1 00:00:05,130 --> 00:00:09,790 Good afternoon, Monday, starting with because I'm. 2 00:00:09,790 --> 00:00:19,980 And it's by having great pleasure to welcome you to the site in this seminar series of of the motivation that's been put together 3 00:00:19,980 --> 00:00:32,160 by the head of the patient department and son of the director of the Centre for Global Indication here at Oxford University. 4 00:00:32,160 --> 00:00:34,690 I think it's great to see this seminar series, 5 00:00:34,690 --> 00:00:43,740 which has really brought together of some very distinguished speakers on a range of usually topics to help. 6 00:00:43,740 --> 00:00:49,440 For some inside, politically sensitive subject access to higher education, 7 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:59,220 and it's great to see those seminars being very much premised on bringing the latest research to bear on what is a very thorny issue to address. 8 00:00:59,220 --> 00:01:08,500 Both are also needed for a number of universities and in each of the nation. 9 00:01:08,500 --> 00:01:17,170 House Speaker today is Chris Lilibeth, who is sure you all know is the director for taxes and participation. 10 00:01:17,170 --> 00:01:25,840 A few weeks prior to that, he worked extensively and before that the Arts and Humanities Research Council. 11 00:01:25,840 --> 00:01:31,780 So he's got a very long and distinguished record of engagement education centre. 12 00:01:31,780 --> 00:01:38,980 And after he spoke, we're going to have a response briefly from Simon of. 13 00:01:38,980 --> 00:01:44,410 Who is the of the 13th century, we think she did. 14 00:01:44,410 --> 00:01:54,230 He joined opposition quite recently, having previously worked at U.S.A. and before that at the University of Melbourne, and he has a very strong. 15 00:01:54,230 --> 00:02:00,820 Grasp and expertise in clinical issues in higher education. 16 00:02:00,820 --> 00:02:08,080 Will then have some time for questions. I should note that the proceedings today are public and they're being recorded. 17 00:02:08,080 --> 00:02:14,800 When we come to questions, I'll ask people just to introduce themselves before asking that question. 18 00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:17,740 So without any further ado, let's head to Chris, 19 00:02:17,740 --> 00:02:30,500 who's going to talk about access and participation in English higher education family opportunity rules with a very significant. 20 00:02:30,500 --> 00:02:36,560 OK, thanks. Thanks, Martin, thanks for the invitation to speak today. 21 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:43,250 I think my special might be slightly different in the series because I'm a public official. 22 00:02:43,250 --> 00:02:49,410 Senator, I'll give you an insight into policy what we. 23 00:02:49,410 --> 00:02:58,410 In relation to policy in the last two decades and what the expectations might be in the future we do, 24 00:02:58,410 --> 00:03:09,340 they're trying to draw on research conducted by departments such as this and the people who contributed to this series over the next few weeks. 25 00:03:09,340 --> 00:03:14,160 We try to keep abreast of not as much as we can. 26 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:21,630 It's very challenging. We don't have a lot of time. Government decision making in the policy cycle tends to be quite short. 27 00:03:21,630 --> 00:03:26,160 But it's really important that we have discussions like this so that we understand what's coming 28 00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:32,600 and from the things that on the efforts to give the support counts about as quickly as we can. 29 00:03:32,600 --> 00:03:39,630 And I'm going to focus on what my what I would call a policy on fighting conservation and fair access 30 00:03:39,630 --> 00:03:48,120 over the last 20 years and look at what were the intentions of legislation that has been passed. 31 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:50,670 What's been achieved or what might be possible in the future? 32 00:03:50,670 --> 00:04:02,310 And at the heart of this whole question of how to conceive of equality of opportunity in relation to access to the participation in higher education, 33 00:04:02,310 --> 00:04:13,840 which is the duty that I think that is that we are investing in the continent, but also fair access to conservation, which doesn't mean we don't. 34 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:22,900 Beyond this and beyond the ambitions of government, what actually is the best and the right approach for a university like this to take on? 35 00:04:22,900 --> 00:04:31,790 I'm often going to encourage Panopto fuel to fire of the observation mission to give back the most not particularly difficult balance. 36 00:04:31,790 --> 00:04:39,210 But in all of this, I mean, it's quite a controversial sense that it's a whole system in this country as a whole. 37 00:04:39,210 --> 00:04:43,770 But let's see what we can see. Humanise them all. 38 00:04:43,770 --> 00:04:51,720 So let's start with let's start with Higher Education Act, which was passed before the Senate in May 2017. 39 00:04:51,720 --> 00:04:59,930 It was passed. You may remember in the very small number of days between the 2017 election and indeed when home, 40 00:04:59,930 --> 00:05:05,700 and this is not the year was actually the only bill to survive during that period in the Senate. 41 00:05:05,700 --> 00:05:14,760 And that was because there was recognition I would on both sides of Parliament that higher education regulation on a funding bill 42 00:05:14,760 --> 00:05:23,220 could not really continue in a world where a lot of the a lot of money is actually essentially being financed by student fees. 43 00:05:23,220 --> 00:05:29,590 What the Act does that creates the Office of Students as a new regulator for higher education in England. 44 00:05:29,590 --> 00:05:34,230 These are on general duties, which undermines at the start of the Act. 45 00:05:34,230 --> 00:05:43,640 And what you asked us to do in any decision is balance these two regards to each of them and to some extent, to make McCain's speech. 46 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:47,750 And crucially, the duty is to promote. 47 00:05:47,750 --> 00:05:57,650 To see an election, not just the access, but also for consultation, so that's a consideration in everything we do, but it's balanced, of course, 48 00:05:57,650 --> 00:06:07,130 against the other duties, including, for example, institutional autonomy, which democracy quite clearly in relation to the works in universities. 49 00:06:07,130 --> 00:06:20,850 Of course. My role is dance for better access is flushed down further down in the act, and family is an important word. 50 00:06:20,850 --> 00:06:29,370 I think I'm responsible to the board and to the government and to parliament in relation to the equality of opportunity duty. 51 00:06:29,370 --> 00:06:32,490 And that has a very particular element to it, which goes right through in. 52 00:06:32,490 --> 00:06:41,160 And so, you know, it's basically once of both the higher undergraduate degree and access to transportation plan with the Office for Students, 53 00:06:41,160 --> 00:06:46,410 which sets out what is going to do to promote equality of opportunity. What its objectives are. 54 00:06:46,410 --> 00:06:52,420 And I. What's going to do it in some context? 55 00:06:52,420 --> 00:07:03,120 We also have a duty which is quite distinctly to this area to promote good practise and sacred work at the centre its US practise. 56 00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:13,140 It's noteworthy for me that despite quite a lot of controversy around the establishment of access regulation in 2006, 57 00:07:13,140 --> 00:07:23,110 particularly the appointment of my predecessor. Dancer Barron says in 2012 this was not really contested in the passage. 58 00:07:23,110 --> 00:07:29,640 Last year, there was pretty much acceptance based upon the size of parliament that this should be back. 59 00:07:29,640 --> 00:07:34,490 I mean, even most of the discussion was about this, this going. 60 00:07:34,490 --> 00:07:44,090 So there is what does appear to be at the moment, a degree of political consensus that there's an imperative for government to take action. 61 00:07:44,090 --> 00:07:58,560 In relation to air quality. Parachute Nation, and indeed, that that has an important role in relation to fairness and justice process. 62 00:07:58,560 --> 00:08:04,830 You see this thing in the kind of speeches that are made by politicians. 63 00:08:04,830 --> 00:08:09,960 So this is a quote on the left. Here is the current prime minister. 64 00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:22,270 So this is what she said when she launched the current review of Post 18 times, which led to a patient that was on the right is 20 years earlier. 65 00:08:22,270 --> 00:08:27,190 So that's Tony Blair when he was prime minister, launching the government's ambition for. 66 00:08:27,190 --> 00:08:40,180 The 50 percent participation is what's striking to me in both of these quotes is how much they focus on fairness and the pursuit of a meritocracy. 67 00:08:40,180 --> 00:08:46,910 Despite the false top word being invented by anyone for going to war against social. 68 00:08:46,910 --> 00:08:54,040 That defence education. Social division, if you look in detail, is with Glenn Close. 69 00:08:54,040 --> 00:09:01,650 So I'm trying. With the observation of the 50 percent participation of Typekit, but for me, 70 00:09:01,650 --> 00:09:07,080 set the pattern of what we've been doing in this area for nearly two decades now. 71 00:09:07,080 --> 00:09:17,470 Huge amount of investment and a huge amount of activity to a in most cases who say we reach back. 72 00:09:17,470 --> 00:09:22,450 And it's important in that context, I think, to look at how it concedes that mandates. 73 00:09:22,450 --> 00:09:29,750 It seems to me it seems as as America as the name all students to meet the requirements of the current system, 74 00:09:29,750 --> 00:09:34,300 not necessarily changing the requirements themselves. 75 00:09:34,300 --> 00:09:36,550 So the question for me is to be possible to achieve that. 76 00:09:36,550 --> 00:09:46,610 Has it been possible to achieve that over the last 10 years, given everything we have done and is hoping to achieve that and access? 77 00:09:46,610 --> 00:09:50,820 Something that's not so. A function of social, my friend. 78 00:09:50,820 --> 00:10:03,520 Is it possible to take the back? We'll follow from the from the last speech was it was a white paper in 2003. 79 00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:13,570 This sets down some of the key things that were in that. So there was a set of measures to ensure access is based on merit rather than affordability. 80 00:10:13,570 --> 00:10:24,580 So a higher fee, but no upfront payments on some of the grants for living costs addressing those incentives for universities in all of this. 81 00:10:24,580 --> 00:10:33,550 But in terms of working actively to recruit schools, the most disadvantaged students both before and during their studies. 82 00:10:33,550 --> 00:10:40,820 And then, of course, as I mentioned, already requiring for the first time an access agreement, which was such that this is going to be. 83 00:10:40,820 --> 00:10:48,560 American photo opportunity, it's important to recognise all the stuff on the right hand side as well, which is absolutely essential. 84 00:10:48,560 --> 00:10:54,820 Sort of like you are to do in frequency. So the assumption was that the growth. 85 00:10:54,820 --> 00:11:02,320 Twisted to quite a lot. The two year degree programmes, part time learning programmes developed with employers, 86 00:11:02,320 --> 00:11:14,510 more flexible models of higher education, more integrated were perhaps more focussed on the. 87 00:11:14,510 --> 00:11:20,690 A couple of months after that, the activity flowed through as a result of this, 88 00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:29,330 there was a review of the U.S. definitions by flying schools across France to break down a university fees, 89 00:11:29,330 --> 00:11:33,290 trying to pick up the notion of merit innovations. 90 00:11:33,290 --> 00:11:42,350 So it certainly didn't surprise that equality of opportunity, which of course, is the goal in the current act, is to be achieved for everyone, 91 00:11:42,350 --> 00:11:52,070 regardless of their programmes, their needs, not just to be the focus on grades so interest rates, but also leads in the talents of. 92 00:11:52,070 --> 00:11:55,520 Sensitive, which may not fully be done straight. 93 00:11:55,520 --> 00:12:04,190 Examination results, so that means, of course, considering contextual factors as well as educational educational achievement qualifications, 94 00:12:04,190 --> 00:12:09,150 reflecting the variation in those opportunities. Circumstances. 95 00:12:09,150 --> 00:12:18,330 Now this looks like a very progressive agenda, and certainly, I think you see it at the time as moving on. 96 00:12:18,330 --> 00:12:24,440 And I think it's still having positive bias in. Nominations. 97 00:12:24,440 --> 00:12:34,580 But it does have quite a cautious qualification also, you can see, so it says the group recommends that initially. 98 00:12:34,580 --> 00:12:43,790 Institutions applying ballistic assessment, which is the term I use for it to pull the line out of U.S. forces, 99 00:12:43,790 --> 00:12:53,540 so it's highly qualified, perhaps suggesting. The margins. 100 00:12:53,540 --> 00:13:04,670 Much of the debate about the changes that took place at that time could be seen to be a perennial set of issues, 101 00:13:04,670 --> 00:13:13,230 but migration policy wasn't the of a trying time. So so how do you how do you get the system to be affordable? 102 00:13:13,230 --> 00:13:20,150 Republicans at the top of the triangle? How is it going to be affordable to government and indeed students? 103 00:13:20,150 --> 00:13:30,470 How do we maintain quality and quality of learning the quality of the graduates that flow through the ongoing goal of achieving the of right? 104 00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:32,840 But also then how do we respond to the. 105 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:42,950 We see democracy students kind of come to enable the system still to grow and all of which are crucial for equality of opportunity, 106 00:13:42,950 --> 00:13:48,930 being able to triangulate those issues is absolutely crucial for being successful. 107 00:13:48,930 --> 00:14:02,750 This goes around you on Tuesday. This trilemma came very strongly about his focus on the 2008 financial crash in 2010, when I when he closed. 108 00:14:02,750 --> 00:14:07,130 It's a top priority reducing the public deficit, and of course, 109 00:14:07,130 --> 00:14:17,960 it was addressed by quite a radical shift in attacking spending associated with treatment and teaching grants to universities into student finance, 110 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:23,370 albeit students that pay up front. And that in itself. 111 00:14:23,370 --> 00:14:33,420 The big challenge for. And buyers in the government's white paper, which you said in the of for Variety, published in 2011. 112 00:14:33,420 --> 00:14:41,220 And there is more emphasis on the market being before on improving student choice driving change. 113 00:14:41,220 --> 00:14:51,230 But I would argue that despite the really quite radical change in the financing available, the ultimate goal, the golden score. 114 00:14:51,230 --> 00:15:02,180 Free 2004 had not really changed, so the diversity of students and provision of sustaining and indeed improving quality of learning, 115 00:15:02,180 --> 00:15:07,940 experience, prejudice, conflict, free access regulation, all of this was strengthened. 116 00:15:07,940 --> 00:15:15,870 Circle spending began to change, but I'm not sure that their conception of marriage. 117 00:15:15,870 --> 00:15:23,370 And those in those speeches in 2003 and in the workplace bill. 118 00:15:23,370 --> 00:15:28,200 So what happened in the 10 years or so since this all took place? 119 00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:31,410 Well, first of all, we spent a lot of money. 120 00:15:31,410 --> 00:15:41,400 And so this is direct grants to universities provided by hand to be picked up by the office and students and much needed grants. 121 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:52,750 Despite a really substantial reduction in other areas of grants, the grants in relation to widen access and improving retention. 122 00:15:52,750 --> 00:15:58,630 Disabilities are actually mostly increased during the period and, of course, 123 00:15:58,630 --> 00:16:04,690 the investment by universities through what they create to do through their access agreements 124 00:16:04,690 --> 00:16:10,870 and access clinics with you in that every year has really substantially increased. 125 00:16:10,870 --> 00:16:17,080 So it's now more than eight million pounds. There's been a shift in the spending over time. 126 00:16:17,080 --> 00:16:24,970 So. So the turquoise line, the top is the cash for students, essentially bursaries as well as the wages. 127 00:16:24,970 --> 00:16:25,840 Increasingly, 128 00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:33,970 more money has been spent on access for Championship school students before they come in and indeed progression and successes students winning again. 129 00:16:33,970 --> 00:16:39,360 So there's been some rebalancing in spending greater recognition that. 130 00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:52,050 The cash up front is not necessarily. It on its own, the key issue in science is improving quality of opportunity, but overall very substantial. 131 00:16:52,050 --> 00:17:00,520 Alongside this. You know, responding to that imperative to enable the system to grow. 132 00:17:00,520 --> 00:17:06,540 Increasing student numbers have continued to increase in 2012. 133 00:17:06,540 --> 00:17:12,570 These people came in late to avoid the higher the. And growing preference for. 134 00:17:12,570 --> 00:17:20,710 Know, during the 10 years, around 2000 more, you and all the south entrance were the beginning of the decade. 135 00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:25,610 And how do you balance the system is being broken? 136 00:17:25,610 --> 00:17:35,360 It's also the case that we do have more students from the most underrepresented groups than we had at the start of the decade, 137 00:17:35,360 --> 00:17:44,070 so many of the people who do this whole analysis always gets the population by groups who are fighting for their livelihoods, 138 00:17:44,070 --> 00:17:46,850 participate in construction. 139 00:17:46,850 --> 00:17:55,230 If you look at this analysis, it shows that one of the two most important groups, I think it's an increase of around 20000. 140 00:17:55,230 --> 00:17:59,400 Sense of conservation energy, that's really important. This is really. 141 00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:02,040 Improving opportunity for these students. 142 00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:10,710 But of course, that great discussion alongside growth in the system as a whole and particularly amongst the most representative groups. 143 00:18:10,710 --> 00:18:24,670 So as students in the lowest two quintiles, representing 24 percent of the UK population six twenty seven percent in 2016 17 marginal increases. 144 00:18:24,670 --> 00:18:31,120 The low experience quintile sample increasing 10 percent. 145 00:18:31,120 --> 00:18:39,220 And this effect is much stronger, even more mindful of my selective universities are removing consequences, the highest turned university. 146 00:18:39,220 --> 00:18:48,050 So this cardboard category. Nearly a third of the Senate votes to overrule the highest tariff entry. 147 00:18:48,050 --> 00:18:56,490 Requirements, if you look at this group of students in the lowest two quintiles was 17 percent of the. 148 00:18:56,490 --> 00:19:05,630 The population in 2006 and 80 percent doesn't 60 compelling increase. 149 00:19:05,630 --> 00:19:13,860 So Polar is a broad measure. It's an area based measure, and it used to be used carefully, it's not. 150 00:19:13,860 --> 00:19:24,510 You know, isolation considerations have been. It does give you a broader picture of what I'm doing and which is. 151 00:19:24,510 --> 00:19:31,160 Patient having to use different measures, you would still see. It's like based on. 152 00:19:31,160 --> 00:19:41,640 The characteristics you see the parents getting. So there's quite a strong correlation still between your background where you start from, 153 00:19:41,640 --> 00:19:46,530 whether you go to university and indeed which university you go into. 154 00:19:46,530 --> 00:19:56,390 Although this system has expanded over this decade and you could argue it has been improved opportunity, which is important in its own terms. 155 00:19:56,390 --> 00:20:06,300 And it's not to be too much of a shift in the quality of opportunity, and I would argue that's taking place in places such as these for safe haven. 156 00:20:06,300 --> 00:20:10,830 Access to higher education still significantly affect future social programmes. 157 00:20:10,830 --> 00:20:21,050 And I would argue again, we're still a long way from being found. 158 00:20:21,050 --> 00:20:33,980 So this needs to be charged, and this is every volunteer to this stage so that these volunteers is one of the 535 universities, 159 00:20:33,980 --> 00:20:41,900 and that shows you the current pattern. Distribution for students from the mothers the whole time. 160 00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:53,420 So of course, what you see is very minor proportions. It's been in the past or at least the lowest amongst lower proportions in the past than Iraq, 161 00:20:53,420 --> 00:20:59,890 which is the highest number of universities in the priority. Very strong correlation as far as that's concerned. 162 00:20:59,890 --> 00:21:08,280 And that doesn't seem to have changed much in the last decade, it was shaping up. 163 00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:14,610 Of course, all of this nonsense about young students, it's important to find out about these students. 164 00:21:14,610 --> 00:21:18,600 And you might argue that this might not be as much. 165 00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:30,360 Tuesday's lights remind that terrible situation has also been lost over the last decade or so, this shows it sure seems like this would be. 166 00:21:30,360 --> 00:21:42,160 Six thousand 2016. Local time on Fox, I was hopeful all but can't find. 167 00:21:42,160 --> 00:21:52,500 Ultimately, control. So. 168 00:21:52,500 --> 00:21:58,060 Why is this happening and what do we do about it? 169 00:21:58,060 --> 00:22:00,880 I'm going to start by talking about school time. 170 00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:11,550 Since the crucial you know, this, so this child is from Blackpool for Lorraine is an opinion protocol and funded by friends, 171 00:22:11,550 --> 00:22:16,930 the university success, which is a terrific motivator amongst those. 172 00:22:16,930 --> 00:22:22,550 Some of the attacks that. 173 00:22:22,550 --> 00:22:35,210 Beyond what it does show is the really weird link between the social media background and educational attainment for University of Michigan. 174 00:22:35,210 --> 00:22:43,010 This is so, so it shows it looks at the socioeconomic factors in entry determination and indeed in relation to what 175 00:22:43,010 --> 00:22:49,910 they like the list price state this universities provides school my parents universities are sharing, 176 00:22:49,910 --> 00:22:54,950 and it shows how once you account for school retirements, 177 00:22:54,950 --> 00:23:01,740 the secondary camera diminishes progressively as you go through school year to the point that. 178 00:23:01,740 --> 00:23:09,460 Age 60. There is no doubt to so this argues that any relation to the system as a whole, the participation of the whole group, 179 00:23:09,460 --> 00:23:16,910 I would say to just state schools, you could predict patient participation based on the system of government. 180 00:23:16,910 --> 00:23:22,850 At the age of 18, there are some other gaps in certain places in my state. 181 00:23:22,850 --> 00:23:29,390 Indeed, a major threat to the system is really important since the age of which predates the great, 182 00:23:29,390 --> 00:23:37,180 you know, our system works on the basis of those periods. That seems to be for me. 183 00:23:37,180 --> 00:23:43,540 It's perhaps no surprise that we see this in people in this building and much more expert on this than me. 184 00:23:43,540 --> 00:23:52,960 But but of course, you know, a student in a school, in an area or something to teachers with parents closely involved with a family with high 185 00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:58,680 expectations and strong engagement with higher education is likely to perform better. 186 00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:06,000 Senator Clinton has posted a school where this kind of thing, with the exception teacher, is a real challenge. 187 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:10,740 Parents are less engaged, even giving the same ability. 188 00:24:10,740 --> 00:24:16,810 And, of course, these days, it doesn't include independent schooling for. 189 00:24:16,810 --> 00:24:22,700 Increases in carbon shooters and. So there are many, many participants in the. 190 00:24:22,700 --> 00:24:33,540 And that means it's a really challenging. Importantly, the same were also identified, so this is quite. 191 00:24:33,540 --> 00:24:43,100 To this country for at least the next three. Was there a quote out of the box to show and say, I don't do that in England? 192 00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:45,400 Those are closely linked to the entire time of the year. 193 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:58,140 The admission is that universities are more academically selective and students are getting more on the basis that high achieving public practise. 194 00:24:58,140 --> 00:25:03,800 So as such a hope, it can encourage down to 30 miles in England. 195 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:17,530 The social background, which is called the University of Michigan, that's based on analysis of some of the country's. 196 00:25:17,530 --> 00:25:24,600 So the inequality gap, the gap in highlighting. It does seem to be significantly affected by background. 197 00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:33,650 In fact, house transportation. But then there's also questions it seems to be about the University of Michigan's decision. 198 00:25:33,650 --> 00:25:41,040 At that point. I'm just getting my school attainment. 199 00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:44,990 Can we rely on school time to deal with this? Can we rely on work to? 200 00:25:44,990 --> 00:25:55,990 Reducing the time you got to do this, so this is. Education Policy Institute, and they look at how closely. 201 00:25:55,990 --> 00:26:01,720 And in summary, they say the closing, but a very slow rate. 202 00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:09,350 The gap between disadvantaged 16 year olds and that is just narrowed between around three months of learning. 203 00:26:09,350 --> 00:26:17,540 2016. Current trends, we estimate it would take around 50 years. 204 00:26:17,540 --> 00:26:29,850 Pupils take that GCSE GCSE as. So it does seem to me that you can't necessarily rely on. 205 00:26:29,850 --> 00:26:42,880 And we do need to think about the other factors that fighting. Referring to the owner's participation. 206 00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:48,020 So let's look at the admissions and how they work in this. 207 00:26:48,020 --> 00:26:54,120 And Sam Walton said he might be taking background room. 208 00:26:54,120 --> 00:27:01,990 So the folks on the left hand side are from those interviews with admissions practitioners in highly selective universities in England. 209 00:27:01,990 --> 00:27:06,510 I'll come back later on to a place in America. Same. 210 00:27:06,510 --> 00:27:19,470 Provocation, what she identifies is that we focus here on finding the best demonstrated by and grace in some cases and. 211 00:27:19,470 --> 00:27:29,490 Academic potential framed into. Essentially framed in terms of what you might, would you? 212 00:27:29,490 --> 00:27:36,630 So that's the kind of important frame of mind for brightest, the best. Decisions that will take place. 213 00:27:36,630 --> 00:27:41,640 And this doesn't just flow through to behaviour in the most selective universities. 214 00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:48,850 So the folks on the right hand side, this is from the states that are in place in the Scottish. 215 00:27:48,850 --> 00:28:01,670 The last year or so, they identified three types of behaviour and three types of self-identity amongst the very various including. 216 00:28:01,670 --> 00:28:08,530 And socially progressive. And essentially, what they say is that if you identify. 217 00:28:08,530 --> 00:28:14,320 A globally competitive or nationally selective university, you will be focussed on the. 218 00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:22,270 The brightest and the best of those with the highest levels of academic attainment and self-identity and excelled under 219 00:28:22,270 --> 00:28:35,220 competitive pressures that flow into it and constrains Typekit consideration of social programmes that causes some effects that. 220 00:28:35,220 --> 00:28:40,200 Importantly, I think we could say that this also affects student expectations, 221 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:45,090 it affects the expectations of students when they're thinking about what has to follow, 222 00:28:45,090 --> 00:28:51,540 such as the time, whether participation is because of the ban or indeed what kind of higher education is for them. 223 00:28:51,540 --> 00:28:58,770 So, so these things from the social mobility parents are the latest numbers published just before Christmas. 224 00:28:58,770 --> 00:29:07,080 They ask young people, How do you think opportunities for my friends and families are better off my friends 225 00:29:07,080 --> 00:29:12,750 in the following areas than most pessimistic about going to the top university, 226 00:29:12,750 --> 00:29:19,620 which is the. Plus, the assault on the Iraqi side and then to them going to the movies. 227 00:29:19,620 --> 00:29:26,640 And expectations are important. So as a single person who and colleagues do not based there, 228 00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:34,580 I think have set expectations and believe not just what a young person wants to be, but also a subjective. 229 00:29:34,580 --> 00:29:37,130 Challenges and constraints, 230 00:29:37,130 --> 00:29:44,660 and they correlate strongly with disadvantage and really strongly a factor which Mississippi remains on the pathways they choose to go. 231 00:29:44,660 --> 00:29:56,660 So they're going to be particularly. It seems to me for what reason you can take the full range of patients. 232 00:29:56,660 --> 00:30:09,280 Obviously, hurricane season. So what can we do? 233 00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:13,930 So as the evidence I was looking at earlier seems to suggest, 234 00:30:13,930 --> 00:30:21,270 there is some different practise in other countries and perhaps more consideration of social. 235 00:30:21,270 --> 00:30:29,900 Elsewhere, and not just from the perspective of clemency, I suppose it tends to be largely here. 236 00:30:29,900 --> 00:30:42,110 Mary. And the university is involved in this believe a diverse cohort is important to the quality of educational experience as part of that judgement. 237 00:30:42,110 --> 00:30:50,770 But most important, just. And they're also interested in training a professional athlete that is more reflective of society as a whole. 238 00:30:50,770 --> 00:30:58,310 And so so I mean, this is an example of this. I'm Chris Freeman, who was the first person. 239 00:30:58,310 --> 00:31:05,410 Stellenbosch, the ideological forms of apartheid. And then subsequently, they said it becomes the. 240 00:31:05,410 --> 00:31:13,020 Identified Caribbean paradise views of the 1990s in South Africa forced the in a southern. 241 00:31:13,020 --> 00:31:21,030 Married. And quality of service. So what I'm saying is what matters in terms of quality is not. 242 00:31:21,030 --> 00:31:31,240 He and his colleagues have a growing realisation that the joy and inspiration to achieve our standard and and well-prepared students how they can. 243 00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:37,330 Just the joy and satisfaction of the people of the world to see. The opportunity. 244 00:31:37,330 --> 00:31:39,540 So that's, of course, an extreme situation. 245 00:31:39,540 --> 00:31:49,420 He can see similar approaches elsewhere, so in Australia and New last year announced it will look beyond the national examination and talk. 246 00:31:49,420 --> 00:31:55,030 From 2020, as the vice chancellor says, we know that students will be back to school. 247 00:31:55,030 --> 00:31:59,890 We also know that sometimes life comes out a bit differently for some students. 248 00:31:59,890 --> 00:32:04,420 Some students come to a school missiles or cancel their family or face other challenges. 249 00:32:04,420 --> 00:32:09,610 These are all important life skills, he said of his practise alongside class. 250 00:32:09,610 --> 00:32:14,620 Of course, those additional factors could well be colonised by the people who were there already, 251 00:32:14,620 --> 00:32:21,510 but that's an important principle here, which is the rule. Section of marriage equality. 252 00:32:21,510 --> 00:32:25,380 Close to the US, there is a long time of affirmative action. 253 00:32:25,380 --> 00:32:30,930 You're a diverse cohort, as I've talked about, and indeed contributions to social justice. 254 00:32:30,930 --> 00:32:40,920 But some states go further than this. So in Texas, the law passed in 1997, guarantees that all Texas students who graduate in the top 10. 255 00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:43,890 But they're still gaining access to a public university. 256 00:32:43,890 --> 00:32:54,230 So that means now that in Texas, all students, 75 percent of the students come through, that brings a mandatory 75 percent of a cap so that they. 257 00:32:54,230 --> 00:33:03,560 The facts are important facts, and it's often argued that those students knew because that was the first thing to do at this point going back to. 258 00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:10,600 Also, aslongas going to dance this year to UCLA or Berkeley around the Berlin students. 259 00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:15,650 My friends, I'll see you around. 260 00:33:15,650 --> 00:33:25,940 For instance, if you look at the highly selective private universities, there is also an increase in the hope that someone might be able to. 261 00:33:25,940 --> 00:33:37,760 So there's a culture around first generation. With practitioners and students working together to support the right to share practise. 262 00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:46,490 Instead of increasing the threshold, is the ocean very close to 70 percent? 263 00:33:46,490 --> 00:33:51,320 None of these approaches is that controversial. 264 00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:58,460 They've been subject to legal challenge, that's obviously the challenge right now. They can be colonised by the middle classes, as I talked about, 265 00:33:58,460 --> 00:34:05,630 although if you look at some of the measures around all these countries, it's a social integration in different ways. 266 00:34:05,630 --> 00:34:11,330 They can be countered by regressive policies such as legacy operations. 267 00:34:11,330 --> 00:34:17,060 There are concerns about changes, as we just talked about the effect on these mental. 268 00:34:17,060 --> 00:34:24,450 We need to avoid. And, of course, that continue to be set against the fact that all of these places are. 269 00:34:24,450 --> 00:34:31,350 These were communist economies and cultural boundaries, all of which has an effect on educational quality, 270 00:34:31,350 --> 00:34:37,920 but what they are doing is taking the positive action and they can harm the opposite. 271 00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:46,390 The the with an interconnected university system actually one place in year, this one, in fact, 272 00:34:46,390 --> 00:34:52,450 almost the heart of this of some of the buildings that are sent out on the the closest to the 273 00:34:52,450 --> 00:35:01,770 other side of the since these states and a find different conception of whole families in. 274 00:35:01,770 --> 00:35:13,480 It's so, so, so so people bring this long, this comes closer and closer together, hangings paralysed by this disaster selling for. 275 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:19,570 It is no longer going to be just in the medium term. 276 00:35:19,570 --> 00:35:31,740 They will make this a science. So importantly, this is the universities themselves exactly the same as their case, and I think that's crucial. 277 00:35:31,740 --> 00:35:38,810 Almost which this is valuing diversity in education in terms of shifting. 278 00:35:38,810 --> 00:35:46,340 Merits. So we don't see some change in this country as well. 279 00:35:46,340 --> 00:35:50,780 So on Friday, every university has access across the nation to find during the course of the last year, 280 00:35:50,780 --> 00:35:57,710 and I can see pretty much that contextual admissions. I think it's actually about taking this action. 281 00:35:57,710 --> 00:36:03,170 Not just one thing is happening in virtually all of the universities I visit. 282 00:36:03,170 --> 00:36:19,500 I've seen. His students talking about the GOP factor joined Gov. Tom Ridge financial support for re-entry programmes ambitious conceptual. 283 00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:24,530 But when they go about doing that, it seems to be very powerful, something very positive. 284 00:36:24,530 --> 00:36:32,650 In fact, he's building confidence with students and their families. It's also building confidence in the U.S. so they're more confident about the. 285 00:36:32,650 --> 00:36:37,890 Those kind of physical states. When they get back. 286 00:36:37,890 --> 00:36:45,150 Interesting to reflect on whether this is because the French feel like this is regulatory pressure will be quite a public pressure, 287 00:36:45,150 --> 00:36:53,420 or whether it is embracing the value of diversity in the ways market sharing. 288 00:36:53,420 --> 00:37:00,300 Scotland is a particularly striking example of the fact that the government had permission to 289 00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:06,890 provide the access that has led to the to to regulation depression through outcome agreements, 290 00:37:06,890 --> 00:37:13,520 which is assisted by Typekit Scotland, but importantly also University Scotland, with its relatively recent. 291 00:37:13,520 --> 00:37:23,340 This is that has itself taken the lead. So this is come together to publish an entry requirements and provide clarity. 292 00:37:23,340 --> 00:37:28,990 Contextual admissions policies, including indicators that are used in the way that reads and works between. 293 00:37:28,990 --> 00:37:33,190 And they cheat and its promise to guarantee Senate office office. 294 00:37:33,190 --> 00:37:39,010 First, students such as cabbages and you can see that he's probably these romantic. 295 00:37:39,010 --> 00:37:46,320 Published last Thursday. So the effect on offer made. Scottish, she is so, so critical. 296 00:37:46,320 --> 00:37:56,380 The Red Line and the climate on the line in 2016 is that the danger is the kind of operate both international. 297 00:37:56,380 --> 00:38:05,930 Those groups, of course, we need to look at the squeezed middle, yeah. There, but there is really quite a dramatic impact from that combination of. 298 00:38:05,930 --> 00:38:16,050 Government pressure universities. Here, also, as I talked about, I think there is much more focus on contractual obligations, 299 00:38:16,050 --> 00:38:20,700 I'm sure I know because it's going to come just in a couple of weeks. 300 00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:28,440 At a seminar here of UCAS has been supplying universities with what they call organised contextual admissions dates. 301 00:38:28,440 --> 00:38:33,840 And this is an example of becoming a prosecutor. Explain it because it's not straightforward. 302 00:38:33,840 --> 00:38:39,240 But in essence, what they're trying to do is identify students attending performance characteristics. 303 00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:50,400 So combining measures like location, gender, ethnicity and income think in this example the low risk group balances. 304 00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:56,100 The 70th percentile, Grace Grace EDV, would it be equivalent to crazy? 305 00:38:56,100 --> 00:39:05,780 She's also essentially saying you could operate the. If you wanted to reflect the context in which there is a great. 306 00:39:05,780 --> 00:39:10,790 My conversation with the U.S. suggests they don't quite know how to do what to do with this year, 307 00:39:10,790 --> 00:39:15,250 so the number is about half the time you want effective time with the plastic old, 308 00:39:15,250 --> 00:39:22,760 but also because the week is so great and great for me and this is the best. 309 00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:29,240 That's a really important issue. And of course, there are always countervailing pressures. 310 00:39:29,240 --> 00:39:42,170 But the question to me was would all be done could be done if we had a different conception of marriage equality competency. 311 00:39:42,170 --> 00:39:48,140 So I'll just finish off and point suit and start to really talked about excess 312 00:39:48,140 --> 00:39:52,900 and underground your access and then the next session is about as much of. 313 00:39:52,900 --> 00:39:57,850 I'm not going to prevail here, but I have dealt with. 314 00:39:57,850 --> 00:40:07,740 It's not really the you. But the barriers around making money and indeed what we can do. 315 00:40:07,740 --> 00:40:13,480 Final settlement Cambridge, in March of his government, says he wants to talk to that. 316 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:17,650 I want to finish off a bit more by talking about not fact access by parent companies. 317 00:40:17,650 --> 00:40:26,330 So what do you? After they meet, after they've been to university, because I think that's a really important part of the. 318 00:40:26,330 --> 00:40:31,050 Fairness, gender inequality of opportunity. 319 00:40:31,050 --> 00:40:38,030 And so this is another of his chance, where every everything is the university to split into the terrorist groups. 320 00:40:38,030 --> 00:40:41,680 You know, these specialist institutions as well. 321 00:40:41,680 --> 00:40:49,390 And this first one shows you the distribution of students in insisting that points three days after leaving information. 322 00:40:49,390 --> 00:40:54,950 And actually, it shows it's pretty flat. You know that this time abortions the same. 323 00:40:54,950 --> 00:41:01,940 Electronic institutions in media type institutions are institutions and not that much difference. 324 00:41:01,940 --> 00:41:11,310 It's not that much difference between. If you shift from measure to highly skilled employment advice to the not to. 325 00:41:11,310 --> 00:41:21,690 But this is one measure you start to see a steep allies and indeed more of the more of the high Typekit institutions figurines. 326 00:41:21,690 --> 00:41:30,040 All right. Although still a fast bread and a lot of reasons there is that, you know, whatever the size of this institution, 327 00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:39,530 the in teaching nurses, teachers, very highly skilled professions to play out very well in this. 328 00:41:39,530 --> 00:41:44,770 If you ship the measure to salary, we get a very steep. 329 00:41:44,770 --> 00:41:50,770 Pretty much like a curve, I showed you earlier on the proportions of this amongst the students, but the opposite. 330 00:41:50,770 --> 00:41:56,240 In other words, do you at least the students from from the last couple of weeks? 331 00:41:56,240 --> 00:42:08,510 Of course. Accessible to and very nice to be here and again, I don't know the really shifted much in the city, much in the last 20. 332 00:42:08,510 --> 00:42:10,430 Why is this happening? Well, of course, 333 00:42:10,430 --> 00:42:19,820 it's partly back to a time for a cheap access to a cheap produce designed to find grammar school attainment of the most prosperous students. 334 00:42:19,820 --> 00:42:21,950 The best education. 335 00:42:21,950 --> 00:42:29,990 They mostly into the veterans groups, universities, they have the strongest recognition in the labour market and they not going anything. 336 00:42:29,990 --> 00:42:37,640 She's family networks, personal finance to get into lower paying jobs. 337 00:42:37,640 --> 00:42:41,550 True. So not only accessible to some Americans, 338 00:42:41,550 --> 00:42:50,430 a significant difference between my friends and I would argue this again doesn't affect the lives of our patients and the game. 339 00:42:50,430 --> 00:43:02,930 The time this is one reason why improving fair access to risk like this is important, but we need also to remember all the other universities across. 340 00:43:02,930 --> 00:43:10,040 A high proportion of your students study where they grew up and actually ultimately ended up working in those places as well, 341 00:43:10,040 --> 00:43:15,670 so that part of the family is trying to find better working conditions, for example, was. 342 00:43:15,670 --> 00:43:21,310 Some of this data, I think, is as recent work, and it'd be a shame. 343 00:43:21,310 --> 00:43:25,130 I mean, do you see smaller inequalities in employment? 344 00:43:25,130 --> 00:43:30,660 Have they narrowed? In the more prosperous areas of London and the greater. 345 00:43:30,660 --> 00:43:39,400 So you could argue, well, these. Based on the way to deal with on stage, but I don't think that's fair to those students. 346 00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:45,970 There are many reasons why they may not want to go across the country in the interest of the areas in which they. 347 00:43:45,970 --> 00:43:54,810 Where they once to. We do know again to the same research and office that that kind of disparity can be mitigated by. 348 00:43:54,810 --> 00:44:00,720 Choice, this is a photo of a nature that falls under increased workplace monitoring, the sun, 349 00:44:00,720 --> 00:44:10,150 which is the extent which is integrated with employers, so that provision is not the fastest way to do this. 350 00:44:10,150 --> 00:44:16,150 I think an interesting campaign, and it's worth remembering that given what I just said, 351 00:44:16,150 --> 00:44:24,400 what happened to the right hand side of that 2003 white paper, which was all about having more to do because it's more. 352 00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:33,780 Employers. Jewish students back Israeli flags said the curve may show for mature student consultation. 353 00:44:33,780 --> 00:44:42,250 Pretty much there is the red line here, and those are part time for other undergraduate degrees, so stay tuned for this promotion increase. 354 00:44:42,250 --> 00:44:49,430 Efficiency efficiency that is coming into the flexible arbitration has not happened because it's diminished. 355 00:44:49,430 --> 00:44:56,930 The course of the last decade. Mean, there's a lot of the key government now is now about to be grown. 356 00:44:56,930 --> 00:45:03,610 But has become long, long participation. 357 00:45:03,610 --> 00:45:13,510 So let's finish off in order to achieve equality of opportunity and indeed fair equality opportunity where access comes. 358 00:45:13,510 --> 00:45:22,670 Becoming less as a function of my friends. Of course, I'm arguing for the most selective universities like this to take the pulse of the American. 359 00:45:22,670 --> 00:45:27,420 In relation to supporting students to get what is needed to get explosives on. 360 00:45:27,420 --> 00:45:35,090 In relation to foreign nations, but other universities as well to accommodate what they're offering a provision. 361 00:45:35,090 --> 00:45:41,850 That's going to be key to the secretary's. We have a very clear view of this on the offensive board. 362 00:45:41,850 --> 00:45:45,910 So they asked me to be ambitious and radical. 363 00:45:45,910 --> 00:45:55,290 We've announced plans in December which are focussed on making individual universities to focus on the particular changes in their own context, 364 00:45:55,290 --> 00:46:05,700 giving more time than to be addressed, enabling innovation and giving more time for change, but also in return, asking university. 365 00:46:05,700 --> 00:46:11,060 Touched. Through the course of the next five days, and of course, all these. 366 00:46:11,060 --> 00:46:16,400 I'm a published guy. Certainly starting point. 367 00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:22,190 Whatever regulatory powers we hold and whatever the point of public pressure on this, 368 00:46:22,190 --> 00:46:28,130 given the independence of universities in relation to the government and what you teach, 369 00:46:28,130 --> 00:46:33,780 I mean, it's crucial that you and us decide how much you're willing to change. 370 00:46:33,780 --> 00:46:40,620 To address this, whether you're going to work actively. Inequality. 371 00:46:40,620 --> 00:46:57,670 Or indeed. It's not in my experience. I haven't been the stronger students student. 372 00:46:57,670 --> 00:47:02,500 Well, colleagues, it's a pleasure to share the seminar with you. 373 00:47:02,500 --> 00:47:12,280 We're very grateful that Chris Moore has set out these challenging issues in a clear minded, informative and dispassionate manner. 374 00:47:12,280 --> 00:47:22,690 At a time when policy issues are readily politicised and political symbols for something suitable, emotions quickly crowd out rational discussion. 375 00:47:22,690 --> 00:47:34,270 We're fortunate that a person with Chris Gilbert's acumen, commitment and integrity is the director of Fair Access and Participation in office. 376 00:47:34,270 --> 00:47:44,410 It seems to me that his task is very difficult. The access to the office must promote equality of opportunity and access. 377 00:47:44,410 --> 00:47:58,050 Chris must make visible progress in a relatively short time matrix must be safe and Mason cannot wait 50 years for the achievement gap to be closed. 378 00:47:58,050 --> 00:48:05,540 Yet our expectations of the community of government is out of kilter with reality. 379 00:48:05,540 --> 00:48:11,360 We are undergoing a long awaited expansion at orientation level across the world, 380 00:48:11,360 --> 00:48:20,510 countries move from 20 to 30 percent, participation at tertiary education level to 50, 60, 70 per cent and beyond. 381 00:48:20,510 --> 00:48:27,380 And we've heard civic participation taking place at degree level five and four fifths of it worldwide. 382 00:48:27,380 --> 00:48:32,990 South Korea, Finland and Canada and three of the nations that have already achieved 90 per cent 383 00:48:32,990 --> 00:48:37,760 level of participation in Typekit international students out of the equation, 384 00:48:37,760 --> 00:48:43,100 you guys not particularly high, you know, terms in terms of overall discretion. 385 00:48:43,100 --> 00:48:56,310 Now, every large scale expansion is accompanied by the expectation that the regressive poor face of social backgrounds have been or will be abolished. 386 00:48:56,310 --> 00:49:03,690 It's widely expected the true equality of opportunity in education should be achieved by one person, 387 00:49:03,690 --> 00:49:17,160 one vote that it's a cause of natural condition like Rousseau said, and that any other outcome is in some sense, corrupt wrong. 388 00:49:17,160 --> 00:49:25,320 And this is correct, Tyson is widely held by people who are not interested in any other kind of redistribution, 389 00:49:25,320 --> 00:49:34,670 whether it becomes the property prices in elite schools, childcare establishments or cultural capital and equality of social opportunity, 390 00:49:34,670 --> 00:49:43,200 education is actually very difficult to advance even in the Nordic countries, which is being pursued very vigorously for a long time. 391 00:49:43,200 --> 00:49:48,930 And with European central bankers in support of solidarity and equality and our as strong as 392 00:49:48,930 --> 00:49:56,910 widely felt as our British believe in the fair and purifying effects of open competition. 393 00:49:56,910 --> 00:50:06,020 And in the last 30 years, there's been little improvement in social equality of access and voting systems, and it's of concern in those systems. 394 00:50:06,020 --> 00:50:11,640 Now in my own research on educational equality and equality across the world, 395 00:50:11,640 --> 00:50:21,180 I find that what social outcomes do vary significantly and that in itself indicates scope for being different. 396 00:50:21,180 --> 00:50:33,620 There are two limits to social equality of opportunity in higher education, and the first limit is the persistence of irreducible differences. 397 00:50:33,620 --> 00:50:44,000 Between families and the economic, social and cultural resources that affect learning outcomes, family inequality is inevitable in any society. 398 00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:52,530 Policy can hardly compensate for economic differences, but it can't eliminate the potency of the family and cultural capital and social networks. 399 00:50:52,530 --> 00:50:58,010 And no one seriously argues that choice. Do we say we should take away the go from middle class families? 400 00:50:58,010 --> 00:51:02,660 We do say that we should give the books in the schools, to the children, to the other families. 401 00:51:02,660 --> 00:51:13,190 But that's not. It's not going to be enough, is it? So if families with broader social advantages exist and this affects educational competition? 402 00:51:13,190 --> 00:51:18,330 Those families are best placed to compete for those positions in higher education that offer the greatest 403 00:51:18,330 --> 00:51:24,240 private benefits and the best place to translate educational achievement integration successes. 404 00:51:24,240 --> 00:51:33,710 Chris's last set of red shirts. And as you know, the UK concentrates social events on a regional basis. 405 00:51:33,710 --> 00:51:45,110 Thirty six of the 51 EU regions in the UK and Canada, per capita incomes that are below the EU average per capita income, 406 00:51:45,110 --> 00:51:52,490 which includes the south of Europe and the east of Europe. So it shows how much of this country is me. 407 00:51:52,490 --> 00:51:58,160 And this sets us well back in establishing equality of opportunity in the UK and 408 00:51:58,160 --> 00:52:04,660 negatively means that access strategies must have a strong racial dimension. 409 00:52:04,660 --> 00:52:13,300 The second limit to the calling of duty is the existence of structural reforms in education that provide opportunities for private investment. 410 00:52:13,300 --> 00:52:23,020 He found the advantage to unequal systems of schooling, change systems of higher education, financial barriers to access where they exist. 411 00:52:23,020 --> 00:52:28,030 Differences between fields of study and their potential for income earning and social power. 412 00:52:28,030 --> 00:52:35,020 Their families with private bandages do based on educational competition that can't be affected by private investment. 413 00:52:35,020 --> 00:52:40,840 Money, time and education. And cultural and social capital. 414 00:52:40,840 --> 00:52:48,030 The of social backgrounds is maximise when there is a single visit to universities like the Gap account in China, 415 00:52:48,030 --> 00:52:56,130 one great big open competition, one set of rules and that set of rules can be best pursued by those families with the greatest advantages. 416 00:52:56,130 --> 00:53:03,620 It maximises apparent fees, but it also maximises the social stratification based. 417 00:53:03,620 --> 00:53:11,180 So in a situation where we're faced with the persistence of family inequality and at least in the foreseeable future, 418 00:53:11,180 --> 00:53:16,760 substantial regional inequalities appear poised to become an opportunity at regional level. 419 00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:27,930 Tom, there are three main moves I think we can make towards a better educational system in terms of opportunity, equality of opportunity. 420 00:53:27,930 --> 00:53:34,590 One is to realise the points of entry and the means of entry to structures whereby people could 421 00:53:34,590 --> 00:53:40,410 reach the pathways we might take would be based on especially each of the elite institutions. 422 00:53:40,410 --> 00:53:46,860 And Chris mentioned the example of University of California system, where you can get to Berkeley through the community colleges, 423 00:53:46,860 --> 00:53:53,670 as well as through the schools in the middle Boston crowds into the community colleges in those community colleges, which selected to Berkeley. 424 00:53:53,670 --> 00:54:02,010 But it's not entirely to obviate the potential of the political route still offers some people, 425 00:54:02,010 --> 00:54:10,410 and this is one of the ways the perfect match is to get a third of its Panopto students coming from families generation parts of Haitian families. 426 00:54:10,410 --> 00:54:16,500 The second mechanism is to modify the tertiary education hierarchy so that this mix of stocks, 427 00:54:16,500 --> 00:54:26,400 socially speaking in the decisions that are made, found him exist in the U.K. I think this means strengthening further education. 428 00:54:26,400 --> 00:54:32,550 But it also means elevating the resources constraints of low and middle tier institutions in harsh fashion. 429 00:54:32,550 --> 00:54:37,180 And there is appetite in the country for elevating his own university roots. 430 00:54:37,180 --> 00:54:44,580 That's there's a consensus that despite the fact that at the moment, there's no appetite, I can say, 431 00:54:44,580 --> 00:54:54,290 for lifting the position of the lower and middle tier higher education institutions, but that's equally important regardless of anticipation. 432 00:54:54,290 --> 00:55:03,740 The third mechanism is to modify it to the next election, pushing it closer to election on the basis of potential rather than priority. 433 00:55:03,740 --> 00:55:08,450 And this makes contextualised admission and this crisis highlighted and this 434 00:55:08,450 --> 00:55:13,220 bringing all of it was discussed in her seminar in the fourth of the series. 435 00:55:13,220 --> 00:55:17,900 And this we can progress here and elsewhere in the UK. 436 00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:24,620 Difficult as it is for arbitrary judgements must be made as part of that process. 437 00:55:24,620 --> 00:55:27,710 And we can do that alongside the provision of more plural routes, 438 00:55:27,710 --> 00:55:34,070 and it helps to give the example of the foundation of a much greater and more plural route. 439 00:55:34,070 --> 00:55:40,520 So British policy missions, multilateral routes and those two mechanisms taken together can advance things. 440 00:55:40,520 --> 00:55:50,030 This question comes as as Ali mentioned principle reminded us in his excellent article admissions in Oxford last year. 441 00:55:50,030 --> 00:55:54,310 The question is Scott, the scale of this issue, these sorts of reforms. 442 00:55:54,310 --> 00:56:03,590 You do it at the level of 25 additional students from low or social backgrounds a year, or whether you look at something larger, 443 00:56:03,590 --> 00:56:10,340 it seems to me that the hard decision we have still to make is the extent to which we understand this as an 444 00:56:10,340 --> 00:56:17,090 institutional matter alone and the extent to which it's a national park in which Oxford is an educational, 445 00:56:17,090 --> 00:56:23,000 social and social leader, and it's part of the solution at a national level. 446 00:56:23,000 --> 00:56:30,250 Chris, nobody's helped us by reminding us about the National Commission through his own. 447 00:56:30,250 --> 00:56:36,310 There are national responsibilities, and Chris has set out very clearly for us what goes after him. 448 00:56:36,310 --> 00:56:41,010 And we can share those responsibilities for doing that same. 449 00:56:41,010 --> 00:56:48,538 Grateful to you. Thank you.