1 00:00:07,450 --> 00:00:18,550 So my work at the Clinton Library started with an intriguing manuscript, as Emily so beautifully presented, 2 00:00:18,550 --> 00:00:26,980 allow me to share my PowerPoint so that I can see you illustrations of this. 3 00:00:26,980 --> 00:00:37,570 Manuscript. Just one second, please. OK, so the odd one, which was producing fifteen sixty five, 4 00:00:37,570 --> 00:00:49,840 I said intriguing because besides the usual illustrations of royal feasts and battle scenes, this manuscript contains images like these. 5 00:00:49,840 --> 00:00:59,800 Which can be interpreted to mean that the text was not known. 6 00:00:59,800 --> 00:01:07,620 So I came to the library to study the work and review the connexion between the text and its images. 7 00:01:07,620 --> 00:01:16,560 But we discovered a lot more than what I came for, because the manuscript at the bottom left me to the discovery of an extremely important manuscript 8 00:01:16,560 --> 00:01:23,410 which had remained hidden to the scholars who were looking for its content for decades. 9 00:01:23,410 --> 00:01:30,550 I will talk about the significance of that other manuscript which is currently preserved in the British Library later. 10 00:01:30,550 --> 00:01:46,260 But first, let me introduce the body in manuscript. So this manuscript contains or takes this finely illuminated pages beginning of each day. 11 00:01:46,260 --> 00:01:55,410 We do not know the original title of the book, so it is just called Catalpa Dostana, which means Book of Tales. 12 00:01:55,410 --> 00:02:06,440 This title, as you can see up there, is written by a modern hand on the finding work in manuscript. 13 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:18,370 So the terms are written in a simple language, and by that I mean that the use of literary devices in the text is limited. 14 00:02:18,370 --> 00:02:24,940 The terms are basically love stories, and I will come back to the theme of each day later, 15 00:02:24,940 --> 00:02:34,030 but because of the simple language and content of the tales, they are generally classified as folk tales. 16 00:02:34,030 --> 00:02:44,250 But as we shall see, they were mostly used for the entertainment and education of the elite. 17 00:02:44,250 --> 00:02:55,290 The manuscript contains one hundred seventy one folios, which measure twelve point two by seven point five inches, 18 00:02:55,290 --> 00:02:59,880 and the date of completion of the work, as provided by described, 19 00:02:59,880 --> 00:03:08,580 is the twenty fifth of shotgun, 972 of the entry calendar, which is March sixty five. 20 00:03:08,580 --> 00:03:13,410 It does include Frontispiece depicting a royal picnic, 21 00:03:13,410 --> 00:03:23,040 opens the manuscript and follows a double patients staff, or sunburst, which is badly damaged and restored. 22 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:38,590 As you can see, the inclusion of the royal banquet scene and the chanson suggests that the work was not produced for an ordinary person. 23 00:03:38,590 --> 00:03:45,890 It's third double page, heavily decorated with gold, almost, and. 24 00:03:45,890 --> 00:03:58,600 Here we have two Arabic verses written in the two central medallions, wishing the owner of the manuscript a long life of glory and good fortune. 25 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:03,480 Here is the details of the fighting in the middle. 26 00:04:03,480 --> 00:04:13,890 These are big verses also appear on the opening pages of a copy of the Shahnameh or Depression Book of Kings dated 27 00:04:13,890 --> 00:04:23,790 fourteen ninety five and also on a copy of something which is a historical writing dated fourteen seventy five. 28 00:04:23,790 --> 00:04:29,060 So both toward the end of the 15th century. 29 00:04:29,060 --> 00:04:40,340 The first verse also appears on some of the 15th century metal objects of the Turkmen dynasties of eastern Anatolia and Iran, 30 00:04:40,340 --> 00:04:45,290 we may therefore presume that whoever chose this well received verses, 31 00:04:45,290 --> 00:04:53,240 40 million of these manuscripts must have seen earlier manuscripts or objects that were produced for the royal 32 00:04:53,240 --> 00:05:00,930 elite and follow the same tradition in decorating the opening pages of the manuscript under discussion. 33 00:05:00,930 --> 00:05:05,940 The Persian poetry written in their rectangular panels above and below the 34 00:05:05,940 --> 00:05:12,760 medallions are the opening verses of a historical romance composed by Americans, 35 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:20,050 their love in the great Persian poet from India who died in 13 25. 36 00:05:20,050 --> 00:05:33,770 If that work and we close through recounts, the last story to offer a princess named me and a Muslim prince named Kazakoff. 37 00:05:33,770 --> 00:05:43,440 Their work is generally known by the name of its main character, so much on your case for what their title is, actually meaning female love. 38 00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:48,670 And, you know, that's also given to it. 39 00:05:48,670 --> 00:05:59,530 The Hindu princess was captured during a Muslim military campaign, and I will explain why I point this out later. 40 00:05:59,530 --> 00:06:06,010 But first, let us see what the verses say. 41 00:06:06,010 --> 00:06:21,670 Not in no way can only, unquote, find Wandrille, but a lot of people out this sort of slow it all together, all Jones and Dickie factsheets drop. 42 00:06:21,670 --> 00:06:32,080 The book is to begin in the name of God, who bound together the beauties on the hearts of lovers who adorn the creation which 43 00:06:32,080 --> 00:06:39,810 is made of water and what with love and vivified to heart with that vital spirit. 44 00:06:39,810 --> 00:06:47,100 Since these verses do not appear in the other manuscripts and objects that I mentioned earlier, 45 00:06:47,100 --> 00:06:57,200 alongside the good wishes, one might suppose that the purpose for reciting them here was more than just decoration. 46 00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:05,930 Remarkably, they do not and not only allude to the main theme of strongman's, 47 00:07:05,930 --> 00:07:18,350 but also encapsulate the unifying theme of their four tales of the world, which is love between couples of seemingly impossible union. 48 00:07:18,350 --> 00:07:28,060 For example, between a human and a fairy, a Muslim and non-Muslim men and women of different social classes. 49 00:07:28,060 --> 00:07:29,530 As we shall see, 50 00:07:29,530 --> 00:07:41,160 the selection of these particular persons for the opening of the closing manuscript was a conscious decision made by whoever planted details of the. 51 00:07:41,160 --> 00:07:50,140 The attention paid to such details demonstrates that the contents of the work were not selected in this, 52 00:07:50,140 --> 00:08:00,650 the production was pursued into production of the word. 53 00:08:00,650 --> 00:08:10,220 In this connexion, the uniform handwriting and the fine quality of the production of the manuscript that is dense and smooth paper and 54 00:08:10,220 --> 00:08:18,950 its final edition and illustrations all suggest that the manuscript was was produced for someone who could afford, 55 00:08:18,950 --> 00:08:28,690 it's undoubtedly a high price. So the manuscript was not produced in the market for a random buyer. 56 00:08:28,690 --> 00:08:42,040 I must add here that for some unknown reason, the illustrations of the manuscript were left unfinished and some crude hand decided to complete them. 57 00:08:42,040 --> 00:08:47,080 So it may not appear as a high quality work in the first glance, 58 00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:54,040 but the amount of see using its illumination and illustrations and the high quality of some of 59 00:08:54,040 --> 00:09:01,270 its almost complete illustrations indicate that the finished product would have been luxurious. 60 00:09:01,270 --> 00:09:09,190 Allow me to show you just some examples so that I can clarify my point before I go further on. 61 00:09:09,190 --> 00:09:21,490 This is one of the paintings is one of the investigations which the details of which you see on the right. 62 00:09:21,490 --> 00:09:25,600 Take a look at these three figures behind the Hill. 63 00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:31,840 If figure in the middle has no face, no eyes, eyebrows, lips, nose. 64 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:40,120 And look at this one who probably did not have and of course, did not have a face, but the face was added later. 65 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:44,360 And take a look at the horses. These are not white horses. 66 00:09:44,360 --> 00:09:48,850 They just left blank. And I will give you another comparison. 67 00:09:48,850 --> 00:09:56,560 This is one of the illustrations that has been sort of complete and compared to horses here to here. 68 00:09:56,560 --> 00:10:08,860 So you can see the point. I'm trying to make my incomplete and horrible paintings of some of the illustrations. 69 00:10:08,860 --> 00:10:12,780 So I determined that the manuscript was not produced. 70 00:10:12,780 --> 00:10:24,190 OK, I have another one, just two more, actually, so that the details of the faces I wanted to show you, and this is the one that was worked on later, 71 00:10:24,190 --> 00:10:39,790 probably 18, 19th century, and these are earlier works by a monster happened and also produced more or more paintings by the script. 72 00:10:39,790 --> 00:10:44,920 Look at the blank wall and the faces of these two figures. 73 00:10:44,920 --> 00:10:50,830 I would also like to draw your attention to the hand of this lady and how it's connected to this 74 00:10:50,830 --> 00:11:01,750 art which was added later or the foot of this man and also this proportionate body that he has. 75 00:11:01,750 --> 00:11:07,990 I may add here just a little bit that this manuscript of paintings of it could also help us understand 76 00:11:07,990 --> 00:11:13,270 how to completed the different stages of completion of the illustrations of the manuscript. 77 00:11:13,270 --> 00:11:18,880 So the hand, as I understand, was the most difficult part to paint. 78 00:11:18,880 --> 00:11:26,620 Perhaps a master painter with the most difficult part first and then other parts were to be added later. 79 00:11:26,620 --> 00:11:35,740 But for some reason, this was never done with this manuscript to complete this sort of thing to another one, which is relatively complete, 80 00:11:35,740 --> 00:11:47,890 although those did not look at the blank margins of the carpet or here I have this or so these details for another illustration to give 81 00:11:47,890 --> 00:12:01,860 you a way of comparison of what I mean by high quality and some of its some of its illustrations are not really complete or high quality. 82 00:12:01,860 --> 00:12:02,730 So anyways, 83 00:12:02,730 --> 00:12:16,270 I determined that the manuscript was not produced for the market and that its contents were carefully chosen with a particular purpose in mind. 84 00:12:16,270 --> 00:12:21,580 After my close study of the text, illustrations of the manuscript, 85 00:12:21,580 --> 00:12:32,020 I came to the conclusion that it was most probably produced for the education of female athletes before elaborating my point. 86 00:12:32,020 --> 00:12:40,700 Allow me to review the text briefly so that you can see why I came to this conclusion. 87 00:12:40,700 --> 00:12:56,210 So the first day begins with a description of the people, first and foremost, I know that Iraq exists is not just beautiful, 88 00:12:56,210 --> 00:13:06,950 but also physically powerful, so much so that her father's condition, her marriage, was that her suitors would beat her in a wrestling match. 89 00:13:06,950 --> 00:13:12,080 So now you know what what this painting mean or what it is representing? 90 00:13:12,080 --> 00:13:21,650 She is in a wrestling match with her suitor. The successful suitor is a Muslim prince from Rome or Anatolia, 91 00:13:21,650 --> 00:13:32,860 and the result of their marriage is a hero who is later known as tiny pink elephant hero who speaks elephants. 92 00:13:32,860 --> 00:13:39,830 Your turn would launch a military campaign against the Franks or the Christians. 93 00:13:39,830 --> 00:13:52,500 This defection and this immediately brings to mind the Crusades, but there is a major difference here. 94 00:13:52,500 --> 00:14:03,680 What initiates and probles the events of the story is not so much the promotion of religion, but rather the reunion of lovers. 95 00:14:03,680 --> 00:14:13,580 It is the love of the Franck's king, the intense sister that ignites the war, having think being rejected on account of being Christian, 96 00:14:13,580 --> 00:14:22,310 the French king threatens to invade the Muslim territories just as the Muslim ruler who is peatlands father 97 00:14:22,310 --> 00:14:30,320 and his high ranking officials are about to agree on willingly through the marriage in order to avoid war. 98 00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:39,830 He often declares that he is not going to allow such a shame before his family, not just war against the French. 99 00:14:39,830 --> 00:14:46,400 In the process, you armies of defence converge on us. 100 00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:59,390 They were defeated by Moslems. The Christian Frances's, however, often convert to Islam because they fall in love with Muslim heroes, 101 00:14:59,390 --> 00:15:07,070 the non-Muslim princesses are portrayed as beautiful, loyal, wise, reliable women. 102 00:15:07,070 --> 00:15:13,970 At one point in history, the Prophet Muhammad appears to a Christian woman in her dream. 103 00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:25,000 To receive her into the new faith even assigns her an important task that enables the Muslims to conquer an impregnable castle. 104 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:31,560 This state has three illustrations, two of which depict female characters in detail. 105 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:43,750 The second one is this scene again with Muslim hero and Christian protesters. 106 00:15:43,750 --> 00:15:48,810 The last one is your turn to feel kind of the hero. 107 00:15:48,810 --> 00:15:58,930 If the general of the second term is about the love of a human prince or a fairy 108 00:15:58,930 --> 00:16:07,150 story or a fairy princess and the extraordinary hardships they endure to reunite. 109 00:16:07,150 --> 00:16:14,980 Let me say in brackets that other versions of this tale, which is usually known as the story of Prince one show, 110 00:16:14,980 --> 00:16:22,000 Waxhaw, are available in Ottoman, Turkish version and French. 111 00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:30,600 But the version contained in our manuscript is the oldest known version and Persian. 112 00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:38,790 The fairy princess is portrayed as a strong woman with her, with a mind of her own. 113 00:16:38,790 --> 00:16:49,590 She succeeds her father, the king of fairies, and imprisons her cousin who wanted to marry her in order to distance her from her lover. 114 00:16:49,590 --> 00:16:58,410 The state has just one illustration, the one that you see on the screen, which does not depict any women in this illustration. 115 00:16:58,410 --> 00:17:07,850 We have two princes here visiting a stage and receiving advice from him. 116 00:17:07,850 --> 00:17:20,330 The protagonist of the third day is an extremely attractive and talented slave girl known as the dark suit. 117 00:17:20,330 --> 00:17:25,790 Which literally means a person who has a thousand rings. 118 00:17:25,790 --> 00:17:36,790 The king of Egypt hears about the exceptional beauty and skills of this slave girl who is owned by a wealthy merchant in Baghdad. 119 00:17:36,790 --> 00:17:44,470 And so the king of Egypt sends his minister to Baghdad to purchase her at any price and bring her to Egypt. 120 00:17:44,470 --> 00:17:56,710 The girl is brought to the king of Egypt, but she and the crown prince fall in love and they run away from the palace together. 121 00:17:56,710 --> 00:18:03,760 Further qualities and virtues of the girl, such as her military skills, bravery, 122 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:13,360 compassion and thoughtfulness highlighted in the events that followed their escape from the palace. 123 00:18:13,360 --> 00:18:21,350 This state has just these two illustrations, subject of both of which is hatzakis, so what? 124 00:18:21,350 --> 00:18:28,540 Unfortunately, we're sort of sort of completed by the crude hand this day. 125 00:18:28,540 --> 00:18:38,930 Also the tale of his orchester is also a very well known tale. That's mostly from later period, various of which I found in later manuscript. 126 00:18:38,930 --> 00:18:46,070 Before they give us an account of the wars and exploits of deep of the Prophet 127 00:18:46,070 --> 00:18:52,880 Muhammad's closing son in law and the first and Shiites against infidels. 128 00:18:52,880 --> 00:18:56,420 This is not a love story, of course, 129 00:18:56,420 --> 00:19:10,570 but it is framed within a love story as the impetus for ideas for is rescuing a woman who was kidnapped by non-Muslims on her wedding night. 130 00:19:10,570 --> 00:19:20,600 The groom wants to help him rescue the bride, and that is how a series of wars against non-Muslims, against. 131 00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:28,760 In the course of the events of this relatively long time, many non-Muslims are killed or convert, 132 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:34,490 the kidnapped bride is eventually rescued and reunited with the groom. 133 00:19:34,490 --> 00:19:42,280 The state includes an episode about a princess who not only converts to Islam 134 00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:50,080 but also converts others and bravely fights alongside them on the battlefield. 135 00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:55,990 This woman is depicted in one of the illustrations of the same. 136 00:19:55,990 --> 00:19:58,750 Here we see her in a mosque. 137 00:19:58,750 --> 00:20:13,850 The figure the with a halo around his head is Ali and the other illustrations of the state of victory on the battlefield, as you saw earlier. 138 00:20:13,850 --> 00:20:18,410 So the theme of love is featured in all four teams, 139 00:20:18,410 --> 00:20:24,890 and the significant female characters are always others that of other cultural 140 00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:34,100 backgrounds or classes that are Christian Franck's Fearis slave girls and pagan Arabs. 141 00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:46,040 Now we can see the link between the four teams chosen for this walk through strongman's, the opening versus stuff which opened in American. 142 00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:52,580 There we have to find a Muslim hero. 143 00:20:52,580 --> 00:21:05,560 Wasn't not prince so more over the central figures of half of the year restorations work, five out of 10 are females. 144 00:21:05,560 --> 00:21:11,000 The strong presence of women in this work, both texturally and visually, 145 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:17,900 may be taken as an indication of the connexion between women and the production of the manuscript. 146 00:21:17,900 --> 00:21:23,750 One might speculate that the work was commissioned by a woman or prepared for a woman as a gift, 147 00:21:23,750 --> 00:21:32,560 or possibly it was meant to be read out to women, not only for entertainment, but also for education. 148 00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:47,180 If the target audience of the teens where they were, then they were probably non-Muslim females or perhaps new female converts at this or. 149 00:21:47,180 --> 00:21:58,640 We know that the Safavid king Shakhtar was ranged from fifteen twenty four to sixteen seventy six, launched four campaigns into Caucasia. 150 00:21:58,640 --> 00:22:03,760 And brought thousands of captives into separate territories. 151 00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:16,270 Many of those captives must have been Christian women. The Finnish diplomat Vincenzo Alessandri visited the Port of Shock, the most in 15 72, 152 00:22:16,270 --> 00:22:26,150 wrote in his reports about 40 to 50 Georgian and sortation women lived in the heart of Moscow. 153 00:22:26,150 --> 00:22:36,890 It would not have been difficult for those women to self identify with the female characters in the four of this manuscript, 154 00:22:36,890 --> 00:22:41,270 which was produced in 15 65. 155 00:22:41,270 --> 00:22:52,170 Most significant women of the times are captives, but captives who are happy with their fate and admire that their captors. 156 00:22:52,170 --> 00:22:59,280 They do not mind being separated from their families and their own homeland, 157 00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:07,130 even the fairy princess is willing to marry a human, someone from a completely different world. 158 00:23:07,130 --> 00:23:20,460 The women in the religious ethics of the manuscript not only admire and support their characters, but also recognise their faith and convert. 159 00:23:20,460 --> 00:23:30,060 In the most religious epics, there is an account about a woman who converts by just hearing the name of the Prophet Muhammad. 160 00:23:30,060 --> 00:23:35,640 If the intended audience of the terrorists were women of other cultural and social backgrounds, 161 00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:41,280 the manuscript could have been used as an entertaining educational tool to teach 162 00:23:41,280 --> 00:23:46,350 or persuade foreign women to be accepting of their new homes and better yet, 163 00:23:46,350 --> 00:23:58,740 to convert. Now, my conclusion may appear as just a hypothesis based on my personal close reading of the text and its illustrations. 164 00:23:58,740 --> 00:24:12,890 But I found a strong evidence. Supporting my hypothesis in another manuscript, which I, as I mentioned earlier, is now in the British Library. 165 00:24:12,890 --> 00:24:18,960 So allow me to tell you a little bit about that manuscript before I closed. 166 00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:30,270 When I was studying the text of the Fortes, I looked for variance with their variance and was particularly interested in all the variance. 167 00:24:30,270 --> 00:24:35,820 But everything that I read was everything that I read at variance. 168 00:24:35,820 --> 00:24:40,680 50 students were off for much later periods. 169 00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:51,250 Well, I came across that description of a manuscript in the hand list of the British manuscripts of the British Library entitled Is Normal. 170 00:24:51,250 --> 00:25:04,350 Which literally means the book that is a close companion. It was described as a collection of stories, Hadith, 171 00:25:04,350 --> 00:25:13,800 that his prophet Muhammad sayings aphorisms and brief biographies of the learnt men, that is Sufis. 172 00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:20,190 The description said that the work was dedicated to one of the Atabaki so far by John Ruelas, 173 00:25:20,190 --> 00:25:26,280 the father of my children who range from 11 Ninety-One to 12 11. 174 00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:37,600 The term stories and the date of the work caught my attention, so I made a trip to London to see the manuscript and was greatly rewarded. 175 00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:52,580 More than two thirds of this not illustrated manuscript is three hundred for use contains 31 tapes of the type that is commonly known as all things. 176 00:25:52,580 --> 00:26:00,620 The theme of one of these 31 teams is very similar to the theme of the four teams in the body and manuscript of the 177 00:26:00,620 --> 00:26:13,890 historical romance composed by I'm sure that is not of a non-Muslim Christian non-Muslim princess or a Muslim hero. 178 00:26:13,890 --> 00:26:21,930 And would serve as evidence for me that the terms of the Bosnian manuscript targeted to females and to some 179 00:26:21,930 --> 00:26:32,850 of its royal court was a statement made by the author or compiler of the order in his introduction says. 180 00:26:32,850 --> 00:26:38,610 As more educated take computer up announced, people want to know, 181 00:26:38,610 --> 00:26:52,500 hold them accountable for the amount of money that all the Cheonan about quotation marks it is all part of. 182 00:26:52,500 --> 00:26:58,620 I saw it necessary to lead a foundation of this work in progress because some of my 183 00:26:58,620 --> 00:27:06,440 masters are the very ones that is women and they understand prose better than poetry. 184 00:27:06,440 --> 00:27:13,520 This statement is part of the author's justification for writing in prose. 185 00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:18,770 Mediaeval authors considered prose as inferior to poetry. 186 00:27:18,770 --> 00:27:27,800 So the author felt that he had to explain why he did not write in verse while being both well 187 00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:36,080 aware of the superiority of poetry over prose and also quite capable of writing poetry. 188 00:27:36,080 --> 00:27:38,210 In his introduction to the work, 189 00:27:38,210 --> 00:27:51,020 it also mentions that his profession at the Royal Court of the Art of the Job was to teach the code of Conduct Calligraphy Sciences under our own. 190 00:27:51,020 --> 00:28:02,150 Since he was an educator, one may assume that he used his work as a textbook in his teaching. 191 00:28:02,150 --> 00:28:13,580 The significance of the British Library manuscript is beyond the author's mentioning of his target audience, which in and of itself is very important. 192 00:28:13,580 --> 00:28:20,960 As rarely does it happen that mediaeval writers refer to a specific audience they had in mind. 193 00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:29,180 I have already published two articles about them on a snowman, and one is in connexion with the death of the doors on the manuscript. 194 00:28:29,180 --> 00:28:37,940 And my critical edition of The Snowman is forthcoming in the publications of Dr. Mahmoud Offshore in Darwin. 195 00:28:37,940 --> 00:28:51,710 I would just briefly mention here that the tags in this manuscript are the earliest version version of a collection of things known generally, 196 00:28:51,710 --> 00:29:03,530 which is not to be confused with these javerbaum on your level or a very different sort of text. 197 00:29:03,530 --> 00:29:09,380 Variants of the tapes of Jon Stewart are available, Ottoman, Turkish, 198 00:29:09,380 --> 00:29:15,650 unedited works collections, of course, are known as identify the shift of relief after hardship. 199 00:29:15,650 --> 00:29:20,690 And this one also should not be confused with the Arabic word of the same title. 200 00:29:20,690 --> 00:29:29,010 I am lost in upturning. Now, the French adaptation of many of these states, 201 00:29:29,010 --> 00:29:43,350 obviously from the Ottoman Turkish ones entitled The Immediate Tell You I Was In and one day was produced in the early 18th century. 202 00:29:43,350 --> 00:29:55,540 Although all evidence pointed to the origins of these things, the Ottoman Turkish manuscripts that contain them predated the no Persian manuscripts. 203 00:29:55,540 --> 00:30:05,980 So why would the Ottoman Turkish manuscripts day to date from the early fall, as early as 14 to the 15th centuries, 204 00:30:05,980 --> 00:30:14,800 the hitherto known Persian manuscripts of these days were from the 18 17 to the 19th centuries. 205 00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:27,390 So the Thames and the British Library manuscripts for about two hundred years older than the earliest known Ottoman Turkish variants of the King's. 206 00:30:27,390 --> 00:30:37,430 So this manuscript, this moment provides compelling evidence for the Persian origins of these things. 207 00:30:37,430 --> 00:30:41,870 So I would be happy to say more about the moon, no, man. 208 00:30:41,870 --> 00:30:44,690 If you're interested in the discussion, period. 209 00:30:44,690 --> 00:30:53,190 But I would like to mention closing that the author of The Moon and Snowman clearly states that his audience. 210 00:30:53,190 --> 00:31:02,770 We're members of a royal court. Although the simple language and contents of these things in both manuscripts which 211 00:31:02,770 --> 00:31:10,450 make them accessible and enjoyable to the all educated people or the common folks, 212 00:31:10,450 --> 00:31:21,310 the simplicity of their language and contents and not limits their intended audiences to the uneducated members of the society, 213 00:31:21,310 --> 00:31:32,350 the content, context and means of transmission of these things, which, as we understand, worth reading, as well as the target audiences, 214 00:31:32,350 --> 00:31:42,350 revealed that no matter how appealing they could have been to the common population, these tales were in fact elitist. 215 00:31:42,350 --> 00:31:56,420 We cannot determine with any certainty if the terms of these two works were popular amongst all walks of life in the 12th and 17th century. 216 00:31:56,420 --> 00:32:07,280 All right, 16th century, but they obviously appealed to the elite and we're used for their entertainment and innovation as such, 217 00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:17,900 I have argued that they should be studied as a distinct category in the wide ranging literatures of wisdom and advice for kings and the courtly elite, 218 00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:32,254 and not just a simple folktales.