1 00:00:03,510 --> 00:00:07,020 So. Hello. Good afternoon, everyone. Just before I start my paper, 2 00:00:07,020 --> 00:00:11,700 I wanted to just say how good the sessions this morning were and to thank these 3 00:00:11,700 --> 00:00:16,260 respective speakers and David just now as well for for their contributions. 4 00:00:16,860 --> 00:00:24,210 There were two comments that struck home, particularly Rose said, let's get it right in the context of absence. 5 00:00:24,540 --> 00:00:30,120 And Finn commented on the scarcities of sources pre British Journal of Photography. 6 00:00:30,570 --> 00:00:36,720 And I want you to just hold those thoughts because they sort of underpin or lie at the heart of my own paper. 7 00:00:37,050 --> 00:00:40,590 So just keep those in the back of your heads as I start talking. 8 00:00:42,060 --> 00:00:47,459 So I especially like to start this afternoon by thanking Geoff Batchen for inviting me to speak at this conference 9 00:00:47,460 --> 00:00:55,170 and for suggesting a subject for me to speak to and is probably moved away a little bit from where Geoff started. 10 00:00:55,170 --> 00:01:00,810 But you'll see lots of images today and you'll be able to recognise some in the exhibitions. 11 00:01:01,530 --> 00:01:10,560 In this presentation I wanted to dispel the notion that, to paraphrase the poet Philip Larkin, photographic literature began in 1853. 12 00:01:11,310 --> 00:01:15,810 For those of us who spend time researching early photography, that might seem obvious. 13 00:01:15,810 --> 00:01:21,209 But for many, the publication of the first British photography periodicals frequently provides 14 00:01:21,210 --> 00:01:26,130 a more convenient and accessible entry point into photography's history. 15 00:01:26,790 --> 00:01:32,370 As a result, the very early history to this the subject of a new power can be overlooked, 16 00:01:33,030 --> 00:01:36,960 although obviously the exhibition now is turning that for us very, very well. 17 00:01:37,650 --> 00:01:43,650 Combine this with the general absence of digitised resources and a perceived scarcity of primary source materials, 18 00:01:44,130 --> 00:01:47,820 then one can start to see why photography is proto history, 19 00:01:48,060 --> 00:01:52,650 by which I would define as the period up to the rapid expansion of commercial and 20 00:01:52,650 --> 00:01:57,900 amateur photography from the mid 1850s can be seen as difficult to research. 21 00:01:58,890 --> 00:02:04,469 What I want to do over the next 20 minutes or so is to explore what we might mean by photographic 22 00:02:04,470 --> 00:02:09,900 literature in this period suggests that it's more extensive than it might first seem, 23 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:14,250 and to raise awareness of what we might usefully explore as historians, 24 00:02:14,910 --> 00:02:24,660 I want to end with a play about how we all collectively might reconsider the literature from this early period just to manage expectations. 25 00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:31,530 Although I will be showing plenty of slides, I would. I will only be dealing with printed materials, mainly books and periodicals. 26 00:02:31,530 --> 00:02:40,260 And within the context of the exhibition and symposium, just those from Britain, I would hope to show that the period is far from barren, 27 00:02:40,530 --> 00:02:47,880 and a quick use of Google Engrams gives both a sense and historical context for this period based on the appearance of the word photography. 28 00:02:48,420 --> 00:02:52,710 It's inexact, of course, but it's a useful, useful starting point to take a deeper look. 29 00:02:54,300 --> 00:03:01,620 So the term photographic literature has been used as a bit of a catchall to mainly focus on books illustrated with photographs. 30 00:03:02,100 --> 00:03:09,600 It is this photographically illustrated literature that has been the bane of most interest to institutions and collectors. 31 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:15,239 Both the British Library and the Library of Congress and the New York Public Library have all 32 00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:20,520 undertaken projects examining photographically illustrated books in their respective collections, 33 00:03:21,360 --> 00:03:22,649 as indeed did the body, 34 00:03:22,650 --> 00:03:29,700 and which commenced the project in the 1980s and has recently returned to it using knowledgeable volunteers to review its holdings. 35 00:03:30,480 --> 00:03:34,379 The various anthologies of photo books from PA and batches, the photo book, 36 00:03:34,380 --> 00:03:41,100 volume one to other national and thematic compilations have similarly concentrated on already graphically illustrated books. 37 00:03:42,150 --> 00:03:44,880 There is, though, another side to photographic literature, 38 00:03:45,090 --> 00:03:51,690 and one which I would argue is equally and for me is more significant and it's certainly been underappreciated. 39 00:03:52,350 --> 00:03:56,940 There are a few studies that have looked at this other photographic literature, which is rooted in the books, 40 00:03:56,940 --> 00:04:02,009 the menus, trade catalogues and other printed materials where they have been reviewed. 41 00:04:02,010 --> 00:04:05,729 It's generally been in bibliographies of photography expertise. 42 00:04:05,730 --> 00:04:10,350 Cinema history was broader than photography, but included a significant set of photography. 43 00:04:10,350 --> 00:04:13,829 References. Bill Johnson's 19th century photography. 44 00:04:13,830 --> 00:04:15,360 An annotated bibliography. 45 00:04:15,780 --> 00:04:24,000 Attempts to pick out and categorise those references is stronger in the later citations and in those articles contained within the photographic press. 46 00:04:24,270 --> 00:04:28,440 And geographically it focuses on Britain and the United States. 47 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:33,930 It was an ambitious endeavour, and because of this, its coverage is selective. 48 00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:44,910 Johnson notes that his book contains nearly 21,000 references to books and periodical articles published between 1839 and 9 to 1879. 49 00:04:45,330 --> 00:04:49,650 He breaks the period into what he calls explosive periods of growth and change. 50 00:04:49,980 --> 00:04:59,100 I think we all know them. The 1840s and early 1850s, the period period from the early 1850s on, and then for him the early 1880s on. 51 00:04:59,640 --> 00:05:02,750 Despite their limitations, Hecht and Johnson remain important and. 52 00:05:03,030 --> 00:05:06,929 Points for research. A third key text is Helmut Gernsheim's. 53 00:05:06,930 --> 00:05:11,740 Incunabula of British Photographic Literature 1839-1875, published in 1984. 54 00:05:11,760 --> 00:05:18,570 This does not purport to be a comprehensive bibliography with its content anchored in Gernsheim's own library and collection. 55 00:05:19,230 --> 00:05:23,220 Part one covers photographically illustrated books, which I am going to disregard today. 56 00:05:23,670 --> 00:05:31,409 So it is in those later parts that concern is here. Part two looks at photographic literature and part three the journals Gernsheim's. 57 00:05:31,410 --> 00:05:40,230 Part two From 1839 to 1858, largely the period covered by the exhibition includes 175 items, 58 00:05:40,440 --> 00:05:46,470 some of which note more than one edition of a publication. Well then many publications are in Gernsheim's own library. 59 00:05:46,860 --> 00:05:51,360 He broadens his coverage to bring in material from the Royal Photographic Society's library, 60 00:05:51,630 --> 00:06:01,020 now held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Patent Office Library and the Epstein Collection at the University of Columbia. 61 00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:09,480 The Marshall Collection Sale Catalogue of 1852 and a compilation of books made by W.H. Jerome 62 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:15,900 Harrison and published in the Photographic News across multiple issues in 1886 and 1887. 63 00:06:16,620 --> 00:06:20,970 And Eric Stanley's bibliography of photographic books in the English language. 64 00:06:22,980 --> 00:06:26,370 Up to 1870, which was published in 1931. 65 00:06:28,150 --> 00:06:35,140 Of these during Harrison's bibliography is the most significant, not least by virtue of the fact that was being compiled. 66 00:06:35,320 --> 00:06:42,760 Only 40 years after photography's announcement, the bibliography was envisaged in five classes. 67 00:06:43,330 --> 00:06:47,200 These are printed books. Let you read this for yourself. But printed books. 68 00:06:47,650 --> 00:06:50,950 Periodicals. Papers relating to photography. 69 00:06:51,610 --> 00:06:58,420 A short list of the principal books bearing from related subjects such as optics, chemistry, etc. 70 00:06:58,870 --> 00:07:03,460 And part five important books which have been illustrated by photography. 71 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:09,459 So the first three are the most significant for this paper printed books, photographic periodicals, 72 00:07:09,460 --> 00:07:15,440 and those magazine articles, which he notes, quote, includes some thousands of titles and quotes. 73 00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:20,200 Harrison breaks the period up to 1886 when he was writing into three. 74 00:07:20,530 --> 00:07:24,550 Much as Johnson did the pre collodion period from 1839 to 50, 75 00:07:25,030 --> 00:07:32,620 the closed in age from 1851 to 78, and what he calls, quote, the days of gelatine from 1878. 76 00:07:33,430 --> 00:07:37,570 As far as I can discover, Harrison's full bibliography was never published in full. 77 00:07:37,870 --> 00:07:42,670 And it seems that classes two, three, four and five were not completed and published at all. 78 00:07:43,140 --> 00:07:52,480 Whether his work informed his 1888 book, A History of Photography, his intention for publication in photographic news was also never realised in full. 79 00:07:52,900 --> 00:07:58,540 Even for the first class of printed books, which appeared in photographic news and the Journal of the Camera Club. 80 00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:02,320 This, too, seems to have been incomplete against his own notes. 81 00:08:03,770 --> 00:08:10,730 Harrison records books by some 170 authors and 340 books for the period up to 1887. 82 00:08:11,450 --> 00:08:13,580 Like others, he notes that, quote, 83 00:08:13,970 --> 00:08:21,470 The history of photography from 1854 to 1888 is practically contained in the pages of the two established periodicals, 84 00:08:21,770 --> 00:08:27,590 the British Journal of Photography and the Photographic News. I suggest later that this is not the case. 85 00:08:28,810 --> 00:08:32,890 I would also draw attention to the work of John Wilson, who died last year. 86 00:08:33,550 --> 00:08:35,990 John was an inveterate collector, researcher, 87 00:08:36,050 --> 00:08:43,930 bibliophile and assembler assembled a remarkable collection of books and tracks on photography, which he describes as a research library. 88 00:08:44,470 --> 00:08:49,690 Alongside this was a bibliography which brought together references from across the wider literature. 89 00:08:50,470 --> 00:09:00,460 John section to the literature photography from 1839 to 1905 cites some 249 references to photography up to 1858. 90 00:09:01,180 --> 00:09:05,440 These range from publications such as The Mirror to The Mechanic and Chemist 91 00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:10,030 and The Penny Magazine through to individual publications in later journals. 92 00:09:10,540 --> 00:09:14,800 He deposited copies of his two volume catalogue with various libraries and individuals. 93 00:09:17,270 --> 00:09:20,090 Having mapped out some of the surveys of photographic literature, 94 00:09:20,390 --> 00:09:27,350 I want to turn now to some of the detail of that early period up to 1858, much as Harrison and Gernsheim did, 95 00:09:27,350 --> 00:09:32,870 it made sense to break out the publications into distinct groups and for the purpose of this paper, 96 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:41,930 disregard those photographically illustrated books. So I'll break these out into similar groups, those used by Harrison printed books, periodicals, 97 00:09:42,170 --> 00:09:47,270 photography in non photographic books and photography in non photographic periodicals. 98 00:09:49,270 --> 00:09:53,409 The most straightforward entry point into photography's literature is through the pinch. 99 00:09:53,410 --> 00:09:56,800 Printed book exists and is usually a single entities. 100 00:09:57,100 --> 00:10:01,840 They have been easy for libraries and collectors such as Guns Home to catalogue and record. 101 00:10:02,440 --> 00:10:08,530 The British Museum Library, now the British Library began issuing a subject index to its collections in a series of volumes. 102 00:10:10,830 --> 00:10:13,890 And the first four photography covered the period up to 1880. 103 00:10:14,700 --> 00:10:18,720 It is arranged chronologically and covers both English language and non-English volumes. 104 00:10:19,050 --> 00:10:24,510 It's partial and quite superficial. Today, of course, the British library collections are searchable online, 105 00:10:24,510 --> 00:10:31,110 and catalogues of catalogues such as world cats have extended reach, although subject indexes still have much to commend them. 106 00:10:32,160 --> 00:10:35,640 79 titles are listed for the period up to 1858, 107 00:10:35,940 --> 00:10:42,360 which include books illustrated by photography such as Talbot’s Sun Pictures in Scotland but not the Pencil of Nature. 108 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:50,849 Harrison noted the difficulty in dating with such books, and I'm going to quote this arises from the fact that many of the books, 109 00:10:50,850 --> 00:10:56,760 the smaller ones, more especially, were written for certain instrument makers and sold only at their shops. 110 00:10:57,060 --> 00:11:03,010 Such books never found their way into booksellers lists and are now often only to be detected by chance. 111 00:11:03,030 --> 00:11:07,710 Allusions to the Met when wading through the literature of the subject generally. 112 00:11:08,900 --> 00:11:16,160 Harrison also notes that of his 18 early works on photography, published between 1839 and 1850, 113 00:11:16,580 --> 00:11:21,770 quite only those by Tiger Talbot, Hunt and Larry will have claim to much originality. 114 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:24,020 The others are mainly compilations. 115 00:11:25,040 --> 00:11:32,120 Having examined having examined many of these publications, particularly in the context of Wedgwood more recently, that seems fair criticism. 116 00:11:32,630 --> 00:11:40,450 I would argue it's only really Hunt, who provides original research on the early origins of photography and those sections in other publications 117 00:11:40,460 --> 00:11:47,180 merely paraphrase or rewrite his texts only occasionally adding something that's pertinent to the new title. 118 00:11:47,990 --> 00:11:56,629 However, those other books, manuals and extended trade catalogues frequently provide insights into the practice of photography to the 119 00:11:56,630 --> 00:12:02,600 variance of its chemistry and advice and guidance for knowledgeable authors that extends beyond the history. 120 00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:09,820 That was Harrison's particular interest. The distinction between a book and trade catalogue is a nuance for another time. 121 00:12:11,510 --> 00:12:15,739 Harrison sometimes added his own comment to entries on his published bibliography. 122 00:12:15,740 --> 00:12:17,450 And it's worth quoting one example. 123 00:12:19,820 --> 00:12:28,670 And the quote is the first edition of Archer 1852, which is The collodion process showing here is so scarce that I've never seen a copy. 124 00:12:29,060 --> 00:12:34,370 The author appears to have tried to buy up the all that were in the market and what and with what objects. 125 00:12:34,370 --> 00:12:38,180 It is difficult to conjecture. We come back to that a bit later. 126 00:12:40,300 --> 00:12:45,730 Hunt and the first editions of Hard, which is Manual of Photography, are cited as particularly useful. 127 00:12:46,150 --> 00:12:53,470 It's worth noting that subsequent editions of these and other titles are frequently revised and updated bringing in new additions, 128 00:12:54,130 --> 00:13:02,350 bringing in new descriptions, processes, and describing new equipment, reflecting the rapidly changing nature of photography during this early period. 129 00:13:03,070 --> 00:13:08,770 Tracking down some of these different editions is frequently worthwhile, especially as some titles such as Hard, 130 00:13:08,770 --> 00:13:13,810 which in some way its guide to photography went through numerous editions over long periods. 131 00:13:15,460 --> 00:13:17,770 So the next few slides, I'm just going to show a few examples. 132 00:13:17,770 --> 00:13:23,290 I'm not going to talk to them, but I just wanted you to get a sense of some of the publications from this early period. 133 00:13:40,430 --> 00:13:43,070 And some of these will be familiar to you from the exhibition. 134 00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:08,540 So moving on to photography periodicals, the first photography periodicals in Britain appear in the 1850s. 135 00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:11,090 The Photographic Society of London later. 136 00:14:11,090 --> 00:14:19,489 The Aaps Journal was first published in March 1853 and concerned itself mainly with matters pertaining to the society, 137 00:14:19,490 --> 00:14:26,630 such as reporting council meetings in the society's administration, as well as publish papers that were read at its meetings. 138 00:14:26,930 --> 00:14:31,370 And they covered the breadth of photography, the mechanics of the camera, the chemistry, 139 00:14:31,370 --> 00:14:36,380 the optics, the arts, and matters relating to exhibitions and the subject generally. 140 00:14:36,950 --> 00:14:43,340 The Journal's reach was far in excess of the society's membership and early on had a print run of almost 3000. 141 00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:50,060 It was sent to other institutions and libraries as a way of disseminating what was happening within photography. 142 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:57,290 The following year, the precursor to the British Journal of Photography appeared and variously represented the proceedings of the 143 00:14:57,290 --> 00:15:03,410 Liverpool and Manchester Photographic Societies before it became the British Journal of Photography in 1860. 144 00:15:04,330 --> 00:15:08,649 In 1856, Thomas Sutton began publishing photographic notes, 145 00:15:08,650 --> 00:15:15,070 which at various times was also the official publication of the Manchester, Scotland and Birmingham Photographic Societies. 146 00:15:15,640 --> 00:15:19,900 Throughout its existence, it was also a vehicle for Sutton's own views and prejudices. 147 00:15:20,930 --> 00:15:28,550 The British Journal of Photography was joined by the photographic news in 1858, and both titles had a broad remit across photography and trade. 148 00:15:29,210 --> 00:15:34,760 The photographic news and BJP, with their particular audiences and the interests of their respective editors, 149 00:15:34,760 --> 00:15:38,930 provided weekly insights into differing aspects of photography. 150 00:15:40,350 --> 00:15:46,190 Want to turn to the non-specialist photographic press. This is harder to access without a direct reference. 151 00:15:46,190 --> 00:15:49,250 Often that bears perseverance. Photography. 152 00:15:49,340 --> 00:15:56,540 Photography falls into three distinct areas science publications dealing with general science, chemistry or optics. 153 00:15:57,050 --> 00:16:02,030 Art where photography can form part of this, or more usually a specific chapter. 154 00:16:02,540 --> 00:16:09,830 And then techniques such as engraving, where photography similarly can form a chapter, is part of a discussion of techniques. 155 00:16:12,010 --> 00:16:13,870 Harrison noted that, quote, 156 00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:23,560 I found that 42 had at some time or other included the word photography or some equivalent thereof as part of their titles up to circa 1887. 157 00:16:27,170 --> 00:16:35,750 So prior to the first specialist photography period with periodicals, which appeared between 1853 and 1858 and those specialist printed books, 158 00:16:36,020 --> 00:16:43,130 it was the non-specialist periodicals, including newspapers that carried news of developments and progress within photography. 159 00:16:43,850 --> 00:16:51,319 Harrison noted that in particular, the literary Gazette's and notes inquiries were particularly important, 160 00:16:51,320 --> 00:16:59,960 and he produced a list of photographic subjects from the 12 first 12 volumes from 1849 to 1855 of notes and queries. 161 00:17:00,660 --> 00:17:09,710 Guggenheim to noted that the Literary Gazette was important and said it ranked in first importance for the period from 1839 up to about 1850. 162 00:17:10,340 --> 00:17:11,300 He said that, quote, 163 00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:20,570 Notes and queries was one of the most popular and active British journals promoting photography argued that it is the non-specialist, 164 00:17:20,570 --> 00:17:26,810 photographic periodicals and other publications that provide the key sources for that early photography. 165 00:17:27,320 --> 00:17:31,160 Accessing information has in some ways become easier than it once was. 166 00:17:31,340 --> 00:17:37,250 20 or 30 years ago, when one would have to find a library with periodicals, preferably on open access shelves, 167 00:17:37,430 --> 00:17:43,550 check the publications index where it existed, or simply turn pages to find a reference to photography. 168 00:17:44,090 --> 00:17:48,080 That said, many of these have still yet to be digitised and made more accessible. 169 00:17:49,730 --> 00:17:54,470 Resources such as the British Newspaper Archive and newspapers com, which is part of ancestry, 170 00:17:54,770 --> 00:18:01,580 have made available millions of searchable pages which have allowed historians to get into the local level of photography. 171 00:18:02,120 --> 00:18:06,439 The seminal work of Pauline Heathcoat, who looked at the daguerreotype in Britain, 172 00:18:06,440 --> 00:18:13,910 was all undertaken through hundreds and hundreds of hours of manually searching newspapers at the newspaper library, then at Colindale. 173 00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:17,720 Her publication and research notes are now all available online. 174 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:26,060 It stood the test of time, though that was rose to be has shown there was much further important information waiting to be found. 175 00:18:27,620 --> 00:18:30,920 And again, just a few examples of some of those other publications. 176 00:18:47,780 --> 00:18:51,800 They the trust google and archive dot org with its partners such as the National 177 00:18:51,950 --> 00:18:57,559 Library have made some of those key photography resources available online, 178 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:01,910 such as notes and queries in the art journal and also, more importantly, searchable. 179 00:19:02,270 --> 00:19:10,010 And Harrison's elusive first edition of Scott Archer's book is now available as a pdf download from an original in the app's library. 180 00:19:11,060 --> 00:19:15,469 There's a caveat here, though, much as access to print journals and publications limited, 181 00:19:15,470 --> 00:19:20,420 how photographic history was researched and written about digitisation remains partial, 182 00:19:20,420 --> 00:19:28,040 and there is a risk that similarly, only that which is digitised or readily accessible will continue to be used more frequently, 183 00:19:28,040 --> 00:19:36,930 especially by people outside of this room. There are, of course, other sources that can be described as photography's printed literature. 184 00:19:37,010 --> 00:19:41,210 Well, I'm going to stretch this definition very slightly to include some manuscript material, 185 00:19:41,690 --> 00:19:46,669 and they form part of the primary sources that we we often refer to patents, 186 00:19:46,670 --> 00:19:52,880 design registrations, low court reports, company documents, wills, for example, and printed broadsheets. 187 00:19:53,210 --> 00:19:56,330 Some of these will be specifically concerned with photography. 188 00:19:58,480 --> 00:20:05,410 So just in conclusion, from the foregoing survey, I'd like to just wrap up with some general conclusions now. 189 00:20:06,040 --> 00:20:11,090 Harrison's five classes provide a useful way of dividing up for photographic literature. 190 00:20:11,110 --> 00:20:18,819 The first and the first two and fifth printed books and photographic periodicals have a straightforward, photographically illustrated. 191 00:20:18,820 --> 00:20:22,220 Books have had far more attention than I'd argue they deserve. 192 00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:28,330 But we can have that conversation later. Although there are two there, I think there are still many more to surface. 193 00:20:29,140 --> 00:20:31,630 It is Harrison's third and fourth classes. 194 00:20:31,780 --> 00:20:39,670 Photography in non photographic books and in photography in unfairly graphic periodicals where I would argue that inside is still limited. 195 00:20:40,270 --> 00:20:47,919 I can do no better than to quote William Harrison and say, quote, This class of papers dealing with photography, 196 00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:53,530 which have not appeared in photographic journals, stands really more in need of such less than any other. 197 00:20:54,190 --> 00:20:57,790 Such papers are too apt to be lost, buried and forgotten. 198 00:20:58,210 --> 00:21:02,950 They lie out of the track of the investigator, and they're almost certain to be missed. 199 00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:06,190 Harrison started this work, 200 00:21:06,190 --> 00:21:13,300 but seems to have confined his bibliography to the more significant or more available publications such as The Philosophical Magazine, 201 00:21:13,570 --> 00:21:20,890 The Art Union, Edinburgh Review, the Athenaeum, the Art Journal, British Association, Sport Journal of the Society of Arts, amongst others. 202 00:21:21,370 --> 00:21:27,160 But there are many more that he overlooked. Looking at the summary of the work of guns, Heim and others. 203 00:21:27,430 --> 00:21:34,540 John Wilson's significant leap in a number of references to books and especially public published articles relating to photography, 204 00:21:34,540 --> 00:21:42,640 shows that there was a significant corpus of material on early work photography, that he was able to serve his thesis through diligent searching. 205 00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:49,510 John was working in a digital age and I believe there still remain plenty of new references in waiting to 206 00:21:49,510 --> 00:21:55,150 be exposed in periodicals and newspapers that will enhance our understanding of early British photography. 207 00:21:55,870 --> 00:22:03,309 My own research suggests that this is the case. Of course, some of these would be publications reprinting texts from the London press, 208 00:22:03,310 --> 00:22:06,910 although even that can show how photography was being disseminated. 209 00:22:07,330 --> 00:22:14,710 But there will be local reports that will improve our own knowledge of early photography and early photographers on a local basis. 210 00:22:15,430 --> 00:22:19,030 The play I flagged at the start of this paper is that there needs to be. 211 00:22:19,390 --> 00:22:26,530 There is a need for an online annotated bibliography of early photography that moves beyond the photograph and the illustrated book. 212 00:22:26,980 --> 00:22:32,559 It would extend the work of Wilson, Harrison and others and would expand the list of books in their editions, 213 00:22:32,560 --> 00:22:39,580 but more usefully would surface those early references to photography that still remain hidden within general periodicals, 214 00:22:39,880 --> 00:22:49,270 newspapers and publications. By doing so, the inconsiderable literature this paper's title would be more readily accessible for students and scholars. 215 00:22:49,450 --> 00:22:50,110 So thank you.