Example. I'm just going to say you will need to refer to the handout.
I'm dictation. Like I mentioned, I have labels in Chewables A, B, C, D, E, etc. in the order in which they were.
Printed and I shall sometimes use letters like ABCd.
I hope you can find them often after cyclamen.
The list of NQ novels I hope you can find at the end of the handout, just copied and pasted from various other bits of TypeScript.
I had. After giving three lectures devoted to individual manuscript traditions, I want in my final two lectures to offer some generalisations.
Now, an earlier version of today's lecture was given a few years ago to a seminar organised by Christina Dondi here in Oxford,
and this building, and then has been given elsewhere.
I apologise for this to anyone who's heard me on one of those occasions, but I hope that this revised version is an improvement in some respects.
On pages 244 245 of her book Texts in Transit.
Note her Hellinger wrote. Classical scholars seem to draw the line of transmission in manuscript.
I, in my turn, feel compelled to draw the line at the printing house once the documents destined to serve as printers copies are inside.
I hope that one day a students of the classical tradition in the 15th century will bridge the divide and
identify how the manuscript tradition is reflected in the early printed editions of Cicero's orations.
Although the divide is less absolute than Hellinger stated.
Even for Cicero's speeches,
she has done a service in highlighting what one might termed the interface between manuscripts and true labels as a topic worthy of discussion.
In this lecture I shall consider, I hope, if time allows, the following eight topics, some more slowly than others.
The number of independent and queryable set up for an author.
Secondly, the placing of interim labels within manuscript traditions of their authors.
Third, surviving examples of manuscripts from which in two labels were set up.
Both the countries in which anchor not be their traditions originate first, the dates of the manuscripts used as exemplars for immutable sex,
the merging of ancient popular traditions after the audio print caps of an author.
Seventh, and methods to be used in deriving one incurable from another.
And eighth, the copying of manuscripts from ink to labels.
And if I survive long enough to publish all that I wish to publish, I will add two other points which there won't be time.
Textual annotation honouring funerals and its uses.
Um, and the extent to which include both men, animals and saints, be regarded as additions.
Some of these topics are very closely related to others.
Uh, my discussion of them and my answers to the questions that they pose,
will draw on evidence gleaned from the textual traditions that I have studied.
And I've put some focus down on one in your handout.
Helen Just book tells us that between 28,000 and 29,000 separate ancient popular editions were printed.
That's number three on your handout.
Obviously, the number of these that relate to Latin text from antiquity, which is my interest, is very not smaller.
But even so, the 100 or 110 or so in Tula was listed on your handout.
I'll remind you what percentage of the total surviving.
Nevertheless, I hope that they provide some basis for some generalisations.
I start with discussion of how many interior balls are textually independent of each other in these traditions.
But Ambrose's day for day there is just one in funeral.
And so the question of independence from other funerals doesn't arise.
Other texts for which other inscrutable derive from the ejected open caps include Cato and Pharaoh on agriculture.
I'm probably also, if I were to investigate the other agricultural writers, two of whose treatises there are five and two not pillar additions.
Cyprian, of whose letters and treatises there are one small five and three lapidary additions.
Vitruvius, of whose day architecture there are three and could not be logicians.
Caesar's Civil War, of which there are nine, and not politicians, and perhaps surprisingly, Prussians.
Perigee says, for which text there are 19 additions.
This seems partly to be true also for porphyry house commentary on Horace, of which the additional princeps did not include a full text.
The text at its heart is to some extent repeated in the second edition,
albeit with substantial corrections, but perhaps allow the possibility that it is fully independent.
I just repeated that in subsequent editions, but parts of the work were printed for the first time in the second edition,
which became the ultimate source of all eight subsequent, including popular editions.
It is partly true also for Catullus, I think, for whom the second edition, produced in Parma 1473,
seems to be a heavily contaminated version of the first produced in Venice in 1472.
If in either case these last two cases, the judgements are wrong.
These authors join the ranks of those for whom there are two fully independent interlocutor additions.
These ranks include Curtius Rufus, for whom from a total of six,
include notations only of their open caps produced by underlined us to despair and likewise undated Roman edition are independent.
Remaining four additions derive from their doping caps.
Oliviers first decade. 14 editions were produced before 1501, but only two are independent.
Print caps was produced in Rome by Spain Home and Pan Arts in 1469, but Campanas 1470 Roman edition for Holland is independent of it.
Hello. Sometimes there are two independent editions, edition print caps and a Cologne edition conventionally dated to 1475,
but I hope to have time to reveal some complications later.
Cicero's Pro Marina and Pro Roscoe and Marina.
And indeed, for most of his speeches, with the exceptions of his Fair and Philip X,
three of the 12 and three lap limitations are independent and not derivative.
Digital print caps or spine.
Heim and Pan Arts and 1471, the first Venice edition of 1471 that's beyond my list, and the Bologna edition of 1475 that is due on my list.
Among the authors whom I have studied, the relatively obscure doctors consensus stands as an extreme the first for the five in June.
Politicians are independent of each other. Produced in Cologne first.
Moldova, Milan, Messina. But the fifth derives from the fourth.
Some generalisations emerge from this first of a significant number of textual traditions.
All in should not be the additions derived from the first second, and none of these traditions,
and apart from that of Texas, do we find any very late and tuneable that are independent.
I have not mentioned a date later than 1475.
This suggests that printers preferred were possible to set up books from other printed books, perhaps because this was easier,
perhaps because they regarded printed books as more reliable, a concept that admits its corruptions.
An earlier witness, such as most manuscripts were, might have valuable readings that needed to be considered, was little understood in this period.
A subsidiary reason may be that when the chance for glory from producing the first printed book of a text had been lost,
there was little reason to have recourse to a manuscript. As for the exceptions, the first Rome and Venice editions of Cicero's speeches and Curtius,
and similarly of Curtius Rufus, were perhaps produced in ignorance of each other.
The titular prime cut, subject to pretences, was produced at Cologne and the printers of the first Italian editions.
I have been ignorant of it. A second.
The textual suggestions have been. Kuna balls are best studied in the context of the textile traditions of manuscripts.
Because control of much or all other manuscript tradition is needed to place an immaculate addition in it.
All of the independent functionality.
Logicians that I have mentioned, with one possible exception, may be placed with reasonable confidence in that genealogical context.
Several of these independent editions have text very similar to manuscripts that just show notes.
Print copies of Ambrose's day for day seasons, Civil War step protectors, and porphyria.
The Bologna edition of Cicero's speeches. The Roman edition of Cartier's the Mondo Fe and Milan editions.
Objectors and the third edition of Leo sermons.
Indeed for the addition those print copies of Cyprian, Porfirio, Porfirio and almost certainly of Texas.
We have more than similarity actual manuscript ancestors that these additions are still extant,
and more than one manuscript in the cases of Cyprian and Porfirio.
A lot of persons. Well known generalisation springs from this.
Many additions were set up straight from 90 scripts and have in effect the same status as a manuscript.
Others differ from their closest to manuscript relatives,
and having a text that is slightly contaminated that is correct from elsewhere or slightly more contaminated.
For example, the first and second editions of Cicero's speeches A Prussians Period Jesus,
ditto princeps of a true verse, um, the second edition of Porfirio.
And one thing could not be the additions of deputies. Not even for funerals of this kind, that is, which have had some correction in their ancestry.
Um, ancestors can still be identified as, for example, and for some of the speeches of Cicero and for the second edition of Porfirio.
The possible exception that I have mentioned have been to likenesses, the opening caps of Curtius,
the textual streams that have gone into its ancestry can be identified on the basis of errors,
but it's not entirely clear to me which of them provided the base text.
These quests, and somewhat less easily placed editions raise a question to which I regret not having the time to return to today.
How extensive was the editorial activity that went into the producing of Chewables?
Move on to my third point. A regrettable fate feature of humanism was the regular destruction of manuscripts that had been used in printers workshops.
Nevertheless, it is occasionally possible to be more precise and to point not just to a manuscript ancestor of an incurable,
but to the very manuscript from which the intruder bore was printed.
Here a question of method is involved.
Of course, ancestors other than the immediate parent of ancient logician survive among medieval and Renaissance manuscripts.
One needs to be sure that while is pointing not to such just an ancestor, but to the immediate source.
Author Hellinger has put this well, and I may have a slide at this.
Identification of a document, manuscript, or printed as having served as printers.
Copy can only be based on the presence of compositors marks alone, when in the absence of marks.
Textual features indicate a close relationship between a source and a printed edition.
The possibility of a no longer extant intermediate copy deserves consideration.
Conversely, and exception,
the presence of marks similar to the compositors marks cannot be taken as decisive evidence if textual features contradict it.
An illustration of this danger. Potential danger is provided by the textual tradition of Cyprian.
Up. Three manuscripts in Paris.
Uh 414460 from Psalm Victor and 1654.
Um, both of the 12th century, uh, manuscripts that are textually so close to each other that one must derive from the other.
But despite hours of collating either either with the manuscript side by side in Paris one images in Cambridge,
I failed to find a clear example of an uncorrected error in one not found in the other, and this remains a problem for me to clear up with.
I hope not too many more hours of collation. Nevertheless, I presume that the one from Psalm Victor is the earlier and the parent.
And it's absolutely clear that both cities are open, perhaps must have one, or perhaps both, in its not too distant ancestry.
If one knew nothing of dating and geography,
which will tell us that the manuscripts are French and are probably never left France, and that print perhaps is Italian,
one might be tempted to make one of these manuscripts the direct source of radio print caps,
but in his preface we'll see, says what you can find at five on your handout.
And you can see on the screen, therefore stirred up with a great deal of enthusiasm.
I turn to a man of lofty spirit and eloquence, a totally separate bishop of Carthage,
and I took his letters up in my hands with thoughts all the more competent.
For this reason, once, as a student in the celebrated academies of Paris,
where I take on myself because of the fame of the city and my passion for study,
and so that I might acquire a cultured outlook, I have transcribed these lectures from quite an old exemplar with my own hands.
I was expecting what in fact turned out to be the case.
I shall have less trouble with this manuscript, I'm sure to call no less.
Thanks. In the eyes of your holiness and the thoughts of the most learned men.
What? He was producing so many editions in 1469, 1417, 1471 that clearly he didn't want much trouble.
And so here is evidence for a lost intermediary that was the source of their geo print caps.
And a fairly recent survey at the subject. Hellinger listed 40 entry, not pillar additions, and I'd be glad to know of any additions of people here.
Uh, no. Of them. Um, whose immediate source has been identified.
And I know of one of that she left. That's number six on your handout.
And just list includes books published in the North European languages and ancient Greek, as well as Latin.
Some observations may be made about her list.
First. Some 20 of these 40 additions are earthworks produced in the 15th century itself.
Second but very few editions of Latin text.
From the ancient world to manuscript exemplars survive.
And I put on number seven on the handout that you can see on your slide.
Uh, the slide, uh, the additions, uh, of Augustan, Livy, Pliny, refine us.
Augustan. Okay. Challenges list, I can add only one example.
I suspect the must be August. Nice, I say I will be grateful to hear them investigating manuscripts used for the binding of books now in Darmstadt.
Johanna Staab, librarian. They are found in the binding of a copy of the 1531 edition of Pseudo high.
Most commentary on Isaia, fragments of an 11th century manuscript of dictation diaries, fridges that are now in Darmstadt with the number 4216.
He argued cogently that they were the fragmentary remains from which the dictionaries printed page objectives and diaries were produced.
An interesting feature arising from comparison of the manuscript and the additions is that word where word division in the manuscript was faulty.
There is underlining that draws the compositors attention to the need for correction,
and the corrections are duly found in the printed edition, and I put rings around some.
Go beyond Latin text written on technology.
Of the 53 editions known to have been produced by Spain, Heim and Pan Arts, of which 11 were reprints of their own earlier editions.
Exemplars have been identified for seven, um six out of 42.
That is, if one ignores the reprints, which is a reasonably high percentage.
Uh three the Augustan, Livy and Pliny have just been mentioned, and the others are on this slide.
Also nine on your handout for Saraya Strabo layout.
Um and Perrotta. The only comparable Clustered Challengers list is numbers 36 to 43.
Part of the collection of group manuscripts that survived after being taken into my new says printing house.
I want my next point to generalise about the geographical provenance of the textual
traditions from which independently bolts of ancient Latin texts was set up is easy.
Italy was the centre of intellectual life in the 15th century,
and by the 1470s dominant ta in the art of printing all the early and cooler balls that I have mentioned,
except for the digital print perhaps subjects, and the Cologne edition of Leo sermons, both of which are German, all belong to Italian traditions,
even though in the case of Bussy Cyprian the stream had become Italian only recently, since Bossi brought it back after his student days.
Golden colour ball of Ambrose's. Ambrose's day, Friday, parcel 1492, is an oddity because of the lateness with which the work went into print.
Generalise about the data of the manuscript's use for the setting up of intuitive goals that these lacked in authors is much more difficult,
since so few survival days, even if more did survive, it might be a silly question to ask anyway.
However, all those listed above date from the 15th century, apart from the source of what's number 25 on the headings list Augustine's or pustular,
which perhaps comes from the late 14th century, and apart from the Darmstadt, fragments of objects and diaries which date from the 11th century.
And of course, it is overwhelmingly likely that most in two novels derive from manuscripts of recent date.
Trip for Ambrose's day Friday and the open cap subject test.
The independent internal goals of all the authors whom I study find their closest textual relatives in 15th century manuscripts.
Should not print caps or other independent tuneable be discovered to have a text close to, say,
a 12th or ninth century manuscript without marks on the manuscript proving its use in apprentice house.
One could not be certain, as a now lost 15th century descendant was not you.
So I agree with Palantir on that. Moving on then to a six point.
Hitherto I've discussed the relationship of independent Q labels to the manuscript sources.
I turn now to include labels that derive from other and chewables.
In theory, there is no reason why the tenets of semantics should not apply in the classification of interior walls.
In practice, there are certain differences of which I'm going to note for.
First, whereas most manuscripts are undated.
Very many in China, pillar editions are dated and different edition is not dated.
Starting with its typography will often lead to an up very close approximation of its date.
This makes one's work much easier.
Second, a percentage of manuscripts that are lost even among those written in the second half of the 15th century is high.
But unless I'm gravely mistaken, the percentage of ink should not be the additions of ancient Latin authors, of which all copies are lost, is small.
The authors that I have started are not aware of any evidence for the existence of any additions,
but have not survived, although it is obviously conceivable that some could have sunk completely without trace.
Moreover, if no copy of an incurable survives, it is likely to have had a small a small print run and therefore being unimportant.
Uh, I learnt a few years ago from Professor Hayworth in a paper and publication,
but it transpired that Göttingen University Library had an immaculate edition of it,
known from nowhere else, produced at Treviso between 1477 and 1479, and useful for editorial purposes in all of its heroic deeds.
I think such discoveries are very rare and very surprising.
But if you want to correct me, I should be glad to hear from you.
Uh, difference. A significant percentage of computer balls replicate their predecessors.
In such matters as acquiring pagination and linear function.
These features do occur occasionally in manuscripts, but much more rarely, especially for prose texts.
Example of the replication of physical features include the first two funerals of Cato and Pharaoh A and B on my list,
which I've given you an illustration of the, uh, the last two of Cartier's lot illustrated, and some ink levels of Catullus I and J on my list.
Such facts are a point of derivation. If you can work out which one came first and one dated, that's easy enough.
I regard an argument that I've made that all of the internal polls that I have, none less.
So I will do. I want all I've called h, I and j of Porfirio and these inscrutable also Porfirio,
a part of collected editions of Horace and his commentators that they derive from the one that I labelled G.
I regard it as quite certain, not least because h I and j repeat in tuneable g s mistake of having page 257 on my first picture.
Let's hope I've got them in order. Chosen Tuneable before g f, which has page 258 correctly marked.
Our next slide shows integrable g with two page 250 sevens.
Then we move on to H. We find the same.
Then we go on to I. And then we go on to J.
But the nature of the derivation needs some discussion, and this discussion will provide a good example of how,
once in a while, a textual scholar can help and in turn up your list.
Find a slip stitch led me to conclude that H, I, and j all derived independently from being suitable.
I called j um, I found no evidence that J derives from g.
Uh, I um, I quite extensive list of slips of I not found in J rather suggest that I am j like h derive independently like the colophon of j,
stating that it was printed after I.
The British Museum catalogue and life quote states that handout ten argued that the dating should perhaps be reverse that I should derive from J.
And I thought this was impossible because it diverges from the physical load out by g h and uh um uh um.
And. And say the bottom line is different when I get the.
He. Same bottom line H.
Uh, is, uh, saying bottom line. There is Jay with, uh.
Um, there's become the penultimate line. So it seems to me, um, lightly.
But the previous one. I guess from that since I.
Sticks with what its predecessors have. Well, that is pageantry of a high order.
And for those of you who are not classicists, let me assure you that we do talk about, um, more important matters of life and death.
Um, in our teaching often, uh. A fourth difference from systematics with manuscripts um, is that most copyists by scribes worked quite briskly.
Since writing by hand allows briskness and hence were prone to making mistakes uh, sometimes quite significant mistakes,
but significant errors are found much less often in derivative and tuneable spelling derivative manuscripts.
Hence the process of selecting which letter types to use and of putting them on the press was slower,
and major presses seem to have checked over pages in proof before they were finally printed.
In my experience, major omissions are very rare and transpositions are very much less common than in manuscripts.
If you've worked on manuscripts of prose texts in particular, you'll know that transpositions are extremely common.
Nevertheless, misprints do occur. Usually with reasonable frequency,
and although one would not wish to use many of the mistakes that arise from misprints in the classification of manuscripts,
they can be put to good use in the classification of incurable.
And I quote Helen J. Yet again, no less significant for tracing textual transmission.
All the variants introduced by accident during typesetting, either by misreading or as typographical errors.
I could have chosen several examples. The best that I have found came from studying the troubles impressions, period.
Jesus, that is a poem on the geography of the world. And in verse 81 person wrote all to you a dominated and I.
And uh. But then tuneable I called g as a misprint.
You can see auto many a word has been split and.
When we move on to the later in cooler balls, which I've labelled I, J, K, M and Q and S, and also a manuscript copied from an inclusive report.
We find quando mini, which is self-evidently a progressive corruption.
As you can see there. So here's some pictures.
Um, let's move on. Hey, what does August remind you that's plugged only become Fundo Mini?
That's incurable. I think I've got j ust one.
Under many. So there is obviously a lot of great significance.
It's would have been easy to correct and therefore the fact that in Kuna age, which comes in my, uh,
order of date between G and I, does correct, it does not disprove its derivation from incurable G.
On the other hand, the persistence of the progressive corruption quando many.
It's a good proof that in balls I, j k and q s take that text from G.
Um I j um and and s constitute half the main intranet blockchain for this work.
And this is a very nice illustration of how even minor errors can persist from printed copy to printed copy.
More patterns emerge when one tries to discover the genealogical relationship of all the internal pools of an author.
At Cannes. He remarked in his classical texts in handout 12 that as a result of the introduction of printing.
The process of transmission had become a two stroke unit, linear or myelogenous.
With remarkably few exceptions, the descent of any given text through the printed editions is in a single line.
I think he was thinking primarily a blow to Paris, but it appear it is true also for incurable.
Incurable do tend to form chains, although not always up the shade.
Same shape, but only one incurable is independent.
One can get a very simple chain.
For example, in Cato and Varro, the first editions of all Italian descent from each other in a straight line um a produces B,
which produces C, which produces D which produces a.
So the truth is all three and cannot be logicians.
Again, Italian form a chain A as to B goes to C, albeit with a significant amount of correction that is found in B and C perceptron.
The chain is of a different shape. Additions C, D, and d all derive from addition B, which in turn derives from addition A,
but it's worth noting that only A, B, and D are Italian productions T was produced at défenseur and E in Stuttgart.
Together, the Italian logicians form a successive chain.
The three of them on the German editions are still matic dead ends.
Oh, Porfirio, common trailed Horace. We have ten inches popular editions, all Italian.
Uh, the second one be, which probably derives, as I said earlier, in part from the first, uh, was the first to offer a complete text from it.
Derive C from C, derives d from D, derives a from it, arrives f from f, derives g and from g derives h,
I, and j as we say um from a to h or to a to I, and j gives us a chain of eight.
Dead ends come only at the end of the line.
In contrast, all five international traditions are Italian, but the second, which is independent of the first,
is the debt, and it derives from D, which derives from C, which derives from a.
Now, I've already noted that the traditional Texas is unusual, with the first four including apples independent of each other,
and only the fourth and fifth forming the slightest of chains.
I could tell a similar story about, um.
Uh, Caesar's Civil War.
In the ancient traditions of neither cultures nor deckchairs, does fusion between the different streams that went into the tradition occur.
Rather, the evidence of one or more in two nibbles is simply ignored, but fusion does sometimes occur.
I've said that there are three independent editions of Cicero's speeches the Roman Notioe princeps,
the second edition, number three from Venice, and the fourth edition from Bologna.
This last is systematic debt, and it has no relevance if there's no other successors.
But the first two editions were productive, and the story that I hope to tell is that in Coulibaly is a copy of the ditto print caps,
and that both individual was G and J are independent copies of that.
As for the other editions, C derives from B and F from C, and so on through H, I, K, and L,
but there was some cross-fertilisation that went from A into the other chain and affected its later members FH, I, K, and del.
I move on to. Perhaps more interesting that once one has established that while incurable, a derived from from another.
A further question imposes itself, and while identified the precise copy it the earlier inscrutable from which the later was set up.
Manuscript exemplars have been tuneable, as may be rare, but rarer still are printed exemplars,
and on Highlander's list of known sources have been tuneable, as only her numbers one, six, eight, and 34 are instances of things.
Eight particular interests me because it's of an authorised study,
and it is a copy of their opening packs of Leo summons that are oversaw not for spying.
Hyman can ask, but for Philip first to lick Namjoon or say himself corrected it for his eye.
Joe second up with spine high underpants, now housed in Florence's Mario Charlie on the library.
It is by far the most interesting and tuneable font I have ever seen, and I regret not having altered an image for these lectures.
I was expected to be able to get to Florence and photograph it, but I didn't.
The corrections made by Bussey. Um, I thought I saw it all on occasion before photography was allowed in Italian libraries.
The corrections made by Bossi include marks for the ending of new pages,
which correspond either precisely or to within a word or two of those in the spine, Heim and Pan Arts edition, and he put new headings in.
And the beauty of this Florentine copy lies in its making, manifest with small scale correction between successive in two natural regressions,
that in almost all the other extreme traditions that I've studied, one can postulate.
I own investigation confirm a striking general tendency for sure politicians to have been set up from the immediately preceding addition,
although there are exceptions and I use the term tendency rather than rule.
For example, in the petitions of Cicero, Livy and Prussian.
These do not, I think, affect the generalisation.
On. Possible explanation for this tendency is a general belief in progress, but newer additions offer a superior text to older ambushes.
That was still true today. At this was a general belief it may contain an element of truth.
There are, however, exceptions.
One reason for some of these may be a preference on the part of printers for using editions produced in their own city,
perhaps for reasons of local pride, perhaps more on down late because of ease of access, or they've taken over stock from the private an earlier firm.
In the tradition of Cicero speeches, provides good examples of this inscrutable k to rise from H,
which derives from f, which derives with some correction from C, which derives from d.
All these additions were produced in Venice, and Koulibaly was produced in Milan in 1478.
The next edition, next Milanese edition of the speeches derives from it by passing the intermediate Venetian editions.
Tuneable gene is in 1483 is, however, an exception to this tendency.
Likewise deriving from the Milanese A. Another reason is that some of the tuna balls bypassed were printed in Northern Europe,
and had not been diffused widely or not diffused at all in Italy.
In the traditions that I have studied, I have found just one instance of a North European addition, the ajio princeps of dowries.
A logician that influenced the Italian tradition.
I haven't put any figures down for days as I need to do much more work.
By contrast, one commonly finds evidence for the penetration of Italian and tuna balls into northern Europe or the North European tuna balls.
In the traditions of Catullus Cyprian impressions period, Jesus derived either directly or through intermediaries from earlier Italian in tuna balls.
The only manuscript objects to have been copied from a printed edition is a German manuscript, now in Leipzig.
Derives from the Milan edition of 1477.
I move on. The phenomenon of a manuscript deriving from a printed book is well known to specialists in textile traditions.
Number 13 on your handout, but may still cause surprise among those who are not specialists.
From the textual traditions that I have started for Cato and Farrow, I found that three manuscripts out of 48 derive from printed editions no.
Two scanty set. So that's five sets of scanty excerpts that derive from the original print.
Perhaps could be added.
Cicero's Pro Roscoe Marino and Pro Morena are two manuscripts out of some 144 Curtius Rufus, four manuscripts out of 150 texts.
I've just said one out of 71.
Although I've reasons for thinking that a Strasburg manuscript destroyed in the War of 1870 could have been added to the list of warfare one,
and some excerpts out of 24 manuscripts of Vitruvius, none up to about 75,
although two manuscripts containing excerpts, one very substantial, due to arrive from a printed edition.
The Corpus of Cyprian. The number of manuscripts varies from work to work, but I've looked at over 150 such manuscripts and found just two,
and the final portion of a Third Folio summons, many of which are found in homily areas.
It's difficult to give a precise number of manuscripts in the family of mostly Italian manuscripts that I have investigated,
which numbers about 57 or sorry derived from printed editions.
I think what I put on your handout is wrong.
Uh, but Ambrose says they fit average through about 60 manuscripts, but of which the ditto print perhaps was published very late.
Uh, perhaps no copies in all the different expressions.
Period. Jesus. Up to some 40 or so manuscripts, 11 derive from printed editions.
Dracula once wrote. Experience has taught me that every manuscript ascribed to the second half of the 15th century is potentially,
and often without question, a copy of something tuneable.
But I hope the figures I've just given showed that this is an exaggeration.
No exceptions. Um, for all the manuscript editions that I've investigated, most of which are dominated by productions of the 15th century.
The percentage of manuscripts that derive from editions is under 10% and usually under 5%.
All 144 manuscripts of the two Cicero speeches were produced after 1415, and only two derived from printed editions.
One of the exceptions is the tradition of Catullus, the other that of Persians.
Period Jesus. Two explanation suggests themselves for the high figure for the question.
First, the text seems to have arrived in Italy only around 1450, and therefore there was not time for its wide dissemination in manuscripts.
Second, it was incorporated and geo printed Suppressions much read grammatical works.
A large number of editions of these were produced, and these codes the text, the dissemination it perhaps might not otherwise have had.
Also surprising that when exemplars full manuscript copies were wanted and they were found in printed form.
Despite this tendency towards low numbers,
one can still formulate a revised version of previous rule for a new text that was copied in reasonable numbers and the last part of the 15th century,
one should expect to find at least one manuscript that was copied from a printed edition.
Manuscripts in this class tend to take two forms. Some are rather unprepossessing, often being written on paper.
Such manuscripts tend to have been made by scholars or students who could not afford anything better for their own use.
This may explain the high number of manuscripts of Catullus copied from printed editions, many of which are paper nine scripts.
Others are extremely luxurious products and were designed for patrons who perhaps regarded printed books as vulgar.
Among the latter two collections deserve special comment of the manuscripts that I derived from.
Editions. Several come from the Aragon Library of the Kings of Naples.
Much of the copying for this library in the last third of the 15th century was an extremely high standard,
and printed exemplars clearly served as the basis for a significant percentage of it.
Delta is the library of Federico da montefeltro, an accountant, later Duke of Urbino.
Very high proportion of his magnificent collection was acquired through the services of Florence's leading dealer in manuscripts,
Vespasian, atop a statue. Printed books threatened best special all those business, and probably drove him out of business in the end.
And in his life of Federico, he famously claimed that Federico had none in his library.
Well, number 15, in your handout you can see that Martin, a reference to Martin Davis, who has shown that this statement is wrong.
The catalogues of the LP, no library were revealed, but there were two labels in it, several of which can be found today.
These include the audio print caps of live, from which corrections to um.
Uh, you know, manuscript for two three oblivious first decade written by uh Federico librarian a love of Federico.
Federico veteran derived from the adjective prim, perhaps.
Doubtless the manuscript was corrected from the copy of the Idaho print.
Perhaps that was owned by the Duke.
The existence of others, for which Davis found no evidence, may be postulated from the derivation from them, of manuscripts copied in the note.
One such is the attitude, perhaps of Curtius.
In the Urbino collection is. Manuscript.
Eight. Nine. One. Of Curtius Rufus, a modest Florentine copy of Curtius, in which the arms of the Duke look like a later addition.
It was doubtless acquired by our best party, all I know, but second hand it was replaced by number four, two, seven.
Written by you know itself by the well-known scribe Matteo Duggan took his and Come on show exactly how Matteo worked.
The opening portion of the manuscript derives from the less prepossessing previous manuscript from that one,
and although I've no textual proof that it is a direct copy, the geographical evidence makes this overwhelmingly play.
But about two thirds of the way through he switches exemplars to back to front a manuscript to the idea open cuts.
I knew the Urbino library was well stocked with printed editions.
A printed editions were even used for the copying of know manuscripts produced in Florence.
These include the 1472 Venice edition that includes precious period pieces, um, from which the Urbino manuscript um, takes its text.
And there are various other manuscripts.
Although I suppose the production of luxurious manuscripts from these print editions may be held to support their sparse.
Elena's contention that Federico disliked printed books even though he owned some.
As I've said occasionally, proof that a manuscript derives from a printed edition can be a surprise to editors.
And this is, um, the case with, uh, uh, you know, 306 suppression, which have been cheerfully used by previous editors.
Manuscripts that derive from printed editions may also display contamination from elsewhere.
Uh Glasgow Hunter 47. A manuscript of Curtius Rufus has a text very light, that of being should not be a tradition,
and particularly like that a Milan edition of 1481, and I apologise.
I should have searched for an image of this manuscript, as some of the innovations of which it repeats as the void.
Some of the errors about Milan addiction and its imports, extraneous readings from elsewhere.
I presume that it derives from a copy of that edition on which have been imposed corrections and other readings from a manuscript.
Places where further detail is not needed. It is convenient for scholars to say if a manuscript merely that it must derive from a printed edition.
That's an advantage of having conducted a genealogical investigation of incurable,
is that it is almost always possible to say from which particular ink should not be.
In addition, a manuscript arrives, but occasionally I have failed.
For example, an omission of a line proves conclusively on scrubby manuscript of Pharos de Rustica in Venice,
derived from I, either from the Ajaccio print caps or the next printed edition.
A delineation of the two inscrutable is identical, and in as much correlation as I could be bothered to do,
I found no significant difference between the text of the two editions, which allowed makes it decide from which the manuscript was copied.
I don't doubt that problem could be resolved any long thought it worth while.
I go to end with some remarks on the author who's in Tuneable have given me greatest pleasure.
Cut short a very complicated story. A big collection of Leo sermons was produced before the ninth century.
Its descendants split into two groups, which Abbas number 17 on the handout,
the latest to turn to deep emotion editor holes a um which mostly French manuscripts are mostly at the 12th century and be mostly Italian manuscripts,
and mostly written after 1430.
It is to the second group that it is generally, I say, generally believed, um, as though a whole world was interested in tuneable player.
Um, but each of us believes that the entire in true light bulb tradition belongs.
I've said already, the buzzer produced the opening taps in Rome for Philips to Lake Nona sometime before the 21st of September, 1470.
And it is notably more contaminated than its nearest manuscript.
Relatives. This is the earliest book ascribed to filibuster.
Now. I am cannot be lists. How you managed to work for him whilst engaged in the remarkable series of additions.
Assign him and parts. I do not know, but perhaps some internationalist, um can explain or will explain.
Let's say you had been secretary to Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa.
And I agree with Shabazz that the text from which their dirty opening caps was
printed had been contaminated with readings from a manuscript owned by the Cardinal.
Uh, I'll let you guys for my fingers on that.
Um, is the manuscript. Owned.
I saw it on one of my crazier expeditions. I did a day return to choose from Cambridge.
Flight and taxi. Not something I want to repeat, but yeah.
Tovar says work in general revolutionise the study of this text.
Um, but his detailed grasp as to matrix within the Italian manuscripts was quite sweet, but this was one of his successes.
I've told you already that a copy of this book dated to 21st September 1470 and now surviving in the marriage,
Liana served as the printers copy for the Spine Heinemann panel to design.
Uh is the second edition of spine, Heim and Pan Arts.
Um. What I have not yet told you is that Scott Peck, his article of 1990, which I cited down to nine,
not only proved um, this, but proved also that filibuster, later known as addition,
which previously had been thought to be the second, proceeded that the spine I'm and panels and so again textual investigation of Leo um
as uh this time by Scott Peck has led to the re dating of work in the printing house.
Some other aspects of this traditional, more normal.
We have a chain of Antalya link funerals, and the sixth edition derives from the second and the seventh from the sixth.
Abbas derived two manuscripts, one in Florence and one in Paris.
Arsenal from the spine, Heim and Pan Arts edition. In my view, the manuscript in the arsenal does not derive from an edition at all,
but we get on to more exciting things, at least to me now for the third, fourth and fifth editions.
If you read, um, a este essay, that international short title, I've gone Blank.
So I have what it stands for the Gazumped catalogue, The Vegan Druker.
You'll get hardly a hint that any of the other five in China additions are different in substance from the first.
All except the first are marked as Leo supplements, edited by Percy.
The fifth is marked as just Leo sermons.
The first was produced by a printing house whose location had long baffled novelists because the typeface seemed Dutch,
but the consumables were not simply distributed in Poland.
It is now thought that the printers were Dutchman and Cellino in Poland.
When I correlated, it was immediately apparent that the text was fundamentally like the two first Roman meditations, especially the earlier.
But the contamination had removed some readings. I'd been interested in two citation manuscripts of Leo number 18 on your handout.
The first is now in Krakow and had been owned.
Uh, Nicholas Mabbutt, who has been described as Lazio's greatest book collector,
and it has a text very like the main Florentine family members, had been a representative of Breslau in Florence and had studied in Siena.
Second manuscript is Rock slap, into which Breslau metamorphosed in 1945 and derives from the Krakauer manuscript.
A plausible but wrong insertion of may or reasonably plausible but wrong insertion of layers after spiritus and the opening
sentence of the first son sermon of the cello in Tuneable reproduce has an error distinctive of just these two manuscripts.
Therefore, could the correction and contamination have come from one of these manuscripts?
Uh, I hope you can see. Nice inside my square.
There. We go on to the later manuscript in Poland.
And there we go. Um. Copy of the report from Chandler to be a beautiful alternate text and geography perfectly married.
The one reading is a weak base for an argument, and getting more would be difficult since the correction is not extensive,
but the description and the excellent catalogues of immaculate balls in Oxford gave me an idea.
Not only does this addition cut, but preface and various extraneous material at the end of the text.
Entirely sensible things to do, but it also adds a spurious sermon about David son Absalom, but is found in no other inscrutable of Leo,
but is found in the Florentine family of manuscripts from which the citation manuscripts arrive,
and the polishing tuneable has the distinct tip readings of this group.
And so we have a nice story, possibly awakening of humanism inside Asia.
Manuscripts now in Krakow and Wroclaw, sharing readings with the Florentine family may be explained by Nicholas Knapp.
Author is tortured. Actually, he took the text back to Silesia, where at least one other manuscript was produced,
and then either Mapbox manuscript or a copy was used by the Polish printers already had a copy of their geo print caps,
and so this kind of pedantry has produced, I hope, further confirmation that this edition was printed in what is now Poland.
It may also have identified the Ajaccio print caps of the sermon on Abyssinian, which is not a great son, I hasten to add.
Third and fourth editions were produced north of the Alps. The third.
Being placed in Barcelona does a splendid.
And dated to 1474 or 1475, the fourth being placed in Cologne.
And dated to 1475. They have pussy's preface.
We're nearly at the end, obviously, when I'm selected.
That text I found at once that unlike video print cats and its successor, I.
Well, I'm not from the Italian group, but from the French, a group of manuscripts I've not come across anywhere.
Any statement of this in print, but here to the Oxford catalogue, again tells us things that are not in estate of the exempt catalogue,
revealing the subtly different content that corresponds to the age group.
The text of the two editions are very similar, and so I assume that the fourth derives from the third.
A collation revealed some oddities. The third has all the errors of the fourth and adds more of its own.
I then realise that neither addition is the dating secure.
I therefore suggest that this is a third place where a text or peasant can help and should not be lists,
and that the dating of the two German books should be reversed.
And there is a small bonus two manuscripts which are thus classified to the age group without any reference to being tuneable,
likely to arrive from one of these editions. While is in Copenhagen, I have not yet seen on reproduction, but merely a manuscript in Munich.
All right. Thank um derives from the Basel addition.
And there are also two further bonuses. Um manuscripts which Abbas did not know.
Um. One in Berkeley. Bribes from the Basel Addition and one in Budapest.
Uh, but, uh, no, but the manuscripts. I'm saying tuneable supplier.
I'm still.