1 00:00:01,340 --> 00:00:16,460 So. Well, I wrote a book proposal for Oxford University Press in the hope that it would be willing to continue publishing my work. 2 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:21,440 I promise that in the final volume of my studies and the transmission of ancient texts, 3 00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:26,899 I should include some synthetic chapters in which I try to draw some conclusions of more general 4 00:00:26,900 --> 00:00:31,640 interest from the study of the transmissions of individual authors that have proceeded. 5 00:00:32,540 --> 00:00:39,740 And one such chapter will explore the relationship of manuscripts and in cooler balls, about which I spoke two days ago. 6 00:00:40,430 --> 00:00:49,040 As for others about the theory of systematics, I have absolutely nothing new to say about its practical application, 7 00:00:49,040 --> 00:00:53,360 which I hope I've given a demonstration of only, or perhaps only a little bit more. 8 00:00:53,900 --> 00:01:01,040 But clearly I ought to offer some general thoughts on the variety of ways in which I've been able to derive one manuscript from another. 9 00:01:01,250 --> 00:01:05,530 Some of which you have seen in these lectures, I hope I'm. 10 00:01:05,600 --> 00:01:12,830 But behind the transmission of Latin texts from antiquity to the beginning of printing lies movement in place. 11 00:01:13,340 --> 00:01:16,909 And most interesting, I think, would be some comments on the shape, 12 00:01:16,910 --> 00:01:25,490 or rather geographical and chronological spread of the transmissions that I have studied and how far they are typical. 13 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:31,440 And that's the subject about which I intend to talk today. There is, however, a problem. 14 00:01:32,250 --> 00:01:36,090 Although I have seen more manuscripts than is probably good for me, 15 00:01:36,660 --> 00:01:45,500 the transmissions that I have studied and on which I either published that is cut so far, cut through first Dec ten, says Vitruvius. 16 00:01:45,510 --> 00:01:53,970 The agricultural treatises of Cato and Varro, Porfirio and Prussians period, Jesus and ones I hope to publish on. 17 00:01:54,600 --> 00:02:05,999 Uh, Caesar. Civil War, Catullus, uh, Cicero's pro Sextus Roscoe and Pro Morena, his Caesarian orations, and Philip X art and various patristic texts. 18 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:12,420 A separate ionic corpus, Ambrose's day, Frederick and Leo sermons, or some of Leo's sermons. 19 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:21,480 But there's a lot of manuscripts. For one person, it seems, seems at times, but is a minor proportion of what survives. 20 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:27,959 And clearly, um, the contribution of any studies I do to generalisations. 21 00:02:27,960 --> 00:02:32,250 Same need to be seen as part of a much wider body of evidence. 22 00:02:32,880 --> 00:02:40,410 And I think over the next few years I've got to stop looking at new manuscripts and divert myself to reading, 23 00:02:40,470 --> 00:02:44,610 uh, or rereading, uh, existing studies written by others. 24 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:51,450 If you're interested in the geographical spread of classical Latin textual traditions. 25 00:02:51,720 --> 00:02:57,960 Two good places to start reading would be Leighton Reynolds masterly introduction to text and transmission, 26 00:02:58,410 --> 00:03:04,260 and Michael Reeves essay Some Applications of Pasquale Criterion Geographic co. 27 00:03:04,590 --> 00:03:14,190 The 15th century Latin Manuscripts, published originally in 1987 and republished in his Manuscripts and Methods in 2011. 28 00:03:14,490 --> 00:03:24,300 I should say I haven't produced a handout for today. If anyone wants a reference that I give out, please do send me an email and I will respond. 29 00:03:25,220 --> 00:03:29,190 If there is, I think, space for further contributions. Reynolds. 30 00:03:29,190 --> 00:03:36,240 His interest was in the main lines of transmission, and he was summarising the contents of the book that he so edited, 31 00:03:36,750 --> 00:03:42,570 in which there was often little place for discussion of later manuscripts that were unimportant for editors. 32 00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:50,830 And Reid's concern was also in part with editing. He showed her manuscripts from outlying regions of manuscript production, 33 00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:58,720 were likely to have a text different from those found in central region regions, and hence sometimes of more use to editors. 34 00:03:59,890 --> 00:04:03,460 I too have an interest in what manuscripts editors should use. 35 00:04:03,790 --> 00:04:10,780 But since I try to offer a genealogical classification of all the manuscripts of the text that I study, 36 00:04:11,320 --> 00:04:16,570 and I should say that in this many of its writings serve as powerful exemplars. 37 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:21,340 I want any generalisations that I make about geography to embrace. 38 00:04:21,430 --> 00:04:27,700 Also, the manuscripts that do not matter to editors, and these are, of course, the vast majority. 39 00:04:29,630 --> 00:04:35,000 The subject is huge and with just one lecture I shall need to be selective. 40 00:04:35,910 --> 00:04:41,489 And what follows. I shall set the scene with some very brief and rather unoriginal remarks about the early 41 00:04:41,490 --> 00:04:47,040 stages of transmission of Latin text between the Roman Empire and Carolingian times. 42 00:04:47,280 --> 00:04:50,520 Showing a few pictures of early manuscripts I've looked at. 43 00:04:51,090 --> 00:04:58,050 I shall then make some remarks about the transmission in France of the textual tradition, some of the textual traditions that I have started. 44 00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:05,700 These will be followed by a few remarks about transmission in England, and by much more on transmission in Italy. 45 00:05:06,300 --> 00:05:11,280 And because for many of the authors whom I study, most of the manuscripts are Italian. 46 00:05:12,350 --> 00:05:19,340 Looking at transmission initially. I shall make a few, um, pass a few remarks at the end about church councils. 47 00:05:20,420 --> 00:05:24,800 I regret not having the space to say more about individual monasteries, 48 00:05:25,250 --> 00:05:32,150 about the relative importance of various Italian cities and Italian humanists in the transmission of texts, 49 00:05:32,570 --> 00:05:40,760 and about also some manuscripts that are interesting because they have travelled and produced a sentence in more than one place. 50 00:05:42,860 --> 00:05:50,270 A few remarks, very elementary, about the beginnings of the process in the final years of the Roman Empire. 51 00:05:50,300 --> 00:05:56,750 Most writing and reading of Latin texts must have occurred in those parts of the empire, where literate culture was strongest. 52 00:05:57,290 --> 00:06:04,040 Italy, above all, but also Sicily, southern gold, eastern Spain, and the province of Africa around Carthage. 53 00:06:05,030 --> 00:06:09,860 Extra manuscript production tend to follow centres of economic and cultural power. 54 00:06:10,220 --> 00:06:14,930 By the time a Charlemagne power had shifted from the Mediterranean to Northern Europe. 55 00:06:15,720 --> 00:06:23,750 The many copies of texts made at the end of the Roman Empire, and in those twilight years that followed it had been taken to northern Europe. 56 00:06:24,470 --> 00:06:32,360 As I said in my first lecture, these journeys constitute the stage and the transmission of Latin texts about which we are least well informed. 57 00:06:33,370 --> 00:06:41,720 Most of the authors whom I have started, for example, Curtius Vitruvius deck chairs the speeches of Cicero, Cato, and Varro. 58 00:06:42,020 --> 00:06:47,540 We have little or no idea about where instant copies came from or how they travelled. 59 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:53,420 In my first lecture, I mentioned the clues given by the ancient subscriptions to Caesar. 60 00:06:54,170 --> 00:07:02,750 Cyprian is another author for whom, uh, there was at least one ancient subscription that can help in one family of texts and important family. 61 00:07:02,990 --> 00:07:07,270 There are subscriptions mentioning Rome, and there you are. 62 00:07:07,280 --> 00:07:16,190 You can see one on the slide. And presumably Rome was a city from which many Latin texts travelled up north. 63 00:07:17,850 --> 00:07:22,290 There are also several manuscripts or fragments of manuscripts of seven that were written 64 00:07:22,290 --> 00:07:26,850 either in antiquity or in the years immediately after the end of the Roman Empire. 65 00:07:27,510 --> 00:07:30,810 One such is one of the oldest manuscripts in the British Library. 66 00:07:32,810 --> 00:07:35,720 Additional 4016581. 67 00:07:35,750 --> 00:07:45,290 A fragment of an old manuscript is said to have been written in Africa that found its way to England, perhaps in Anglo-Saxon times, 68 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:52,550 and was to become the ancestor of part of the text of a family of English manuscripts, about which I will say more in a minute. 69 00:07:53,700 --> 00:07:57,990 Ambrose's day for day is another text for which ancient manuscripts survive. 70 00:07:58,410 --> 00:08:02,820 One of these is to be found in the Bibliotheque a capital R, all for a villa. 71 00:08:04,360 --> 00:08:11,830 There. It is said to be at the sixth century, and it's the oldest manuscript that I've ever been allowed to touch. 72 00:08:11,860 --> 00:08:17,770 I've not shown you a picture with me out, my fingers actually touching it, but it was an extraordinary experience. 73 00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:24,010 Any time I'd been to Ravenna and I purely went to see this manuscript and, uh, 74 00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:29,140 I went to the chapter library, which was surprisingly modern in its decor. 75 00:08:29,590 --> 00:08:38,469 And the librarian duly produced this, just like you might be given a PhD thesis from the 1980s and then left me to read it going out of the room. 76 00:08:38,470 --> 00:08:42,220 And it must be probably the oldest book in Ravenna. 77 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:53,090 Um, interestingly, uh, for what happens to these texts it has later relatives, but all of them show it's text fused with other families. 78 00:08:55,700 --> 00:09:02,870 A useful question to ask about editing manuscript tradition is how many old codices survive from earlier times to be copied, 79 00:09:03,290 --> 00:09:11,899 uh, between, um, Carolingian times and the beginning of printing, I say from earlier times rather than from antiquity, 80 00:09:11,900 --> 00:09:16,580 as I used to say, or from the Roman Empire, because it's become, as I've learnt, 81 00:09:16,580 --> 00:09:20,989 a little bit more increasingly unclear to me whether there was any clear break between 82 00:09:20,990 --> 00:09:26,600 the worlds of late antiquity and the eras of say and knowledges and past theodora's. 83 00:09:28,140 --> 00:09:29,490 Familiar classical text, 84 00:09:29,490 --> 00:09:37,650 the basis from which they survive and spread out as if you like the stem from which the leaves of the plants I'm going to talk about. 85 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,580 This stem from which they grow is very slender indeed. 86 00:09:42,180 --> 00:09:47,100 For many of my text it is certain or reasonably certain that only one copy survived. 87 00:09:47,580 --> 00:09:53,100 Of these include, for example, Curtius Rufus, Vitruvius, Cato and Varro Porfirio, 88 00:09:53,550 --> 00:09:59,160 Caesar's Civil War, Cicero's pro Sextus Roskill and Pro Morena and Catullus. 89 00:10:00,120 --> 00:10:05,250 But no one should call such a copy an archetype or not is perhaps a matter of taste. 90 00:10:06,270 --> 00:10:11,849 Then if one does, then for not a well only one know. 91 00:10:11,850 --> 00:10:14,910 For none of these authors does this archetype survive. 92 00:10:15,450 --> 00:10:23,760 I prefer to use the term archetype to denote the latest manuscript, whether surviving or lost, from which all extant manuscripts survive. 93 00:10:24,420 --> 00:10:29,490 On such a definition, only the archetype of Porfirio survives, and I hope. 94 00:10:30,380 --> 00:10:38,720 There it is. I'd let this slide out last night, and I was hoping I remember to put it down. 95 00:10:39,050 --> 00:10:46,580 Although for some text the standard below, what I regard as the archetype is either Byford, thus Curtius, Rufus, 96 00:10:46,580 --> 00:10:54,959 Vitruvius, the two Cicero speeches, Catullus and perhaps um, also for Caesar, or has more than two branches. 97 00:10:54,960 --> 00:10:57,620 Differences. In Cato and Varro there are eight branches. 98 00:10:58,070 --> 00:11:05,210 Chert arrows make it reasonable to postulate descent from one copy that survived until Carolingian times. 99 00:11:08,380 --> 00:11:13,630 Other text with Byford estimator, such as Dexter's Croton system, the Philip X of Cicero. 100 00:11:13,870 --> 00:11:17,770 It seems quite likely that two copies survive from antiquity. 101 00:11:19,110 --> 00:11:26,510 So the other extreme are some patristic texts, including several in the separate ionic corpus and Ambrose's De Facto, 102 00:11:26,520 --> 00:11:29,760 for which multiple copies descended from antiquity. 103 00:11:30,300 --> 00:11:36,330 And this reflects a general truth both in the early period and indeed right up to the Renaissance. 104 00:11:36,480 --> 00:11:41,790 Patristic Latin texts were copied in far greater profusion than classical Latin texts. 105 00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:49,710 Just reflects the fact that patristic texts were far more important to the Christian establishments in which manuscripts were copied. 106 00:11:52,290 --> 00:12:00,300 About the spread of texts in the Carolingian age. My authors, with the exception of Porfirio about to say a little bit more later, 107 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:06,000 have given me very little new to say, and I'm going to move on now to the High Middle Ages. 108 00:12:07,130 --> 00:12:13,700 Looking at the distribution of manuscripts country by country or region by region, and the High Middle Ages and Renaissance. 109 00:12:13,940 --> 00:12:16,310 Several related matters need to be considered. 110 00:12:16,850 --> 00:12:24,590 A total number of manuscripts of a text or author, a percentage of manuscripts of a text, or also that come from that country or region. 111 00:12:25,130 --> 00:12:31,760 The number of different families of manuscripts found in that country or region, and whether any family is dominant. 112 00:12:33,740 --> 00:12:41,000 France was the intellectual centre of Europe in the Middle Ages of, with perhaps the sole exception of the tradition of diaries, 113 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:48,290 prejudice a horrid author with a difficult and unstable manuscript tradition that I unwisely agreed to write about. 114 00:12:48,290 --> 00:12:53,510 For Justin Stover's forthcoming Oxford Handbook to the transmission of the Latin Classics. 115 00:12:54,260 --> 00:12:59,090 It has hardly fallen to me to study a manuscript traditional for Latin classics, 116 00:12:59,480 --> 00:13:06,950 that has produced either a high percentage of French manuscripts or a truly massive family of manuscripts from France. 117 00:13:08,280 --> 00:13:13,200 That may perhaps be because I've had a bias towards Italian and 15th century traditions, 118 00:13:13,740 --> 00:13:20,160 and doubtless a genealogical study of some of the classical authors for whom a massive number of manuscripts do survive. 119 00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:24,100 Vergil. Terence. Horace. Sallust. Lucan. Juvenile players. 120 00:13:24,150 --> 00:13:28,020 Maximus, perhaps also some works of it, and status. 121 00:13:28,560 --> 00:13:35,300 If I've studied them, which I have no intention of doing, I should add that things would be different if, 122 00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:40,010 even if we allow for the fact that 11th and 12th century manuscripts have 3 or 123 00:13:40,010 --> 00:13:44,850 400 more years in which to get destroyed than the 15th century counterpart, 124 00:13:45,300 --> 00:13:53,430 manuscripts of the classics never seem to have been copied in France, in the profusion that they were in the 14th and 15th century Italy. 125 00:13:54,470 --> 00:13:59,360 A tradition of Curtius Rufus. A History of Alexander the Great illustrates this well. 126 00:13:59,990 --> 00:14:09,410 There are about 153 manuscripts, but although all five complete manuscripts of the ninth century are regarded by the experts as French, 127 00:14:10,070 --> 00:14:15,290 three are demotic dead ends, that is, nothing extant derives from them. 128 00:14:15,680 --> 00:14:26,210 A fourth has only two descendants, and the total number of French manuscripts is perhaps only 23, ranging in date from the ninth to the 15th century. 129 00:14:27,170 --> 00:14:36,260 Here at least one does find a large family, and 051 is the ancestor of 15 others. 130 00:14:36,620 --> 00:14:44,330 Eight of them, deriving from Aix through the 12th century, are a sign of the times 5717. 131 00:14:46,180 --> 00:14:48,030 Vitruvius, says de architecture. 132 00:14:48,210 --> 00:14:56,730 There are some 18 manuscripts, and about 19 of these manuscripts were produced in France, ranging in date from the ninth to the 15th century. 133 00:14:57,420 --> 00:15:01,740 But the largest family of French manuscripts numbers only five members. 134 00:15:02,750 --> 00:15:11,030 Who saw its effect through this are used as a flyleaf in a manuscript in Paris and antiphon from Novus. 135 00:15:15,310 --> 00:15:18,790 Nuts. I suddenly worry about whether I've got the right. 136 00:15:19,240 --> 00:15:26,650 I think it is. And although the evidence is restricted, I found nothing to block the derivation of four manuscripts from it. 137 00:15:27,190 --> 00:15:31,990 One is the moderately handsome Reginald n6 1328. 138 00:15:32,860 --> 00:15:38,900 The other, a strikingly handsome man, is another strikingly handsome manuscript in the Lawrenceville. 139 00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:42,610 I think I've missed the image of. I apologise for that. 140 00:15:42,880 --> 00:15:46,450 Both probably written in the decade around 1400. 141 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:56,450 Experience in studying the traditions of patristic authors. Cyprian Ambrose's Day for Day and Leo sermons is very different. 142 00:15:57,020 --> 00:16:01,879 Huge momentum generated by the various monastic movements in the later 11th 143 00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:06,200 and 12th centuries led to an enormous increase in the number of manuscripts, 144 00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:11,960 copied above all in French and Norman lines, and above all for patristic texts. 145 00:16:12,620 --> 00:16:17,239 This was brought home to me recently when I tried to classify the members of 146 00:16:17,240 --> 00:16:22,010 what should ask the editor of Leo sermons for the Corpus Christi alarm call. 147 00:16:22,010 --> 00:16:32,200 Christian or Om calls his a family, which comprises about 32 members, all 25 that pre-dates the 15th century. 148 00:16:32,210 --> 00:16:36,650 A French under 18 of these have been assigned to the 12th century. 149 00:16:37,220 --> 00:16:44,390 The high standards of copying exactly in the French monasteries have led to many of these manuscripts having very few mistakes, 150 00:16:44,720 --> 00:16:47,900 which means that more collation is necessary to classify them, 151 00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:57,290 and I have found with most classical traditions for an illustration, I've chosen what I think is the most handsome of these manuscripts. 152 00:16:59,350 --> 00:17:03,829 A pause and check what the next slide by slides on apologise have got in the wrong order. 153 00:17:03,830 --> 00:17:07,690 And that is the big truth is that I described as handsome. 154 00:17:08,950 --> 00:17:15,810 Act if you have moment to look at that layer. From France, I turn to England. 155 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:25,860 In the time of B, some English libraries may have been able to hold their own, with at least some important centres on the continent. 156 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:32,969 But by the time of the Norman invasion in 1066, they must, I think, have seemed very inadequate. 157 00:17:32,970 --> 00:17:36,000 So I apologise to any Anglo-Saxons. So. 158 00:17:36,360 --> 00:17:41,730 Well, welcome to argue with me in questions. Among the traditions that I study. 159 00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:47,310 There seem to have been only for extant manuscripts that are likely to have been in England before the invasion. 160 00:17:47,970 --> 00:17:55,890 Three are of Persian period Jesus, a text whose Epsilon family crisscrossed the channel between the ninth and 12th centuries. 161 00:17:56,790 --> 00:18:01,279 The Englishness of London, British Library, cotton, Tiberius Sb5. 162 00:18:01,280 --> 00:18:11,870 And I'm afraid I have no slide because, um, the British Library's um, illustrated catalogues are down and deep, and also it's digitised manuscripts, 163 00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:18,740 an early 11th century manuscript that is either the source or a close relative of three other manuscripts of the works. 164 00:18:18,890 --> 00:18:28,340 Its Englishness is absolutely certain. Some people have thought that the fragmentary and fragmentary manuscript in Karlsruhe River. 165 00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:36,920 Same work as English, some that a manuscript in Paris is also English, 166 00:18:37,460 --> 00:18:46,670 as certainly all three manuscripts belong to the same broader family, but it was a family split between England and over the channel. 167 00:18:47,450 --> 00:18:51,770 The fourth manuscript is the separate and the British Library that I've mentioned already. 168 00:18:53,760 --> 00:19:02,280 Norman Conquest, perhaps because it coincided with the huge increase in monastic production in the 12th century, changed the pop culture of England, 169 00:19:02,460 --> 00:19:10,110 just as it changed so much else in England, leading to a vastly greater number of texts and manuscripts being available here. 170 00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:15,990 Separation of England from the continent by the English Channel prompts two related questions. 171 00:19:17,030 --> 00:19:24,840 England provides a test case for what happens when a manuscript of a new text arrives in an area where the text was not known before. 172 00:19:25,850 --> 00:19:30,720 How far is the English Channel? A barrier that divides branches of the manuscript tradition? 173 00:19:31,840 --> 00:19:40,510 And in asking these questions, I pursue a line of thought touched on by Tessa Webber in her splendid book on manuscripts from Salisbury Cathedral. 174 00:19:40,930 --> 00:19:45,340 What is now Old Sarum? And was the cathedral seating Salisbury. 175 00:19:46,470 --> 00:19:47,840 If I was to argue if it's English. 176 00:19:47,850 --> 00:19:54,610 My nondescript traditions are characterised by the dominance of one branch of a tradition and the traditions of their true, 177 00:19:54,610 --> 00:19:59,559 obvious and separate, and would provide good evidence. In the British Library. 178 00:19:59,560 --> 00:20:01,380 Of course, on Cleopatra D1, 179 00:20:01,440 --> 00:20:08,309 the oldest part of which is a German manuscript of the 11th century that contains British troops and the Jesuits, says de Ré. 180 00:20:08,310 --> 00:20:12,990 Military must have arrived in England shortly after the Norman Conquest. 181 00:20:13,740 --> 00:20:20,790 Four complete English manuscripts and one set of excerpts are known to derive, or can be shown to derive from it. 182 00:20:21,750 --> 00:20:30,060 One of these manuscripts is here in Oxford at St John's and comes from Saint Augustine's, Canterbury Veritas. 183 00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:35,880 Well, I would say that this family had a complete monopoly of the English tradition. 184 00:20:36,060 --> 00:20:42,540 Were it not for a scrap of Vitruvius in London's Public record office in to a chancery bundle. 185 00:20:42,960 --> 00:20:50,400 Uh, that does not belong to this family. I'm not sure what family it does belong from, but perhaps it could be French rather than English. 186 00:20:50,430 --> 00:20:55,460 It is a tiny scrap. With Cyprian, we have a similar situation. 187 00:20:55,970 --> 00:21:02,720 There are 11 manuscripts ranging in doubt from the 12th to the late 15th or even early 16th centuries. 188 00:21:03,080 --> 00:21:06,080 Nine of these manuscripts belong to one family. 189 00:21:06,860 --> 00:21:16,100 Some of the text does seem to derive from, uh, the scraps that I showed you earlier of unsealed manuscript in the British Library. 190 00:21:16,990 --> 00:21:22,330 But the notion that all the text does, which is found in some books, cannot possibly be correct. 191 00:21:23,110 --> 00:21:30,190 Much of that text derives ultimately from an important manuscript, a separate and out sign tomorrow and now in, into. 192 00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:37,990 There are chairs. And fire, three extant and at least one lost intermediary. 193 00:21:39,490 --> 00:21:47,230 Arrival of the last of these, doubtless in Norman times, presumably provided the impetus for this family to spread out over England. 194 00:21:48,190 --> 00:21:55,270 Two of these separate manuscripts are here in Oxford. The more interesting is partly 210. 195 00:21:56,720 --> 00:22:03,820 Uh, from Saint Petersburg, Gloucester, or other English manuscripts derived from it from build walls. 196 00:22:03,830 --> 00:22:07,550 I've never known how to pronounce that. Lansley, Abington and Durham. 197 00:22:08,650 --> 00:22:14,320 It will be very nice to be able to generalise about lines of descent from monastic foundations. 198 00:22:15,130 --> 00:22:19,300 But was the wreckage brought about by the dissolution of the monasteries? 199 00:22:19,390 --> 00:22:22,830 England allows this to me to make such generalisations. 200 00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:29,290 I'm uncertain. The one thing I have discovered in my research is I think it's the importance of Christ Church, 201 00:22:29,290 --> 00:22:35,280 Canterbury, and also perhaps Augustine's in Canterbury, about other monastic centres. 202 00:22:35,290 --> 00:22:38,410 I have little evidence to make generalisations. 203 00:22:39,580 --> 00:22:43,990 However, although dominant, this family did not have a monopoly on Cyprian in England. 204 00:22:44,350 --> 00:22:49,690 A manuscript now at Shrewsbury College in Shropshire belongs to a different family. 205 00:22:51,180 --> 00:23:00,600 In other traditions, too. One finds competing strains of text in England, Montpellier each 1 to 1, which amongst other texts contains diaries, 206 00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:05,880 fridges and Salinas has illumination that allows it to be localised to Flanders. 207 00:23:07,020 --> 00:23:10,910 The [INAUDIBLE] that I owe to correspondence with Patricia Sterling. 208 00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:12,660 I love the Irish tea. 209 00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:24,480 It must have been brought to England since London British Library and Royal Manuscript uh 15 a 22 uh, with a prevalence of Rochester, 210 00:23:25,380 --> 00:23:33,300 which is on view is a manuscript mentioned by Neil Carr in his and the publication of the first ever Lyell Lectures. 211 00:23:33,570 --> 00:23:40,380 But he lists manuscripts found at both Canterbury and Rochester, and rightly says that this one is unusual, 212 00:23:40,950 --> 00:23:46,559 and that normally it is the Rochester manuscript that derives from the Canterbury it was. 213 00:23:46,560 --> 00:23:53,010 In this case it is vice versa. Well may wonder whether this manuscript originated in Canterbury. 214 00:23:54,590 --> 00:23:58,549 In both Salinas and Iris. There are at least five descendants in Salinas. 215 00:23:58,550 --> 00:24:02,990 One of these is here in Oxford at All Souls, and there it is. 216 00:24:03,680 --> 00:24:07,550 But there is. I have an image to hand of a manuscript in Lincoln. 217 00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:17,880 Both authors were very popular and neither does the text of Royal 1522 have anything like a monopoly on the British text. 218 00:24:18,910 --> 00:24:24,520 Uh. British manuscripts of diaries draw their text from at least five sources. 219 00:24:25,310 --> 00:24:30,550 In Salinas two, the English manuscripts draw on several sources, but there is an oddity. 220 00:24:31,060 --> 00:24:35,650 Six of these sources belong to the same wider family as Montpellier. 221 00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:40,149 A 1 to 1, uh, what Mommsen called class one, 222 00:24:40,150 --> 00:24:49,690 and his great addition unto it comprises to sentence this family of a manuscript written by the Emperor Theodosius the Second. 223 00:24:50,680 --> 00:24:56,650 This has made me wonder whether the high archetype of the families that lost up across the channel. 224 00:24:57,660 --> 00:25:03,510 I'm going to make a digression for a moment in case anyone is unaware that in the tradition of Salinas, 225 00:25:03,660 --> 00:25:12,030 we have descendants for manuscripts actually written by a Roman emperor, as I said, just the second for whom calligraphy was a hobby. 226 00:25:12,540 --> 00:25:19,590 And here is his subscription and two map, much older versions of it, and two Nanni scripts. 227 00:25:22,990 --> 00:25:28,390 I knew the English Channel acted as only a slight barrier to the spread of nine script families. 228 00:25:28,900 --> 00:25:32,650 Given the regularity with which Norman dignitaries and armies crossed, 229 00:25:32,650 --> 00:25:44,320 it should perhaps come as no surprise or seems all one on seems also to find English exemplars providing text for Normans based on the continent. 230 00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:50,620 There are two manuscripts of Ambrose's day for day that come from Christchurch, Canterbury. 231 00:25:51,280 --> 00:25:54,610 One is. Read upstairs. 232 00:25:58,770 --> 00:26:01,920 That is the earlier and the other. You'll have to go to Cambridge. 233 00:26:03,060 --> 00:26:07,050 And that is the later. And it derives from the earlier. 234 00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:16,680 I need to do more work on this, but it seems that manuscripts in Alonso and two and rule derive from one or the other. 235 00:26:16,710 --> 00:26:24,510 My uncertainty is because of the difficulty of found finding separated errors in these two manuscripts in England. 236 00:26:25,050 --> 00:26:28,920 But here is the one in Alonso. It is worth showing you pictures of. 237 00:26:30,170 --> 00:26:35,760 And you seen it online, but it. Like a striking manuscript. 238 00:26:36,930 --> 00:26:42,030 A possible answer to this, of course, uh, is that French scribes are working in England. 239 00:26:42,060 --> 00:26:48,719 Another is perhaps that the earlier manuscript was originally in France before it came to Christchurch. 240 00:26:48,720 --> 00:26:56,730 Canterbury. Most striking feature of the shape of most manuscript traditions of classical text at the end of the Middle Ages 241 00:26:57,090 --> 00:27:02,670 and the beginning of the Renaissance is the sheer quantity of surviving manuscripts that were written in Italy. 242 00:27:03,540 --> 00:27:08,490 Some of the examples from this which these manuscripts were copied were already in Italy. 243 00:27:08,880 --> 00:27:12,240 Others arrived in this period. 244 00:27:13,420 --> 00:27:19,809 Those text that were literally before the late 13th century may be divided, perhaps rather arbitrarily, 245 00:27:19,810 --> 00:27:26,380 into two classes texts that had never left Italy and text that had returned earlier in the Middle Ages. 246 00:27:27,820 --> 00:27:30,310 Amongst the manuscript traditions that I have studied. 247 00:27:30,610 --> 00:27:40,090 That of the agricultural writings of Plato and Varro provide a good example of a tradition that they never have left Italy before, about 1400. 248 00:27:40,990 --> 00:27:48,520 All the surviving manuscripts are Italian or derived from Italian manuscripts, and the earliest which is in Paris. 249 00:27:50,760 --> 00:27:54,150 All right. Cheers. Um, dating from the 12th century. 250 00:27:57,670 --> 00:28:03,760 Family traditions, it seems reasonable to postulate that there were no tax initially in the High Middle Ages. 251 00:28:04,540 --> 00:28:11,650 All the older manuscripts of Caesar, Civil War, Vitruvius, Curtius, Rufus and Texas pretend pretences, and North European. 252 00:28:12,610 --> 00:28:20,140 The later Italian manuscripts of the Caesar Vitruvius all derived from extant North European ancestors. 253 00:28:21,160 --> 00:28:25,930 Although Vitruvius was known to Peter the Deacon at Monte Cassino in the 12th century, 254 00:28:26,380 --> 00:28:33,920 it is reasonable to presume that the text at Monte Cassino had a North European ancestry, just like the pen of Anton Caesar. 255 00:28:33,940 --> 00:28:43,040 But I talked about in my first lecture. The same is quite likely to be true for, uh, deck discontents for Curtius. 256 00:28:43,370 --> 00:28:49,880 Many Italian manuscripts likewise have extant North European ancestors, and for those that do not. 257 00:28:49,910 --> 00:28:55,670 Such an ancestor may be postulated on the basis of surviving North European relatives. 258 00:28:57,810 --> 00:29:03,870 No Italian manuscript of Cicero Caesarian orations is earlier than the 13th century. 259 00:29:04,740 --> 00:29:09,570 Since few of these Italian manuscripts have extant North European ancestors, 260 00:29:09,990 --> 00:29:17,790 it is perhaps just conceivable that some of those that belong to the largest three families of manuscripts, the one that editors call gamma. 261 00:29:18,370 --> 00:29:27,540 You have an entirely Italian ancestry. Of the older extant manuscripts of the heart of the work point to the circulation of all three families, 262 00:29:27,540 --> 00:29:31,470 beginning in France and Germany, and I'm reluctant to believe this. 263 00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,420 Now. Of course, I'm just studying a few traditions. 264 00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:41,970 If you study some of the authors for whom there are hundreds and hundreds of manuscripts, you are of course likely to find that, 265 00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:49,170 uh, copies of them had stayed in Italy, but for many traditions with a smaller circulation. 266 00:29:49,200 --> 00:30:02,150 I think this is unlikely. So-called Verona Florez, a long known from a manuscript in the capital area of Verona, um, 267 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:08,000 but now also, uh, known in, uh, slightly different version from two later manuscripts. 268 00:30:08,390 --> 00:30:16,790 Give us a good idea of the texts available in the early 14th century in Verona, where the chapter library was notably well stocked, 269 00:30:17,360 --> 00:30:24,920 and among the authors I studied, one finds Catullus, Curtius, Barrow textures, um, the Caesarian orations. 270 00:30:26,180 --> 00:30:34,220 Presence of Catullus in Verona and other cities in northern Italy presents a well known conundrum on which I touched in my third lecture. 271 00:30:34,940 --> 00:30:42,830 The only ninth century manuscript of Catullus manuscript in Paris is French, and it contains only poem 62. 272 00:30:43,610 --> 00:30:49,400 Um, but Catullus was also known to Bishop Ratter of Verona in the 10th century. 273 00:30:50,060 --> 00:30:52,820 Did a copy made in Verona go to France? 274 00:30:53,060 --> 00:31:02,720 Or on the analogy of two bothersome, precious dates, Catullus start to circulate in France, with Rato uh, gaining a copy from France. 275 00:31:03,140 --> 00:31:06,590 Did the Verona always library always have a Catullus? 276 00:31:07,010 --> 00:31:16,250 Or does the epigram that I briefly showed you that appeared in manuscripts G and R, suggests that the text had returned to Verona from elsewhere? 277 00:31:17,580 --> 00:31:21,780 That conundrum, I think, is probably unresolvable on current evidence. 278 00:31:23,230 --> 00:31:26,379 Some of the so-called pre-human tests of 14th century Italy, 279 00:31:26,380 --> 00:31:33,070 featuring several of the traditions that I've studied benzo have Alessandra and those of diaries and Catullus, 280 00:31:33,490 --> 00:31:37,330 Palermo, Dollfuss, Franco, Alvaro and Texas, and perhaps in others. 281 00:31:37,570 --> 00:31:40,930 If it's right to associate the Verona Flores with him, 282 00:31:41,500 --> 00:31:47,649 the cultural features and those of a yes and Caesar, Petrarch and the traditions of Curtius dicta. 283 00:31:47,650 --> 00:31:55,270 Cicero speeches, Cyprian and Catullus. Their activities ushered in the age of humanism, and with humanism, 284 00:31:55,270 --> 00:32:00,880 a flood of new works and new streams of text of works already known, came to Italy. 285 00:32:02,390 --> 00:32:09,690 The best known and most eye catching of their rivals in Italy are those associated with the great hunters after new texts. 286 00:32:11,110 --> 00:32:15,970 Aircraft feature somehow up, as I've said, in at least seven traditions that I've started. 287 00:32:16,330 --> 00:32:19,720 But in none of these that he actually introduced the text to Italy. 288 00:32:20,620 --> 00:32:26,290 However, several in which Poggio, the greatest explorer of them all was involved have come my way, 289 00:32:27,220 --> 00:32:31,450 elucidating the ramifications of Portillo's discovery of the vectors. 290 00:32:31,450 --> 00:32:37,839 Clearly, occurrences for the manuscripts of Cicero's speeches is perhaps the greatest achievements of Albert 291 00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:44,530 Curtis Clark Frank predecessor as corpus professor and a figure perhaps too easily forgotten today. 292 00:32:44,530 --> 00:32:54,220 I wonder how many people would include Clarke in the list of the great Oxford Latin as the last 150 years, but in my view he should be the. 293 00:32:55,510 --> 00:32:58,480 When I publish on the Pro Roscoe and Pro Marina, 294 00:32:58,750 --> 00:33:07,989 I shall have performed a much more humdrum task of trying to show how the 147 Italian manuscripts are to be placed on a stunner, 295 00:33:07,990 --> 00:33:13,090 whose outline was largely established by Clarke over 100 years ago. 296 00:33:14,820 --> 00:33:22,500 When Francesco Barbaro listed Luca Septimius, the translator Objectivist consensus among the texts discovered by Poggio, 297 00:33:22,890 --> 00:33:28,410 he was exaggerating, since there are 14th century North Italian manuscripts of this work, 298 00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:37,530 and two textual streams was already certainly already present in Italy, but it is very well known that Poggio spent time in Sankt Gallen, 299 00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:49,320 and I was able to show that he found that what Septimus is translation of text is that in uncle and in this manuscript which you can see. 300 00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:58,710 That manuscript has obviously never left so long, and the copy of that poncho either made or had made all that does not survive. 301 00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:04,380 Ten Italian manuscripts that derive from this lost copy are still extant. 302 00:34:06,070 --> 00:34:11,230 Another manuscript in Triangulum was now engulfed in beautiful. 303 00:34:12,700 --> 00:34:16,029 The manuscript of five Antinous and five Antinous. 304 00:34:16,030 --> 00:34:22,780 There's a ratio. One might say, here's up and a picture of Vitruvius on Vitruvius. 305 00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:28,270 And. Which Palladio made some use of. 306 00:34:28,480 --> 00:34:34,330 This manuscript involved Google is actually padded out with bits of real Vitruvius in it. 307 00:34:34,840 --> 00:34:37,419 What you have is said to have discovered Vitruvius, 308 00:34:37,420 --> 00:34:46,780 and I think it's fairly clear that what he did was either that this manuscript taken back to Italy, I don't know where Gouda discovered it. 309 00:34:46,840 --> 00:34:53,829 Um, he had many Italian manuscripts in his collection, so he may have found it in Italy, or it may always have stayed north. 310 00:34:53,830 --> 00:34:57,060 And Poggio had a copy of it made. I tell you right. 311 00:34:57,070 --> 00:35:04,000 There are two Italian descendants of it, and there is a picture of one of them in the valley. 312 00:35:04,240 --> 00:35:09,870 They are the. You know, classical was perhaps the last important explorer. 313 00:35:10,360 --> 00:35:13,930 Its most celebrated introduction was the minor works of Tacitus, 314 00:35:14,470 --> 00:35:22,650 and that the ninth century portion of the Agricola in the codex I see us, um, which is now in rooms Biblioteca Nazionale. 315 00:35:22,660 --> 00:35:26,500 It came with it is with him is almost certain. 316 00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:34,089 Enoch also introduced other tech, such as ah, picks your recipes after contests and portfolios. 317 00:35:34,090 --> 00:35:41,680 Commentary on Horace. Well, Poggio, who discovered so much, was rather unimpressed with our picks, their recipes and contests, 318 00:35:41,680 --> 00:35:46,960 and porphyry commentary on Horace, and perhaps a little interest in the Tacitus. 319 00:35:47,620 --> 00:35:55,480 But without Enoch, I should not have been able to make my only significant contribution to the movement of manuscripts in Carolingian times. 320 00:35:56,470 --> 00:36:06,010 Ali Ocha first, among whom Barnhart Bishop is extremely prominent, believe that manuscript V of porphyria and I'll show you it again. 321 00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:14,409 Yeah. It's an early 19th century Italian manuscript that says has never left Italy, came to light. 322 00:36:14,410 --> 00:36:21,130 And there are a few when it was discovered by Agostino Patrick, the bishop of uh, in the late 15th century. 323 00:36:21,250 --> 00:36:24,310 But it was a client of Pope Pius the second. 324 00:36:25,620 --> 00:36:27,000 Editors are Porfirio, 325 00:36:27,030 --> 00:36:34,919 and people who are interested in this transmission rightly believed that Enoch of Ascoli and brought Porfirio back from northern Europe. 326 00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:43,980 And this is clear from documentary evidence, and that all the Italian manuscripts must arrive from his copy, which had been presumed to be lost. 327 00:36:44,910 --> 00:36:56,639 I hope that I have demonstrated that this manuscript not only has a ninth century descent, which is supposed to have been in Italy all the time, 328 00:36:56,640 --> 00:37:06,510 not only has a ninth century ascendant, which is now in Munich, but comes from Augsburg Cathedral before its journey to Munich, 329 00:37:06,510 --> 00:37:10,830 and was written in Germany and can be shown to be a direct copy, 330 00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:19,590 but also that the manuscript in the Vatican was in fact the copy that Enoch brought back in 1455, 331 00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:23,040 and that I should be interested to see the response of Palermo. 332 00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:30,059 Preface to this I have given them all a possible escape route, which is obvious, and that is that, um. 333 00:37:30,060 --> 00:37:37,440 The Vatican manuscript was taken north to Germany in the ninth century, after being written in Italy. 334 00:37:38,970 --> 00:37:44,820 But the text introduced to exclude by the explorers are only the icing on what is a vast cake. 335 00:37:46,020 --> 00:37:50,490 The Italian traditional census was derived from seven sources. 336 00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:59,819 ESA Petrou. This was derived from six sources, that of Curtius Rufus, from four parts of Susa from three suppressions. 337 00:37:59,820 --> 00:38:05,490 Perigee sis from two. I have not yet finished my work on Cicero's Caesarian orations, 338 00:38:05,760 --> 00:38:10,980 but the number of sources for the Italian manuscripts is likely to number at least seven. 339 00:38:11,880 --> 00:38:15,180 Some of these streams are large, even massive. 340 00:38:15,690 --> 00:38:21,749 For example, I derive nearly 60 Italian manuscripts of Curtius from a manuscript in Brussels, 341 00:38:21,750 --> 00:38:29,970 but most of its text and for the end of the text of Curtius, the number derived from that manuscript ultimately approaches three figures. 342 00:38:31,410 --> 00:38:39,510 These examples illustrate the arrival of a textile family in a new location, and just filling up the geographical space around it. 343 00:38:40,920 --> 00:38:44,940 Up from a Beano manuscript in the. 344 00:38:47,110 --> 00:38:54,669 Bataclan or something very like it derives the family of manuscripts of the truth is the Titan find, 345 00:38:54,670 --> 00:39:03,100 which has ten members and includes an Oxford um if a true verse and to rise from a manuscript are now lost are not. 346 00:39:08,250 --> 00:39:15,570 I have not put in a slide. I apologise for working too late last night on my slides annotated by Petrarch. 347 00:39:16,570 --> 00:39:25,900 Likewise for Vitruvius. The family of the Tibco Pi, which has eight members, derives from this manuscript in the Vatican. 348 00:39:26,530 --> 00:39:31,960 I should be interested in your views on whether that is Italian or whether it is French. 349 00:39:31,990 --> 00:39:38,350 How much opinion seem to differ, and that's in turn derived ultimately from the manuscript enlighten. 350 00:39:39,990 --> 00:39:48,319 But other streams that come to Italy a slight. Um, I've said that they are a family court, so I should ask. 351 00:39:48,320 --> 00:39:55,070 The editor of Leo's sermons is massive and consists mostly of French manuscripts of the 12th century, 352 00:39:55,640 --> 00:39:59,000 but there are two Italian manuscripts of the 15th century. 353 00:40:01,080 --> 00:40:06,350 There's one of them. Persona and the other is in Munich. 354 00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:12,570 And so I'm not surprised you're. The two manuscripts are not closely related to each other. 355 00:40:14,650 --> 00:40:18,490 Um Munich 208 and 12th 581 and set. 356 00:40:18,850 --> 00:40:28,420 Both early 19th century manuscripts from Santa Monica, produced a massive family of North European manuscripts for some texts in the corpus. 357 00:40:28,840 --> 00:40:40,360 A few Italian manuscripts of the 15th century, including one in Oxford that you can see that appear to derive independently from this same archetype. 358 00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:47,560 Christians. Period Jesus first began to circulate in Italy around 1450. 359 00:40:47,950 --> 00:40:56,560 All of the sources produced just two copies, one and Moderna, and the manuscript derived from it in the Vatican. 360 00:41:01,740 --> 00:41:08,730 All this illustrates, and I should perhaps add that there is a stream of text of dick test that has just one Italian. 361 00:41:09,150 --> 00:41:15,390 All this illustrates the way in which Italy acted like a magnet, attracting streams of text of all kinds, 362 00:41:15,420 --> 00:41:23,310 major and minor, even when the works in question were already present, sometimes in large numbers in Italian libraries. 363 00:41:24,090 --> 00:41:28,200 The two manuscripts of Leo just mentioned illustrate this nicely. 364 00:41:28,530 --> 00:41:33,630 There were plenty of Italian manuscripts of Leo, but they derive from a French family, 365 00:41:33,930 --> 00:41:41,550 and their derivation via two different routes shows that on two occasions a member of that family came to Italy. 366 00:41:44,430 --> 00:41:51,900 In many traditions, one can find manuscripts written in Northern Europe that derive from Italian streams of text. 367 00:41:52,710 --> 00:41:56,700 A classical text illustrates the spread of humanism to the north. 368 00:41:57,390 --> 00:42:03,990 French examples of this kind include two manuscripts of Cato and Taro uh in the same volume, 369 00:42:03,990 --> 00:42:09,630 one of them in the same volume as the handsome French Vitruvius from the Laurentian I showed earlier. 370 00:42:10,410 --> 00:42:14,100 And they derive from a copy that is now in Naples. 371 00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:24,149 And the existence of these French manuscripts seems to be the result of, of course, other requests to make on shore to Montreal, to Salo. 372 00:42:24,150 --> 00:42:33,840 Tati. Uh, there's a manuscript in Paris of Curtius, which is related to manuscripts written in Rome from the Low Countries. 373 00:42:34,470 --> 00:42:41,260 There was a manuscript is. In Ltd. 374 00:42:41,950 --> 00:42:45,370 I've got 30 minutes so my slides are slightly out of order. 375 00:42:45,380 --> 00:42:46,840 I apologise for that today. 376 00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:56,590 Um, with a provenance of sound, Trond, and perhaps written there from Poland, comes to a manuscript in colleague of Vitruvius. 377 00:42:57,010 --> 00:43:07,030 Uh, also two manuscripts in Krakow, um of Curtius, related to each other and presumably derived from an exemplar brought to Poland. 378 00:43:07,750 --> 00:43:18,340 From Silesia comes a manuscript of Leo that I mentioned on Tuesday, which derives from another manuscript, now in Silesian, 379 00:43:18,340 --> 00:43:31,240 which was either written in Florence or has a text that is Florentine and from Germany, comes to manuscripts in Bamberg, one of which is Italian. 380 00:43:31,300 --> 00:43:41,290 You can see that owned. I had that from Stein, who studied in Bologna and later became dean of Bamberg and. 381 00:43:43,730 --> 00:43:47,600 Uh, we have the German copy made from it. 382 00:43:49,410 --> 00:43:57,220 These manuscripts were written in Northern Europe. As for manuscripts written in Italy and now in northern European libraries, 383 00:43:57,610 --> 00:44:04,480 the majority crossed the Alps in more recent times after the age of 90, production was over. 384 00:44:05,110 --> 00:44:11,770 Some are in Northern Europe because they were made or purchased in the 15th century by men who took them back home. 385 00:44:12,640 --> 00:44:14,200 Here are some notable examples. 386 00:44:14,320 --> 00:44:22,530 In Oxford, William Grey was an envoy in Italy and is known to have purchased manuscripts in Florence which led to Vespasian, 387 00:44:22,570 --> 00:44:26,140 though he took in the honour of writing his life. 388 00:44:26,890 --> 00:44:33,610 Manuscripts that he gave to Balliol College, which was his college, include a splendid set of Cicero. 389 00:44:34,730 --> 00:44:38,000 And, uh, it's an instance of one of set. 390 00:44:38,720 --> 00:44:45,770 It needs hardly be said that for the speeches that I have studied, it's texts can be related to other Florentine manuscripts. 391 00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:56,540 Andrew. Holes or holes or holes? Likewise, all nodes with a man with a life by Vespucci all know what's in Florence in the 1430s. 392 00:44:57,020 --> 00:45:00,980 Among the manuscripts that he left to New College, his alma mater, 393 00:45:01,430 --> 00:45:12,950 uh manuscripts two full nine of Cicero's speeches and 131 and 132 of separate or compare related to other Florentine manuscripts. 394 00:45:13,940 --> 00:45:16,819 Robert Fleming, nephew of the founder of Lincoln College, 395 00:45:16,820 --> 00:45:23,690 spent a large part of his career in Zelda, and his manuscripts can be related to his travels. 396 00:45:26,260 --> 00:45:33,610 Then comes Latin. 39 of Cicero's speeches belongs to a well documented Florentine family. 397 00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:39,730 So to us is number 47 of separation. 398 00:45:40,060 --> 00:45:46,560 And this was on display a fortnight ago. And you can see there special no mark of production on that. 399 00:45:50,310 --> 00:46:00,810 Then Conforti has North Italian decoration, probably from Padua, and it's of which his text resembles several other manuscripts written in Padua. 400 00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:03,060 Fleming studied in Padua. 401 00:46:04,380 --> 00:46:16,300 A text of Cicero's prose sex Though Roscoe in Lincoln 84, written in Fleming's own hand, which you can see has become quite a good humanist. 402 00:46:16,300 --> 00:46:25,480 Hancock, with North European essays on it, is like that of several manuscripts written in the area of Bologna and Ferrara. 403 00:46:26,140 --> 00:46:29,410 Dunning studied in Ferrara after he was in Padua. 404 00:46:30,830 --> 00:46:39,950 Moving from England to Germany. Hartman changed all who left from 1414 to 1514, started in Padua after 1463, 405 00:46:40,430 --> 00:46:53,120 and text of Cicero's Pro Record de Otero in this speech derives from a manuscript in the Vatican that has been localised by experts to Padua. 406 00:46:57,850 --> 00:47:05,409 Both church councils of the first half of the 15th century played an important role in the dissemination of classical texts, 407 00:47:05,410 --> 00:47:12,400 and also of patristic texts. The Council of Constance ran from 1414 to 1418. 408 00:47:12,700 --> 00:47:18,190 The Council of Basel from 1433 to 1437, and its initial phase. 409 00:47:19,150 --> 00:47:26,890 Many of the clerics of these councils had interests in classical art, especially patristic texts, and were keen to acquire new manuscripts. 410 00:47:28,750 --> 00:47:35,020 Role. Basel can be nicely illustrated by some manuscripts of the sermons and letters of Leo the Great. 411 00:47:38,430 --> 00:47:47,160 There's a manuscript in Munich that contains a collection of 56 of Leo's letters, followed by Anselm's mother, Lockean. 412 00:47:48,210 --> 00:47:53,600 Hello portion has produced various progeny amongst North European manuscripts. 413 00:47:53,610 --> 00:47:58,740 There is a manuscript in Krakow. Either. 414 00:48:00,150 --> 00:48:05,070 But there are also Italian manuscripts and there is one in Turin. 415 00:48:06,590 --> 00:48:10,190 The Italian manuscripts include both the sermons and the letters. 416 00:48:11,580 --> 00:48:19,140 In the sermons. This manuscript was the perhaps the immediate source of volume, the Ambrosiano a one for two in February. 417 00:48:19,590 --> 00:48:22,620 I regret that I've got no image of this latter. 418 00:48:22,650 --> 00:48:24,660 Um. Ambrosiano manuscripts. 419 00:48:24,660 --> 00:48:32,790 Images are very expensive to purchase, but it was owned by Archbishop Pitts El Paso, whom I mentioned in my lecture on separate. 420 00:48:34,020 --> 00:48:42,540 Another manuscript that arise from the Munich manuscript in Leo's letters is that a counsellor timed us five, four, eight. 421 00:48:43,580 --> 00:48:50,390 Unlike those just mentioned, it also contains, um, some small allocation, although only the first seven chapters of it, 422 00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:56,270 and it also contains Leo's sermons, and it has many Italian descendants. 423 00:48:57,260 --> 00:49:04,400 I've no doubt that Basel is the geographical location that, more than any other, explains these thematic threads. 424 00:49:04,790 --> 00:49:08,240 The Krakow manuscript proclaims that it was written in Barcelona, 425 00:49:08,510 --> 00:49:14,299 which says that on it the decoration on the manuscript, you can say, is Swiss, unpaid. 426 00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:23,780 Sul passo was in Basel. It is obvious that either the Munich manuscript of Leo's letters and that doesn't contain the sermons and um, 427 00:49:23,780 --> 00:49:27,980 or a copy of it, came to Basel at the time of the council. 428 00:49:29,380 --> 00:49:35,920 As Folio Sons. All the manuscripts that I have mentioned have a very similar text and belong to Watch of us. 429 00:49:36,250 --> 00:49:41,950 I've mentioned as the editor for the orange, Corpus Christi and Aurum series has called his group B. 430 00:49:42,990 --> 00:49:47,580 Um, they all have a similar text, but no extant manuscript could have been their source. 431 00:49:48,540 --> 00:49:56,310 There's no equivalent to the Munich manuscript. Nevertheless, I suspect that such a manuscript was present at Basel. 432 00:49:57,880 --> 00:50:05,890 There are a few complications. El Paso's manuscript in the Ambrosiano derives from the Turin manuscript in the sermon, 433 00:50:06,220 --> 00:50:11,530 but it scenes from the Basel decorated one you couldn't say in the letters. 434 00:50:12,550 --> 00:50:16,000 All these manuscripts must have been in proximity to each other. 435 00:50:16,300 --> 00:50:21,520 But whether in Basel or in some cases later, literally is not entirely clear to me. 436 00:50:22,640 --> 00:50:27,440 This manuscript on the screen that has partial decoration is worth another glance. 437 00:50:27,890 --> 00:50:36,890 It has quite a few Italian descendants. It also has a North European descendant, at least so I think from collection that is now in Ghent. 438 00:50:37,730 --> 00:50:43,550 This manuscript is written in prayer, and according to the catalogue, was written in 1401. 439 00:50:44,030 --> 00:50:49,850 That could not work. Derivation from the manuscript produced in the Council of Basel. 440 00:50:50,420 --> 00:51:01,460 And so could the colourful, in fact, say, 1451 and there it is up on the screen, and you might want to advise me of what I should think about that. 441 00:51:04,060 --> 00:51:09,820 On the assumption that I am correct in my derivation with an illustration of what I take to be an 442 00:51:09,820 --> 00:51:16,080 important phenomenon of the church councils of Constance and Basel manuscripts present at them. 443 00:51:16,210 --> 00:51:19,720 I have progeny both north and south of the Alps. 444 00:51:21,550 --> 00:51:26,320 Counsellor also may also explain one corner. The tradition of separate rooms works. 445 00:51:27,500 --> 00:51:30,830 With layers, letters and more speculatively with the sermons. 446 00:51:31,010 --> 00:51:37,970 We saw how works came from the North to Italy via Basel or through a verse, is the case with Cyprian. 447 00:51:38,750 --> 00:51:45,290 My lecture on the life of Cyprian. I briefly showed an image of a manuscript in Turin. 448 00:51:48,630 --> 00:51:52,280 Up here. Look your eyes for that. 449 00:51:52,640 --> 00:52:01,400 Um. D4 37. An Italian manuscript, the 12th century, that is the source of numerous other Italian manuscripts of separate. 450 00:52:02,320 --> 00:52:10,940 However, in addition to its Italian progeny, there are three manuscripts with additional manuscript in Krakow that I just mentioned, 451 00:52:10,940 --> 00:52:16,220 written in 1435, also contain separate and derived from it. 452 00:52:16,880 --> 00:52:25,700 Toto does a manuscript in Munich written in a German hand, and so does a manuscript in the Vatican. 453 00:52:26,510 --> 00:52:34,460 Uh, you can see it. De la mer who helped me when I started on manuscript. 454 00:52:34,470 --> 00:52:43,220 So much in her life has helped me here beyond the grave. She was interested in manuscripts of Cyprian, and in her papers is a TypeScript on it, 455 00:52:43,550 --> 00:52:47,440 and she identified this manuscript as one produced in Barcelona. 456 00:52:47,450 --> 00:52:52,100 I've come to the UN to recognise that style of illumination in Basel. 457 00:52:53,000 --> 00:52:58,309 If we put it on the manuscript of Leo side by side, 458 00:52:58,310 --> 00:53:10,130 you can see the similarities in their luminescence and their illumination in the Krakow manuscript, though less extensive, is also similar in style. 459 00:53:10,670 --> 00:53:17,150 So I conclude that the Turin manuscript of Cyprian was presumably taken from Basel to Italy, 460 00:53:17,420 --> 00:53:21,740 and then taken back to Italy, where it produced more progeny. 461 00:53:23,710 --> 00:53:30,190 I'm drawing to a close. I'm conscious that in these lectures I have yet to mention a Lisle manuscript. 462 00:53:31,340 --> 00:53:40,790 While Fondo contains only a few patristic manuscripts, none of the text that I have studied, and barely any manuscripts of classical Latin authors. 463 00:53:41,630 --> 00:53:45,770 But there is one manuscript of an author as famous as any. 464 00:53:46,310 --> 00:53:49,310 Number 83 contains Cicero's speeches. 465 00:53:50,510 --> 00:54:00,790 Until you tell on the superb catalogue. Copies of which were almost being given away on the Bodleian bookstall in the 1990s. 466 00:54:01,120 --> 00:54:11,080 Uh, I bought it for something like £3, but I learnt that the manuscript has two scribes, the first, Marino Tomaselli, and you have politician, 467 00:54:11,500 --> 00:54:20,230 the second, an anonymous scribe who worked in Florence, where Thomas Tomaselli was an envoy for most of 1465 to 1495. 468 00:54:21,130 --> 00:54:25,660 Initial illumination is Neapolitan in style. 469 00:54:27,130 --> 00:54:36,010 Glamorous treatment of this manuscript is so authoritative that it leaves little for the textile scholar to do but to say that this evidence. 470 00:54:37,160 --> 00:54:44,120 It's because I'm male, confirms what she says of the first two speeches that I started obsessing over the 471 00:54:44,120 --> 00:54:49,130 pro Roskill I'm Reno comes in the first part of the text of the Lisle manuscript, 472 00:54:49,340 --> 00:54:54,380 and is indeed very like a manuscript now in Naples or B5. 473 00:54:55,520 --> 00:55:04,160 And the Pro Morena comes in the second part and clearly belongs to a Florentine family that is easy to define. 474 00:55:05,330 --> 00:55:13,639 And so with Lyle, um, the great scholar who was so wisely employed by the Portland to catalogue his bequest, I shall finally release you. 475 00:55:13,640 --> 00:55:18,980 And thank you for listening to me, particularly those of you who've been dear to me for five lectures in a row. 476 00:55:19,010 --> 00:55:20,000 Thank you very much.