1 00:00:00,890 --> 00:00:15,640 They? Hi everyone. 2 00:00:15,940 --> 00:00:21,670 Thanks so much for coming back to Lecture five and the last one on Amanuensis and early modern Europe. 3 00:00:22,300 --> 00:00:29,230 So in the lectures so far I've focussed on amanuensis in live interaction with your principals, most iconically taking dictation and copying texts, 4 00:00:29,590 --> 00:00:36,280 but also serving as editors, indexers sounding boards, providers of feedback, messengers, representatives, and occasionally, 5 00:00:36,280 --> 00:00:42,310 as I mentioned last time, hidden co-authors or as someone whose name to borrow when publishing a polemical tract, 6 00:00:43,120 --> 00:00:49,870 amanuensis could also play a central role after the death of the principal in shaping the posthumous reputation and publications of the deceased. 7 00:00:50,320 --> 00:00:54,940 In a few cases, the scholars themselves made plans for the fate of their papers and publications after their death. 8 00:00:55,660 --> 00:01:03,460 In other cases, in the absence of explicit directives, the heirs received the papers, along with the assets most often mentioned in wills. 9 00:01:03,970 --> 00:01:07,210 Particularly, these would be the widow and offspring of the scholar had been married, 10 00:01:07,510 --> 00:01:11,829 but the amanuensis often had a better understanding of the contents and whereabouts of the papers 11 00:01:11,830 --> 00:01:16,060 and of their potential significance to a broader audience and their suitability for publication. 12 00:01:16,660 --> 00:01:22,510 So the amanuensis could be a resource to the heirs. Given this expertise, or if the relationship was not cooperative, 13 00:01:22,780 --> 00:01:27,070 the AMANUENSIS could pursue efforts independently of the family to curate the memory of the deceased. 14 00:01:27,910 --> 00:01:35,049 Amanuensis typically enhance their own standing in the learned world in doing this and that incentive, in addition to feelings of personal loyalty, 15 00:01:35,050 --> 00:01:41,260 or at least enough of those to outweigh alternative sentiments for foster generally favourable portrayals of the deceased. 16 00:01:41,530 --> 00:01:43,960 I have just one example of a hostile tell all. 17 00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:51,310 The expectation of the Secretary revealing juicy secrets formed later and in the vernacular tradition basically in the 18th century. 18 00:01:52,060 --> 00:01:55,990 So in this lecture I will return to a few cases I've mentioned before and introduce some 19 00:01:55,990 --> 00:02:00,220 new ones to illustrate the way amanuensis shaped the legacies of their principles. 20 00:02:01,060 --> 00:02:05,049 My selected examples focussed on the role of Amanuensis are part of a much larger 21 00:02:05,050 --> 00:02:09,490 story about the personal archives of scholars and literary remains of authors. 22 00:02:10,180 --> 00:02:16,450 While specialists of a particular figure have always attended to the formation and transmission of their subjects papers, often by editing them, 23 00:02:16,930 --> 00:02:21,190 there's now recent exciting work by historians examining the more general phenomenon 24 00:02:21,670 --> 00:02:24,910 the factors that have shaped the collections of papers that have come down to us. 25 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:31,630 Michael Hunter is the Archives of the Science Revolution of 1998 stands out in my experience as a pathbreaking book on this topic. 26 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:38,380 And since then, the history of archives, especially in early modern period, has grown tremendously, including attention to personal archives. 27 00:02:38,920 --> 00:02:43,090 In their recent studies, Elizabeth, Yale, Vera Keller and Maria Rose, for example, 28 00:02:43,390 --> 00:02:48,790 have paid special attention to the role of women in managing the papers of deceased scientists of the 17th and 18th centuries. 29 00:02:49,450 --> 00:02:55,630 And the papers of literary authors have often been the object of considerable attention for the 16th and 17th centuries, 30 00:02:55,960 --> 00:02:59,740 although principally this means lamenting the absence of surviving manuscripts. 31 00:03:00,370 --> 00:03:06,339 Very shortly in the author's hand and printer's mind has pondered why it was only in the 18th century 32 00:03:06,340 --> 00:03:12,040 that literary authors became attentive to preserving unpublished papers and passing them on to executors, 33 00:03:12,310 --> 00:03:16,780 and that library sought donations of them and later started paying for them, as is the case today. 34 00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:23,320 So the contrast with humanists is quite remarkable in that certainly in the 15th century and even before, in the case of Petrarch, 35 00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:27,880 humanists actively manage their working papers, saving them, organising them, 36 00:03:28,120 --> 00:03:31,300 planning for their transmission, although admittedly not always successfully. 37 00:03:32,050 --> 00:03:38,350 So why do the literary authors wait so long to worry about their novels while the humanists are doing so 300 years earlier? 38 00:03:38,830 --> 00:03:44,440 One reason for this difference, I suggest, is that scholars belong to a more clearly defined community than literary authors. 39 00:03:44,860 --> 00:03:48,310 The Republic of Letters was an actress category, a term in use at the time. 40 00:03:48,580 --> 00:03:54,400 It designated an abstraction, of course, one of those imagined communities that many of Anderson had made us attentive to, 41 00:03:54,910 --> 00:04:02,200 but a powerful one that gave its members a sense of participating in a collective project they would extend beyond the individual in space and time. 42 00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:07,990 Scholars hope to contribute to that collective project and also to build their own reputation as participants in it, 43 00:04:08,260 --> 00:04:12,010 both during their lifetime and through the posthumous legacy of what they left at their death. 44 00:04:12,340 --> 00:04:18,960 In manuscript or in print. Even if what actually happened after death depended entirely on the actions of others. 45 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:23,129 The first element in shaping Scalia's posthumous legacy was a scar his own behaviour 46 00:04:23,130 --> 00:04:26,790 toward his papers and publications in the arrangements he put in place before death. 47 00:04:27,450 --> 00:04:29,760 The outcomes in the people involved varied widely. 48 00:04:29,910 --> 00:04:37,920 I'll offer my examples in two clusters, starting with cases of the planners and then cases in which the heirs had no directives concerning the papers. 49 00:04:38,490 --> 00:04:42,420 So among those who planned for their posthumous legacy, Erasmus takes the top prize. 50 00:04:42,900 --> 00:04:46,410 Given that he spent the last 20 years of life warding off Lutherans on the one hand and 51 00:04:46,410 --> 00:04:50,490 conservative Catholics on the other who lobbed virulent attacks and attempts to co-opt him. 52 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:55,890 Erasmus was keenly aware of the potential for the use and abuse of his name and works after his death. 53 00:04:56,640 --> 00:05:02,190 Erasmus used a variety of methods to exert maximal control over the dissemination of his publication in his lifetime, 54 00:05:02,550 --> 00:05:05,610 threatening and punishing printers who did not follow his directives, 55 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:12,120 but also pushing out a late work while in poor health so as not to leave it in manuscript. 56 00:05:12,330 --> 00:05:20,490 In 1535, Erasmus announced to correspondent the publication of his Ecclesiastes A Massive Guide to preaching that he'd been working on for many years. 57 00:05:21,460 --> 00:05:28,240 Explaining, Given the weakness of my body, I would rather bring it out even half finished than leave it to appear as a posthumous child. 58 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:33,280 Because I know only too well how unscrupulously the works of dead authors are treated. 59 00:05:34,310 --> 00:05:39,890 Erasmus, of course, had devoted much of his intellectual energy to identifying and correcting errors that had accumulated 60 00:05:40,070 --> 00:05:43,550 in the transmission of ancient and early Christian texts and also in his own publication, 61 00:05:44,090 --> 00:05:54,890 offering a model for a very detailed erotic list. Here is one such example where one of the points, I suppose, is, Yeah, I'll get into it. 62 00:05:56,180 --> 00:06:00,020 He issued warnings also to those who would reprint his works, not to modify them, 63 00:06:00,440 --> 00:06:10,970 and in particular already with Jerome's edition in 1516, he introduced a injunction which you see is reported used by Jerome. 64 00:06:11,060 --> 00:06:18,049 And so here is Erasmus talking about using this. It seemed appropriate to prefix that summons of erroneous which Jerome had placed before. 65 00:06:18,050 --> 00:06:20,630 You see his chronicle reading I adore you, 66 00:06:20,900 --> 00:06:26,630 you who may copy this book by our Lord Jesus Christ and by His glorious Advent when he comes to judge the quick and the dead, 67 00:06:26,960 --> 00:06:30,980 to compare what you show right and correct it carefully by the exemplars which you have followed, 68 00:06:31,280 --> 00:06:35,510 and also to transcribe this admiration and place it in the copy which you have written out. 69 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:41,959 So Erasmus is transmitting this as you are going to go forward with what he has left. 70 00:06:41,960 --> 00:06:45,920 You do so carefully and transcribe again. 71 00:06:46,940 --> 00:06:53,540 Another kind of injunction appeared in what turned out to be the last edition of The Adages in Erasmus's lifetime, 72 00:06:53,540 --> 00:07:01,850 1536, a few months before his death, and on the last page in lieu of an orator, there is an Erasmus to the reader. 73 00:07:02,820 --> 00:07:07,000 In which he. Explains. 74 00:07:08,300 --> 00:07:11,380 In the proverb, the median plus two toes a half is more than the whole. 75 00:07:11,390 --> 00:07:16,820 The following words are to be deleted from sweet us sites. Marinus is down to and so kings. 76 00:07:17,390 --> 00:07:20,210 They are an intrusion and have nothing to do with this passage. 77 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:24,830 I had a secretary who took delight in secretly weaving into my work something of his own. 78 00:07:25,220 --> 00:07:30,170 I cited that passage from sweetness in the proverb well beyond is half done where it fits. 79 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:35,420 But he, either through ignorance or forgetfulness, included the same passage in this most inappropriate place. 80 00:07:35,720 --> 00:07:39,140 I ask you, reader, is this the work of a secretary or a forger? 81 00:07:39,380 --> 00:07:43,010 Is there a drunkard or an imbecile who would write anything more foolish? 82 00:07:43,550 --> 00:07:47,600 I do not say these things merely on suspicion. I have called his chicanery in other places. 83 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:54,409 When I was going over the text and was struck by the incongruous of what had been inserted because this was added to the copy secretly, 84 00:07:54,410 --> 00:08:02,240 I could not detect it and it would have escaped our notice forever if a character puzzled by the passage had not drawn it to our attention. 85 00:08:03,020 --> 00:08:05,870 I only hope the fellow has not played the same trick in other places. 86 00:08:06,170 --> 00:08:13,130 If he had been a deadly enemy, could he have done anything more unkind than by such additions to hold me up to the mockery of learned men? 87 00:08:15,120 --> 00:08:18,900 So that is quite a parting shot after a very long book. 88 00:08:19,020 --> 00:08:23,430 We know to have included repetitions and very hard to keep track of. 89 00:08:24,580 --> 00:08:26,940 It's interesting that he mentions the shocked corrector. 90 00:08:26,950 --> 00:08:34,090 This might well be Sigismund genius I in an earlier pair of text Erasmus thanks him for careful correction. 91 00:08:34,420 --> 00:08:39,970 Erasmus also names him in his will as one of the team of people who will prepare his work after death. 92 00:08:40,900 --> 00:08:47,740 Who knows? And in any case, he's blaming the positioning of this sentence. 93 00:08:47,740 --> 00:08:53,500 So I just want to point out, this work is thousands of pages long, 4151 edges, 94 00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:58,420 and there's one line there with a Greek quote in it which doesn't belong. 95 00:08:59,510 --> 00:09:04,820 According to Erasmus, Erasmus is right that the Greek line also appears in another adage. 96 00:09:05,450 --> 00:09:08,180 This is also from 1536, where he's happy for it to be. 97 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:20,990 But as you recall, we have the copy of a copy of 1523 adages that was used by Erasmus and Nicholas can use to prepare the edition of 1526. 98 00:09:21,440 --> 00:09:27,409 Of course, here we're looking at 1536 where he's complaining back and looking back at this wrongly positioned sentence. 99 00:09:27,410 --> 00:09:38,900 But as it turns out, this sentence from Sweet US Ketut at Mariano to tour appears in the working copy of the ages of 1523. 100 00:09:39,910 --> 00:09:43,180 And in whose hand is this? Erasmus's. 101 00:09:43,750 --> 00:09:55,750 So Erasmus is moaning about the forging secretary, introducing stuff of his own about a sentence which he had introduced ten years earlier, 102 00:09:55,750 --> 00:10:00,640 13 years earlier, sometime 10 to 13 years earlier. He may well have completely forgotten about that. 103 00:10:02,080 --> 00:10:07,430 So it just shows how he you know, it's very hard to master the whole thing. 104 00:10:07,450 --> 00:10:13,660 It's also, I think, what the real significance of this erratum is to tell people, do not mess with my text. 105 00:10:14,230 --> 00:10:18,040 Right. He's even complaining wrongly about an amanuensis who did. 106 00:10:18,990 --> 00:10:28,390 And as it happens, the frozen shop did not mind this to the reader and removed their in the next edition. 107 00:10:28,410 --> 00:10:31,680 1541 removed the offending passage. 108 00:10:32,310 --> 00:10:38,670 And this has brought to my attention that irregardless actually may not just be for readers to correct their copy, 109 00:10:38,670 --> 00:10:45,570 because I haven't actually found that many readers who do that using a pen to correct their copy. 110 00:10:45,900 --> 00:10:51,810 But it's also for printers of future editions, especially for someone like Erasmus who knows he's going to die. 111 00:10:51,840 --> 00:10:58,170 He doesn't know where the last edition is, and he wants these mistakes to be purged of the posthumous editions. 112 00:10:58,990 --> 00:11:05,920 And so there's another audience for Iraq to list, although I would point out that one edition, which is less scholarly, 113 00:11:06,580 --> 00:11:13,690 did not attend to the erotic list and ends up using the bad sentence which represents putting himself. 114 00:11:14,560 --> 00:11:18,700 As it happens, of course, the Elegies were abridged, re-arranged. 115 00:11:19,300 --> 00:11:23,440 Even in his lifetime, they were quite beyond his control, given their commercial success. 116 00:11:23,830 --> 00:11:29,140 But clearly, Erasmus is disapproving of any modification to his work. 117 00:11:30,290 --> 00:11:34,880 Erasmus was more successful in controlling outcomes through the arrangements he made in his will. 118 00:11:35,450 --> 00:11:43,910 First composed in 1527, updated in 1533 and February 15, 36, five months before his death in July 1536 at age 70. 119 00:11:44,690 --> 00:11:50,690 These wills, all of them in Latin, appoint an heir, Boniface Amara, a basil jurist and humanist, 120 00:11:50,690 --> 00:11:55,430 about 30 years younger than he was, and with whom he'd formed a close friendship in the course of his 20 years in Basil. 121 00:11:56,390 --> 00:12:04,130 Erasmus also named two executors who were Basil Printers, whom Erasmus trusted Hieronymus Roban and Nicholas Episcopacy. 122 00:12:04,610 --> 00:12:11,030 This makes eminent sense because after his signing a few gifts with sentimental and economic value to a variety of close friends and associates, 123 00:12:11,390 --> 00:12:17,540 Erasmus devoted most of the will to describing how the posthumous publication of his collected works should be carried out. 124 00:12:18,110 --> 00:12:22,159 He had already sold his library, printed books and manuscripts he owned to Joanna Lasko, 125 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:25,760 a Polish nobleman who collected them from Basel after Erasmus his death. 126 00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:32,750 So the will is about the disposition of Erasmus's writing, calling for the publication of his opera Omnia as soon as possible. 127 00:12:33,110 --> 00:12:37,759 He designated the printers for Oberlin Episcopal as the two executors, the editors. 128 00:12:37,760 --> 00:12:42,560 He lists five men who he trusted for the task, even how many correctors to employ and whom? 129 00:12:42,740 --> 00:12:48,320 At least two, maximum four. And he set aside good sums of money to be paid to each person involved. 130 00:12:49,340 --> 00:13:00,740 Erasmus had also detailed in a letter. So here are the opera Omnia in four volumes 1540, which is a remarkably speedy outcome. 131 00:13:01,220 --> 00:13:07,760 And already in 1523 he had identified nine categories of works or readiness that he 132 00:13:07,760 --> 00:13:12,709 outlined that are observed today in the Latin Amsterdam edition of Erasmus Opera, 133 00:13:12,710 --> 00:13:16,310 which is nearing completion after being underway for nearly 60 years. 134 00:13:17,660 --> 00:13:26,930 So he is really, you know, envisioning his opus and setting up good resources for people to carry out his will. 135 00:13:27,650 --> 00:13:33,080 He'd also been publishing readily throughout his career, so he left just one work in progress when he died. 136 00:13:33,350 --> 00:13:37,129 In addition of Origin, which was published a few months later under a dedication by Beatrice, 137 00:13:37,130 --> 00:13:40,700 renown as one of the scholars of the Jerome Édition team, in fact. 138 00:13:41,580 --> 00:13:47,100 So Erasmus tapped a circle of expert friends and scholars to manage his legacy and not his amanuensis. 139 00:13:47,760 --> 00:13:53,610 Erasmus bequeathed a considerable sum of 200 gulden to the amanuensis in place at the time of his death. 140 00:13:53,610 --> 00:13:55,380 When Le Lombard commands, 141 00:13:55,830 --> 00:14:03,600 we see here he's signing the receipt and here he is signing from his new position as amanuensis to the Professor of Hebrew in Leuven, 142 00:14:03,900 --> 00:14:08,850 one Andreas von Guinea. So there's an amanuensis who went on to another position as amanuensis. 143 00:14:09,390 --> 00:14:15,540 He'd been with Erasmus less than one year because, as Gilbert Coosa, the long serving amanuensis, 144 00:14:15,540 --> 00:14:21,780 had left to take up a pen and read his hometown, much to Erasmus his displeasure and hesitating to come back never did. 145 00:14:23,190 --> 00:14:28,560 Gilbert Kooser nonetheless managed to be a part of Erasmus's legacy in a couple of ways. 146 00:14:29,070 --> 00:14:35,070 He got a poem of his included in the collection of epitaphs that Amaranth swiftly organised in Basel in 1537. 147 00:14:35,460 --> 00:14:40,080 Coosa had a relationship with Auerbach, perhaps not only through his time with Erasmus. 148 00:14:40,080 --> 00:14:43,680 They may have met while Cousins studied at the University of Basel. 149 00:14:44,110 --> 00:14:47,970 Indeed, Amir Bach may have brokered Couzens entry into the Erasmus household. 150 00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:54,330 In any case, Koussa was the only amanuensis, former or current to place a poem in this volume. 151 00:14:55,170 --> 00:15:02,270 It's on the last page, which in a way just preceding poems by episcopate and probing the two printers is kind of pride of place. 152 00:15:02,280 --> 00:15:08,339 Easy to find. And I would point out that on The Verso this poem is the Oh, you had it. 153 00:15:08,340 --> 00:15:14,190 There is the a Hebrew statement by Sebastian Minster, which I am unable to read. 154 00:15:14,210 --> 00:15:24,480 But so it's interesting that Kooser had in fact already managed to get a poem of praise for Erasmus 155 00:15:24,480 --> 00:15:30,940 in print in a work of Erasmus at a time when things were going well before he left for another war. 156 00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:38,760 And so you can see a Latin poem and a two line Greek couplet in this edition of the Ecclesiastes. 157 00:15:39,980 --> 00:15:43,310 And of course he reprints these poems later on. 158 00:15:44,180 --> 00:15:56,750 And in addition, in his pamphlet, The Effigies, we get a poem by when Yost sets foot where he is praising hussars work, indexing Erasmus's work. 159 00:15:57,080 --> 00:16:04,780 And my hypothesis is that Quasar was responsible for the long index of the opera Omnia published in 1540. 160 00:16:05,090 --> 00:16:09,080 Although I only have this poem to go on to make that statement. 161 00:16:10,130 --> 00:16:18,650 So Kusama was definitely involved, but not in a responsible capacity, the way Auerbach and the printers were. 162 00:16:20,210 --> 00:16:24,740 But Erasmus was exceptionally successful and obviously he left money. 163 00:16:24,860 --> 00:16:27,540 He had no other heirs having never married, etc. 164 00:16:28,370 --> 00:16:37,160 And he also had a reputation that by producing the opera, everyone would benefit from who was involved. 165 00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:44,100 My second example of a scholar who manages his own legacy is Conrad Gessner of Zurich, 50 years younger than Erasmus. 166 00:16:44,120 --> 00:16:46,400 Not as famous, not as long lived, nor as wealthy, 167 00:16:46,730 --> 00:16:51,800 but nonetheless a scholar with an international reputation and multiple roles in his native Zurich as city physician, 168 00:16:52,070 --> 00:16:57,680 lecturer at the university, publisher of Famous Folios, the Natural Histories, for example, and many works besides. 169 00:16:58,160 --> 00:17:04,530 And he well knew the challenges of leaving manuscripts unpublished after death. 170 00:17:04,550 --> 00:17:13,400 In fact, he, in his auto bibliography, he ends it where he lists some 65 publications of his own with 18 works he's left in manuscript, 171 00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:18,680 and he explains why I wanted to list my writings, even those which are not yet dedicated, 172 00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:24,980 edited and incomplete in part so that if some educated men have stronger age and health and more leisure than himself, 173 00:17:25,100 --> 00:17:29,810 and similarly inclined to good studies could be found to wish to bring them to completion, they could easily ask me. 174 00:17:30,080 --> 00:17:36,290 So basically he's shopping around for young men who might be willing to publish some of his unpublished materials. 175 00:17:36,290 --> 00:17:39,380 And in fact, Gessner also did that work for other people. 176 00:17:40,220 --> 00:17:45,799 Seven of his 65 books are additions that Gessner made of the manuscripts left 177 00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:49,610 and published it death by scholars whom he knew sometimes or did not know. 178 00:17:51,920 --> 00:17:57,550 So it's unclear if Gessner had an amanuensis in place at the time of his death. 179 00:17:57,560 --> 00:18:01,970 I mentioned in earlier lecture a letter he wrote in the year of his death, asking for help, 180 00:18:02,240 --> 00:18:07,570 identifying a student of medicine who would be poor and willing to live in his house and being amanuensis. 181 00:18:07,580 --> 00:18:16,250 And the more learned, the better. Gessner had sold his biblioteca, though, to a former student, one Kasbah Wolf. 182 00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:21,890 And we we don't know too much about Kaspar Volf. 183 00:18:22,160 --> 00:18:24,260 He's making this arrangement outside his will. 184 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:33,830 Kaspar Volf noted in one of his posthumous editions of Gessner that he had paid, quote, no small sum for Gessner, his library. 185 00:18:34,340 --> 00:18:40,040 Other sources revealed that it was 150 Gulden or about one year of Gessner annual income. 186 00:18:41,060 --> 00:18:47,360 So it was a considerable sum. What he got for it was not only the books that Gessner owned, but also the manuscripts. 187 00:18:48,410 --> 00:18:55,700 And another contemporary former student, Josiah Similar, noted in his biography of Gessner that both had bought Garcia's library for a fair price. 188 00:18:57,080 --> 00:19:01,370 So we can presume that the purpose of getting or selling this material to both 189 00:19:01,370 --> 00:19:06,049 on both sides was that both wanted to publish some or many of these works. 190 00:19:06,050 --> 00:19:08,810 But it was a very big job. Unlike Erasmus, 191 00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:20,719 Gessner had left a lot of things in manuscript and we so in some cases he prepared material for publication and never did bring it about, 192 00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:25,090 which is actually a boon for us as historians, because we can see here what it looked like. 193 00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:33,710 These are clippings from manuscripts and letters and printed books, including Marked Up with Red Pencil, the second printed excerpt. 194 00:19:34,810 --> 00:19:38,709 Things that Gesner found of interest probably kept in envelopes or pigeon holes. 195 00:19:38,710 --> 00:19:46,540 And then Conrad Kasbah wolf has glued them in place in their correct order, and this sheet, 196 00:19:47,110 --> 00:19:50,260 along with the whole manuscript, would go straight to the printer and become a book. 197 00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:55,930 Except that it didn't. And then, of course, once it's used to be a book, it's destroyed in the process, basically. 198 00:19:57,710 --> 00:20:02,450 Most famously, Vogue failed to publish what might have been a major botanical work by Gessner, 199 00:20:02,450 --> 00:20:05,870 who had published on Animals, but who also had written a Historia Plantarum. 200 00:20:06,910 --> 00:20:12,370 Instead, Wolfe sold Gessner his botanical notes and 1500 illustrations. 201 00:20:12,910 --> 00:20:20,780 And here is the long trail of sales and bequests, which brought it down to being published 200 years later. 202 00:20:21,190 --> 00:20:24,460 Between 1753 and 1771. 203 00:20:25,410 --> 00:20:32,370 So of course, the work did not have the impact that it might have had if it had appeared in the late 16th century rather than in the 18th century. 204 00:20:33,990 --> 00:20:35,370 This saga, of course, 205 00:20:35,370 --> 00:20:43,410 presents some advantages for historians because we now have a recent edition of all of these images which had been saved and preserved, 206 00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:51,030 and some of them annotated by Gessner. Given this rather well-known catastrophe of falling down on the job, 207 00:20:51,720 --> 00:20:55,410 it may come as a surprise that both actually did publish several of Kushner's works. 208 00:20:55,440 --> 00:21:01,200 So we have two books on diseases of women. We have a collection of guest news letters. 209 00:21:01,770 --> 00:21:07,140 We have a collection of guest news notes on physics at the Collegium in Zurich. 210 00:21:07,980 --> 00:21:13,950 We have some editions of classical texts and some reprints of earlier Gessner imprints. 211 00:21:14,670 --> 00:21:19,630 So there are about six works listed as in progress in 1562, of which we have no trace. 212 00:21:19,650 --> 00:21:22,470 Now, items that Volf did not curate or pass on, 213 00:21:22,710 --> 00:21:29,070 perhaps because unlike the botanical materials with their large number of illustrations, these had no special commercial value. 214 00:21:30,620 --> 00:21:37,459 In each of his publications, Wolff played up his role as editor of the material, and all told, basically, 215 00:21:37,460 --> 00:21:45,080 Wolf was able to produce about a dozen items a respectable over pretty much consisting exclusively of gesner materials. 216 00:21:46,820 --> 00:21:53,430 So my point here is that scholars often plan their own novels as Erasmus and Gessner did, but were not able to control it. 217 00:21:53,450 --> 00:21:59,360 Their success depended on whom they put in charge, how explicitly with how much material support and moral suasion. 218 00:21:59,660 --> 00:22:06,410 It was high for Erasmus and lower for Gessner. In the category of scholars who plan their legacy. 219 00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:09,920 I need to introduce as an outlier to my main geographical focus, 220 00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:16,400 which has basically been a a line from Zurich to Paris with passing through Basel and Strasbourg. 221 00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:23,150 Because the case of Lisa Alderman presents such a great and unusual example of a wife who was 222 00:22:23,150 --> 00:22:27,620 directly involved in the work of her husband and then exercised considerable control of his legacy. 223 00:22:28,340 --> 00:22:31,940 Elder Bondy devoted great attention to the preservation of his collection of natural specimens, 224 00:22:31,940 --> 00:22:36,950 which he will do the City of Bologna, along with funds to ensure its survival and the publication of his works. 225 00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:44,090 He had published only his ornithology in three volumes and de insects before he died in 1605. 226 00:22:44,360 --> 00:22:50,900 So the bulk of his natural histories, nine large folios, appeared posthumously during the 62 years after his death. 227 00:22:52,430 --> 00:22:57,650 And here is an overview of those works and who is named on the title page. 228 00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:04,030 So we can see that starting with the second of these posthumous publications, 229 00:23:04,030 --> 00:23:07,780 the books named Five Different Men in combination or alone as variously gathering, 230 00:23:07,780 --> 00:23:11,590 editing or composing works and usually boasting of the greatest effort. 231 00:23:11,980 --> 00:23:14,830 Most prominent at first was Yohannes Cornelius Tarver, 232 00:23:14,830 --> 00:23:20,920 who succeeded Hildebrand as professor of natural sciences in Bologna and brought to publication the volumes of the natural histories in 16, 233 00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:25,240 12, 16 and 21, but very noticeably the first posthumous volume. 234 00:23:26,330 --> 00:23:35,210 Of bloodless animals appeared after the the year after 11 days death with no one named in the title page. 235 00:23:36,300 --> 00:23:39,990 But a Latin dedication signed by Francesca Calderon. 236 00:23:39,990 --> 00:23:44,850 D In this two folio page Latin dedication to the City Council of Wallonia, 237 00:23:44,850 --> 00:23:51,839 Francesca invoked her husband's 50 years of devotion to the cause of the éditions, bearing neither effort nor expense for the public good, 238 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:58,430 and bringing reputation to the city and for Jessica requested the honour of being counted herself among the clients of the city councillors, 239 00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,440 as in, she hoped for financial support from them in return. 240 00:24:02,040 --> 00:24:07,260 I don't know what came of that, but Francesca did parley her situation as heir into some revenue. 241 00:24:07,620 --> 00:24:10,230 Although Elder Bondy had bequeathed his collections to the city. 242 00:24:10,620 --> 00:24:15,780 Francesca had immediate control of them after his death, and she did not release them until years later. 243 00:24:16,020 --> 00:24:21,750 Once she had secured an annual stipend for herself from the printer who bought the rights to other publications. 244 00:24:23,230 --> 00:24:27,370 Francesca's is the only learned dedication signed by a woman that I've encountered so 245 00:24:27,370 --> 00:24:31,540 far and signals a woman with exceptional skills and involvement in her husband's work. 246 00:24:31,570 --> 00:24:37,970 They had two children who died in infancy, and Francesca's son, by a previous illegitimate relationship, died in adolescence. 247 00:24:37,990 --> 00:24:43,150 So in later years, the household comprised a studious couple and whatever domestically they housed. 248 00:24:43,810 --> 00:24:49,870 Francesca Fontana was older than the second wife from a family of status and means elder, 249 00:24:49,870 --> 00:24:55,090 and his biographer describes her as a young woman of incomparable beauty and wisdom with ingenious capacities for every discipline. 250 00:24:55,570 --> 00:25:00,820 I mean, this is much later. I do not know on what grounds exactly, but we do have a wonderful call. 251 00:25:00,820 --> 00:25:06,820 Often at the end of Elder Bondi's five volume lexicon of inanimate things, noting in Italian that Francesca Fontana, 252 00:25:07,060 --> 00:25:12,520 wife of the most excellent Lucia 11, glued these books of observations on inanimate things. 253 00:25:13,360 --> 00:25:18,650 And then. Nothing is so base or common that some game gain cannot be perceived of it. 254 00:25:18,890 --> 00:25:24,320 A variation of a plenty in tag. There's no book so bad that some good cannot be gotten of it. 255 00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:28,850 So I suppose the implication is that the act of gluing might be considered below her station. 256 00:25:29,060 --> 00:25:36,890 And yet it too was fruitful. Francisca probably also helped copy excerpts from ancient modern authorities on natural historical topics onto slips. 257 00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:43,790 So here you can see classic elder Randi method of operation, much like the guest materials. 258 00:25:44,570 --> 00:25:50,780 But here, rather than re-using letters or manuscripts made by others or printed books, it's really his own hand. 259 00:25:51,470 --> 00:25:56,390 But it's been alphabetised and arranged properly by being cut up and moved around and glued. 260 00:25:58,260 --> 00:26:03,840 In addition, Francesca brought money into the marriage that allowed them to move into a bigger house, which allowed more space for his work. 261 00:26:04,470 --> 00:26:09,209 So the principle of the wife has helped me to the scholar articulate by the Poitiers in 1505, 262 00:26:09,210 --> 00:26:15,930 with references to the wives of antiquity holding up lanterns for their husbands, was very concretely put into practice, in this case a century later. 263 00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:21,479 And by 1700, I would say there are considerably more such examples facilitated by this shift 264 00:26:21,480 --> 00:26:25,110 to the vernacular of many scholarly disciplines and during the 18th century, 265 00:26:25,110 --> 00:26:31,110 to buy a new representation of companionate marriage as productive to the learned man, as Megan Roberts has argued. 266 00:26:32,120 --> 00:26:37,940 But during the Renaissance, the dominant trope is rather a traditional one that marriage risked being a drag on scholarship. 267 00:26:38,630 --> 00:26:44,060 Thomas more famously portrayed his family obligation as detracting from his books in the preface to his utopia. 268 00:26:44,660 --> 00:26:47,989 I leave to myself. I'm into my book, no time for when I am home. 269 00:26:47,990 --> 00:26:51,530 I must come and with my wife, chat with my children, talk with my servants, 270 00:26:51,860 --> 00:26:56,030 all the which things I reckon and account among business for as much as they must be of necessity. 271 00:26:56,030 --> 00:26:59,060 Be done. Unless a man will be a stranger in this house. 272 00:27:00,270 --> 00:27:06,660 The Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives signals a similar expectation about marriage when he congratulating himself in a letter to a friend. 273 00:27:06,870 --> 00:27:10,470 It's been more than three years since I've been married. Up until the present, thanks be to God. 274 00:27:10,680 --> 00:27:18,180 Matrimony has not taken away a single hour of study from me, for which I cannot give clearer proof than my poverty, which sometimes frightens me. 275 00:27:19,180 --> 00:27:23,440 He attributed his successful marriage to his wife's excellent upbringing by her mother and grandmother, 276 00:27:23,620 --> 00:27:26,950 and since she was a cousin of his margaret of Eldora. 277 00:27:27,220 --> 00:27:29,140 This was also a compliment to his own relatives. 278 00:27:29,890 --> 00:27:35,800 VVS also praised his mother in law and his own mother in print in his treatise on the Education of Women published in the Year of his marriage. 279 00:27:36,130 --> 00:27:40,600 But Erasmus's reaction to that book makes clear that mentioning family members in print was not the norm. 280 00:27:41,140 --> 00:27:43,690 Erasmus scolded VVS for doing so in a in a letter. 281 00:27:43,720 --> 00:27:47,950 You take pleasure in naming your parents as Cicero did, and this is certainly a sign of filial piety. 282 00:27:48,220 --> 00:27:52,120 But the human mind is envious. They bear it more willingly when strangers to you are praised. 283 00:27:52,420 --> 00:27:56,530 In other words, he's warning. Boasting of your family is no better than boasting of yourself. 284 00:27:57,100 --> 00:28:03,280 Vaze responded in a letter defensively that he'd only mentioned his relatives three times, and many ancient authors had done the same. 285 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:09,940 This interaction, though, gives us some insight into why family members, and maybe especially women, are so rarely mentioned in print. 286 00:28:10,300 --> 00:28:14,470 The potential for disapproval was ever present in the early 16th century still. 287 00:28:15,810 --> 00:28:19,350 The real human relations were certainly more favourable than these tropes allowed. 288 00:28:19,350 --> 00:28:23,760 We know that Thomas Moore took pride and joy in raising his daughters with considerable learning, 289 00:28:24,300 --> 00:28:27,480 and we catch glimpses of the many ways that wives could help now and then. 290 00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:30,749 So, for example, from the History of Plants by Gessner, 291 00:28:30,750 --> 00:28:41,940 we have this note on a so it's a dillsburg root beer line little pair identified in Latin by the editors as surplus area or white beam. 292 00:28:42,990 --> 00:28:49,960 My wife told me about this. They're red, wild and become ripe and soft soon after the cherries do with rather similar leaves. 293 00:28:49,980 --> 00:28:54,060 One mile from Ohio. So. And of course that's in German. 294 00:28:54,470 --> 00:28:58,230 In addition. And we know about the pointing errors. 295 00:28:59,110 --> 00:29:05,260 I talked about how, you know, the wife was basically showcased as a learned lady. 296 00:29:05,500 --> 00:29:08,380 But we also have private references to her. 297 00:29:08,450 --> 00:29:17,740 So when Conrad is travelling and he needs to access some of his business, he asks his wife to look for them in his papers at home. 298 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:22,570 So this gives you some sense that she knew where stuff was, etc. 299 00:29:24,190 --> 00:29:28,050 Of course, women contributed crucially to running the domestic sphere. 300 00:29:28,060 --> 00:29:32,080 In any case, many an academic wife was the pillar of the practice of boarding students in the 301 00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:36,310 professor's home for extra instruction for the former and extra income for the latter, 302 00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:44,049 along with other potentially textual tasks. If the wife died or became seriously ill, the boarding was suspended, 303 00:29:44,050 --> 00:29:47,980 as Elizabeth Harding has shown of 17th century German Protestant professors who 304 00:29:47,980 --> 00:29:51,250 often preferred to do their teaching at home rather than more public settings. 305 00:29:53,260 --> 00:29:57,159 The case of Martin Boots. His household, to which I turn now, offers a good example, 306 00:29:57,160 --> 00:30:01,960 on the one hand of how students who boarded could render services of many kinds domestic and textual. 307 00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:09,610 And on the other hand, is one of a pair of cases in which the family amanuensis managed to score was not lost in the absence of prior arrangements. 308 00:30:09,880 --> 00:30:15,310 In short, the relations in this skirt scholar's inner circle could be discordant, 309 00:30:15,970 --> 00:30:19,720 as in the case of butcher or cooperative in the next case of Atlanta or Neb. 310 00:30:20,530 --> 00:30:25,389 So Martin Butcher was the principal reformer in Strasbourg until Catholic victories 311 00:30:25,390 --> 00:30:29,260 led Charles wife to impose the Augsburg Interim on the city and butcher, 312 00:30:29,500 --> 00:30:34,840 who attacked the interim, although he had initially signed it, was forced into exile at age 58. 313 00:30:35,260 --> 00:30:39,850 He accepted the invitation of Thomas Cranmer to come to England and in 1549 he took up the region's 314 00:30:39,850 --> 00:30:44,050 professorship of divinity at the University of Cambridge and moved there with his family. 315 00:30:45,810 --> 00:30:52,470 His family consisted of his wife, the Brandis neigh Rosenblatt, who is an amazing woman. 316 00:30:52,500 --> 00:30:56,880 She married four times, including three major reformers and bore 11 children. 317 00:30:57,390 --> 00:31:04,050 So her first husband died very young. Then she married the first of the reformers, Johann Ackermann Porteous, 318 00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:09,420 who was 22 years her senior and lived for just three more years after marrying her. 319 00:31:10,410 --> 00:31:16,020 Then when Wolfgang Capito in neighbouring Strasbourg lost his wife Marten boots, 320 00:31:16,020 --> 00:31:19,830 her recommended vibrant is to him and they were married for nine years. 321 00:31:20,340 --> 00:31:27,630 When Booster's first wife, Elizabeth Silber Aizen, was dying, she urged her husband and the recently widowed, vibrant is to marry. 322 00:31:28,290 --> 00:31:32,470 And interestingly, you see, Capito and Boots are also close intellectual allies. 323 00:31:32,490 --> 00:31:36,600 They were reformers who tried to patch up swing lions and Lutherans. 324 00:31:37,500 --> 00:31:46,320 And basically politics was more salient than the swing lions bulked on these this document that Boozer and Capito had drafted. 325 00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:51,630 So coming to England, we have a very blended family. 326 00:31:52,820 --> 00:32:01,190 And many of these are named in his will. We have the wife, we have a son of butchers by his first marriage who was weak in mind and body. 327 00:32:01,850 --> 00:32:05,650 A daughter of a brand is in local and produce. A son and a daughter. 328 00:32:05,660 --> 00:32:12,140 Agnes of the brand is in capital. And then two small children born of this new marriage, Martin, Junior and Elizabeth. 329 00:32:12,590 --> 00:32:17,690 Then we have the Baroness's elderly mother and a granddaughter of hers through another offspring. 330 00:32:18,350 --> 00:32:25,459 There's a servant girl, Margherita, and two servant pupils, one Guillermo's, who I think came from France. 331 00:32:25,460 --> 00:32:34,810 So I'm calling him Guillaume and Martin BREAM. And for them, Butcher wrote up seven pages of rules known as the formula Vivendi. 332 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:43,760 So basically I'm zeroing in on another very cool source to catch a glimpse of what it's like to be a servant pupil in butchers household. 333 00:32:44,780 --> 00:32:49,920 So the document is written in the hand of Martin Bram with annotations in butcher's hand. 334 00:32:49,940 --> 00:32:55,159 It has 25 articles. The first part of the formula, Vivendi describes their activities as students. 335 00:32:55,160 --> 00:32:59,750 They need to be pious, honest, obedient and studious of all the usual disciplines. 336 00:33:00,260 --> 00:33:07,790 They should attend disputation at Cambridge, read text books are assigned and submit every week something written about their progress. 337 00:33:08,570 --> 00:33:10,640 The second part describes their roles as servants. 338 00:33:11,060 --> 00:33:16,280 They will light fires in the morning, clean butchers, clothes and shoes, set the table, lead the prayer at mealtime, 339 00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:20,630 serve at table when their guests put books and other things away and keep the clocks on time. 340 00:33:21,660 --> 00:33:28,230 One of them was expected to be available to attend to Boozer at all times. Butera also noted that he and his wife were the criterias familiar. 341 00:33:28,620 --> 00:33:35,340 They had the authority to give them commands and hear complaints both. Finally, the two young men also served as boozer secretaries. 342 00:33:35,370 --> 00:33:39,930 They were responsible for teaching the daughters, keeping a record of incoming and outgoing letters, 343 00:33:40,290 --> 00:33:44,010 keeping Boozer apprised of his schedule and copying texts as requested. 344 00:33:44,130 --> 00:33:50,220 Boozer added about this very important task and difficult for it was said that Boozer had trouble reading his own handwriting. 345 00:33:51,090 --> 00:33:57,060 Quote, When I have given something to copy, let them insofar as possible guard against writing effectively. 346 00:33:57,270 --> 00:34:03,400 Let them inspect each page to ensure they have written it with care and not omit any passage about which they have died. 347 00:34:03,420 --> 00:34:09,620 Doubts. It seems like he may be speaking from experience here, but many, many teens who sort of skip over hard bits. 348 00:34:10,550 --> 00:34:18,620 Despite these admonitions, they clearly did good work. Two of them have been identified as the scribes of a manuscript copy of Butchers de 349 00:34:18,620 --> 00:34:21,980 Regno Christi presented to King Edward the Sixth and now in the British Library. 350 00:34:22,700 --> 00:34:28,550 Sadly, this wonderful article chose as the beautiful binding of this manuscript, but not any of the insights. 351 00:34:28,910 --> 00:34:32,720 So I have not seen the insights, but I think they were probably very nicely written. 352 00:34:33,730 --> 00:34:34,780 These arrangements, though, 353 00:34:34,780 --> 00:34:41,140 didn't last very long because Boots had died two years after moving to Cambridge in the will he finalised during his final illness. 354 00:34:41,980 --> 00:34:46,690 Boots are left small sums and clothing to various children. So I'll just to remind you of who's in the will. 355 00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:53,350 He left and larger ones to Capito's daughter Agnes, who nursed him in his illness. 356 00:34:53,620 --> 00:35:01,029 She got 100 Florence and to his wife rebranded 600 florins of the servant pupils villainous was not mentioned, 357 00:35:01,030 --> 00:35:08,200 but Martin Brim was to receive 12 crowns that he could take in cash or in books in addition to reimbursement for his return to the continent. 358 00:35:08,290 --> 00:35:10,240 So he probably had come from Strasbourg. 359 00:35:11,360 --> 00:35:18,110 The will also provided the same terms for margarita mates that has made servants 12 crowns plus moving expenses. 360 00:35:18,440 --> 00:35:22,040 In addition quote because given her very young age, she will look for many things. 361 00:35:22,040 --> 00:35:27,770 Henceforth, I adjudge to her alone the Golden Cup, which the King of England had recently given me at Christmas. 362 00:35:28,890 --> 00:35:35,670 The will. Also remember, Dear Compatriots in Strasbourg, Ulrich Kelly was responsible for many favours to butcher. 363 00:35:35,700 --> 00:35:39,180 He willed that his office linkway lighting in two big volumes, 364 00:35:39,930 --> 00:35:45,150 and Butcher especially remembered a former amanuensis turned colleague, Conrad Joubert, a most learned man. 365 00:35:45,180 --> 00:35:48,840 Dear brother in the Lord and companion in the service of God, Hubert. 366 00:35:48,870 --> 00:35:53,910 This is in the will, quote, carried out many labours for me and my family and does so every day until now. 367 00:35:54,150 --> 00:36:01,290 Even though Hubert was still in Strasbourg, but clearly carrying out business, their boozer gave him quote from my books Whichever he wants, 368 00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:07,649 up to the sum of 12 gold coins of Strasbourg, and the books should be appraised as low as possible for him and to his wife. 369 00:36:07,650 --> 00:36:11,820 A piece of cloth commonly called us should be bought to make a dress. 370 00:36:13,730 --> 00:36:18,260 So although Boozer had addressed him as a colleague, Hubert had started as an amanuensis. 371 00:36:18,590 --> 00:36:23,510 As a boy of 12. He left home to study in Heidelberg, then Basel, just as the Reformation was underway there, 372 00:36:23,870 --> 00:36:28,010 which culminated in the ousting of the bishop in 1529 so soon after his arrival. 373 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:37,639 He started as a formal, loose and student of excellent ideas. What a husband number two of Brandies Basil's principal reformer Ocalan Porteous 374 00:36:37,640 --> 00:36:40,940 appreciated excellent handwriting and shortly before his death recommended him to boot. 375 00:36:40,940 --> 00:36:47,120 Sir Hubert was 24 years old, was paid 80 gulden per year when he entered Butcher's household in 1531. 376 00:36:47,870 --> 00:36:53,990 And documents in the Strasbourg archive show how Hubert rewrote, which his drafts clarified his manuscripts, annotated his letters, 377 00:36:54,230 --> 00:37:00,350 adding the topic of the letter, for example, the date, the identity of the correspondent in order to facilitate storing and retrieving them. 378 00:37:01,190 --> 00:37:07,880 We know of other amanuensis who worked with Butcher in the Strasbourg years. Wolfgang Mukhlas went on to teach theology in Baron Johann Langland, 379 00:37:07,910 --> 00:37:12,110 who translated into Latin a German treatise on the care of the soul and Christoph Soul, 380 00:37:12,350 --> 00:37:16,040 who joined Butcher's family by marrying the daughter of a Brandeis and uncle in Paris. 381 00:37:16,550 --> 00:37:23,270 So we see a very tightly knit community here. Of all these men, two played a crucial role in curating butcher's paper. 382 00:37:23,270 --> 00:37:29,150 After his death, Martin Bram, the young servant pupil listed in the formula of Andy and Konrad Herbert, 383 00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:32,690 the long loyal and then under his turn, pastor and defender in Strasbourg. 384 00:37:33,750 --> 00:37:39,670 So strangely, despite detailed requests of many things, Butcher did not mention the many papers and manuscripts he left at his death. 385 00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:47,460 And in this, her third time as a widow of a reformer, if everyone just knew her mind, she dissolved the Cambridge household as fast as possible. 386 00:37:47,910 --> 00:37:54,450 So the bulk of the books and papers that were in England and went back to Strasbourg first and then on to her hometown in Basel. 387 00:37:55,660 --> 00:38:02,470 She did not remarry. As one of the two executors named by butcher Matthew Parker played a key role in these negotiations. 388 00:38:02,710 --> 00:38:06,010 Edward the Sixth and Cranmer were main buyers of the papers, 389 00:38:06,520 --> 00:38:12,250 and one scholar has estimated that the price that the papers fetched represented one quarter of the total value of Bruce's estate. 390 00:38:13,290 --> 00:38:16,229 Parker, though, ended up owning a substantial portion of the manuscripts, 391 00:38:16,230 --> 00:38:20,350 whether immediately in his capacity as executor or through later acquisition. 392 00:38:20,370 --> 00:38:22,830 At the time, he was vice chancellor of the city of Cambridge. 393 00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:28,740 He went on to become Archbishop of Canterbury under Elizabeth and to bequeath his exceptional collection of manuscripts to Corpus Christi College, 394 00:38:29,070 --> 00:38:33,240 where they form the Parker Library. And as a result, some butcher manuscripts are now there. 395 00:38:33,840 --> 00:38:40,650 And one of them, this one contains butchers Constance Defence SEO and the apologia of Herman Van Vliet, 396 00:38:41,790 --> 00:38:46,530 which is a 700 page manuscript prepared for publication but not used. 397 00:38:47,250 --> 00:38:52,110 The texts were only printed in 1613 in Geneva with a different dedication, different dedicated. 398 00:38:52,590 --> 00:39:03,960 This manuscript was scribed by Martin Bram, which is sort of an pupil, and he also wrote a dedication to Parker in his own voice. 399 00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:11,940 This dedication added after Butcher's death. Bram describes himself as not only a friend, but a client of Parker. 400 00:39:12,270 --> 00:39:21,300 The book is a New Year's gift, he says. I'm not in your household, but in order to demonstrate my gratitude for your many kindnesses, 401 00:39:21,810 --> 00:39:27,600 I offer you my work and activity which I have expended in copying this book for several weeks to give you. 402 00:39:29,160 --> 00:39:38,990 So there's a sample of Bram's handwriting. And Bram went on to study at Paris and became rector of a gymnasium in Lindow in Lake Constance. 403 00:39:40,160 --> 00:39:49,970 So vibrant is did return with one of butcher's drafts back with her, which had been presented in manuscript to Edward. 404 00:39:51,060 --> 00:39:57,600 And that is the direct know Christie. This work was created for the first time in Brazil in 1557 with the dedication 405 00:39:57,600 --> 00:40:02,219 of the King of Denmark signed by the most devoted heirs of the deceased, 406 00:40:02,220 --> 00:40:07,950 Martin Boozer. No one being named, but we do know that Conrad Hubert was involved in this publication. 407 00:40:08,760 --> 00:40:18,059 He must have gotten the manuscript from V Brandis because we have a Lutheran pastor complaining that Butcher's views on divorce 408 00:40:18,060 --> 00:40:23,520 in this work were deviant and the butcher surely would not have wanted them to be publicised and published after his death. 409 00:40:23,790 --> 00:40:30,390 So Conrad Hubert is taking the angry, you know, the heat of the angry reader. 410 00:40:31,360 --> 00:40:35,710 They brought us. His otherwise hasty dispersal of butcher's papers certainly complicates thing for Hubert, 411 00:40:35,920 --> 00:40:41,140 who worked for years to gather Bush's manuscript for publication, including exchanging some letters with Brame. 412 00:40:41,650 --> 00:40:48,370 The process was stalled during the reign of Mary in 1553 to 58, when these hard core and high profile Protestants in England went into exile, 413 00:40:48,580 --> 00:40:56,050 hiding or to their death since Butcher was already dead, the most Mary could do to him was to disinter his remains. 414 00:40:56,380 --> 00:40:59,440 Burn them. And so actually, 415 00:40:59,440 --> 00:41:10,070 the first book that Hubert published was an account of how Butcher had been buried and the remains burned and then reburied under Elizabeth. 416 00:41:10,810 --> 00:41:14,800 This moment of great relief for these Protestants in 1561. 417 00:41:15,810 --> 00:41:19,950 So this book was printed in Strasbourg at the expense of the Basel printer up arenas, 418 00:41:20,340 --> 00:41:23,430 who was also committed to publishing the unpublished manuscripts of Butcher. 419 00:41:23,850 --> 00:41:27,450 But then parentheses, Death in 1568 was a further complication. 420 00:41:27,780 --> 00:41:31,450 So it was another nine years before the script. 421 00:41:31,460 --> 00:41:37,650 The ugly canon of Martin Luther appeared in 1577 with a dedication by Hubert, 422 00:41:37,650 --> 00:41:43,200 who used the opportunity to praise the deceased to attack butchers enemies and mention his own contributions. 423 00:41:43,410 --> 00:41:48,660 I was not only a spectator, but his helper for about 18 years in his writings, his sermons, 424 00:41:48,870 --> 00:41:51,719 and visiting the sick in resolving the disagreements of the faithful, 425 00:41:51,720 --> 00:41:56,460 helping the poor, and recalling those who aired whatever sect they started to join. 426 00:41:57,730 --> 00:42:02,650 Hubert had completed the second volume of scripture on the corner, which would have encompassed Butcher's remaining opera. 427 00:42:02,650 --> 00:42:04,150 But the printer of the first volume, 428 00:42:04,390 --> 00:42:10,960 Petra's paranoia of Basel came under pressure from reformed factions hostile to butcher and baulked at publishing it. 429 00:42:11,140 --> 00:42:18,010 So we see a further problem here is that the you know, the confessional conflicts are still continuing and butcher is out of fashion. 430 00:42:18,460 --> 00:42:22,720 So Hubert was lucky to get one volume published. He then died a few months later, 431 00:42:23,170 --> 00:42:28,810 and the efforts of Hubert's son Samuel to try and publish the second volume of the script on the counter were not successful. 432 00:42:29,170 --> 00:42:37,780 But Hubert is best known. His longest legacy is some hymns, which had a long Fortuna and evangelical repertoire, but largely unattributed. 433 00:42:38,290 --> 00:42:43,180 So basically his public legacy to add to it was to have recovered and published the English writings of his principle. 434 00:42:43,690 --> 00:42:50,380 He did so despite the fact that far from helping in that endeavour, Butcher's wife took pretty active measures to limit and complicate the process. 435 00:42:52,500 --> 00:42:59,340 So for a more positive dynamic between AMANUENSIS and family members, I offer the case of advantage on EB Professor at the College Royale, 436 00:42:59,340 --> 00:43:04,110 whose polemic with Ramos I mentioned last time and Neal Kenny has featured growing up family in his 437 00:43:04,110 --> 00:43:09,900 fascinating analysis of the strategies of families for upward mobility in the world of literary reputation. 438 00:43:10,620 --> 00:43:16,309 Tony was very much the scholar and expert in Greek who'd published more than 30 editions or commentaries or annotations of classical texts. 439 00:43:16,310 --> 00:43:24,630 By the time of his death in 1565, at the age of 53, and the family transmission was off to a good start with his wife, Maiden Kimo. 440 00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:30,079 Two daughters, three sons. From what was likely a modest background for seniors. 441 00:43:30,080 --> 00:43:35,630 The two sons reached higher office. O'Day was appointed first president of the Mint at the young age of 28. 442 00:43:35,960 --> 00:43:42,200 But he died before he could take office. Etienne, the longest lived of the brothers, became cosier in the parliament of Paris. 443 00:43:42,920 --> 00:43:46,220 They were all involved in publishing the literary remains of other senior. 444 00:43:47,090 --> 00:43:50,629 Neil Kenny makes a salutary point that printed statements in the pair text of posthumous 445 00:43:50,630 --> 00:43:54,470 publications need not correspond to the realities of the production of these books, 446 00:43:54,890 --> 00:43:59,900 but they serve principally to create a persona for the individuals involved and for the standing of the family as a whole, 447 00:44:00,140 --> 00:44:03,920 which will draw down to all its members. This is what he calls a family function. 448 00:44:04,220 --> 00:44:08,060 I love it. In addition to the author function, the serve and function, we have the family function. 449 00:44:08,630 --> 00:44:15,200 So I have not used any manuscript sources to probe for gaps between printed claims and more private interactions in the case of the tyranny of family. 450 00:44:15,380 --> 00:44:17,900 And only a handful of letters have been located in any case. 451 00:44:18,320 --> 00:44:25,399 So I will be relying on the printed statements with a special interest in the depiction of those from outside the family who helped. 452 00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:28,670 They are named and thanked warmly in print, which strikes me as unusual. 453 00:44:29,090 --> 00:44:36,139 One Jack Daniel is described as a former student who had become a royal official and the other is described as a 454 00:44:36,140 --> 00:44:44,100 friend of long standing greenfield down to nab himself had referred to fuel down in his lifetime in his adverse area. 455 00:44:44,480 --> 00:44:48,420 In this passage, which is really confusing, it's a comment on Vitruvius. 456 00:44:48,440 --> 00:44:51,230 So it's all about levers and pistons. 457 00:44:51,680 --> 00:45:00,380 And basically the point is that feel that collated a text very carefully, it's not clear whether it is a manuscript or a printed book. 458 00:45:00,650 --> 00:45:04,280 And the question is whether he used the word Charlotte or Calcutt. 459 00:45:05,930 --> 00:45:10,190 But so still that is thanked here and is my friend. 460 00:45:11,450 --> 00:45:22,600 Which he's never determined anyone says has never used. So then we have the first posthumous publication by the eldest son, Otto. 461 00:45:23,230 --> 00:45:28,120 With thanks to Daniel and Fyodor, who, quote, joined with his old father by necessity, 462 00:45:28,120 --> 00:45:32,739 lived with him diligently for many years and had zealously aided him in his studies, 463 00:45:32,740 --> 00:45:37,120 notably because he had learned through long practice how to read his handwriting, which few could. 464 00:45:37,450 --> 00:45:44,680 So if this isn't an amanuensis, you know, we see those telling signs of amanuensis here, even though the word is always friend. 465 00:45:47,110 --> 00:45:53,079 We. I mentioned in lecture three how something work done as a friend is not mechanical 466 00:45:53,080 --> 00:45:56,110 in the sense of perform for another and that may be what's operating here. 467 00:45:57,950 --> 00:46:08,150 So next we have volume three of their adversary, IA which which is published as by Adriano Jr, 468 00:46:08,810 --> 00:46:12,170 posthumous literary offspring liberated from eternal oblivion and brought to 469 00:46:12,170 --> 00:46:16,250 light by the diligence of my mother and the work of the friends of my father. 470 00:46:16,820 --> 00:46:23,330 So the mother is not otherwise named but gets credit. And then a poem by Jane Doe Ha, one of the playwright poets, 471 00:46:23,810 --> 00:46:28,430 actually praises Jeb's wife for her great conscientiousness and then has this 472 00:46:28,430 --> 00:46:36,230 lovely pun asking the dedicated to protect both Johnny Sleep and his liberals, 473 00:46:36,470 --> 00:46:49,930 his books and his friends. So we don't know much about the mother's activities, but nevertheless, she clearly was known to a circle of learned people. 474 00:46:50,650 --> 00:46:55,480 In 1580, then we have a reprint of the whole adversary. 475 00:46:56,530 --> 00:47:03,460 So at this point, oh, actually I wanted to mention the 1557, which is here is a slightly out of date, 476 00:47:03,610 --> 00:47:07,690 out of order 15 5077 is odds turn to sign the front matter. 477 00:47:08,080 --> 00:47:16,870 This is an address to the reader in which he explains he names the amanuensis in order to say that he's dead and can't finish the work. 478 00:47:16,870 --> 00:47:24,740 Which is fascinating and I feel that a most learned man, dearest friend to my father after he'd found this Golia on the first book of poems of Horace. 479 00:47:24,760 --> 00:47:31,360 Among the notes of my deceased father and it copy them from the autograph and added all the places in the published adverse area that concern. 480 00:47:31,360 --> 00:47:35,590 This author decided finally to publish them, but he was prevented from it by death. 481 00:47:36,280 --> 00:47:39,640 And so the son acknowledges this work and carries it on. 482 00:47:42,220 --> 00:47:46,810 So in 1580, we have the complete edition of The Adversary. 483 00:47:47,530 --> 00:47:56,590 And at this point, feel that appears acknowledged explicitly in each of the indexes accompanying the volume totalling 82 pages. 484 00:47:58,210 --> 00:48:03,310 Of course, he was dead by then, but he'd evidently done the work in 1600. 485 00:48:05,430 --> 00:48:15,510 That's near reprints the whole thing. And he interestingly dedicates this opera to the remaining son, Etienne, the other two having died. 486 00:48:16,140 --> 00:48:20,820 And thanks, Etienne, as a printer for giving him the author's autograph. 487 00:48:21,180 --> 00:48:30,130 But that's near the end. Drops mention of fuel down. And from then on, the family ceased, basically taking part in presenting posthumous works. 488 00:48:30,210 --> 00:48:36,600 So basically we have the brothers taking turn, taking turns, publishing a series of posthumous publications, 489 00:48:36,840 --> 00:48:40,380 thanking their mother one another, and in every case, children, 490 00:48:40,830 --> 00:48:46,080 including even after the last year, the latter's death, when the shout out couldn't elicit more work from him, 491 00:48:46,380 --> 00:48:48,810 which might be one of the purposes of of mention in print. 492 00:48:50,690 --> 00:49:00,260 So I want to close with the cases of the longest impact on the reputation of a principal by an amanuensis. 493 00:49:01,020 --> 00:49:02,370 So you have a little quiz here. 494 00:49:02,400 --> 00:49:10,230 This is from Wikipedia page for someone a companion during the Basil years expressed a quite unflattering opinion on this person. 495 00:49:10,470 --> 00:49:14,430 Two years I passed in his company, he spent and drinking and gluttony day and night. 496 00:49:14,700 --> 00:49:19,350 He could not be found sober an hour or two together, in particular after his departure from Basel. 497 00:49:19,620 --> 00:49:23,950 Who is this? Paracelsus. 498 00:49:26,160 --> 00:49:31,200 Who is so? That companion is his amanuensis for two years. 499 00:49:32,950 --> 00:49:36,909 Who is best known as a major printer of basil. You honest uprightness. 500 00:49:36,910 --> 00:49:40,060 Who was a young man at the time and who. 501 00:49:41,050 --> 00:49:49,990 Was invited to was asked by Johan Vier what it was like to work for Paracelsus, and perhaps to his regret, 502 00:49:50,500 --> 00:49:56,290 or at least Oparanya explicitly said he regretted writing this letter, which he wrote after Paracelsus his death. 503 00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:04,690 It's a tell all letter. So he talks about how Paracelsus never changed clothes when going to bed. 504 00:50:05,110 --> 00:50:09,040 He didn't know Latin very well. He got lucky with his treatments. 505 00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:17,110 He made up arenas, sniff some horrible concoction that made him pass out and he barely was revived. 506 00:50:18,010 --> 00:50:22,540 He was prone to violence. He got, you know, and he got drunk. 507 00:50:22,990 --> 00:50:31,030 But he also says that when drunk, he would dictate with such good coherence that the most sober, positive person couldn't have done it better. 508 00:50:31,630 --> 00:50:35,320 I then translated what he had dictated into Latin as well as I could, 509 00:50:35,710 --> 00:50:39,910 and these writings, translated in part by me and in part by others, were later printed. 510 00:50:40,660 --> 00:50:44,590 So this is the letter which you can find in German. 511 00:50:45,340 --> 00:50:49,450 From Steinman. I'm not sure it's been entirely translated into English, and of course it's circulated in Latin. 512 00:50:49,840 --> 00:50:59,980 It was printed at least four different times, down to 1615 by of course, by people hostile to Paracelsus, but also by people favourable to him. 513 00:51:00,370 --> 00:51:06,200 So in this case, we have the intimate portraits of the scholar thanks to the amanuensis. 514 00:51:06,640 --> 00:51:14,200 Although interestingly, a perin is then is also this letter circulated publicly only after uprightness is death, 515 00:51:14,230 --> 00:51:21,490 because speaking ill of the dead was obviously a big no no and people disputed whether or not a parenthesis regretted on his deathbed, 516 00:51:21,490 --> 00:51:27,490 having said spoken ill in writing of Paracelsus. 517 00:51:28,830 --> 00:51:32,010 Fascinatingly this interest in uprightness. 518 00:51:32,040 --> 00:51:38,700 Paracelsus amanuensis is visible in this 18th century print which lists all the various things uprightness did. 519 00:51:38,970 --> 00:51:43,350 And amanuensis to Paracelsus is one of them. I'm not aware of anybody else. 520 00:51:44,070 --> 00:51:51,390 Of course, as a third party long after his death. But we can see how this account has has been nurtured down to the Wikipedia page. 521 00:51:52,410 --> 00:51:57,060 And another one. You have stuck with me so long. And I have not mentioned Milton's daughters. 522 00:51:58,940 --> 00:52:02,219 So basically. Milton's daughters, 523 00:52:02,220 --> 00:52:07,080 the account that he dictated to his daughters in Latin and Greek without their understanding 524 00:52:07,080 --> 00:52:13,440 what he was dictating is told after his death by someone who had served in his household. 525 00:52:14,370 --> 00:52:19,620 However, Milton's. Milton's biography was incredibly politicised. 526 00:52:19,980 --> 00:52:24,780 There is national politics, but there's also family politics. There were lawsuits flying around this family. 527 00:52:25,590 --> 00:52:30,700 There's a lot of resentments of many kinds, so I take it all with a grain of salt. 528 00:52:30,720 --> 00:52:35,880 Of course, Milton became blind. He relied on people to take dictation Daniel Skinner, Thomas Elwood, 529 00:52:36,090 --> 00:52:40,620 his nephews Edward and John Phillips, and famously anybody who walked in the door. 530 00:52:40,860 --> 00:52:48,390 If Milton felt like dictating. So I you know, why are Milton's daughters so iconic? 531 00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:55,020 And basically, there's a spate of representation of this starting in the late 18th century through the 19th century. 532 00:52:56,010 --> 00:53:02,010 So these are some some images we have, you know, Google and Graham on Milton's doors. 533 00:53:02,850 --> 00:53:07,770 And so there was a lot more discussion of them in 1820 than now. 534 00:53:07,770 --> 00:53:09,270 We can speak about this comparatively. 535 00:53:10,240 --> 00:53:18,670 And I love this this book about George Eliot's dialogue with Milton's daughters, I find with Milton and and the story of the daughters, 536 00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:26,560 the repressed potential of women who were not educated enough to appreciate what he was dictating to them. 537 00:53:26,950 --> 00:53:33,100 And so I love this, you know, 1880 Women's magazine talking about Milton's daughters, your selection, 538 00:53:33,610 --> 00:53:39,819 bemoaning the fact that these girls, you know, were survivors of another, whether their father or husbands. 539 00:53:39,820 --> 00:53:44,530 Suppose Milton's daughters had been taught to understand that, to delight in the stately splendour of the folios they abhorred. 540 00:53:44,740 --> 00:53:48,940 Suppose a learned father had gently led them to love the quiet and still air of delightful study. 541 00:53:49,540 --> 00:53:54,130 If we gave our girls mental training instead of the arbitrary curriculum of the schools, they would enjoy their own minds. 542 00:53:54,370 --> 00:54:00,580 They would be full of resources against stagnation, against idleness and discontent, and the besetting sin of extravagance and dress. 543 00:54:00,820 --> 00:54:06,700 So clearly, women's education is a great thing because we won't have Milton's daughters anymore. 544 00:54:06,910 --> 00:54:16,180 So I think Milton's daughter just becomes iconic of this whole message, including, you know, ceasing having extravagant dress. 545 00:54:16,630 --> 00:54:22,530 So but nonetheless, I don't want to deny that daughters were pressed into service when they didn't want to be pressed into service. 546 00:54:22,540 --> 00:54:27,730 I don't tend to believe the Milton's daughters account is particularly trustworthy or representative. 547 00:54:27,820 --> 00:54:34,750 But I have another one for you, which is thanks to the work of Anna maria Rose on Martin Lister and his remarkable daughters. 548 00:54:35,290 --> 00:54:44,290 So Martin Lister. Wrote multiple works entirely engraved with, in this particular case, a history of shells. 549 00:54:44,950 --> 00:54:51,459 And you can see that this the sign office, Susanna and Anna Lister painted the pictures made the images. 550 00:54:51,460 --> 00:54:55,240 It's published at his own expense in London, at great expense and interesting. 551 00:54:55,240 --> 00:55:03,399 The Bodleian is the repository of some of the copper plates that the Lister daughters both so they drew and then they incised, 552 00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:12,250 they limned, the engraving themselves. Of course, this was a huge saving for the father to have this done in house. 553 00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:23,590 And Anna maria Ross quotes this line of a friend of Lister's writing to him I do not wonder that your work women begin to be tired. 554 00:55:24,040 --> 00:55:30,660 You have held them to it so long to it. And on that note, I have held you very long to it. 555 00:55:30,780 --> 00:55:32,850 Thank you very much. I will stop here.