1 00:00:02,040 --> 00:00:13,050 I. Ladies and gentlemen, my name is Richard Ovenden, and I, um. 2 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:19,620 Uh, have the pleasure of being both portage librarian and head of gardens, libraries and museums in the University of Oxford. 3 00:00:19,620 --> 00:00:26,219 And it's my great pleasure to welcome you wearing and another hat altogether, which is, 4 00:00:26,220 --> 00:00:34,260 as the chair of the electors to the library readership in bibliography for the 2024 lectures. 5 00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:41,250 And it's a great pleasure to see you all here in the Civic Lecture Theatre in the Western Library. 6 00:00:41,550 --> 00:00:47,900 And I'd like to, before we go any further, I'd like to just extend my thanks to my fellow electors, um, 7 00:00:47,970 --> 00:01:00,000 most of whom are here in the audience this evening for their great diligence to the, uh, difficult but highly enjoyable task of choosing the readers. 8 00:01:01,750 --> 00:01:06,730 These lectures are being recorded for release on the library's podcast channel. 9 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:09,400 And the first lecture, um. 10 00:01:09,670 --> 00:01:21,459 Uh, will appear, um, I think hopefully, uh, not too long after, um, the live version that you're all about to enjoy, um, is, is completed. 11 00:01:21,460 --> 00:01:32,110 And so, uh, to those of you who may be watching from sirens, sister or Cincinnati asynchronously, um, I also extend welcome to you all. 12 00:01:32,620 --> 00:01:44,199 And, uh, it's also my solemn duty to remind you all that a traditional biblio libation will be poured in Blackwell Hall after this evening's lecture, 13 00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:46,210 to which you are all warmly invited. 14 00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:54,460 But sadly, again, to those of you watching in Manchester or Cincinnati, I'm afraid you must take care of that element yourself. 15 00:01:56,470 --> 00:02:05,400 Um, and I should also remind you that there is wonderful display of manuscripts, um, which, uh, Professor Oakley has, uh, selected, uh, 16 00:02:05,410 --> 00:02:13,510 together with colleagues in the Bodleian, which is available for you to, uh, uh, enjoy in the transept outside this lecture theatre. 17 00:02:13,510 --> 00:02:22,780 So please make sure you look at the books. Before we move on to the specifics of this year's lectures and the lecturer, 18 00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:28,490 I'd like to, um, just draw your attention to the background to these series of lectures. 19 00:02:28,510 --> 00:02:34,480 Uh, particularly as we're being looked over by James Lyle himself here this evening. 20 00:02:35,230 --> 00:02:40,750 James Lyle was a lawyer and book collector who lived in Oxford, and on his retirement in Abingdon, 21 00:02:41,140 --> 00:02:46,150 who not only collected books in a very serious way, but also studied them closely. 22 00:02:46,420 --> 00:02:53,590 Publishing, for example, his research on early book illumination, a book illustration in Spain in 1925. 23 00:02:55,120 --> 00:03:00,460 Over a hundred of his best medieval manuscripts were bequeathed to the Bodleian in 1948, 24 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:07,360 and the library subsequently purchased another 60 manuscripts and many early printed books from his executors. 25 00:03:08,380 --> 00:03:16,090 Tillie Delmar, then on the staff of the Bodleian, published a scholarly catalogue of the medieval manuscripts, then in Bodley in 1971. 26 00:03:17,100 --> 00:03:18,090 In addition to the great. 27 00:03:18,420 --> 00:03:25,980 To this great generosity to the Bodleian, uh, James Lyle also left a bequest to establish a series of lectures in bibliography, 28 00:03:26,190 --> 00:03:30,300 to be delivered by invitation by leading scholars working in the field. 29 00:03:30,930 --> 00:03:31,499 To this end, 30 00:03:31,500 --> 00:03:39,210 the University established a board of electors to review the state of scholarship and to invite the leading proponents to hold the readership. 31 00:03:39,660 --> 00:03:46,470 It is this body, one that I've chaired since 2013, that has invited the current reader to deliver this year's lectures. 32 00:03:47,760 --> 00:03:51,540 A lot of lectures have more than fulfilled the expectations of their benefactors. 33 00:03:51,990 --> 00:03:57,180 They've made a substantial contribution to the field of biography in its broadest interpretation. 34 00:03:57,750 --> 00:04:03,840 High proportion of the lectures have been published, and many of them have become heavily cited works of scholarship. 35 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:12,760 A lot of lectures were first delivered in 1952 to 3 by Neil Can then read it and bibliography here at Oxford, 36 00:04:12,970 --> 00:04:19,120 and published up in 1960 as English Manuscripts in the Century after the Norman Conquest. 37 00:04:20,770 --> 00:04:31,510 Walter Gregg published his um. Leland Lectures of 1954 five as Some Aspects and Problems of London Publishing between 1515 and 1650. 38 00:04:31,720 --> 00:04:39,700 Fred Bowers, The Great American Bibliographies soon after gave his, which were then published as Bibliography and Textual Criticism. 39 00:04:40,270 --> 00:04:47,049 Jonathan Alexander, uh, former member of the curatorial staff of The Bodley and published Medieval Illuminators 40 00:04:47,050 --> 00:04:52,600 and Their Methods of Work in 1993 from his live lectures a decade earlier. 41 00:04:53,110 --> 00:05:01,239 And, uh, David McKittrick, um, gave his lectures um and set in print The Fortunes of an idea, 42 00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:08,470 which were then published um in 2003 as Print Manuscripts and the search for order, 1452 1830. 43 00:05:09,370 --> 00:05:18,760 In more recent times, uh, Tessa Weber gave the lines as public reading in its books Monastic Ideals and Practice in England circa 1000 to 1300. 44 00:05:19,150 --> 00:05:25,000 And our most recent reader, Professor and Blair came to us last year from Harvard to give a wonderful series 45 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:30,040 of lectures entitled In the Scholar's Workshop Amanuensis in Early Modern Europe. 46 00:05:32,220 --> 00:05:36,180 It is my great pleasure to introduce this year's lecture. 47 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:43,469 Stephen Oakley was born in Poole in Dorset and educated at Bradfield College and at The Queen's College, Cambridge, 48 00:05:43,470 --> 00:05:53,760 where he studied both for his undergraduate degree in classics between 1977 and 1980 and his doctorate between 1980 and 84. 49 00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:57,059 His first academic posts were Immanuel College, Cambridge, 50 00:05:57,060 --> 00:06:05,550 where he was First Research Fellow and then Official Fellow and Director of Studies in Classics between 1986 and 1998. 51 00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:12,610 That year he moved to the University of Reading, where he was Reader in Classics and then Professor of Latin um, 52 00:06:12,690 --> 00:06:18,360 before he returned to Cambridge as Kennedy Professor of Latin and Professorial Fellow. 53 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:26,550 Back in Emmanuel from 2007, um, and in the Kennedy chair, he succeeded Michael Reeve, 54 00:06:26,730 --> 00:06:31,860 who we know well here in Bodley, as a former curator of the body in libraries. 55 00:06:32,400 --> 00:06:36,210 And Stephen is the ninth person to hold this very distinguished chair. 56 00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:41,730 Cambridge. He was duly elected fellow of the British Academy in 2008. 57 00:06:42,710 --> 00:06:48,110 His publications have been very. Serious contributions to his own field of scholarship, 58 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:53,630 beginning with the hill forts of the San Knights in 1995, published by the British School at Rome, 59 00:06:53,900 --> 00:07:04,970 and a commentary on Livy books 6 to 10, which are published in four volumes between 1997 and 2005, and studies in the Transmission of Latin Texts. 60 00:07:05,330 --> 00:07:11,480 Um also up volume 1 in 2020, in volume two and uh last year. 61 00:07:12,650 --> 00:07:19,880 A professor o please. An editor of Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics and Cambridge Classical Texts and commentaries. 62 00:07:20,300 --> 00:07:23,900 I think you'll agree, ladies and gentlemen, that the, um. 63 00:07:23,900 --> 00:07:30,560 Professor. Oh, please. Finally, um, qualified to deliver the 2024 line lectures. 64 00:07:30,920 --> 00:07:35,720 Um, which is it is now my great pleasure to invite him to come and give the first of 65 00:07:36,170 --> 00:07:41,719 copying the classics and fathers exploration in the transmission of Latin text. 66 00:07:41,720 --> 00:08:01,840 Please join me in welcoming. Thank you for your kind introduction, Richard. 67 00:08:01,860 --> 00:08:08,630 It's always a pleasure to be in Oxford, where so many scholars who might not have worked and still do work. 68 00:08:08,640 --> 00:08:11,490 I can see some in the room, I'm sure, all of you in the room, 69 00:08:11,760 --> 00:08:18,450 and it is a very great and extremely daunting all that have been asked to be the loyal reader for 2024, 70 00:08:18,450 --> 00:08:24,840 and to follow in the footsteps of some of the giants in bibliographical and manuscript studies whom you've mentioned. 71 00:08:26,140 --> 00:08:29,170 When Richard's invitation came in 2020, 72 00:08:29,170 --> 00:08:35,020 it made clear that a loyal reader was expected to have a project and that ideally the results of 73 00:08:35,020 --> 00:08:40,450 that project should be published with Oxford University Press within five years of the lectures. 74 00:08:41,590 --> 00:08:47,850 For more than a decade. The primary focus of my research has been the investigation of various Latin manuscript traditions. 75 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:53,610 I had never looked seriously at a Latin manuscript until my mid 30s, 76 00:08:53,970 --> 00:08:59,760 and I thought that I should learn more than something about the transmission of Levis first decade. 77 00:09:00,570 --> 00:09:06,420 I think I caught some rudimentary skill in the field and finding sorting primary evidence, 78 00:09:06,420 --> 00:09:12,660 a congenial change from the endless ploughing through secondary literature on Livy and Roman history. 79 00:09:13,260 --> 00:09:19,980 I decided to look at the manuscripts of other authors first, some speeches of Cicero and the history of Curtius Rufus, 80 00:09:20,430 --> 00:09:24,750 and then other authors, when problems in that transmission interested me. 81 00:09:25,910 --> 00:09:33,320 As for publication, Oxford University Press have graciously published my books, as you've heard over the years. 82 00:09:33,740 --> 00:09:35,420 And when Richard's letter arrived, 83 00:09:35,450 --> 00:09:42,950 I already had a contract of three volumes with the that rather boring title studies and the transmission of Latin texts, 84 00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:53,420 two of which have since been published. And, um, what you will hear in these lectures will go into future publications in that series. 85 00:09:55,040 --> 00:10:00,110 Parameters and general outline of the field of the transmission of classical text. 86 00:10:00,140 --> 00:10:08,960 Latin texts have long been known. Nothing that you will hear from me or read, and what I subsequently publish will change those parameters. 87 00:10:09,590 --> 00:10:18,560 But there is an enormous amount of detailed and pleasurable work to be done, and these lectures have been entitled explorations. 88 00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:26,990 I shall talk today about the manuscripts of Julius Caesar on Thursday, about manuscripts that contained the corpus of some Cyprian, 89 00:10:27,290 --> 00:10:31,820 and particularly about the life of Cyprian, ascribed to his deacon Pontius. 90 00:10:32,780 --> 00:10:35,680 A third lecture will be on the manuscripts of Tallis. 91 00:10:36,440 --> 00:10:43,399 The fourth and fifth lectures will be an attempt to try out some of the generalisations that I promised in my book. 92 00:10:43,400 --> 00:10:46,430 Proposal to open up for my final volume. 93 00:10:47,500 --> 00:10:52,090 In the fourth, I shall look at the interaction of manuscripts and in Kuna bowls. 94 00:10:52,420 --> 00:10:57,130 And in the fifth AD, aspects of the geographical spread of manuscript traditions. 95 00:10:58,150 --> 00:11:01,990 Authors that will feature in those lectures will be those I've just mentioned. 96 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:08,650 Others on whom I have already published and also Pope Leo the Great and, uh, Ambrose. 97 00:11:10,900 --> 00:11:18,280 I am a classicist, but working on manuscripts moved me into terrain and cultures that are entirely new to me, 98 00:11:18,610 --> 00:11:26,349 and I've had to borrow a great deal of learning from specialists like the geological investigation of manuscript traditions, 99 00:11:26,350 --> 00:11:32,110 which I regard as a worthwhile field of research, even if one is not planning to edit a text. 100 00:11:32,710 --> 00:11:37,810 Does seem to be a subject for which the philological skills of classicists are useful. 101 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:45,190 Challenge for me is to make the results of my investigation seem exciting in print. 102 00:11:45,210 --> 00:11:53,070 When one is trying to look scholarly and has to organise a huge amount of detail, it is hard to convey any excitement. 103 00:11:53,430 --> 00:11:56,820 And certainly my own books are in places almost unreadable. 104 00:11:58,410 --> 00:12:05,790 But it is exciting to see a manuscript restored to me, to see a manuscript partition unfolds before one, 105 00:12:06,150 --> 00:12:10,890 and I should try to convey something of that from time to time in these lectures. 106 00:12:12,370 --> 00:12:18,100 Even in Oxford, there may be some people who do not actually pass the time of day reading Latin. 107 00:12:19,170 --> 00:12:27,030 If you fall into that category, I hope that my handouts will provide sufficient by way of translation to enable you to follow me. 108 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:37,360 Um, you may also, from time to time during this lecture, want to look at the family tree of manuscripts that I put on the final page of the handout? 109 00:12:41,820 --> 00:12:50,160 When I first started looking at Latin manuscripts in the 1990s, a medievalist in my Cambridge college, uh, not Professor Rankin, 110 00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:59,010 who is here today, said that the so-called systematic method was now used only by a few benighted bodies in Oxford. 111 00:13:00,790 --> 00:13:07,320 Uh, I do not wish to talk at length about method, although I shall make passing remarks on it throughout the lectures. 112 00:13:07,770 --> 00:13:09,960 So now I'm just going to say two things. 113 00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:18,270 First, that the basic tenet, systematic methods, namely that if a manuscript shares all the significant errors of another manuscript, 114 00:13:18,540 --> 00:13:23,410 it will derive from that other manuscript and add more of its own to that. 115 00:13:23,610 --> 00:13:34,269 That is entirely valid, in my view. Second that manuscripts often get corrected from elsewhere and pose interesting challenges. 116 00:13:34,270 --> 00:13:39,950 Forced to demotic investigation. That's all I'm going to say by way of preliminaries. 117 00:13:41,940 --> 00:13:47,490 But Julius Caesar was assassinated by Brutus and Cassius on the Ides of March, 44 BC. 118 00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:56,040 He left two books unfinished. It was in seven books of his Garlic War, but he had not described his final years and Gaul, 119 00:13:56,430 --> 00:14:02,040 and he had started writing his account of the civil war, but had come nowhere near to completing it. 120 00:14:02,850 --> 00:14:08,069 His friend and adjutant all assert. Yes, and I put down some information. 121 00:14:08,070 --> 00:14:13,860 Number one on your handout tells us in the preface to what we call books of the Garlic War. 122 00:14:14,010 --> 00:14:19,650 But he had provided a supplement to the Garlic war that linked it to the opening of the Civil War. 123 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:29,100 But Caesar's account of the civil war ended with his arrival in Alexandria after his victory over Pompey at False Hills in 48 B.C., 124 00:14:29,490 --> 00:14:37,620 and that he heard, yes, I provided the supplement also to this latter work that took the story down to the end of Caesar's life. 125 00:14:38,550 --> 00:14:45,540 None of this is easily confirmed. Almost everyone agrees that eight is the supplement to the Garlic War, 126 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:52,530 and book three of the Civil War duly ends with Caesar's arrival in Alexandria and transmitted to 127 00:14:52,530 --> 00:14:58,680 us in the Manuscripts of Caesar a three works which describe these campaigns the Alexandrian War, 128 00:14:58,860 --> 00:15:05,900 the African War, and the Spanish War. Other parts of this statement are more problematic. 129 00:15:06,830 --> 00:15:15,760 Archers himself had not long to live, and he was killed on the 21st of April 43, fighting against Mark Antony at the Battle of Mutola. 130 00:15:16,220 --> 00:15:21,560 Now in Montana, a city these days famous for balsamic vinegar and Luciano Pavarotti, 131 00:15:21,860 --> 00:15:26,300 but which is going to feature later in this lecture for more arcane reasons. 132 00:15:27,370 --> 00:15:34,600 Given the purchase of the duties of a consul, and that the political situation was frenetic in the months after Caesar's death. 133 00:15:34,990 --> 00:15:39,910 It seems unlikely that he would have had time himself to write up all these campaigns. 134 00:15:40,810 --> 00:15:44,230 Highlights. The style of the three supplementary works is different. 135 00:15:45,070 --> 00:15:52,240 No one imagines that the same author wrote all of them, although some no one today imagines that same author wrote all of them. 136 00:15:52,450 --> 00:15:57,130 Although some people think that's heartless himself, they have written the Alexandrian law. 137 00:15:58,060 --> 00:16:04,570 A reasonable view is that Hart has commissioned others to do the writing, and then issued what he had assembled. 138 00:16:05,630 --> 00:16:11,450 The problem of authorship was already apparent in antiquity, Suetonius wrote. 139 00:16:12,170 --> 00:16:16,760 He also left memoirs of his own exploits in the Gallic War and the Civil War. 140 00:16:16,790 --> 00:16:20,630 This is sort of telling us his life of Caesar and the civil war against Pompey. 141 00:16:20,990 --> 00:16:25,940 Yet who was the author of the Alexandrian War, the African War and the Spanish War? 142 00:16:26,090 --> 00:16:29,500 Is unclear, something copious others hurt. 143 00:16:29,510 --> 00:16:34,910 He has also provided a supplement to the Lost and Unfinished Book of the Garlic War. 144 00:16:36,480 --> 00:16:44,400 These remarks of heartless, uncertain years contributed to confusion about the authorship of these works in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 145 00:16:44,670 --> 00:16:51,900 about which more or later. I now leap forward a thousand years to our medieval manuscripts. 146 00:16:52,380 --> 00:16:58,890 They fall into two classes the note shared by scholars by the unimaginative Greek letters alpha and beta. 147 00:16:59,670 --> 00:17:07,620 The alpha class contains just the garlic for the beta class, both the Gallic War and the Civil War and its continuations. 148 00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:14,130 The oldest and many subsequent manuscripts of the Alpha class are among those that help to give 149 00:17:14,130 --> 00:17:20,700 us an insight into the circulation of classical and patristic Latin texts in late antiquity, 150 00:17:21,540 --> 00:17:23,700 or the end of each book of the Catholic War. 151 00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:31,799 They bear a subscription saying that Julius Kelso's Konstantinos had read the book, countless meetings that he had corrected, 152 00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:36,600 some slips of the turn up the scribe, and at the end of the book, at the end of book two. 153 00:17:36,630 --> 00:17:40,890 There is a more elaborate subscription. I. 154 00:17:40,890 --> 00:17:46,050 Julius Kelso's Constantinos, a man of the highest rank, have read this. 155 00:17:46,530 --> 00:17:52,650 I fly against the carriers. The meanest Lupa cleaners have read this book to finish his. 156 00:17:54,150 --> 00:18:00,780 Yeah. On the next slide, it is, you know, our earliest, perhaps our earliest manuscripts of the garlic war. 157 00:18:00,780 --> 00:18:06,600 Paris. Sign us Latin. US five seven, six, three, 90 scraps of the early ninth century. 158 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:11,840 And subscriptions of this kind of work copied out by Carolingian scribes. 159 00:18:12,050 --> 00:18:16,610 They give us valuable information about the older manuscripts from which they are copying. 160 00:18:17,610 --> 00:18:21,150 The case of Caesar. Information is particularly valuable. 161 00:18:21,590 --> 00:18:30,930 Well, obviously carriers US feminists. Lupe Aquino's is identifiable as a nephew of Angelus, the Bishop of Pavia, who died in 521. 162 00:18:31,830 --> 00:18:39,479 What is more, a poet who art or tells us number four on your handout that she read Caesar with Paul Phoenix, the brother of Lupe. 163 00:18:39,480 --> 00:18:42,879 Her kindness. As this the first. 164 00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:47,470 I read The Histories of Caesar, which he wrote as age memoirs for himself. 165 00:18:48,540 --> 00:18:54,690 I there are are torment rather not, as is made clear earlier in the poem in verse 35. 166 00:18:55,660 --> 00:19:03,550 Significant here is the Latin word for merit to us, because it is used in a subscription to book out of the Garlic War. 167 00:19:04,120 --> 00:19:06,940 There we read number five on your handout. 168 00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:17,440 I Julius tells us, Constantinos, a man of the highest rank of military, and read successively all that I left successfully out. 169 00:19:18,430 --> 00:19:22,870 Contact book eight of the memoirs, and the subscription seems a little ungrammatical. 170 00:19:22,870 --> 00:19:30,160 Here. I've got a Caesar, chief priest finishes. All this makes it attractive to play such an ancestor. 171 00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:35,290 At least the pre-alpha manuscripts was available in Ravenna in the sixth century. 172 00:19:36,670 --> 00:19:40,150 It on the transmission of blacks and texts about which we are most ignorant. 173 00:19:40,810 --> 00:19:46,870 And what used to be called the Dark Ages. We simply do not know enough about how and from where. 174 00:19:46,870 --> 00:19:52,720 In the old Roman Empire books arrived in France and Germany to be copies by Carolingian scribes. 175 00:19:53,650 --> 00:19:58,990 Caesar. It seems reasonable to hold that an old manuscript started its journey at Ravenna. 176 00:20:00,830 --> 00:20:05,750 It has been debated whether that copy was the ancestor of just the Alpha manuscripts, 177 00:20:05,750 --> 00:20:10,370 which have only the Garlic War, or both the Alpha and Beta manuscripts. 178 00:20:11,030 --> 00:20:18,530 The word tantalum, which I have translated with milk, is often thought to imply only so far, 179 00:20:18,560 --> 00:20:27,260 and to suggest that Julius Konstantinos could have gone on to read other texts in the manuscript, presumably the Civil War and its continuations. 180 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:29,060 Had he chosen to do so? 181 00:20:30,450 --> 00:20:40,110 I have thought it hard to disagree with the late Alan Cameron, who observed that who, quote, square is the normal adverb, or only so far in Latin. 182 00:20:40,890 --> 00:20:44,640 On the other hand, it's not clear what else tanto implies, 183 00:20:45,090 --> 00:20:52,080 and the failure of the beta manuscripts to contain the subscriptions could be explained by decision on the part of the scribe 184 00:20:52,200 --> 00:21:00,990 of beta itself to ignore ascribe beta itself to ignore power textual remarks that were obviously not part of Caesar's text. 185 00:21:01,890 --> 00:21:05,310 To me at least, certainty on this matter seems impossible. 186 00:21:07,250 --> 00:21:15,020 So far I have said nothing that has not been known for at least a century, but it needed to be repeated to set the scene. 187 00:21:16,330 --> 00:21:24,340 There are about 170 manuscripts of the Civil War and its continuations, most of which also contain the Garlic War. 188 00:21:25,030 --> 00:21:30,670 And in humble liquor, off the textual transmission of Caesar's Civil War, the late Virginia Brown. 189 00:21:30,790 --> 00:21:36,310 Like others before and after her. That's all from the perspective of an editor. 190 00:21:36,490 --> 00:21:44,950 All but five are illimitable. That is, except for any conjectures and healing mistakes made by the scribes. 191 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:53,140 They have no value for editors because they derive from earlier manuscripts that are still extant since 1972. 192 00:21:53,170 --> 00:21:55,330 There has been minimal interest in them. 193 00:21:56,660 --> 00:22:04,280 Challenge for me today is to convince you that in carrying out a genealogical investigation of manuscripts that are of no use to editors, 194 00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:06,560 I have not been wasting my time. 195 00:22:07,610 --> 00:22:17,149 But don't worry, although the published discussion of these manuscripts may I fear not a doctoral thesis in length and we shall be here all night. 196 00:22:17,150 --> 00:22:22,610 If I discuss them all, I shall content myself with a brief introduction to them, 197 00:22:22,610 --> 00:22:27,290 and then a few remarks on some of the manuscripts in the family that interests me most. 198 00:22:28,730 --> 00:22:33,040 In what follows, I shall often refer to manuscripts by their signature, 199 00:22:33,050 --> 00:22:37,160 by which I mean the letter capital, usually a capital letter by which they're known. 200 00:22:37,830 --> 00:22:43,310 Um, but you can see on number six on my handout that full shelf marks, if you're interested. 201 00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:51,030 All the manuscripts that matter are Northern European, mostly French, and. 202 00:22:51,360 --> 00:22:55,380 But the total number of Northern European manuscripts is paltry. 203 00:22:56,340 --> 00:22:59,910 The oldest manuscript s was written in the 10th century. 204 00:23:01,830 --> 00:23:05,260 Chromecast arrives end of the 11 central. 205 00:23:05,280 --> 00:23:09,480 Apologise. I took that picture of an old camera a long time ago. 206 00:23:10,090 --> 00:23:18,180 Uh, note by the way, in passing the reference to a Suetonius on the right hand side and from enter derive two manuscripts. 207 00:23:18,180 --> 00:23:25,530 Now in the British Library, the next oldest manuscript is known as M, and Florence is Lawrence Fiona. 208 00:23:26,950 --> 00:23:31,720 It has no North European progeny, but will feature much in what follows. 209 00:23:32,410 --> 00:23:39,640 Then comes tea of the later 11th century. It has two descendants that are extant. 210 00:23:39,660 --> 00:23:44,880 Then comes you. I haven't got a picture of this which produced just one descendant in Northern Europe. 211 00:23:45,060 --> 00:23:48,810 Next comes very probably German, which has no descendants. 212 00:23:50,070 --> 00:23:53,290 And we derive from beta via one last source. 213 00:23:53,310 --> 00:24:01,470 You may want to look at your family tree and Amadeu from another, and that's makes a third line of descent is agreed by all. 214 00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:08,250 In addition, there are four manuscripts that Virginia Brown rightly describes as contaminated. 215 00:24:08,850 --> 00:24:13,709 That is, they derived from manuscripts that had been corrected from another manuscript. 216 00:24:13,710 --> 00:24:22,860 And so that text is a fused hybrid. Genealogy is not entirely clear to me, but some of their readings suggest that they have TS blood in them. 217 00:24:24,050 --> 00:24:29,660 I've got a little new to say about all these manuscripts, and hence up moved very quickly through them. 218 00:24:30,290 --> 00:24:34,640 One minor novel, two that I can offer, um, largely to show some pictures, 219 00:24:34,820 --> 00:24:41,750 is that the moderately handsome French manuscript Bataclan Residences LA time US 904 220 00:24:42,410 --> 00:24:47,900 is the ancestor bar at least while into New York of manuscripts now in Cambridge. 221 00:24:49,960 --> 00:25:02,930 In Sentry and Monorail. They. On the next slide, I put the handsome French illumination side by side so you can compare those. 222 00:25:06,090 --> 00:25:15,060 My other novelty, um, not a very exciting one, concerns the 15th century Paris sign as Latin as 5782, 223 00:25:15,330 --> 00:25:19,980 which Virginia Brown eliminates as among her contaminated witnesses. 224 00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:25,079 I think that it is, in fact, another brother or sister of manuscripts. 225 00:25:25,080 --> 00:25:31,770 Amadeu. If I'm right, it bears out the old adage that one should talk about recant your age. 226 00:25:31,770 --> 00:25:36,500 That is, more recent manuscripts and not data. All race that is worse. 227 00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:45,440 90 scripts. Since editors at the Civil War whose ranks I don't aspire to join, I hasten to add, I have only five manuscripts to cite. 228 00:25:45,460 --> 00:25:48,610 One might, in theory, ask them to collate this as a sixth. 229 00:25:49,450 --> 00:25:57,610 In practice, Paris 5782 is unlikely to offer anything not found already in Edmund you which are much older. 230 00:25:59,540 --> 00:26:04,729 Striking feature of probably the majority of classical Latin traditions is that 15th 231 00:26:04,730 --> 00:26:09,680 century manuscripts outnumber the total of all those surviving from other centuries, 232 00:26:10,130 --> 00:26:14,870 and that the vast majority of these 15th century manuscripts were written in Italy. 233 00:26:15,770 --> 00:26:22,490 I shall say more about this in my first lecture. The tradition of Caesar's Civil War provides a good illustration. 234 00:26:22,850 --> 00:26:29,690 There are over 150 Italian manuscripts, and about 140 of these dates from the 15th century. 235 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:39,800 Italian tradition was fed by just three sources, namely the North European manuscripts M and unto which I've mentioned, 236 00:26:40,100 --> 00:26:45,919 which were all taken to um to remain in Italy at the very latest, 237 00:26:45,920 --> 00:26:53,480 and had arrived by the late 12th century, and by the late 14th century, and u by the late 15th century. 238 00:26:54,260 --> 00:26:58,700 There they produce progeny that will be the subject of the rest of this lecture. 239 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:08,460 Main purpose of Virginia Brown's monograph was to ascertain which of the 117 manuscripts of the Civil War were needed by editors, 240 00:27:09,330 --> 00:27:16,350 but she also offered a rudimentary classification of the 165 or so manuscripts that editors could discard. 241 00:27:16,770 --> 00:27:22,380 Placing them effectively in four lists. And I think you can see this on number eight on your handout. 242 00:27:23,100 --> 00:27:31,620 The sentence of the manuscript and copies of em, which are number 19 manuscripts, copies of you, 243 00:27:31,920 --> 00:27:43,410 and then two classes of manuscripts that, in her view, um hybridised the texts of M and N uh the last on the list being a huge category. 244 00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:51,600 About genealogy and hence also about transmission, which goes hand in hand with genealogy. 245 00:27:51,900 --> 00:27:55,200 That is about all that she says about these manuscripts. 246 00:27:56,390 --> 00:28:02,240 Sorry that I planned to tell him. Print is that descendants of manuscript M that is the second of Brownes group. 247 00:28:02,480 --> 00:28:10,760 Well, the first strand of text to circulate initially. And most manuscripts that this class derived from just one descendant of M. 248 00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:15,590 That Brownes fourth clause is, in essence an offshoot of this, 249 00:28:16,400 --> 00:28:24,580 that after an either arrived in Italy or if it just arrived earlier, began to produce progeny, it's taxed as prime, right? 250 00:28:24,680 --> 00:28:30,259 So was fused with one of the descendants of M and that Brown's fifth class right, 251 00:28:30,260 --> 00:28:39,100 which he rightly labels contaminated manuscripts of the main type, is the product of this fusion, but can be broken down into three segments. 252 00:28:39,110 --> 00:28:48,520 Families. My own interest in the manuscripts that the Civil War arose when I was asked to review Cynthia Damons fairly recent, 253 00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:52,330 and in my view, very good Oxford classical text of the work. 254 00:28:53,340 --> 00:28:59,910 Since I spent so much time looking at manuscripts, I thought that I should check at least some of what Professor Damon said about them, 255 00:29:00,420 --> 00:29:09,780 and for reasons that I cannot now entirely remember. I decided to inspect two descendants of em, which henceforth I shall call big em, 256 00:29:10,650 --> 00:29:17,400 one termed as solid lowercase n, which I shall call little M by Brown and others. 257 00:29:17,670 --> 00:29:25,400 It's now housed in Florence's Lawrenceville Library, with the shelf marked 68 six and dispersion and better than transcript. 258 00:29:25,960 --> 00:29:31,180 The other is in Rome's value trillion. The library with the shelf marked B 45. 259 00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:38,160 Number nine on your handout. Because big M has been damaged and is now defective in some places. 260 00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:45,240 Notably at the beginning of the Civil War. Substitutes for a type A potential use for editors in those places of damage. 261 00:29:46,350 --> 00:29:55,410 Earlier, scholars had pointed to claim as a substitute for Virginia Brown, which argued that it was a direct copy of Father Charlie on a P 45, 262 00:29:55,920 --> 00:30:01,710 and Cynthia Damon, influenced by Brown, regarded it as a brother of little M. 263 00:30:02,670 --> 00:30:06,810 I'm now going to read out when you can see on the screen part of Brown's argument. 264 00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:16,800 Wife of little M, there seems to have set himself the task of making a page by page, and often line by line copy of this model. 265 00:30:17,490 --> 00:30:23,730 Yes, he must have found difficult for the Ben event and does not have the compressed economical nature of Caroline. 266 00:30:23,970 --> 00:30:29,580 No one was his exemplar of consistent length, being written in 33 to 35 lines. 267 00:30:30,270 --> 00:30:33,149 His efforts to produce at least a similar, if not identical, 268 00:30:33,150 --> 00:30:39,900 page probably accounts for Amesbury number of lines and a script, but often has a cramped appearance. 269 00:30:41,830 --> 00:30:50,740 Preliminary inspection of one passage made me suspicious, and a full later inspection confirmed the bronze argument needs to be reversed. 270 00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:57,910 It is the file that was copied quite by fire and generally page by page from little M. 271 00:30:58,780 --> 00:31:05,980 I discovered this please me now, and not just because I have something new to say, but because despite studying many manuscripts, 272 00:31:06,350 --> 00:31:14,230 um, an instance of this quite well known phenomenon of copying choir by choir, I've never before fallen to me to discover. 273 00:31:15,460 --> 00:31:22,330 In fact, the derivation of the value trillions from little m can be proved by a whole series of other proofs. 274 00:31:23,080 --> 00:31:28,150 First, it has all the significant errors of little M and adds more of its own. 275 00:31:29,080 --> 00:31:36,220 Second, in two places it's a mix a line of little M for no other reason than that the words form a line. 276 00:31:36,820 --> 00:31:46,900 One of these is on folio 133 verso of the valley Chile on us, where the words on your handout at number ten can be read. 277 00:31:46,990 --> 00:31:54,850 If you don't know Latin, you don't need to be able to translate this to understand it, which comes at Alexandra and War Chapter seven. 278 00:31:55,240 --> 00:32:02,530 They're omitted for no obvious reason and inserted by the scribe at the foot of the page does the point of admission, 279 00:32:02,860 --> 00:32:08,530 and there is the insertion at the foot of the page. There is a larger. 280 00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:15,880 The insertion. When I inspected little M, I found the reason. 281 00:32:17,130 --> 00:32:22,110 But occupy line four of its own. Folio 133 the. 282 00:32:23,680 --> 00:32:29,020 If my view of the situation was repaired by the original scribe of the father, Charlie, I lost, if that's correct. 283 00:32:29,290 --> 00:32:37,749 It constitutes further proof of direct copying. Commits this kind of proof by remission of the line fairly often, but for obvious reasons, 284 00:32:37,750 --> 00:32:42,580 it's available only to those who work on text and prose and not in verse. 285 00:32:43,930 --> 00:32:51,639 But the final leaves, little M, had been placed in the wrong order so that the text leaps forward, missing out some chapters, 286 00:32:51,640 --> 00:32:58,120 and then leaps back again, making a mess of the author's account of Caesar's final battle at Munda. 287 00:32:58,930 --> 00:33:02,590 I put the details for anyone interested on number 11 at the handout. 288 00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:08,349 Precisely the same disorder is found today in the father Charlie, on this mess. 289 00:33:08,350 --> 00:33:16,569 We shall see elsewhere. As for the spacing of words on the two manuscripts, in my view that of little M is regular, 290 00:33:16,570 --> 00:33:23,100 but copying by far the scribes of the early on are sometimes had difficulties here. 291 00:33:23,170 --> 00:33:27,220 As an illustration of folios 96, verso and 90. 292 00:33:29,270 --> 00:33:39,230 A 97 rector in the Ballyclare Arms and you can see spaced out to get to the end of the plot before another scribe takes over. 293 00:33:41,390 --> 00:33:48,110 Rarely does a manuscript provide so many illustrations of how one can derive one manuscript from another. 294 00:33:49,470 --> 00:33:53,700 I should say now that without Virginia Brown's book, my investigation of the manuscript. 295 00:33:53,710 --> 00:33:56,940 So Caesar would have been a great deal harder to achieve. 296 00:33:57,300 --> 00:34:02,040 And what I've just said, I'm about to say, I did not say in a spirit of polemic or triumph. 297 00:34:02,700 --> 00:34:03,089 Rather, 298 00:34:03,090 --> 00:34:12,000 I found that my work on this end provided the key that unlocks the door to an understanding of a large part of the Italian tradition of the Civil War, 299 00:34:12,360 --> 00:34:17,439 and probably also of the Gallic. For this reason, we may regularly forgive it. 300 00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:20,410 Scribe for using the ghastly Ben of ancient script, 301 00:34:20,950 --> 00:34:27,340 which I at least find far harder to read even than the worst that my undergraduates throw at me in examinations. 302 00:34:28,580 --> 00:34:34,760 An invention script was used over southern Italy in the high metal at southern central Italy and 303 00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:41,030 the High Middle Ages and earlier intellectual centre from which it springs is Monte Cassino. 304 00:34:41,300 --> 00:34:45,650 In pre-Roman times, a massive sun night, oval skin fortress. 305 00:34:46,070 --> 00:34:54,590 In the Early Middle Ages, the home of Saint Benedict and the memory of our parents or grandparents, or in some cases, how great grand parents. 306 00:34:54,860 --> 00:34:59,780 The site that held up the Allied bombs through southern Italy in 1943. 307 00:35:00,710 --> 00:35:05,210 For us today, important for its role in the transmission of Latin texts. 308 00:35:06,190 --> 00:35:09,719 List, perhaps only popular among Italian, not monasteries. 309 00:35:09,720 --> 00:35:18,330 Rival said that Monte Cassino we should have no texts, for example, of Tacitus histories and the later books of his Annals. 310 00:35:18,750 --> 00:35:25,530 Pharos book on the Latin language, Cicero speeches on behalf of clients, and probably also quake tears. 311 00:35:25,860 --> 00:35:31,570 Achilles, his apology, and his Florida and his novel the Metamorphoses, uh, 312 00:35:31,620 --> 00:35:37,080 otherwise known as the Golden Ass and the manuscript tradition of Caesar would be very different. 313 00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:39,200 Junior prom. 314 00:35:39,210 --> 00:35:48,330 There are 17 other manuscripts beside little M and the father Charlie are less as copies of big M, but comments such as it is a close copy of them. 315 00:35:48,960 --> 00:35:55,560 I found that 16 of these derive from big and, uh, little M, and what is equally significant. 316 00:35:55,650 --> 00:36:00,480 Some of these 16 produced progeny that Brown had included on her other lists. 317 00:36:02,360 --> 00:36:06,660 ABOUtrillionACE has two offspring. I put Donald number 12 if you're interested. 318 00:36:06,910 --> 00:36:10,130 Other things before other lines of descent from little M, 319 00:36:10,460 --> 00:36:15,710 two of which reflect the trans position, leaves at the end of the work, but two others do not. 320 00:36:16,530 --> 00:36:20,120 But these four lines of descent, we shall look at two. 321 00:36:20,750 --> 00:36:31,280 First, I am going to glance briefly at Lorentzian 6811, a 14th century manuscript that does not reflect the disordered leaves at the end of little M. 322 00:36:32,500 --> 00:36:34,329 Exceeds that to kill a sentence, 323 00:36:34,330 --> 00:36:42,800 but its significance comes from the fact that manuscripts that hybridise the families of both big and little M with that of N. 324 00:36:42,820 --> 00:36:46,240 You may remember my talks that mention of hybridisation earlier. 325 00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:54,010 For many of its distinctive readings, they must derive in part either from this manuscript or something very like it. 326 00:36:54,880 --> 00:36:58,330 These hybrids, as I said earlier, fall into three families. 327 00:36:59,140 --> 00:37:04,900 Two of these families are huge, and from about 1400 they spread all over Italy, 328 00:37:05,050 --> 00:37:10,870 and their readings were used to correct descendants of little M that would otherwise have remained pure. 329 00:37:11,590 --> 00:37:16,180 In other words, hybrids and then manuscripts were used to correct pure manuscripts, 330 00:37:16,180 --> 00:37:22,480 with the result that manuscripts copied after this correction themselves had the appearance of similar hybridity. 331 00:37:23,260 --> 00:37:27,070 That may seem a nightmare for genealogical investigation. 332 00:37:27,660 --> 00:37:32,260 So I hope to show that in several cases where the corrected manuscript is still extant, 333 00:37:32,590 --> 00:37:36,250 the correction actually makes genealogical investigation easier. 334 00:37:37,370 --> 00:37:43,270 I'm going to leave, uh, Lawrenceville at 6811 now and look at another line of descent from Little End, 335 00:37:43,280 --> 00:37:46,670 which will be my main interest in the remainder of the lecture. 336 00:37:48,340 --> 00:37:54,250 How and where texts emerged from Monte Cassino are fascinating questions about which I need to learn more. 337 00:37:55,240 --> 00:37:59,649 If for some people think the file actually on us was written somewhere in central Italy, 338 00:37:59,650 --> 00:38:04,300 not far from either Monte Cassino or Rome, where the manuscript now resides. 339 00:38:04,450 --> 00:38:11,550 Little explaining needs to be done. The two other lines of descent that have the transposed leaves at the end of the work. 340 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:14,980 Both are both full of North Italian manuscripts. 341 00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:20,140 Little M seems to have been taken out of its Casanova's A fastness to northern Italy, 342 00:38:20,590 --> 00:38:26,350 and one productive North Italian line up descent will lead us to several manuscripts owned 343 00:38:26,350 --> 00:38:32,380 or written by well known and some less well known humanists of the 14th and 15th centuries. 344 00:38:34,580 --> 00:38:43,850 Of Balto of Ferrara, one of the lesser known figures, least lesser known to me, um was born about 1245 and died in 1380. 345 00:38:44,690 --> 00:38:53,390 He composed his Historia, which recounted the history of ancient Rome at Padua between about 1303 and 1312. 346 00:38:53,960 --> 00:38:58,760 By stitching together in paraphrased chunks of the Latin sources available to him. 347 00:38:59,740 --> 00:39:06,879 Later, he abbreviated it into a work known as the compendium number 14 on your handout for us. 348 00:39:06,880 --> 00:39:12,540 And so our tone is what prime sources two manuscript survive of the historian. 349 00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:19,840 One of them, which I have not seen, is now in Trento, the Alto IDG the other Florence, 350 00:39:20,170 --> 00:39:27,430 in the national Library, Biblioteca Nazionale Action trolley, Banco RA a 50 is of particular interest. 351 00:39:27,850 --> 00:39:32,770 The gist is a notebook written by Boccaccio in the middle of the 14th century, 352 00:39:33,110 --> 00:39:38,980 and to which he copied large chunks of Ricardo's Historia as well as other things. 353 00:39:39,990 --> 00:39:47,730 Both manuscripts of Ricardo's history have suffered losses, and we do not know how he described the earlier part of Caesar's career. 354 00:39:48,480 --> 00:39:53,400 But we do have his accounts of the Civil war fought between Caesar and the Pompeians, 355 00:39:54,030 --> 00:39:59,939 and for it he made use, um, of Caesar and the continuations of Caesar. 356 00:39:59,940 --> 00:40:08,550 And the slide that I put up chose his paprika Alagoas paraphrase of the opening of book three of the Civil War in Boccaccio's handwriting. 357 00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:11,450 Look up all those paraphrasing. 358 00:40:11,780 --> 00:40:19,340 Even though he keeps close to his Latin sources, does not make it entirely easy to establish on what class of manuscript he was drawing. 359 00:40:20,030 --> 00:40:23,510 What's his account of Caesar's last battle at Mundo in Spain? 360 00:40:23,870 --> 00:40:29,209 Allows one to prove that he was drawing on the manuscript that derived from little n lookup, 361 00:40:29,210 --> 00:40:34,850 although inserted a paraphrase of the account of the battle provided by Flores and historian of the 362 00:40:34,850 --> 00:40:41,570 second century A.D. into a general framework provided by the Spanish War in the Caesarian corpus, 363 00:40:42,380 --> 00:40:48,380 and his framework reflects the transpositions found in little M and many of its descendants. 364 00:40:49,280 --> 00:40:54,200 Naturally, the transpositions rendered the broad sweep of the campaign unintelligible. 365 00:40:54,560 --> 00:41:03,230 And perhaps this explains why Ricardo dropped the framework on the Spanish War when he came to adapt his Historia for his briefer compendium. 366 00:41:04,290 --> 00:41:06,299 On your handout number 15, 367 00:41:06,300 --> 00:41:14,940 I put a transcription from Boccaccio's notebooks with references to the transposed text in case you want to check this for yourselves. 368 00:41:15,420 --> 00:41:19,350 Uh, but on the assumption that most of you won't feel the need to do this, 369 00:41:19,350 --> 00:41:25,490 I've spared myself the labour of translating a noteworthy feature about his account. 370 00:41:25,680 --> 00:41:34,500 It's that he imagines that Suetonius wrote the Corpus Hazari Arms Caesarian corpus, and we shall return to this shortly. 371 00:41:35,760 --> 00:41:42,810 Fabric of Aalto's manuscript, was an early member of the group that I'm about to describe can be established by a few of its readings. 372 00:41:43,330 --> 00:41:50,340 This evidence is particularly valuable since it shows that this family was established in northern Italy by 1312. 373 00:41:53,200 --> 00:42:01,390 Um, there is one place, only one place in England where I like studying manuscripts even more than in the Western Library. 374 00:42:04,050 --> 00:42:10,200 Light reveals a cluster of Holkham Hall in Norfolk contains one of the best, perhaps the best, 375 00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:15,630 private collection of manuscripts of the Latin classics and some fathers in the world, 376 00:42:15,990 --> 00:42:22,500 all purchased by Thomas Cook, ancestor of the current ale, on his Grand Tour in the early 18th century. 377 00:42:23,670 --> 00:42:27,030 How come? Collection contains three manuscripts of Caesar. 378 00:42:27,330 --> 00:42:30,930 Number 16 on your handout. I don't have a reasons to go to Holkham. 379 00:42:30,930 --> 00:42:39,990 Not long after, I had derived the value of this little lamb, but took the chance to look at it Caesar's and take some photographs of portions of them. 380 00:42:40,770 --> 00:42:48,030 It emerged that two of the three, um. Holcomb three for two and three for three, both derived from little lamb. 381 00:42:48,540 --> 00:42:51,720 About three, four, three. Um. 382 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:57,210 I shall say nothing more about three, four, two. 383 00:42:57,690 --> 00:43:00,930 A manuscript written in the late 14th century. 384 00:43:01,510 --> 00:43:06,290 Uh, it may seem, looking at the picture, even less exciting at first glance, 385 00:43:06,300 --> 00:43:11,970 since it has no decoration and we know nothing about either its scribe or its ownership. 386 00:43:13,020 --> 00:43:18,560 I found this at the end of the text. It has the same disorders one finds and little M in the lianas. 387 00:43:19,050 --> 00:43:24,730 Cut it to a mix a line of little M different from the additions made by the Valley. 388 00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:28,200 Alison Cho showing a different line of descent from little M. 389 00:43:28,860 --> 00:43:35,709 Both. Proof. Decisive proof. Derivation. But three manuscripts now deriving from little M. 390 00:43:35,710 --> 00:43:41,050 This discovery set me on the path of finding out how many more manuscripts I could derive from it. 391 00:43:41,080 --> 00:43:44,350 These things become addictive. I'm afraid my wife will testify. 392 00:43:44,770 --> 00:43:53,500 Um, how come three for two has been corrected quite often in such a way that its original readings have often been obscured, 393 00:43:53,890 --> 00:44:00,190 and the corrections introduce many readings of a 6811 manuscript I mentioned just now, 394 00:44:00,400 --> 00:44:04,389 and the hybrid classes of manuscript, as I've just said, 395 00:44:04,390 --> 00:44:09,610 so far from being a disadvantage for genealogical investigation, this proves to be very helpful. 396 00:44:10,210 --> 00:44:13,600 In four manuscript shadow the text of hokum. Three for two. 397 00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:17,950 Exactly. Don't worry, it's uncorrected errors where it has been left uncorrected. 398 00:44:18,370 --> 00:44:25,450 Avoiding errors works has been properly corrected. I'm repeating fresh mistakes where it has been falsely corrected. 399 00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:30,500 A brand classified baseball manuscripts in various of her other lists. 400 00:44:31,950 --> 00:44:35,849 But another 14th century manuscript. Harris 5768. 401 00:44:35,850 --> 00:44:39,390 I don't have a decent loss. There's not a decent image on garlic. I'm afraid. 402 00:44:39,570 --> 00:44:44,520 Seems to have every reading that hokum three, four, two had before it was corrected. 403 00:44:45,330 --> 00:44:49,560 Two was corrected and two manuscripts derived from it after correction. 404 00:44:50,160 --> 00:44:53,190 Taking hokum three, four, two the progenitor of seven. 405 00:44:53,190 --> 00:45:01,960 Manuscript. Other hokum 342 Noel Paris five seven, six eight can be connected with any known humanist. 406 00:45:02,830 --> 00:45:06,220 That is not the case with modern US biblioteca assistants. 407 00:45:06,700 --> 00:45:15,590 Latin for two one, which can be connected with Guarino Veronese, who lived from 1374 to 1460. 408 00:45:15,610 --> 00:45:28,990 The famous teacher at Ferrara. Uh, these pictures show the first, um, the last page of the manuscript of a close up of the telephone. 409 00:45:30,010 --> 00:45:38,950 You can see that it was corrected by Guarino and his pupil Giovanni Lamela, on the 4th July 19, 1432. 410 00:45:40,190 --> 00:45:45,860 There's been some minor controversy about the date not of the date of the correction, but of the original manuscript. 411 00:45:46,550 --> 00:45:48,680 But how come 540. 412 00:45:50,710 --> 00:46:03,080 Uh, a translation of Sir Tony into, uh, Italian is signed by the same scribe, Jacobus de Casilla, written for his Paris patron and dated to 1372. 413 00:46:03,100 --> 00:46:06,040 I think I got the call from there, where I put them side by side, 414 00:46:06,730 --> 00:46:12,100 and it's hard to believe that the manuscript that Quirino corrected was written much later. 415 00:46:14,310 --> 00:46:21,240 Thackeray noted important work at Ferrara that influenced numerous 15th century textual traditions is not in doubt, 416 00:46:21,750 --> 00:46:28,230 but it is sometimes difficult to define precisely the nature of, um, this work, and I was hoping I. 417 00:46:28,710 --> 00:46:31,830 I may have got muddled here. The manuscript of Varro. 418 00:46:33,280 --> 00:46:40,009 It is here in Oxford that Latin class B2 um, which proclaims that you can read Latin, 419 00:46:40,010 --> 00:46:44,950 was coliform, but it was corrected in the house of Barrow, and that illustrates that nicely. 420 00:46:44,980 --> 00:46:51,379 It is a contaminated manuscript, whose text, as you would expect from a manuscript. 421 00:46:51,380 --> 00:46:54,730 This had been corrected, deriving from Kurien household, 422 00:46:55,300 --> 00:47:04,480 and that fused text and the absence of quarry nose corrections makes it quite difficult precisely to analyse geologically. 423 00:47:05,340 --> 00:47:13,910 But happily for Caesar, much of the evidence survives in the corrections that Guarino imposed on this modern manuscript. 424 00:47:13,940 --> 00:47:19,380 When I return to the invention of its last page, you can see some of the corrections. 425 00:47:19,620 --> 00:47:28,880 Uh. I found four manuscripts that have a text that follows that at the margin of the manuscript, after Katrina and Lamela had corrected it, 426 00:47:29,570 --> 00:47:39,049 among them, uh, butter Latin US 1830, um, which has, unsurprisingly paraphrase a flower decoration. 427 00:47:39,050 --> 00:47:43,490 Guarino, you remember, worked in Ferrara from the middle of the 15th century. 428 00:47:44,070 --> 00:47:50,300 Now, I'm not an art historian, but this is one style of decoration that I feel reasonably confident and identified. 429 00:47:50,990 --> 00:47:55,580 It was used also in Bologna, where several Ferrara illuminators worked. 430 00:47:56,610 --> 00:48:00,120 All manuscripts may seem a modest goal, but in fact, in files, 431 00:48:00,120 --> 00:48:05,940 finding the genealogical position of one modern manuscript opened the floodgates for other derivations. 432 00:48:06,780 --> 00:48:14,070 Most of the uncorrected errors of the modern manuscript, most of the errors imposed on it as faulty corrections, 433 00:48:14,460 --> 00:48:20,100 are found in a further 31 manuscripts that they derive from the modern manuscript, 434 00:48:20,100 --> 00:48:24,840 via effort to further one or more intermediaries that had been further corrected, 435 00:48:25,020 --> 00:48:28,620 seems to me to be the most likely explanation of their origin, 436 00:48:29,310 --> 00:48:36,420 and this would be consonant with the difficulty of pinning down what precisely Guarino did with some of the other texts on which he worked. 437 00:48:37,590 --> 00:48:40,770 Now at a time in a sceptic might say about these other manuscripts. 438 00:48:40,980 --> 00:48:46,320 How do you know that Error's from Macquarie knows manuscript one not imposed on one from a different family. 439 00:48:47,220 --> 00:48:53,140 Doubtless my desire to make a massive derivation of manuscripts partly explains why I reject this. 440 00:48:53,160 --> 00:48:55,770 It's difficult to get personal feelings out of this. 441 00:48:56,490 --> 00:49:02,040 I also have a more scholarly reason, but most of my manuscripts are some transpositions of word order, 442 00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:07,620 but are not found in hokum three, four, two otherwise its closest relative or other relatives. 443 00:49:07,980 --> 00:49:11,460 And these are all appear in these 31 manuscripts. 444 00:49:12,180 --> 00:49:16,890 I'm correcting scribe's corrected omissions, and they changes that affected the sense, 445 00:49:17,250 --> 00:49:22,830 but tended to bother less with variations in word order, but do not affect sense or metre. 446 00:49:23,820 --> 00:49:28,530 It's always satisfying when one's genealogy corresponds to a geographical pattern, 447 00:49:28,950 --> 00:49:34,530 and it can be shown beyond doubt that many of these manuscripts were produced in Ferrara or nearby. 448 00:49:35,220 --> 00:49:44,400 Here's a picture of butter. Colonies left time of three, three, two, two, and you'll recognise once again the ferrero's, a flower decoration. 449 00:49:45,060 --> 00:49:50,310 And here is a manuscript outside in the display case. 450 00:49:50,880 --> 00:49:55,410 Uh, and again you can see that Ferrara is a flower decoration at the bottom. 451 00:49:56,130 --> 00:50:01,440 This manuscript was signed by its scribe. Grant us to come peace in 1454. 452 00:50:03,120 --> 00:50:08,940 So massive a family of manuscripts was not to be contained within the borders of one city or region, 453 00:50:09,330 --> 00:50:17,040 and it spread to other cities of Italy, including Rome. There the to print Printemps was produced in 1470. 454 00:50:17,520 --> 00:50:26,550 Here is a picture of a handsomely illuminated copy now in Munich, and from the declaration I assume that it was applied to it in Germany. 455 00:50:27,620 --> 00:50:37,910 All manuscripts were copied from printed editions, and from this one was copied Ambrosio and Ambrosiano a two for three in Ferri all right, 456 00:50:38,420 --> 00:50:48,260 and his scribe has been identified by Albania diplomat who you heard mentioned earlier, um, as the famous calligrapher Bartolomeo San Vito. 457 00:50:48,470 --> 00:50:51,710 No. [INAUDIBLE] feature again in my third lecture on Catullus. 458 00:50:54,600 --> 00:51:01,589 When Poggio wrote a letter to Spinola in May Nanterre Ferrara, arguing that Chapelle Africanus, 459 00:51:01,590 --> 00:51:05,490 the conqueror of Hannibal, was a superior figure to Julius Caesar, 460 00:51:05,850 --> 00:51:14,820 he provoked Corino into a long and somewhat sharp and ill argued reply that in turn induced an even longer response from Poggio. 461 00:51:15,390 --> 00:51:20,700 The text reproduced in conference book listed on your handout number 18. 462 00:51:21,550 --> 00:51:25,300 Farina worked in Ferrara, ruled by the best family. 463 00:51:25,320 --> 00:51:32,580 It is easy to see why early Renaissance princes might admire Caesar, who was often regarded as the first Roman emperor. 464 00:51:33,260 --> 00:51:41,190 Angelo came from the Florentine Republic, and one of his arguments was that autocracy had killed off the best spirit of Roman letters. 465 00:51:42,180 --> 00:51:47,340 A full account of the controversy would need to be given by a Renaissance scholar rather than a classicist. 466 00:51:47,850 --> 00:51:49,620 I shall say just two things. 467 00:51:50,190 --> 00:51:58,590 First, when the controversy erupted in 1435, what do you know was in a good position to respond or to initiate the argument? 468 00:51:58,710 --> 00:52:03,540 Having worked through the whole corpus clause area in them just three years earlier. 469 00:52:04,570 --> 00:52:09,729 Second, the quality of the argumentation and particularly, I think from Poggio, 470 00:52:09,730 --> 00:52:19,900 shows just how far understanding that the ancient Romans had come in the 120 or so years since Ric about to offer all. 471 00:52:22,070 --> 00:52:29,300 Another human is to own just Caesar that belong to this group of descendants of little and was Gasparino Bart seats on back. 472 00:52:30,020 --> 00:52:33,080 He left from about 1360 to 1431. 473 00:52:33,350 --> 00:52:40,129 He was an influential grammarian who taught first at Padua and then later in Milan, where teachers manuscripts, 474 00:52:40,130 --> 00:52:48,470 many of which including the Caesar, passed into his the hands of his son Junior Fortner, who lived from 1406 to 1463. 475 00:52:48,950 --> 00:52:54,809 Often turn out to be highly productive. It's Susa, which is in the Vatican. 476 00:52:54,810 --> 00:53:02,790 Has Barberini on his left. Highness one for eight of the later 14th century homes of Rome. 477 00:53:02,790 --> 00:53:10,040 To them comes in the same. I'm going to change over of script here. 478 00:53:10,280 --> 00:53:17,780 Um. Uh, comes in the same manuscript to Saratoga as Lies at the Caesars, after which it is placed. 479 00:53:18,530 --> 00:53:25,970 And here is his signature. Final page, and here is the opening page of the manuscript. 480 00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:32,260 It proclaims its descent from Little Adam in various ways, of which the most notable is its original, 481 00:53:32,380 --> 00:53:35,360 having the transposition of leaves at the end of the manuscript. 482 00:53:35,960 --> 00:53:41,900 24 to has plastered the manuscript, with corrections and comments thereto taken from another manuscript, 483 00:53:41,900 --> 00:53:47,750 and including the numerous errors of that other manuscript that put some information on that number 20. 484 00:53:48,170 --> 00:53:55,460 In correcting, he had to grapple with the transposition at the end of the text, and then in the margins where you can see his doing so. 485 00:53:57,060 --> 00:54:08,620 There isn't. Here's an example on the screen where on the folio 157 verse and one of the 40 loops is marked in the text by a figure like a capital T. 486 00:54:08,630 --> 00:54:15,830 You can probably see if I can use the point. Um, in the margins, really. 487 00:54:15,840 --> 00:54:18,720 Forte has written, uh, translate the Latin, 488 00:54:19,110 --> 00:54:26,909 make a move from here to the third column where there is the same sign, and follow the text there from X book. 489 00:54:26,910 --> 00:54:32,399 Aha! Which means problem. This flight takes 2040 baht seats as advice. 490 00:54:32,400 --> 00:54:38,040 Um, follow the text um column two, folio 158 recto. 491 00:54:38,820 --> 00:54:43,930 And we duly find the T like symbol and the word ex book. 492 00:54:43,980 --> 00:54:52,000 Uh, talk. I can tell you, right? I put them side by side. 493 00:54:54,260 --> 00:54:58,460 Almost ready for tears. Annotations on this manuscript require digression. 494 00:54:59,150 --> 00:55:04,590 Who wrote the works that were ascribed to Caesar? The answer to that question was not obvious. 495 00:55:04,610 --> 00:55:12,590 In Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance unreason for the difficulty was Caesar's imitation of the Greek Xenophon, 496 00:55:12,890 --> 00:55:16,790 and referring to himself in the third rather than the first person. 497 00:55:17,870 --> 00:55:25,130 Ferocious. The Christian anti pagan historian of the early fifth century wrote some paraphrases from the Catholic War, 498 00:55:25,550 --> 00:55:29,330 but tells his readers that he was quoting from Suetonius. 499 00:55:30,440 --> 00:55:37,880 Most of our older and more recent authors of manuscripts are clear that the author of The Garlic in Civil Wars was Julius Caesar, 500 00:55:38,600 --> 00:55:45,620 but some manuscripts muddle him with, Julius tells us Constantine, us the man who wrote subscriptions on the Gallic War. 501 00:55:46,980 --> 00:55:52,440 Notion that Suetonius wrote all or some of the commentaries seems also to have been widespread. 502 00:55:52,980 --> 00:55:57,900 While Reno's manuscript describes books 1 to 7 of The Garlic War to Caesar himself. 503 00:55:58,680 --> 00:56:09,150 The rest of the corpus, from book eight onwards to certain Antonius Barrino amended his corrections to articles, and Holcomb three, four, two. 504 00:56:09,330 --> 00:56:15,540 All the three headings are erased, and the same is true of its descendant Paris 5768. 505 00:56:15,990 --> 00:56:21,240 Except that beneath the erasures in the Paris Suetonius, his name can be made out. 506 00:56:21,810 --> 00:56:27,100 It seems as if the whole corpus. Lorenzana, 6811. 507 00:56:27,820 --> 00:56:31,450 First Italian manuscript I showed you. On. 508 00:56:31,450 --> 00:56:37,689 Another line of descent from Little Caesar is the author of Garlic War books 1 to 7 books to atone yourself. 509 00:56:37,690 --> 00:56:47,389 The rest. And I've put the heading to collect for book eight in that manuscript and number 21 on your handout, literally. 510 00:56:47,390 --> 00:56:53,720 And all the titles are erased, making one suspect that Suetonius was referred to in at least some places. 511 00:56:54,950 --> 00:57:00,560 In a different line of descent from the archetype manuscript. Yes, that's our oldest manuscript of the Civil War. 512 00:57:01,080 --> 00:57:08,660 No, its headings were written later, recalled Caesar as author of the Gothic War, but does not commit itself on the authorship of the Civil War. 513 00:57:09,380 --> 00:57:15,800 It's the sentiment about which a little more soon ascribes the Gallic War books 1 to 7 to Caesar, 514 00:57:16,040 --> 00:57:20,610 but the rest mostly to Sir Thomas I asked you to look out, for Suetonius is now known. 515 00:57:22,130 --> 00:57:29,240 Perhaps the confusion came about because certain yes discusses the authorship of the commentaries in the passage of which we glanced earlier. 516 00:57:29,870 --> 00:57:32,900 Perhaps because a roses had a vast circulation. 517 00:57:33,290 --> 00:57:39,320 There are over 390 scripts surviving. Um, in fact, may have influenced people. 518 00:57:40,350 --> 00:57:43,589 Manuscript parts, each so has all its headings erased. 519 00:57:43,590 --> 00:57:50,430 But someone, perhaps G40, has mentioned the correct authors in the margin, describing the Alexandrian, 520 00:57:50,430 --> 00:57:57,870 African and Spanish wars to either her tears or obvious, clearly reflecting information derived from Suetonius. 521 00:57:58,560 --> 00:58:05,070 In some places he comments on authorship on folio 144, verse 24, 522 00:58:05,070 --> 00:58:13,920 to expresses disbelief in Caesar's authorship on the ground that Caesar would not have referred to himself by saying I conjecture. 523 00:58:19,040 --> 00:58:24,680 Difficulties over authorship. Bring me to the last member of this family that I shall discuss. 524 00:58:25,250 --> 00:58:29,420 Preston Dundas, Bibliotheque DC 176. 525 00:58:30,400 --> 00:58:38,290 During the 13th and 15th February 1945, British and American bombs started, as everyone knows, a blazing inferno. 526 00:58:38,290 --> 00:58:45,640 Interest and scripture. Caesar was damaged badly by the water used to put that inferno out. 527 00:58:46,480 --> 00:58:56,920 Fortunately, it had been collected earlier by German scholars very thoroughly in the African War, and today, after work in Dresden restoring it, 528 00:58:56,920 --> 00:59:04,629 some readings can still be discerned on the digital reproduction that the Landis Bibliotheque has made available on the internet. 529 00:59:04,630 --> 00:59:11,230 I'm not yet sure whether I need to go to Dresden to see whether one can do better than what the internet offers. 530 00:59:13,050 --> 00:59:15,750 And a very useful article on your bibliography. 531 00:59:15,750 --> 00:59:23,700 Dr. lato identified the hand of the humanist Pere Candido de Chambre as the character and probably owner of the manuscript. 532 00:59:24,920 --> 00:59:33,410 I own contribution will be to refine some of Donatos arguments and place the manuscript, which duly originally had the transpositions. 533 00:59:33,710 --> 00:59:36,950 It is proper place in the family that we've been considering. 534 00:59:37,880 --> 00:59:45,770 Their concerto to chamber is the most important member of an intellectual Milanese who Lombardi firmly among his achievements. 535 00:59:45,770 --> 00:59:52,160 Many achievements were the first translations of Caesar and Curtius Rufus into vernacular Italian. 536 00:59:53,560 --> 01:00:00,400 And Aarto rightly argued that a manuscript in the Vatican and the clergy, Fondo, derives from the one in Dresden. 537 01:00:01,150 --> 01:00:07,780 Now the most, the most notable feature of this manuscript is that it starts with a letter of décembre, 538 01:00:08,350 --> 01:00:14,430 written on the 2720 2nd October 1423 by Bartolomeo Capra, 539 01:00:14,680 --> 01:00:21,310 Archbishop of Milan, in which this chamber discusses the authorship of texts in the Caesarian corpus. 540 01:00:21,880 --> 01:00:29,590 Almost certainly it scribe, this is the scribe of the Keiji manuscript was drawing directly on materials provided by Dr. Chen Bram. 541 01:00:31,180 --> 01:00:39,390 In the letter décembre essentially draws attention to what Sir Tonia says on the subject and states that her chess books are garlic, 542 01:00:39,490 --> 01:00:44,770 pork and either her tears or opus. The Alexandria, African and Spanish Wars. 543 01:00:45,740 --> 01:00:53,000 As for those who thought otherwise. Um, well, I placed an extract letter on your handout, and here it is. 544 01:00:54,130 --> 01:00:59,290 But that man, whoever it was, from whom not only education but all humanity was absent, 545 01:00:59,290 --> 01:01:07,330 is not just modern classical scholars who can be root for sign by so laughable a mark of ignorance that he writes the name of Suetonius, 546 01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:14,739 or Julius tells us at the head of these first books at the garlic war, that he assigns the eighth, which all agree, was written by Hart. 547 01:01:14,740 --> 01:01:17,530 Yes, a very distinguished man. So atone. 548 01:01:17,530 --> 01:01:25,150 Yes, because he, the same person, messes up the following books that the Civil War with the same mistake arising from a similar failure to research. 549 01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:30,640 He says that he is doubtful whether they should be assigned to Suetonius or Julius tells us. 550 01:01:31,610 --> 01:01:36,760 Who was the man? One of the few manuscripts that carry this letter. 551 01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:42,610 It's in Milan, and I regret that I've not been able to get to Milan since I discovered this. 552 01:01:43,030 --> 01:01:46,780 Um, has written in the margin error. Gasperini. 553 01:01:46,780 --> 01:01:49,899 Park city a mistake of Gasparino Barts. 554 01:01:49,900 --> 01:01:54,860 It's a. Perhaps the chamber had heard reports of Gasparino teaching. 555 01:01:55,400 --> 01:01:59,720 Perhaps he was able to look at the Barberini manuscript owned by the Bart Cetus. 556 01:02:00,290 --> 01:02:04,460 Perhaps the Dresden manuscript could pass through Gasparino hands. 557 01:02:04,970 --> 01:02:08,840 Although it does look a bit late to have been written by 1423. 558 01:02:09,440 --> 01:02:13,190 Whatever the explanation, the Dresden manuscript follows Suetonius. 559 01:02:13,190 --> 01:02:18,440 In making either case the authors of the Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars. 560 01:02:19,190 --> 01:02:24,679 Well, I should not like to say whether the headings are original. Might be possible if the manuscript was not damaged. 561 01:02:24,680 --> 01:02:28,180 To what better? And surely for tech arts. 562 01:02:28,360 --> 01:02:32,920 So could I have learned from December how to correct his father's mistake? 563 01:02:35,010 --> 01:02:41,760 When nearly finished. But before I finish, I ought to make some brief remarks about the remaining families of manuscripts. 564 01:02:42,840 --> 01:02:49,350 Primary manuscript. You came to Italy late and has a few to sentence for lost Intermediate Company. 565 01:02:49,740 --> 01:02:52,800 I did not think it was worth going into detail. 566 01:02:53,580 --> 01:02:58,319 I've made considerable progress in sorting the huge family of about 100 manuscripts 567 01:02:58,320 --> 01:03:03,300 that Virginia Brown correctly noted was fusing the texts of big um and um, 568 01:03:03,870 --> 01:03:07,829 but the detail is, uh, not suitable for oral exposition. 569 01:03:07,830 --> 01:03:11,190 I hope it might interest someone in print other than me. We shall see. 570 01:03:11,910 --> 01:03:15,420 As I've said, the family breaks down into three separate families. 571 01:03:16,050 --> 01:03:23,220 Among these vast numbers, among these vast numbers of hybrid manuscripts are some of the seasons in Oxford and Canon. 572 01:03:23,220 --> 01:03:25,770 Nature Classical Latin two, six, six. 573 01:03:26,070 --> 01:03:34,170 A night is on the in the display case and is a nice example with Florentine illumination, if you care to look at it on the way out. 574 01:03:35,990 --> 01:03:39,410 I gotta stop here being asked to review Cynthia Diamond's books, 575 01:03:39,410 --> 01:03:45,230 and shortly afterwards discovering that the accepted dating of little and undervalued Chileans was wrong. 576 01:03:45,830 --> 01:03:50,600 I've taken me on a journey on which I have learnt many things that I did not know a decade ago. 577 01:03:51,110 --> 01:03:54,440 Uh, I hope that you found some of them interesting. Thank you very much.