1 00:00:02,390 --> 00:00:13,610 Example. I'm just going to say you will need to refer to the handout. 2 00:00:13,620 --> 00:00:23,520 I'm dictation. Like I mentioned, I have labels in Chewables A, B, C, D, E, etc. in the order in which they were. 3 00:00:24,590 --> 00:00:29,390 Printed and I shall sometimes use letters like ABCd. 4 00:00:29,750 --> 00:00:32,640 I hope you can find them often after cyclamen. 5 00:00:32,660 --> 00:00:43,410 The list of NQ novels I hope you can find at the end of the handout, just copied and pasted from various other bits of TypeScript. 6 00:00:43,790 --> 00:00:55,470 I had. After giving three lectures devoted to individual manuscript traditions, I want in my final two lectures to offer some generalisations. 7 00:00:56,190 --> 00:01:03,810 Now, an earlier version of today's lecture was given a few years ago to a seminar organised by Christina Dondi here in Oxford, 8 00:01:04,110 --> 00:01:07,020 and this building, and then has been given elsewhere. 9 00:01:07,050 --> 00:01:17,010 I apologise for this to anyone who's heard me on one of those occasions, but I hope that this revised version is an improvement in some respects. 10 00:01:19,640 --> 00:01:25,490 On pages 244 245 of her book Texts in Transit. 11 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:32,330 Note her Hellinger wrote. Classical scholars seem to draw the line of transmission in manuscript. 12 00:01:32,870 --> 00:01:41,900 I, in my turn, feel compelled to draw the line at the printing house once the documents destined to serve as printers copies are inside. 13 00:01:42,620 --> 00:01:49,310 I hope that one day a students of the classical tradition in the 15th century will bridge the divide and 14 00:01:49,320 --> 00:01:56,600 identify how the manuscript tradition is reflected in the early printed editions of Cicero's orations. 15 00:01:57,940 --> 00:02:01,790 Although the divide is less absolute than Hellinger stated. 16 00:02:01,810 --> 00:02:03,730 Even for Cicero's speeches, 17 00:02:04,210 --> 00:02:12,820 she has done a service in highlighting what one might termed the interface between manuscripts and true labels as a topic worthy of discussion. 18 00:02:13,690 --> 00:02:21,640 In this lecture I shall consider, I hope, if time allows, the following eight topics, some more slowly than others. 19 00:02:22,180 --> 00:02:26,200 The number of independent and queryable set up for an author. 20 00:02:26,710 --> 00:02:31,900 Secondly, the placing of interim labels within manuscript traditions of their authors. 21 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:37,630 Third, surviving examples of manuscripts from which in two labels were set up. 22 00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:48,309 Both the countries in which anchor not be their traditions originate first, the dates of the manuscripts used as exemplars for immutable sex, 23 00:02:48,310 --> 00:02:53,320 the merging of ancient popular traditions after the audio print caps of an author. 24 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:58,570 Seventh, and methods to be used in deriving one incurable from another. 25 00:02:59,260 --> 00:03:02,650 And eighth, the copying of manuscripts from ink to labels. 26 00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:10,660 And if I survive long enough to publish all that I wish to publish, I will add two other points which there won't be time. 27 00:03:10,990 --> 00:03:14,380 Textual annotation honouring funerals and its uses. 28 00:03:14,890 --> 00:03:20,320 Um, and the extent to which include both men, animals and saints, be regarded as additions. 29 00:03:21,580 --> 00:03:24,760 Some of these topics are very closely related to others. 30 00:03:25,300 --> 00:03:29,530 Uh, my discussion of them and my answers to the questions that they pose, 31 00:03:29,770 --> 00:03:34,120 will draw on evidence gleaned from the textual traditions that I have studied. 32 00:03:34,120 --> 00:03:36,730 And I've put some focus down on one in your handout. 33 00:03:37,720 --> 00:03:46,150 Helen Just book tells us that between 28,000 and 29,000 separate ancient popular editions were printed. 34 00:03:46,360 --> 00:03:48,010 That's number three on your handout. 35 00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:55,480 Obviously, the number of these that relate to Latin text from antiquity, which is my interest, is very not smaller. 36 00:03:55,840 --> 00:04:01,090 But even so, the 100 or 110 or so in Tula was listed on your handout. 37 00:04:01,300 --> 00:04:04,390 I'll remind you what percentage of the total surviving. 38 00:04:05,140 --> 00:04:09,790 Nevertheless, I hope that they provide some basis for some generalisations. 39 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:17,400 I start with discussion of how many interior balls are textually independent of each other in these traditions. 40 00:04:18,210 --> 00:04:21,360 But Ambrose's day for day there is just one in funeral. 41 00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:25,860 And so the question of independence from other funerals doesn't arise. 42 00:04:26,550 --> 00:04:33,030 Other texts for which other inscrutable derive from the ejected open caps include Cato and Pharaoh on agriculture. 43 00:04:33,450 --> 00:04:42,900 I'm probably also, if I were to investigate the other agricultural writers, two of whose treatises there are five and two not pillar additions. 44 00:04:43,680 --> 00:04:48,660 Cyprian, of whose letters and treatises there are one small five and three lapidary additions. 45 00:04:48,900 --> 00:04:53,910 Vitruvius, of whose day architecture there are three and could not be logicians. 46 00:04:54,410 --> 00:05:00,569 Caesar's Civil War, of which there are nine, and not politicians, and perhaps surprisingly, Prussians. 47 00:05:00,570 --> 00:05:05,010 Perigee says, for which text there are 19 additions. 48 00:05:05,970 --> 00:05:13,740 This seems partly to be true also for porphyry house commentary on Horace, of which the additional princeps did not include a full text. 49 00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:18,000 The text at its heart is to some extent repeated in the second edition, 50 00:05:18,270 --> 00:05:24,360 albeit with substantial corrections, but perhaps allow the possibility that it is fully independent. 51 00:05:24,890 --> 00:05:31,800 I just repeated that in subsequent editions, but parts of the work were printed for the first time in the second edition, 52 00:05:32,100 --> 00:05:36,990 which became the ultimate source of all eight subsequent, including popular editions. 53 00:05:38,480 --> 00:05:45,170 It is partly true also for Catullus, I think, for whom the second edition, produced in Parma 1473, 54 00:05:45,500 --> 00:05:52,640 seems to be a heavily contaminated version of the first produced in Venice in 1472. 55 00:05:54,220 --> 00:05:57,940 If in either case these last two cases, the judgements are wrong. 56 00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:03,850 These authors join the ranks of those for whom there are two fully independent interlocutor additions. 57 00:06:04,570 --> 00:06:08,500 These ranks include Curtius Rufus, for whom from a total of six, 58 00:06:08,500 --> 00:06:18,010 include notations only of their open caps produced by underlined us to despair and likewise undated Roman edition are independent. 59 00:06:19,030 --> 00:06:23,290 Remaining four additions derive from their doping caps. 60 00:06:24,370 --> 00:06:30,600 Oliviers first decade. 14 editions were produced before 1501, but only two are independent. 61 00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:41,970 Print caps was produced in Rome by Spain Home and Pan Arts in 1469, but Campanas 1470 Roman edition for Holland is independent of it. 62 00:06:43,300 --> 00:06:52,150 Hello. Sometimes there are two independent editions, edition print caps and a Cologne edition conventionally dated to 1475, 63 00:06:52,150 --> 00:06:55,390 but I hope to have time to reveal some complications later. 64 00:06:56,630 --> 00:06:59,810 Cicero's Pro Marina and Pro Roscoe and Marina. 65 00:06:59,900 --> 00:07:04,280 And indeed, for most of his speeches, with the exceptions of his Fair and Philip X, 66 00:07:04,790 --> 00:07:09,110 three of the 12 and three lap limitations are independent and not derivative. 67 00:07:09,630 --> 00:07:11,390 Digital print caps or spine. 68 00:07:11,390 --> 00:07:23,120 Heim and Pan Arts and 1471, the first Venice edition of 1471 that's beyond my list, and the Bologna edition of 1475 that is due on my list. 69 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:33,000 Among the authors whom I have studied, the relatively obscure doctors consensus stands as an extreme the first for the five in June. 70 00:07:33,090 --> 00:07:37,829 Politicians are independent of each other. Produced in Cologne first. 71 00:07:37,830 --> 00:07:42,900 Moldova, Milan, Messina. But the fifth derives from the fourth. 72 00:07:43,980 --> 00:07:49,590 Some generalisations emerge from this first of a significant number of textual traditions. 73 00:07:49,590 --> 00:07:55,169 All in should not be the additions derived from the first second, and none of these traditions, 74 00:07:55,170 --> 00:08:00,450 and apart from that of Texas, do we find any very late and tuneable that are independent. 75 00:08:01,410 --> 00:08:05,070 I have not mentioned a date later than 1475. 76 00:08:05,700 --> 00:08:13,050 This suggests that printers preferred were possible to set up books from other printed books, perhaps because this was easier, 77 00:08:13,290 --> 00:08:20,099 perhaps because they regarded printed books as more reliable, a concept that admits its corruptions. 78 00:08:20,100 --> 00:08:28,740 An earlier witness, such as most manuscripts were, might have valuable readings that needed to be considered, was little understood in this period. 79 00:08:29,670 --> 00:08:36,210 A subsidiary reason may be that when the chance for glory from producing the first printed book of a text had been lost, 80 00:08:36,660 --> 00:08:46,559 there was little reason to have recourse to a manuscript. As for the exceptions, the first Rome and Venice editions of Cicero's speeches and Curtius, 81 00:08:46,560 --> 00:08:51,780 and similarly of Curtius Rufus, were perhaps produced in ignorance of each other. 82 00:08:53,040 --> 00:08:59,750 The titular prime cut, subject to pretences, was produced at Cologne and the printers of the first Italian editions. 83 00:08:59,910 --> 00:09:05,030 I have been ignorant of it. A second. 84 00:09:06,760 --> 00:09:12,550 The textual suggestions have been. Kuna balls are best studied in the context of the textile traditions of manuscripts. 85 00:09:12,850 --> 00:09:19,840 Because control of much or all other manuscript tradition is needed to place an immaculate addition in it. 86 00:09:21,020 --> 00:09:22,550 All of the independent functionality. 87 00:09:22,730 --> 00:09:30,320 Logicians that I have mentioned, with one possible exception, may be placed with reasonable confidence in that genealogical context. 88 00:09:31,450 --> 00:09:36,970 Several of these independent editions have text very similar to manuscripts that just show notes. 89 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:43,630 Print copies of Ambrose's day for day seasons, Civil War step protectors, and porphyria. 90 00:09:43,700 --> 00:09:51,429 The Bologna edition of Cicero's speeches. The Roman edition of Cartier's the Mondo Fe and Milan editions. 91 00:09:51,430 --> 00:09:54,850 Objectors and the third edition of Leo sermons. 92 00:09:55,950 --> 00:10:02,750 Indeed for the addition those print copies of Cyprian, Porfirio, Porfirio and almost certainly of Texas. 93 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:09,320 We have more than similarity actual manuscript ancestors that these additions are still extant, 94 00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:14,120 and more than one manuscript in the cases of Cyprian and Porfirio. 95 00:10:15,870 --> 00:10:19,470 A lot of persons. Well known generalisation springs from this. 96 00:10:20,070 --> 00:10:26,670 Many additions were set up straight from 90 scripts and have in effect the same status as a manuscript. 97 00:10:29,010 --> 00:10:31,919 Others differ from their closest to manuscript relatives, 98 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:38,610 and having a text that is slightly contaminated that is correct from elsewhere or slightly more contaminated. 99 00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:45,300 For example, the first and second editions of Cicero's speeches A Prussians Period Jesus, 100 00:10:45,570 --> 00:10:50,340 ditto princeps of a true verse, um, the second edition of Porfirio. 101 00:10:50,520 --> 00:10:59,730 And one thing could not be the additions of deputies. Not even for funerals of this kind, that is, which have had some correction in their ancestry. 102 00:11:00,090 --> 00:11:09,300 Um, ancestors can still be identified as, for example, and for some of the speeches of Cicero and for the second edition of Porfirio. 103 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:16,440 The possible exception that I have mentioned have been to likenesses, the opening caps of Curtius, 104 00:11:16,900 --> 00:11:22,720 the textual streams that have gone into its ancestry can be identified on the basis of errors, 105 00:11:22,990 --> 00:11:26,980 but it's not entirely clear to me which of them provided the base text. 106 00:11:27,940 --> 00:11:35,260 These quests, and somewhat less easily placed editions raise a question to which I regret not having the time to return to today. 107 00:11:35,560 --> 00:11:40,960 How extensive was the editorial activity that went into the producing of Chewables? 108 00:11:43,540 --> 00:11:52,900 Move on to my third point. A regrettable fate feature of humanism was the regular destruction of manuscripts that had been used in printers workshops. 109 00:11:53,800 --> 00:12:02,050 Nevertheless, it is occasionally possible to be more precise and to point not just to a manuscript ancestor of an incurable, 110 00:12:02,200 --> 00:12:05,710 but to the very manuscript from which the intruder bore was printed. 111 00:12:06,610 --> 00:12:08,740 Here a question of method is involved. 112 00:12:09,190 --> 00:12:16,480 Of course, ancestors other than the immediate parent of ancient logician survive among medieval and Renaissance manuscripts. 113 00:12:16,810 --> 00:12:23,470 One needs to be sure that while is pointing not to such just an ancestor, but to the immediate source. 114 00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:29,140 Author Hellinger has put this well, and I may have a slide at this. 115 00:12:30,490 --> 00:12:35,770 Identification of a document, manuscript, or printed as having served as printers. 116 00:12:35,770 --> 00:12:42,460 Copy can only be based on the presence of compositors marks alone, when in the absence of marks. 117 00:12:42,910 --> 00:12:47,410 Textual features indicate a close relationship between a source and a printed edition. 118 00:12:47,740 --> 00:12:53,140 The possibility of a no longer extant intermediate copy deserves consideration. 119 00:12:53,830 --> 00:12:55,390 Conversely, and exception, 120 00:12:55,660 --> 00:13:03,550 the presence of marks similar to the compositors marks cannot be taken as decisive evidence if textual features contradict it. 121 00:13:04,830 --> 00:13:11,190 An illustration of this danger. Potential danger is provided by the textual tradition of Cyprian. 122 00:13:12,390 --> 00:13:15,620 Up. Three manuscripts in Paris. 123 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:21,220 Uh 414460 from Psalm Victor and 1654. 124 00:13:21,490 --> 00:13:28,780 Um, both of the 12th century, uh, manuscripts that are textually so close to each other that one must derive from the other. 125 00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:36,400 But despite hours of collating either either with the manuscript side by side in Paris one images in Cambridge, 126 00:13:36,850 --> 00:13:45,819 I failed to find a clear example of an uncorrected error in one not found in the other, and this remains a problem for me to clear up with. 127 00:13:45,820 --> 00:13:54,100 I hope not too many more hours of collation. Nevertheless, I presume that the one from Psalm Victor is the earlier and the parent. 128 00:13:54,850 --> 00:14:03,040 And it's absolutely clear that both cities are open, perhaps must have one, or perhaps both, in its not too distant ancestry. 129 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:06,280 If one knew nothing of dating and geography, 130 00:14:06,610 --> 00:14:12,730 which will tell us that the manuscripts are French and are probably never left France, and that print perhaps is Italian, 131 00:14:13,180 --> 00:14:18,040 one might be tempted to make one of these manuscripts the direct source of radio print caps, 132 00:14:18,580 --> 00:14:24,309 but in his preface we'll see, says what you can find at five on your handout. 133 00:14:24,310 --> 00:14:30,820 And you can see on the screen, therefore stirred up with a great deal of enthusiasm. 134 00:14:31,060 --> 00:14:36,550 I turn to a man of lofty spirit and eloquence, a totally separate bishop of Carthage, 135 00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:40,899 and I took his letters up in my hands with thoughts all the more competent. 136 00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:45,820 For this reason, once, as a student in the celebrated academies of Paris, 137 00:14:46,090 --> 00:14:50,350 where I take on myself because of the fame of the city and my passion for study, 138 00:14:50,650 --> 00:14:58,090 and so that I might acquire a cultured outlook, I have transcribed these lectures from quite an old exemplar with my own hands. 139 00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:02,140 I was expecting what in fact turned out to be the case. 140 00:15:02,530 --> 00:15:06,339 I shall have less trouble with this manuscript, I'm sure to call no less. 141 00:15:06,340 --> 00:15:10,990 Thanks. In the eyes of your holiness and the thoughts of the most learned men. 142 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:19,120 What? He was producing so many editions in 1469, 1417, 1471 that clearly he didn't want much trouble. 143 00:15:19,840 --> 00:15:25,960 And so here is evidence for a lost intermediary that was the source of their geo print caps. 144 00:15:28,150 --> 00:15:36,190 And a fairly recent survey at the subject. Hellinger listed 40 entry, not pillar additions, and I'd be glad to know of any additions of people here. 145 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:41,320 Uh, no. Of them. Um, whose immediate source has been identified. 146 00:15:41,410 --> 00:15:45,280 And I know of one of that she left. That's number six on your handout. 147 00:15:45,980 --> 00:15:52,330 And just list includes books published in the North European languages and ancient Greek, as well as Latin. 148 00:15:53,050 --> 00:15:56,260 Some observations may be made about her list. 149 00:15:57,330 --> 00:16:03,660 First. Some 20 of these 40 additions are earthworks produced in the 15th century itself. 150 00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:07,780 Second but very few editions of Latin text. 151 00:16:07,780 --> 00:16:11,650 From the ancient world to manuscript exemplars survive. 152 00:16:12,280 --> 00:16:17,180 And I put on number seven on the handout that you can see on your slide. 153 00:16:17,230 --> 00:16:23,320 Uh, the slide, uh, the additions, uh, of Augustan, Livy, Pliny, refine us. 154 00:16:23,680 --> 00:16:30,339 Augustan. Okay. Challenges list, I can add only one example. 155 00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:39,639 I suspect the must be August. Nice, I say I will be grateful to hear them investigating manuscripts used for the binding of books now in Darmstadt. 156 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:48,000 Johanna Staab, librarian. They are found in the binding of a copy of the 1531 edition of Pseudo high. 157 00:16:48,010 --> 00:16:59,740 Most commentary on Isaia, fragments of an 11th century manuscript of dictation diaries, fridges that are now in Darmstadt with the number 4216. 158 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:09,740 He argued cogently that they were the fragmentary remains from which the dictionaries printed page objectives and diaries were produced. 159 00:17:10,860 --> 00:17:18,900 An interesting feature arising from comparison of the manuscript and the additions is that word where word division in the manuscript was faulty. 160 00:17:19,080 --> 00:17:24,210 There is underlining that draws the compositors attention to the need for correction, 161 00:17:24,690 --> 00:17:30,330 and the corrections are duly found in the printed edition, and I put rings around some. 162 00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:34,630 Go beyond Latin text written on technology. 163 00:17:35,150 --> 00:17:43,580 Of the 53 editions known to have been produced by Spain, Heim and Pan Arts, of which 11 were reprints of their own earlier editions. 164 00:17:43,970 --> 00:17:49,500 Exemplars have been identified for seven, um six out of 42. 165 00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:54,350 That is, if one ignores the reprints, which is a reasonably high percentage. 166 00:17:55,160 --> 00:18:02,570 Uh three the Augustan, Livy and Pliny have just been mentioned, and the others are on this slide. 167 00:18:02,690 --> 00:18:06,890 Also nine on your handout for Saraya Strabo layout. 168 00:18:07,890 --> 00:18:15,780 Um and Perrotta. The only comparable Clustered Challengers list is numbers 36 to 43. 169 00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:22,400 Part of the collection of group manuscripts that survived after being taken into my new says printing house. 170 00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:30,050 I want my next point to generalise about the geographical provenance of the textual 171 00:18:30,050 --> 00:18:35,540 traditions from which independently bolts of ancient Latin texts was set up is easy. 172 00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:39,560 Italy was the centre of intellectual life in the 15th century, 173 00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:46,820 and by the 1470s dominant ta in the art of printing all the early and cooler balls that I have mentioned, 174 00:18:46,820 --> 00:18:55,970 except for the digital print perhaps subjects, and the Cologne edition of Leo sermons, both of which are German, all belong to Italian traditions, 175 00:18:56,420 --> 00:19:05,150 even though in the case of Bussy Cyprian the stream had become Italian only recently, since Bossi brought it back after his student days. 176 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:16,450 Golden colour ball of Ambrose's. Ambrose's day, Friday, parcel 1492, is an oddity because of the lateness with which the work went into print. 177 00:19:18,220 --> 00:19:24,700 Generalise about the data of the manuscript's use for the setting up of intuitive goals that these lacked in authors is much more difficult, 178 00:19:24,700 --> 00:19:30,370 since so few survival days, even if more did survive, it might be a silly question to ask anyway. 179 00:19:31,180 --> 00:19:40,380 However, all those listed above date from the 15th century, apart from the source of what's number 25 on the headings list Augustine's or pustular, 180 00:19:40,690 --> 00:19:49,720 which perhaps comes from the late 14th century, and apart from the Darmstadt, fragments of objects and diaries which date from the 11th century. 181 00:19:50,380 --> 00:19:56,920 And of course, it is overwhelmingly likely that most in two novels derive from manuscripts of recent date. 182 00:19:59,660 --> 00:20:04,160 Trip for Ambrose's day Friday and the open cap subject test. 183 00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:11,900 The independent internal goals of all the authors whom I study find their closest textual relatives in 15th century manuscripts. 184 00:20:13,150 --> 00:20:18,430 Should not print caps or other independent tuneable be discovered to have a text close to, say, 185 00:20:18,430 --> 00:20:24,430 a 12th or ninth century manuscript without marks on the manuscript proving its use in apprentice house. 186 00:20:24,730 --> 00:20:29,570 One could not be certain, as a now lost 15th century descendant was not you. 187 00:20:29,590 --> 00:20:38,470 So I agree with Palantir on that. Moving on then to a six point. 188 00:20:38,500 --> 00:20:45,700 Hitherto I've discussed the relationship of independent Q labels to the manuscript sources. 189 00:20:46,180 --> 00:20:50,500 I turn now to include labels that derive from other and chewables. 190 00:20:51,540 --> 00:20:58,590 In theory, there is no reason why the tenets of semantics should not apply in the classification of interior walls. 191 00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:04,560 In practice, there are certain differences of which I'm going to note for. 192 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:11,480 First, whereas most manuscripts are undated. 193 00:21:12,110 --> 00:21:17,570 Very many in China, pillar editions are dated and different edition is not dated. 194 00:21:17,900 --> 00:21:23,390 Starting with its typography will often lead to an up very close approximation of its date. 195 00:21:23,900 --> 00:21:26,090 This makes one's work much easier. 196 00:21:27,490 --> 00:21:35,500 Second, a percentage of manuscripts that are lost even among those written in the second half of the 15th century is high. 197 00:21:36,430 --> 00:21:45,460 But unless I'm gravely mistaken, the percentage of ink should not be the additions of ancient Latin authors, of which all copies are lost, is small. 198 00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:51,820 The authors that I have started are not aware of any evidence for the existence of any additions, 199 00:21:51,820 --> 00:21:58,390 but have not survived, although it is obviously conceivable that some could have sunk completely without trace. 200 00:21:59,800 --> 00:22:08,110 Moreover, if no copy of an incurable survives, it is likely to have had a small a small print run and therefore being unimportant. 201 00:22:09,330 --> 00:22:14,299 Uh, I learnt a few years ago from Professor Hayworth in a paper and publication, 202 00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:19,700 but it transpired that Göttingen University Library had an immaculate edition of it, 203 00:22:20,360 --> 00:22:31,190 known from nowhere else, produced at Treviso between 1477 and 1479, and useful for editorial purposes in all of its heroic deeds. 204 00:22:32,460 --> 00:22:37,020 I think such discoveries are very rare and very surprising. 205 00:22:37,020 --> 00:22:40,410 But if you want to correct me, I should be glad to hear from you. 206 00:22:42,770 --> 00:22:47,960 Uh, difference. A significant percentage of computer balls replicate their predecessors. 207 00:22:48,140 --> 00:22:53,270 In such matters as acquiring pagination and linear function. 208 00:22:56,520 --> 00:23:03,630 These features do occur occasionally in manuscripts, but much more rarely, especially for prose texts. 209 00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:13,559 Example of the replication of physical features include the first two funerals of Cato and Pharaoh A and B on my list, 210 00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:25,110 which I've given you an illustration of the, uh, the last two of Cartier's lot illustrated, and some ink levels of Catullus I and J on my list. 211 00:23:26,100 --> 00:23:33,120 Such facts are a point of derivation. If you can work out which one came first and one dated, that's easy enough. 212 00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:41,360 I regard an argument that I've made that all of the internal polls that I have, none less. 213 00:23:41,690 --> 00:23:49,940 So I will do. I want all I've called h, I and j of Porfirio and these inscrutable also Porfirio, 214 00:23:49,940 --> 00:23:58,020 a part of collected editions of Horace and his commentators that they derive from the one that I labelled G. 215 00:23:58,040 --> 00:24:11,780 I regard it as quite certain, not least because h I and j repeat in tuneable g s mistake of having page 257 on my first picture. 216 00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:23,600 Let's hope I've got them in order. Chosen Tuneable before g f, which has page 258 correctly marked. 217 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:34,630 Our next slide shows integrable g with two page 250 sevens. 218 00:24:38,650 --> 00:24:44,070 Then we move on to H. We find the same. 219 00:24:45,830 --> 00:24:55,520 Then we go on to I. And then we go on to J. 220 00:24:59,580 --> 00:25:06,500 But the nature of the derivation needs some discussion, and this discussion will provide a good example of how, 221 00:25:06,510 --> 00:25:10,440 once in a while, a textual scholar can help and in turn up your list. 222 00:25:11,460 --> 00:25:19,230 Find a slip stitch led me to conclude that H, I, and j all derived independently from being suitable. 223 00:25:19,230 --> 00:25:25,800 I called j um, I found no evidence that J derives from g. 224 00:25:25,950 --> 00:25:38,909 Uh, I um, I quite extensive list of slips of I not found in J rather suggest that I am j like h derive independently like the colophon of j, 225 00:25:38,910 --> 00:25:41,550 stating that it was printed after I. 226 00:25:41,970 --> 00:25:51,000 The British Museum catalogue and life quote states that handout ten argued that the dating should perhaps be reverse that I should derive from J. 227 00:25:52,000 --> 00:26:04,960 And I thought this was impossible because it diverges from the physical load out by g h and uh um uh um. 228 00:26:06,550 --> 00:26:12,600 And. And say the bottom line is different when I get the. 229 00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:18,390 He. Same bottom line H. 230 00:26:20,410 --> 00:26:27,110 Uh, is, uh, saying bottom line. There is Jay with, uh. 231 00:26:27,770 --> 00:26:32,390 Um, there's become the penultimate line. So it seems to me, um, lightly. 232 00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:37,710 But the previous one. I guess from that since I. 233 00:26:37,860 --> 00:26:43,829 Sticks with what its predecessors have. Well, that is pageantry of a high order. 234 00:26:43,830 --> 00:26:51,300 And for those of you who are not classicists, let me assure you that we do talk about, um, more important matters of life and death. 235 00:26:51,390 --> 00:27:04,750 Um, in our teaching often, uh. A fourth difference from systematics with manuscripts um, is that most copyists by scribes worked quite briskly. 236 00:27:04,780 --> 00:27:13,900 Since writing by hand allows briskness and hence were prone to making mistakes uh, sometimes quite significant mistakes, 237 00:27:14,020 --> 00:27:20,710 but significant errors are found much less often in derivative and tuneable spelling derivative manuscripts. 238 00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:27,100 Hence the process of selecting which letter types to use and of putting them on the press was slower, 239 00:27:27,670 --> 00:27:32,710 and major presses seem to have checked over pages in proof before they were finally printed. 240 00:27:33,980 --> 00:27:41,310 In my experience, major omissions are very rare and transpositions are very much less common than in manuscripts. 241 00:27:41,330 --> 00:27:46,700 If you've worked on manuscripts of prose texts in particular, you'll know that transpositions are extremely common. 242 00:27:47,570 --> 00:27:52,580 Nevertheless, misprints do occur. Usually with reasonable frequency, 243 00:27:53,060 --> 00:27:59,330 and although one would not wish to use many of the mistakes that arise from misprints in the classification of manuscripts, 244 00:27:59,840 --> 00:28:03,560 they can be put to good use in the classification of incurable. 245 00:28:03,740 --> 00:28:09,200 And I quote Helen J. Yet again, no less significant for tracing textual transmission. 246 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:17,360 All the variants introduced by accident during typesetting, either by misreading or as typographical errors. 247 00:28:18,930 --> 00:28:26,390 I could have chosen several examples. The best that I have found came from studying the troubles impressions, period. 248 00:28:26,410 --> 00:28:37,770 Jesus, that is a poem on the geography of the world. And in verse 81 person wrote all to you a dominated and I. 249 00:28:37,770 --> 00:28:44,460 And uh. But then tuneable I called g as a misprint. 250 00:28:44,790 --> 00:28:51,060 You can see auto many a word has been split and. 251 00:28:52,460 --> 00:29:03,680 When we move on to the later in cooler balls, which I've labelled I, J, K, M and Q and S, and also a manuscript copied from an inclusive report. 252 00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:09,800 We find quando mini, which is self-evidently a progressive corruption. 253 00:29:10,520 --> 00:29:14,420 As you can see there. So here's some pictures. 254 00:29:14,510 --> 00:29:24,010 Um, let's move on. Hey, what does August remind you that's plugged only become Fundo Mini? 255 00:29:24,020 --> 00:29:28,280 That's incurable. I think I've got j ust one. 256 00:29:29,190 --> 00:29:37,550 Under many. So there is obviously a lot of great significance. 257 00:29:38,180 --> 00:29:45,560 It's would have been easy to correct and therefore the fact that in Kuna age, which comes in my, uh, 258 00:29:46,100 --> 00:29:53,240 order of date between G and I, does correct, it does not disprove its derivation from incurable G. 259 00:29:53,750 --> 00:29:59,780 On the other hand, the persistence of the progressive corruption quando many. 260 00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:07,520 It's a good proof that in balls I, j k and q s take that text from G. 261 00:30:08,830 --> 00:30:14,890 Um I j um and and s constitute half the main intranet blockchain for this work. 262 00:30:15,310 --> 00:30:22,900 And this is a very nice illustration of how even minor errors can persist from printed copy to printed copy. 263 00:30:25,420 --> 00:30:32,110 More patterns emerge when one tries to discover the genealogical relationship of all the internal pools of an author. 264 00:30:33,370 --> 00:30:39,940 At Cannes. He remarked in his classical texts in handout 12 that as a result of the introduction of printing. 265 00:30:40,540 --> 00:30:45,940 The process of transmission had become a two stroke unit, linear or myelogenous. 266 00:30:46,390 --> 00:30:53,410 With remarkably few exceptions, the descent of any given text through the printed editions is in a single line. 267 00:30:53,410 --> 00:30:59,110 I think he was thinking primarily a blow to Paris, but it appear it is true also for incurable. 268 00:30:59,620 --> 00:31:04,150 Incurable do tend to form chains, although not always up the shade. 269 00:31:04,180 --> 00:31:08,110 Same shape, but only one incurable is independent. 270 00:31:08,110 --> 00:31:09,849 One can get a very simple chain. 271 00:31:09,850 --> 00:31:19,870 For example, in Cato and Varro, the first editions of all Italian descent from each other in a straight line um a produces B, 272 00:31:19,870 --> 00:31:23,860 which produces C, which produces D which produces a. 273 00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:27,880 So the truth is all three and cannot be logicians. 274 00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:39,430 Again, Italian form a chain A as to B goes to C, albeit with a significant amount of correction that is found in B and C perceptron. 275 00:31:39,430 --> 00:31:48,520 The chain is of a different shape. Additions C, D, and d all derive from addition B, which in turn derives from addition A, 276 00:31:49,420 --> 00:31:59,410 but it's worth noting that only A, B, and D are Italian productions T was produced at défenseur and E in Stuttgart. 277 00:32:01,120 --> 00:32:04,620 Together, the Italian logicians form a successive chain. 278 00:32:04,630 --> 00:32:08,260 The three of them on the German editions are still matic dead ends. 279 00:32:09,990 --> 00:32:15,000 Oh, Porfirio, common trailed Horace. We have ten inches popular editions, all Italian. 280 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:24,620 Uh, the second one be, which probably derives, as I said earlier, in part from the first, uh, was the first to offer a complete text from it. 281 00:32:24,630 --> 00:32:32,100 Derive C from C, derives d from D, derives a from it, arrives f from f, derives g and from g derives h, 282 00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:39,930 I, and j as we say um from a to h or to a to I, and j gives us a chain of eight. 283 00:32:41,310 --> 00:32:45,000 Dead ends come only at the end of the line. 284 00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:52,979 In contrast, all five international traditions are Italian, but the second, which is independent of the first, 285 00:32:52,980 --> 00:32:59,160 is the debt, and it derives from D, which derives from C, which derives from a. 286 00:33:00,850 --> 00:33:07,270 Now, I've already noted that the traditional Texas is unusual, with the first four including apples independent of each other, 287 00:33:07,810 --> 00:33:11,470 and only the fourth and fifth forming the slightest of chains. 288 00:33:12,220 --> 00:33:15,550 I could tell a similar story about, um. 289 00:33:15,880 --> 00:33:17,230 Uh, Caesar's Civil War. 290 00:33:22,770 --> 00:33:31,050 In the ancient traditions of neither cultures nor deckchairs, does fusion between the different streams that went into the tradition occur. 291 00:33:31,500 --> 00:33:38,970 Rather, the evidence of one or more in two nibbles is simply ignored, but fusion does sometimes occur. 292 00:33:39,750 --> 00:33:45,600 I've said that there are three independent editions of Cicero's speeches the Roman Notioe princeps, 293 00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:50,070 the second edition, number three from Venice, and the fourth edition from Bologna. 294 00:33:50,880 --> 00:33:57,090 This last is systematic debt, and it has no relevance if there's no other successors. 295 00:33:57,090 --> 00:34:06,270 But the first two editions were productive, and the story that I hope to tell is that in Coulibaly is a copy of the ditto print caps, 296 00:34:06,540 --> 00:34:11,130 and that both individual was G and J are independent copies of that. 297 00:34:12,270 --> 00:34:20,160 As for the other editions, C derives from B and F from C, and so on through H, I, K, and L, 298 00:34:20,490 --> 00:34:28,770 but there was some cross-fertilisation that went from A into the other chain and affected its later members FH, I, K, and del. 299 00:34:31,460 --> 00:34:38,090 I move on to. Perhaps more interesting that once one has established that while incurable, a derived from from another. 300 00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:46,580 A further question imposes itself, and while identified the precise copy it the earlier inscrutable from which the later was set up. 301 00:34:48,220 --> 00:34:54,340 Manuscript exemplars have been tuneable, as may be rare, but rarer still are printed exemplars, 302 00:34:54,970 --> 00:35:04,030 and on Highlander's list of known sources have been tuneable, as only her numbers one, six, eight, and 34 are instances of things. 303 00:35:05,090 --> 00:35:08,660 Eight particular interests me because it's of an authorised study, 304 00:35:09,290 --> 00:35:16,639 and it is a copy of their opening packs of Leo summons that are oversaw not for spying. 305 00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:23,600 Hyman can ask, but for Philip first to lick Namjoon or say himself corrected it for his eye. 306 00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:30,890 Joe second up with spine high underpants, now housed in Florence's Mario Charlie on the library. 307 00:35:31,280 --> 00:35:38,749 It is by far the most interesting and tuneable font I have ever seen, and I regret not having altered an image for these lectures. 308 00:35:38,750 --> 00:35:43,430 I was expected to be able to get to Florence and photograph it, but I didn't. 309 00:35:44,550 --> 00:35:52,830 The corrections made by Bussey. Um, I thought I saw it all on occasion before photography was allowed in Italian libraries. 310 00:35:53,400 --> 00:35:57,300 The corrections made by Bossi include marks for the ending of new pages, 311 00:35:57,570 --> 00:36:07,050 which correspond either precisely or to within a word or two of those in the spine, Heim and Pan Arts edition, and he put new headings in. 312 00:36:08,160 --> 00:36:17,580 And the beauty of this Florentine copy lies in its making, manifest with small scale correction between successive in two natural regressions, 313 00:36:18,030 --> 00:36:23,280 that in almost all the other extreme traditions that I've studied, one can postulate. 314 00:36:26,440 --> 00:36:35,380 I own investigation confirm a striking general tendency for sure politicians to have been set up from the immediately preceding addition, 315 00:36:36,070 --> 00:36:41,040 although there are exceptions and I use the term tendency rather than rule. 316 00:36:41,050 --> 00:36:44,950 For example, in the petitions of Cicero, Livy and Prussian. 317 00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:48,490 These do not, I think, affect the generalisation. 318 00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:59,020 On. Possible explanation for this tendency is a general belief in progress, but newer additions offer a superior text to older ambushes. 319 00:36:59,020 --> 00:37:04,900 That was still true today. At this was a general belief it may contain an element of truth. 320 00:37:05,560 --> 00:37:07,450 There are, however, exceptions. 321 00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:14,590 One reason for some of these may be a preference on the part of printers for using editions produced in their own city, 322 00:37:14,980 --> 00:37:24,160 perhaps for reasons of local pride, perhaps more on down late because of ease of access, or they've taken over stock from the private an earlier firm. 323 00:37:25,410 --> 00:37:33,059 In the tradition of Cicero speeches, provides good examples of this inscrutable k to rise from H, 324 00:37:33,060 --> 00:37:39,090 which derives from f, which derives with some correction from C, which derives from d. 325 00:37:39,810 --> 00:37:46,950 All these additions were produced in Venice, and Koulibaly was produced in Milan in 1478. 326 00:37:47,550 --> 00:37:55,890 The next edition, next Milanese edition of the speeches derives from it by passing the intermediate Venetian editions. 327 00:37:57,340 --> 00:38:03,070 Tuneable gene is in 1483 is, however, an exception to this tendency. 328 00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:13,760 Likewise deriving from the Milanese A. Another reason is that some of the tuna balls bypassed were printed in Northern Europe, 329 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:18,110 and had not been diffused widely or not diffused at all in Italy. 330 00:38:19,330 --> 00:38:26,910 In the traditions that I have studied, I have found just one instance of a North European addition, the ajio princeps of dowries. 331 00:38:27,350 --> 00:38:30,489 A logician that influenced the Italian tradition. 332 00:38:30,490 --> 00:38:33,970 I haven't put any figures down for days as I need to do much more work. 333 00:38:35,050 --> 00:38:44,200 By contrast, one commonly finds evidence for the penetration of Italian and tuna balls into northern Europe or the North European tuna balls. 334 00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:53,830 In the traditions of Catullus Cyprian impressions period, Jesus derived either directly or through intermediaries from earlier Italian in tuna balls. 335 00:38:54,730 --> 00:39:01,210 The only manuscript objects to have been copied from a printed edition is a German manuscript, now in Leipzig. 336 00:39:01,810 --> 00:39:05,290 Derives from the Milan edition of 1477. 337 00:39:08,570 --> 00:39:15,560 I move on. The phenomenon of a manuscript deriving from a printed book is well known to specialists in textile traditions. 338 00:39:15,590 --> 00:39:21,620 Number 13 on your handout, but may still cause surprise among those who are not specialists. 339 00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:33,690 From the textual traditions that I have started for Cato and Farrow, I found that three manuscripts out of 48 derive from printed editions no. 340 00:39:33,690 --> 00:39:39,690 Two scanty set. So that's five sets of scanty excerpts that derive from the original print. 341 00:39:39,690 --> 00:39:40,740 Perhaps could be added. 342 00:39:41,990 --> 00:39:54,500 Cicero's Pro Roscoe Marino and Pro Morena are two manuscripts out of some 144 Curtius Rufus, four manuscripts out of 150 texts. 343 00:39:54,530 --> 00:39:56,600 I've just said one out of 71. 344 00:39:57,790 --> 00:40:06,999 Although I've reasons for thinking that a Strasburg manuscript destroyed in the War of 1870 could have been added to the list of warfare one, 345 00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:13,659 and some excerpts out of 24 manuscripts of Vitruvius, none up to about 75, 346 00:40:13,660 --> 00:40:19,450 although two manuscripts containing excerpts, one very substantial, due to arrive from a printed edition. 347 00:40:22,240 --> 00:40:31,060 The Corpus of Cyprian. The number of manuscripts varies from work to work, but I've looked at over 150 such manuscripts and found just two, 348 00:40:31,390 --> 00:40:37,000 and the final portion of a Third Folio summons, many of which are found in homily areas. 349 00:40:37,210 --> 00:40:45,340 It's difficult to give a precise number of manuscripts in the family of mostly Italian manuscripts that I have investigated, 350 00:40:45,340 --> 00:40:51,129 which numbers about 57 or sorry derived from printed editions. 351 00:40:51,130 --> 00:40:53,280 I think what I put on your handout is wrong. 352 00:40:53,330 --> 00:41:01,680 Uh, but Ambrose says they fit average through about 60 manuscripts, but of which the ditto print perhaps was published very late. 353 00:41:01,690 --> 00:41:05,620 Uh, perhaps no copies in all the different expressions. 354 00:41:05,620 --> 00:41:12,580 Period. Jesus. Up to some 40 or so manuscripts, 11 derive from printed editions. 355 00:41:15,240 --> 00:41:23,460 Dracula once wrote. Experience has taught me that every manuscript ascribed to the second half of the 15th century is potentially, 356 00:41:23,820 --> 00:41:27,300 and often without question, a copy of something tuneable. 357 00:41:27,960 --> 00:41:31,740 But I hope the figures I've just given showed that this is an exaggeration. 358 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:42,420 No exceptions. Um, for all the manuscript editions that I've investigated, most of which are dominated by productions of the 15th century. 359 00:41:42,780 --> 00:41:49,380 The percentage of manuscripts that derive from editions is under 10% and usually under 5%. 360 00:41:52,100 --> 00:42:00,890 All 144 manuscripts of the two Cicero speeches were produced after 1415, and only two derived from printed editions. 361 00:42:02,390 --> 00:42:06,590 One of the exceptions is the tradition of Catullus, the other that of Persians. 362 00:42:06,590 --> 00:42:12,490 Period Jesus. Two explanation suggests themselves for the high figure for the question. 363 00:42:13,180 --> 00:42:22,030 First, the text seems to have arrived in Italy only around 1450, and therefore there was not time for its wide dissemination in manuscripts. 364 00:42:22,660 --> 00:42:28,510 Second, it was incorporated and geo printed Suppressions much read grammatical works. 365 00:42:29,260 --> 00:42:37,030 A large number of editions of these were produced, and these codes the text, the dissemination it perhaps might not otherwise have had. 366 00:42:38,330 --> 00:42:45,050 Also surprising that when exemplars full manuscript copies were wanted and they were found in printed form. 367 00:42:46,880 --> 00:42:49,370 Despite this tendency towards low numbers, 368 00:42:49,370 --> 00:43:00,130 one can still formulate a revised version of previous rule for a new text that was copied in reasonable numbers and the last part of the 15th century, 369 00:43:00,140 --> 00:43:04,940 one should expect to find at least one manuscript that was copied from a printed edition. 370 00:43:06,630 --> 00:43:14,340 Manuscripts in this class tend to take two forms. Some are rather unprepossessing, often being written on paper. 371 00:43:14,760 --> 00:43:20,940 Such manuscripts tend to have been made by scholars or students who could not afford anything better for their own use. 372 00:43:21,630 --> 00:43:29,160 This may explain the high number of manuscripts of Catullus copied from printed editions, many of which are paper nine scripts. 373 00:43:30,090 --> 00:43:38,220 Others are extremely luxurious products and were designed for patrons who perhaps regarded printed books as vulgar. 374 00:43:39,060 --> 00:43:45,000 Among the latter two collections deserve special comment of the manuscripts that I derived from. 375 00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:49,320 Editions. Several come from the Aragon Library of the Kings of Naples. 376 00:43:50,130 --> 00:43:56,130 Much of the copying for this library in the last third of the 15th century was an extremely high standard, 377 00:43:56,460 --> 00:44:01,530 and printed exemplars clearly served as the basis for a significant percentage of it. 378 00:44:02,980 --> 00:44:08,190 Delta is the library of Federico da montefeltro, an accountant, later Duke of Urbino. 379 00:44:09,180 --> 00:44:16,829 Very high proportion of his magnificent collection was acquired through the services of Florence's leading dealer in manuscripts, 380 00:44:16,830 --> 00:44:25,230 Vespasian, atop a statue. Printed books threatened best special all those business, and probably drove him out of business in the end. 381 00:44:25,830 --> 00:44:31,770 And in his life of Federico, he famously claimed that Federico had none in his library. 382 00:44:32,250 --> 00:44:39,450 Well, number 15, in your handout you can see that Martin, a reference to Martin Davis, who has shown that this statement is wrong. 383 00:44:40,630 --> 00:44:47,380 The catalogues of the LP, no library were revealed, but there were two labels in it, several of which can be found today. 384 00:44:47,950 --> 00:44:52,870 These include the audio print caps of live, from which corrections to um. 385 00:44:53,170 --> 00:45:01,600 Uh, you know, manuscript for two three oblivious first decade written by uh Federico librarian a love of Federico. 386 00:45:01,600 --> 00:45:05,590 Federico veteran derived from the adjective prim, perhaps. 387 00:45:06,730 --> 00:45:10,750 Doubtless the manuscript was corrected from the copy of the Idaho print. 388 00:45:10,750 --> 00:45:12,850 Perhaps that was owned by the Duke. 389 00:45:13,810 --> 00:45:22,570 The existence of others, for which Davis found no evidence, may be postulated from the derivation from them, of manuscripts copied in the note. 390 00:45:23,380 --> 00:45:26,920 One such is the attitude, perhaps of Curtius. 391 00:45:27,790 --> 00:45:31,120 In the Urbino collection is. Manuscript. 392 00:45:32,460 --> 00:45:45,840 Eight. Nine. One. Of Curtius Rufus, a modest Florentine copy of Curtius, in which the arms of the Duke look like a later addition. 393 00:45:46,320 --> 00:45:54,720 It was doubtless acquired by our best party, all I know, but second hand it was replaced by number four, two, seven. 394 00:45:55,980 --> 00:46:04,140 Written by you know itself by the well-known scribe Matteo Duggan took his and Come on show exactly how Matteo worked. 395 00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:11,730 The opening portion of the manuscript derives from the less prepossessing previous manuscript from that one, 396 00:46:12,360 --> 00:46:20,160 and although I've no textual proof that it is a direct copy, the geographical evidence makes this overwhelmingly play. 397 00:46:20,830 --> 00:46:28,620 But about two thirds of the way through he switches exemplars to back to front a manuscript to the idea open cuts. 398 00:46:29,600 --> 00:46:33,530 I knew the Urbino library was well stocked with printed editions. 399 00:46:34,910 --> 00:46:40,520 A printed editions were even used for the copying of know manuscripts produced in Florence. 400 00:46:41,120 --> 00:46:51,320 These include the 1472 Venice edition that includes precious period pieces, um, from which the Urbino manuscript um, takes its text. 401 00:46:51,650 --> 00:46:54,170 And there are various other manuscripts. 402 00:46:55,230 --> 00:47:01,920 Although I suppose the production of luxurious manuscripts from these print editions may be held to support their sparse. 403 00:47:01,980 --> 00:47:07,530 Elena's contention that Federico disliked printed books even though he owned some. 404 00:47:12,070 --> 00:47:19,000 As I've said occasionally, proof that a manuscript derives from a printed edition can be a surprise to editors. 405 00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:28,840 And this is, um, the case with, uh, uh, you know, 306 suppression, which have been cheerfully used by previous editors. 406 00:47:31,120 --> 00:47:36,970 Manuscripts that derive from printed editions may also display contamination from elsewhere. 407 00:47:37,710 --> 00:47:46,000 Uh Glasgow Hunter 47. A manuscript of Curtius Rufus has a text very light, that of being should not be a tradition, 408 00:47:46,330 --> 00:47:50,559 and particularly like that a Milan edition of 1481, and I apologise. 409 00:47:50,560 --> 00:47:58,209 I should have searched for an image of this manuscript, as some of the innovations of which it repeats as the void. 410 00:47:58,210 --> 00:48:03,070 Some of the errors about Milan addiction and its imports, extraneous readings from elsewhere. 411 00:48:03,640 --> 00:48:11,380 I presume that it derives from a copy of that edition on which have been imposed corrections and other readings from a manuscript. 412 00:48:14,780 --> 00:48:22,970 Places where further detail is not needed. It is convenient for scholars to say if a manuscript merely that it must derive from a printed edition. 413 00:48:23,930 --> 00:48:28,120 That's an advantage of having conducted a genealogical investigation of incurable, 414 00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:33,520 is that it is almost always possible to say from which particular ink should not be. 415 00:48:33,590 --> 00:48:38,630 In addition, a manuscript arrives, but occasionally I have failed. 416 00:48:39,440 --> 00:48:48,920 For example, an omission of a line proves conclusively on scrubby manuscript of Pharos de Rustica in Venice, 417 00:48:49,310 --> 00:48:54,260 derived from I, either from the Ajaccio print caps or the next printed edition. 418 00:48:55,100 --> 00:49:02,509 A delineation of the two inscrutable is identical, and in as much correlation as I could be bothered to do, 419 00:49:02,510 --> 00:49:12,230 I found no significant difference between the text of the two editions, which allowed makes it decide from which the manuscript was copied. 420 00:49:12,650 --> 00:49:17,180 I don't doubt that problem could be resolved any long thought it worth while. 421 00:49:20,290 --> 00:49:26,260 I go to end with some remarks on the author who's in Tuneable have given me greatest pleasure. 422 00:49:27,860 --> 00:49:35,060 Cut short a very complicated story. A big collection of Leo sermons was produced before the ninth century. 423 00:49:35,720 --> 00:49:41,350 Its descendants split into two groups, which Abbas number 17 on the handout, 424 00:49:41,610 --> 00:49:55,040 the latest to turn to deep emotion editor holes a um which mostly French manuscripts are mostly at the 12th century and be mostly Italian manuscripts, 425 00:49:55,040 --> 00:49:58,190 and mostly written after 1430. 426 00:50:00,520 --> 00:50:09,130 It is to the second group that it is generally, I say, generally believed, um, as though a whole world was interested in tuneable player. 427 00:50:09,550 --> 00:50:14,650 Um, but each of us believes that the entire in true light bulb tradition belongs. 428 00:50:16,390 --> 00:50:26,200 I've said already, the buzzer produced the opening taps in Rome for Philips to Lake Nona sometime before the 21st of September, 1470. 429 00:50:27,190 --> 00:50:31,540 And it is notably more contaminated than its nearest manuscript. 430 00:50:31,540 --> 00:50:36,730 Relatives. This is the earliest book ascribed to filibuster. 431 00:50:36,940 --> 00:50:44,259 Now. I am cannot be lists. How you managed to work for him whilst engaged in the remarkable series of additions. 432 00:50:44,260 --> 00:50:52,390 Assign him and parts. I do not know, but perhaps some internationalist, um can explain or will explain. 433 00:50:54,010 --> 00:50:57,850 Let's say you had been secretary to Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa. 434 00:50:58,360 --> 00:51:02,649 And I agree with Shabazz that the text from which their dirty opening caps was 435 00:51:02,650 --> 00:51:08,170 printed had been contaminated with readings from a manuscript owned by the Cardinal. 436 00:51:09,690 --> 00:51:12,930 Uh, I'll let you guys for my fingers on that. 437 00:51:13,530 --> 00:51:17,760 Um, is the manuscript. Owned. 438 00:51:20,410 --> 00:51:26,290 I saw it on one of my crazier expeditions. I did a day return to choose from Cambridge. 439 00:51:27,260 --> 00:51:30,850 Flight and taxi. Not something I want to repeat, but yeah. 440 00:51:31,370 --> 00:51:36,230 Tovar says work in general revolutionise the study of this text. 441 00:51:36,710 --> 00:51:44,450 Um, but his detailed grasp as to matrix within the Italian manuscripts was quite sweet, but this was one of his successes. 442 00:51:45,920 --> 00:51:53,800 I've told you already that a copy of this book dated to 21st September 1470 and now surviving in the marriage, 443 00:51:53,930 --> 00:51:58,910 Liana served as the printers copy for the Spine Heinemann panel to design. 444 00:52:01,160 --> 00:52:05,000 Uh is the second edition of spine, Heim and Pan Arts. 445 00:52:06,490 --> 00:52:17,090 Um. What I have not yet told you is that Scott Peck, his article of 1990, which I cited down to nine, 446 00:52:17,270 --> 00:52:23,569 not only proved um, this, but proved also that filibuster, later known as addition, 447 00:52:23,570 --> 00:52:33,650 which previously had been thought to be the second, proceeded that the spine I'm and panels and so again textual investigation of Leo um 448 00:52:34,160 --> 00:52:39,110 as uh this time by Scott Peck has led to the re dating of work in the printing house. 449 00:52:40,150 --> 00:52:42,459 Some other aspects of this traditional, more normal. 450 00:52:42,460 --> 00:52:50,020 We have a chain of Antalya link funerals, and the sixth edition derives from the second and the seventh from the sixth. 451 00:52:51,250 --> 00:52:55,000 Abbas derived two manuscripts, one in Florence and one in Paris. 452 00:52:55,000 --> 00:53:04,090 Arsenal from the spine, Heim and Pan Arts edition. In my view, the manuscript in the arsenal does not derive from an edition at all, 453 00:53:04,630 --> 00:53:10,810 but we get on to more exciting things, at least to me now for the third, fourth and fifth editions. 454 00:53:11,290 --> 00:53:20,079 If you read, um, a este essay, that international short title, I've gone Blank. 455 00:53:20,080 --> 00:53:23,810 So I have what it stands for the Gazumped catalogue, The Vegan Druker. 456 00:53:24,250 --> 00:53:30,640 You'll get hardly a hint that any of the other five in China additions are different in substance from the first. 457 00:53:31,360 --> 00:53:35,440 All except the first are marked as Leo supplements, edited by Percy. 458 00:53:35,890 --> 00:53:39,220 The fifth is marked as just Leo sermons. 459 00:53:40,420 --> 00:53:47,770 The first was produced by a printing house whose location had long baffled novelists because the typeface seemed Dutch, 460 00:53:48,190 --> 00:53:51,430 but the consumables were not simply distributed in Poland. 461 00:53:52,210 --> 00:53:56,560 It is now thought that the printers were Dutchman and Cellino in Poland. 462 00:53:57,600 --> 00:54:04,530 When I correlated, it was immediately apparent that the text was fundamentally like the two first Roman meditations, especially the earlier. 463 00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:15,650 But the contamination had removed some readings. I'd been interested in two citation manuscripts of Leo number 18 on your handout. 464 00:54:16,220 --> 00:54:19,940 The first is now in Krakow and had been owned. 465 00:54:21,720 --> 00:54:27,420 Uh, Nicholas Mabbutt, who has been described as Lazio's greatest book collector, 466 00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:37,200 and it has a text very like the main Florentine family members, had been a representative of Breslau in Florence and had studied in Siena. 467 00:54:38,300 --> 00:54:46,580 Second manuscript is Rock slap, into which Breslau metamorphosed in 1945 and derives from the Krakauer manuscript. 468 00:54:48,190 --> 00:54:56,679 A plausible but wrong insertion of may or reasonably plausible but wrong insertion of layers after spiritus and the opening 469 00:54:56,680 --> 00:55:04,840 sentence of the first son sermon of the cello in Tuneable reproduce has an error distinctive of just these two manuscripts. 470 00:55:05,650 --> 00:55:10,600 Therefore, could the correction and contamination have come from one of these manuscripts? 471 00:55:11,500 --> 00:55:15,850 Uh, I hope you can see. Nice inside my square. 472 00:55:17,100 --> 00:55:21,210 There. We go on to the later manuscript in Poland. 473 00:55:23,570 --> 00:55:35,610 And there we go. Um. Copy of the report from Chandler to be a beautiful alternate text and geography perfectly married. 474 00:55:36,090 --> 00:55:42,330 The one reading is a weak base for an argument, and getting more would be difficult since the correction is not extensive, 475 00:55:43,170 --> 00:55:48,720 but the description and the excellent catalogues of immaculate balls in Oxford gave me an idea. 476 00:55:49,440 --> 00:55:56,010 Not only does this addition cut, but preface and various extraneous material at the end of the text. 477 00:55:56,430 --> 00:56:05,550 Entirely sensible things to do, but it also adds a spurious sermon about David son Absalom, but is found in no other inscrutable of Leo, 478 00:56:05,850 --> 00:56:13,710 but is found in the Florentine family of manuscripts from which the citation manuscripts arrive, 479 00:56:14,100 --> 00:56:17,700 and the polishing tuneable has the distinct tip readings of this group. 480 00:56:18,060 --> 00:56:22,320 And so we have a nice story, possibly awakening of humanism inside Asia. 481 00:56:22,410 --> 00:56:29,770 Manuscripts now in Krakow and Wroclaw, sharing readings with the Florentine family may be explained by Nicholas Knapp. 482 00:56:29,790 --> 00:56:38,550 Author is tortured. Actually, he took the text back to Silesia, where at least one other manuscript was produced, 483 00:56:38,940 --> 00:56:46,080 and then either Mapbox manuscript or a copy was used by the Polish printers already had a copy of their geo print caps, 484 00:56:46,830 --> 00:56:54,570 and so this kind of pedantry has produced, I hope, further confirmation that this edition was printed in what is now Poland. 485 00:56:55,140 --> 00:57:03,240 It may also have identified the Ajaccio print caps of the sermon on Abyssinian, which is not a great son, I hasten to add. 486 00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:08,120 Third and fourth editions were produced north of the Alps. The third. 487 00:57:10,980 --> 00:57:14,370 Being placed in Barcelona does a splendid. 488 00:57:17,210 --> 00:57:23,180 And dated to 1474 or 1475, the fourth being placed in Cologne. 489 00:57:24,340 --> 00:57:28,060 And dated to 1475. They have pussy's preface. 490 00:57:28,540 --> 00:57:32,109 We're nearly at the end, obviously, when I'm selected. 491 00:57:32,110 --> 00:57:37,300 That text I found at once that unlike video print cats and its successor, I. 492 00:57:37,470 --> 00:57:44,430 Well, I'm not from the Italian group, but from the French, a group of manuscripts I've not come across anywhere. 493 00:57:44,440 --> 00:57:54,070 Any statement of this in print, but here to the Oxford catalogue, again tells us things that are not in estate of the exempt catalogue, 494 00:57:54,400 --> 00:57:59,470 revealing the subtly different content that corresponds to the age group. 495 00:58:00,750 --> 00:58:06,990 The text of the two editions are very similar, and so I assume that the fourth derives from the third. 496 00:58:07,500 --> 00:58:14,160 A collation revealed some oddities. The third has all the errors of the fourth and adds more of its own. 497 00:58:15,030 --> 00:58:18,480 I then realise that neither addition is the dating secure. 498 00:58:19,140 --> 00:58:24,330 I therefore suggest that this is a third place where a text or peasant can help and should not be lists, 499 00:58:24,600 --> 00:58:27,990 and that the dating of the two German books should be reversed. 500 00:58:28,950 --> 00:58:36,990 And there is a small bonus two manuscripts which are thus classified to the age group without any reference to being tuneable, 501 00:58:37,170 --> 00:58:47,190 likely to arrive from one of these editions. While is in Copenhagen, I have not yet seen on reproduction, but merely a manuscript in Munich. 502 00:58:48,160 --> 00:58:52,080 All right. Thank um derives from the Basel addition. 503 00:58:53,310 --> 00:58:59,490 And there are also two further bonuses. Um manuscripts which Abbas did not know. 504 00:58:59,670 --> 00:59:07,910 Um. One in Berkeley. Bribes from the Basel Addition and one in Budapest. 505 00:59:12,170 --> 00:59:15,950 Uh, but, uh, no, but the manuscripts. I'm saying tuneable supplier. 506 00:59:16,070 --> 00:59:16,730 I'm still.