but some that are unique also like accompanied Ramos to class where he stood next to him 355 00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:44,570 to hand him the books that he needed and to tug on his coat if he made a silly mistake. 356 00:34:45,670 --> 00:34:50,350 Ramus had such terrible handwriting that only those accustomed to it could read it, and no cell, of course, could. 357 00:34:50,680 --> 00:34:55,270 When Remus returned home from lecturing, he used to jot down in shorthand what he'd lectured and commented on. 358 00:34:55,540 --> 00:35:02,100 And after we had copied out and here's someone I think who's using we for I have copied out these notes in our own hand in a beautiful script. 359 00:35:02,110 --> 00:35:08,470 He kept them at home with the intention of publishing them. Ramus also gave no sale tasks that required skill and judgement, 360 00:35:08,710 --> 00:35:15,190 notably to match Latin texts to their Greek sources, which was a very common activity in Paris at the time. 361 00:35:15,430 --> 00:35:24,460 Ramus asked A.L. to memorise Vergil so that he would be able to find theocracies in Vergil and vice versa. 362 00:35:25,780 --> 00:35:26,559 So, he says, 363 00:35:26,560 --> 00:35:33,370 we ourselves have indicated every quotation from the apparatus or any imitation of him with extension cites extensive citation of the Greek text. 364 00:35:34,990 --> 00:35:38,920 And finally, Ramus asked Noel to write a grammar book. 365 00:35:40,090 --> 00:35:45,760 In the first place. He perceived that grammar was rude and unpolished, and he tried to give it special elegance and found an easy method for it, 366 00:35:45,970 --> 00:35:48,970 dealing thoroughly with the grammar of three languages French, Latin and Greek. 367 00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:52,840 I feel that I myself made a great contribution to this work. Interesting, he saying. 368 00:35:52,840 --> 00:35:59,890 I know of building by my collaboration and support, discussing the whole project with the architect himself in order to produce a more perfect result. 369 00:36:00,610 --> 00:36:03,850 He had already entrusted this aspect of the work to me when I was a young man. 370 00:36:04,060 --> 00:36:06,160 But when I realised how difficult the subject was, 371 00:36:06,370 --> 00:36:13,930 I felt the need of a better qualified architect and that such a vast and complex matter could scarcely be undertaken properly by one man. 372 00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:19,540 Therefore, Ramos took his brush and he sketched in the first natural colours and the primitive structure and method of the work. 373 00:36:19,810 --> 00:36:24,190 And I helped him to arrange in his proper place material gathered from various sources. 374 00:36:24,460 --> 00:36:27,880 I hunted out all over the place whatever would help make a complete survey of the art, 375 00:36:28,210 --> 00:36:31,210 often discussing with Ramos how best to arrange and present everything. 376 00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:36,400 Finally, I wrote it out all myself, corrected the proofs and under the leadership and authorship of Ramos, 377 00:36:36,430 --> 00:36:43,400 offered it to the public in its present form. And so here are the options of the books of grammar that might be involved in this. 378 00:36:43,410 --> 00:36:49,590 I don't really know which it is. They all came out in 1559 and all under Amos's name with no mention of no cell. 379 00:36:50,130 --> 00:36:53,610 Interestingly, no cell seems proud of his contributions. 380 00:36:53,870 --> 00:36:59,009 He mentions probably that Ramos would come to see me or ask me to go see him in order to try out on me. 381 00:36:59,010 --> 00:37:04,200 His ideas on the subject, whether written down or not, and mentioning possible objections, additions and improvements. 382 00:37:04,590 --> 00:37:10,140 So now I'll tell the junior colleague was valued as an intellectual interlocutor, a sounding board, a source of feedback. 383 00:37:10,410 --> 00:37:14,760 And that seems bright enough. No cell shows, no resentment of what looks like. 384 00:37:14,760 --> 00:37:20,250 You know, Ramus told him to do something, outlined it for him, and he filled it in and did everything. 385 00:37:21,120 --> 00:37:27,780 And it came out under the principal's name. Interesting what those shark nets sell is how Remus treated. 386 00:37:28,770 --> 00:37:30,450 Oh, yes. This is a nice passage here. 387 00:37:30,450 --> 00:37:38,249 And also reports how Remus learned and taught Greek and mathematics, which was by bringing people into the college to teach him. 388 00:37:38,250 --> 00:37:41,550 And then he would turn around and teach other people on the same day. 389 00:37:41,970 --> 00:37:46,860 Right. He learned Greek or mathematics at home by himself or with the help of a suit monitor. 390 00:37:47,550 --> 00:37:55,230 And, you know, he went he used to see John come, who would come early in the morning, discuss Greek grammar with him, the elements of Greek language. 391 00:37:55,230 --> 00:37:56,280 And then after a few hours, 392 00:37:56,280 --> 00:38:02,639 grammars would lecture on and teach what he had looked through beforehand and learn by himself and what he had heard from him being at the same time, 393 00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:10,200 teacher and pupil. And similarly for mathematics, he talks about mathematics, domestics, you know, brought into the household, 394 00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:15,599 including John Pinner, who actually gained quite a reputation and was brought in because he had lovely handwriting. 395 00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:20,190 But it turned out he was really good at math. But then he died very young at less than 30 years old. 396 00:38:20,940 --> 00:38:30,179 So what does anger note? So in this biography is how Ramus treated TALOS rhetoric after Talon's death after Tuttle's death. 397 00:38:30,180 --> 00:38:34,860 When Ramus was engaged on the building up of his edifice of the arts, he appropriate to himself was what? 398 00:38:34,870 --> 00:38:38,220 Right. I do not know the rhetoric which had been published in telling his name, 399 00:38:38,580 --> 00:38:45,180 and he published it in an altered form as though it had been first invented and described by himself and merely adorned with TALOS commentaries, 400 00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:50,730 as was in fact, originally the case was the dialectic of which Ramus is the true author and tell on the commentator. 401 00:38:51,690 --> 00:38:54,179 I once wanted to find out the reason for this by asking Ramus, 402 00:38:54,180 --> 00:38:59,730 but I was afraid of annoying such a serious and irascible man and preferred to judge for myself as follows. 403 00:38:59,970 --> 00:39:03,150 At one time, Ramus and Talon were closely together on the same subjects, 404 00:39:03,150 --> 00:39:07,650 and Ramus showed him the way and indicated the method of reducing rhetoric to an art because 405 00:39:07,650 --> 00:39:11,460 talent seemed to have contributed more to the art and to have enhanced it with his own style, 406 00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:16,590 which is much more familiar, more easygoing, and more popular than Ramos's, yet without sacrificing elegance. 407 00:39:17,010 --> 00:39:23,640 Ramus allowed learn during his lifetime the full credit for inventing it and reclaimed it from him like usury once he was dead, 408 00:39:24,030 --> 00:39:29,520 so that he himself would then be accepted as the true primary author of a work which he merely originated and inspired. 409 00:39:30,630 --> 00:39:35,400 So we see how Nasrallah is trying to protect Ramus from charges, plagiarism. 410 00:39:36,300 --> 00:39:43,810 He and he has this idea of usury that he lent to allow rhetoric to to work on in his lifetime and then gets it back. 411 00:39:43,830 --> 00:39:48,000 So here are the two books. And what so this is the second book. 412 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:51,810 On the right is the later one after telling us dead date in 1559. 413 00:39:53,090 --> 00:40:00,430 And oh, it's 69, actually, which is important because telling it died in 63 or something like that. 414 00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:06,110 And so it's it's not I mean, tell don't get still capital big billing on the title page. 415 00:40:06,110 --> 00:40:09,649 But what I think makes no sale indignities is the innards have changed, 416 00:40:09,650 --> 00:40:16,040 the organisation has changed and the claim is that almost rhetoric is explained in Ramos's lectures, which you now have. 417 00:40:17,020 --> 00:40:23,290 So but on the other hand, he doesn't want to go overboard in criticising Ramus. 418 00:40:23,290 --> 00:40:29,350 And clearly Ramus was not easy to live with. That anger of the principal is something that he seeks to avoid. 419 00:40:31,390 --> 00:40:35,320 Finally, there is a very interesting story. 420 00:40:36,280 --> 00:40:42,670 Now Shell reveals the true origins of a work that in the opposite direction appeared under Talon's name, though it was written by Ramus. 421 00:40:43,420 --> 00:40:48,100 Among Ramus is many critics. One of them stood out for his prestige and seemed worth responding to. 422 00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:54,940 This is as we until nab a scholar of Greek and a colleague of Ramesses at the College Royal who had not been pleased by Ramos's appointment there, 423 00:40:55,630 --> 00:41:00,250 and also explains that Ramus felt that this was an antagonist with whom it would be glorious to fight. 424 00:41:01,060 --> 00:41:06,970 So Ramus deviated from his policy of not replying to as many critics and composed a reply in the space of two or three days. 425 00:41:07,480 --> 00:41:13,930 So we start with Ramos commenting on Cicero turn AB attacks Ramos for his lack of appreciation for Cicero. 426 00:41:14,290 --> 00:41:21,850 And this is the work the 22 pager which is the one that that Nossal describes Ramos composing. 427 00:41:21,860 --> 00:41:26,650 And then we get a response by Churchill, Neb. So here is the description. 428 00:41:29,200 --> 00:41:34,990 Right. It would be glorious. So Ramos wrote his reply to Till now, in the space of two or three days writing day and night. 429 00:41:35,050 --> 00:41:40,690 He composed and wrote out himself an original, penetrating, subtle and witty reply in this short space of time. 430 00:41:41,050 --> 00:41:45,460 With equal speed, I read it over, punctuated it, copied it out, and delivered it to the printer, 431 00:41:45,490 --> 00:41:49,420 spending the night at vigils in order to speed on the work by day and night. 432 00:41:49,780 --> 00:41:52,360 It came out more quickly than anyone could have hoped or expected. 433 00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:58,510 Now Ram is published this rapidly produced work under Talon's name so as not to appear to be departing 434 00:41:58,510 --> 00:42:03,280 from his steadfast forbearance and allowed to loan all the credit for this penetrating piece of writing, 435 00:42:03,280 --> 00:42:09,760 even though he did not write one single page of it except to insert a few witticisms and jokes for these was truly an ironic temperament. 436 00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:16,590 I am aware as I declare this that I am the sole survivor, for there were only three of us who were party to this matter. 437 00:42:16,890 --> 00:42:20,790 So we have this very, you know, grand statement. 438 00:42:20,820 --> 00:42:27,630 However, you know, I don't know that contemporaries were all that surprised because the way to NAB replies is not in his own name, 439 00:42:27,900 --> 00:42:32,340 but in the name of logician, who was a real person, a friend of John Ed's. 440 00:42:33,240 --> 00:42:38,700 And whether we think that that wrote a response or the real Duchenne did, who knows? 441 00:42:38,710 --> 00:42:45,210 But I think we are getting a classic example here of what Valerie Robert has called hypo actors and hypo polemics. 442 00:42:45,660 --> 00:42:55,020 And Queenie has an interesting hypothesis of the at root of the anger between Shanab and Ramus is that Ramus was a big fan of John Ed's teacher. 443 00:42:55,020 --> 00:42:59,940 Toussaint didn't like how Schnepp had been appointed to replace him. John had didn't like how Ramus was appointed. 444 00:43:00,120 --> 00:43:06,210 So it all goes back to academic hiring and that these are the unspoken sources of anger. 445 00:43:06,480 --> 00:43:08,760 And then the idea is that they're hypo actors, 446 00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:15,810 that neither of the two main players ramus until they appear in the later phases, the most polemical phases of this argument. 447 00:43:18,300 --> 00:43:24,030 So no sales account. As a former student and junior colleague, Tori Amos activates another strand of the servant function, 448 00:43:24,030 --> 00:43:27,480 the claim to special insight and authenticity afforded by the insider. 449 00:43:28,050 --> 00:43:33,390 Of course, no sales statements need to be read critically, but the source, unique among the ones I've used so far, 450 00:43:33,390 --> 00:43:40,740 offers a valuable window on collaborations carrying out in person and orally among men living together in college, which otherwise needs no trace. 451 00:43:41,250 --> 00:43:48,510 So of the 73 imprints from the famous and talent and none so famous and I don't really know also mentions three 452 00:43:48,510 --> 00:43:53,790 cases in which the attribution of the title page does not correspond to what we would consider executive authorship. 453 00:43:54,210 --> 00:44:02,520 The grammar book that Noel wrote under Amos's name the The Ritual Rhetoric, which Amos modified and published under his name, 454 00:44:02,520 --> 00:44:08,510 which irked Nossel and Amos Polemical Feet, published under Teller's name, which no sale admires. 455 00:44:09,220 --> 00:44:14,220 Without knowing sales account, we wouldn't know about these 5% of cases in which the declared of authorship is misleading. 456 00:44:14,820 --> 00:44:24,209 We do know of some ghostwriting arrangements. Paragraph also has a very nice book on a French language ghostwriting, and we can talk about that more. 457 00:44:24,210 --> 00:44:27,560 But Latin ghostwriting actually hasn't gotten its due. 458 00:44:28,260 --> 00:44:36,150 And here are a few examples perhaps, although we're not the contractual ones that we associate with, but Greg Walters has commented on. 459 00:44:37,160 --> 00:44:42,160 In versions of the hierarchical dynamic we expect in misleading attribution seem especially interesting, 460 00:44:42,460 --> 00:44:46,500 and I've encountered a few other cases beyond the polemical ones I want to share with you. 461 00:44:46,510 --> 00:44:57,130 So here we have is an epitome of moral philosophy by Elias Baldino, the son of John Bodin, collection of moral sayings. 462 00:44:57,160 --> 00:45:00,940 Elias Bertino is completely unknown. He clearly didn't live very long. 463 00:45:00,940 --> 00:45:04,929 And as far as I know, he he didn't publish anything else. 464 00:45:04,930 --> 00:45:13,670 But Bowden is setting up his son to be a scholar. And someone who did get set up very nicely is Hugo Grotius, 465 00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:19,940 whose first publication with notes in Inundations de Marchioness Capella appeared when he was 16. 466 00:45:20,810 --> 00:45:30,620 And in the book, there is a an engraving of the boy and an ode of praise from Joseph Gallagher, who surely had a hand in all this. 467 00:45:32,050 --> 00:45:42,190 So then Grotius goes on to rely on his wife and other family members, including daughters who wrote letters and poems, none of which survive. 468 00:45:42,230 --> 00:45:51,140 So here we have a problem with. It's hard enough to get stuff surviving from famous men, but the helpers or even family members. 469 00:45:51,590 --> 00:46:01,100 The stuff didn't seem worth saving at various points, so it makes it all the more difficult to have sources from wife and daughters, for example. 470 00:46:02,210 --> 00:46:09,680 And on that note, there is a kind of pointing her and Margaret pointing her are the main example of a learned couple. 471 00:46:10,430 --> 00:46:14,750 She was naval, sir, and was wealthy and well-educated. 472 00:46:15,290 --> 00:46:20,180 And Pottinger like to show her off, basically. 473 00:46:20,210 --> 00:46:24,770 There's a famous letter to Erasmus in which Pottinger describes the two of them poring over 474 00:46:25,070 --> 00:46:29,180 Erasmus's commentary on the New Testament while reading the Bible on a Sunday at home. 475 00:46:30,260 --> 00:46:36,470 And there's also a letter which was probably never sent, which is in there, two copies of this. 476 00:46:36,480 --> 00:46:43,460 This is the one in Margaret's hand with annotations by Conrad, which was meant to be sent to her brother, 477 00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:48,379 which is discussed in good detail and nicely reproduced here by Helmut. 478 00:46:48,380 --> 00:46:56,990 Say. And for the the letter to, first of all, introduces Conrad's collection of coins, but secondly, 479 00:46:56,990 --> 00:47:05,690 also talks about the lovely ladies who helped their their husbands in antiquity by holding lanterns for them. 480 00:47:06,140 --> 00:47:09,950 The wives of Pliny and Cicero, who held lanterns for their husbands while they worked. 481 00:47:11,290 --> 00:47:15,760 So phase analysis is supporting or is looking to credit a feminist. 482 00:47:15,770 --> 00:47:23,510 Germano Who if Germany can come up with such a learned lady, surely, you know, Germany's as good as Italy, basically. 483 00:47:24,280 --> 00:47:29,170 And he wants to boast of her achievements without seeming pretentious on his own account. 484 00:47:29,950 --> 00:47:35,080 So this matter was never sent, and it was published in the 18th century much later. 485 00:47:35,740 --> 00:47:40,629 But we can see how even this the authorship of this is in her hand. 486 00:47:40,630 --> 00:47:44,800 But who's actually written it is an interesting puzzle. 487 00:47:45,750 --> 00:47:53,909 So I'd just like to say that, you know, basically, given the uncertainties of analysing the authorship of texts like these, 488 00:47:53,910 --> 00:48:00,750 no sales account is precious and providing insight into some of the many gaps between executive and declarative authorship in manuscript and in print. 489 00:48:01,380 --> 00:48:06,150 And on Tuesday, my last lecture, I will discuss how many one sees shaped the legacy of their principles. 490 00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:10,560 And I'll mention as possible, two or more women will appear. So thank you.