Thank you very much for coming.
It seems like a very appropriate day to be talking about Tolkien, because I'm sure you know, it's the 60th anniversary of the death of C.S. Lewis.
who will be making a sort of brief cameo later on in the lecture that, of course, though of course Lewis was not a philologist.
And that is the focus of today.
To think about Tolkien and how he became a philologist.
And probably the starting point here is with the definition of what Philology is, and etymologically.
It goes back to the Greek words of philo, that's the combining element meaning love and logos, word or speech.
So you could define them etymologically as the love of words.
So a lover of words. And that, is in one sense, absolutely true of Tolkien.
But it has a more technical sense to, of course.
If we look it up in the Oxford English Dictionary.
Then you see, the first definition is the love of learning and literature and literary or classical scholarship.
But this is now chiefly an American use of the term.
That's not the sense in which I'm using it here.
There's a second definition which is now obsolete.
Love of talk or argument. And then a third, a more technical sense, the branch of knowledge that deals with the structure,
historical developments and relationships and languages,
language trends, the historical study of the phonology and morphology of languages, what we call historical linguistics.
That's the way in which Tolkien understood the term as a kind of 19th century discipline.
And that's what I'll be talking about today,
is how do Tolkien get into philology and also how it invested itself in his academic work and his teaching and his scholarship.
So the background, just very briefly and I'm sure you are aware of it and have already heard it at some point this term.
I'm going to start with this post. This is also a useful way in thinking about how he as a philologist,
because he makes a quite clear distinction between those first and third definitions of philology.
I'm just saying here because he says, and that's in 1953,
I've not been nourished by English literature in which I don't suppose I'm better than you for the
simple reason that I've never had much better news to rest my heart or heart in bed together.
I was brought up in the classics and first discovered the sensation of literary pleasure in Homer.
Also being a philologist and the last part of any aesthetic question then came from the form of words, and especially from the association.
Words form with words. Since I am always best enjoy things in a foreign language, one so remote as to feel like such facts.
And I think that those kind of nicely distinctions kind of major.
I mean, he sort of does it in a way I suspect not take you seriously is complete dismissal of the English literature.
You need to read only my recent book until he realised that, of course he was widely read in literature as well.
But what we should emphasise here is that he's very interested in historical languages and in text recognition.
DEADLINE was the other night like Anglo-Saxon, and you'll see others too.
And there you can see his love of words coming out and full of words.
The associations between virtual and words sense.
So how did you get into this? How do you become the largest?
As you know, he was born in South Africa in 1892.
He moved to South version Worcestershire in 1896, and then he attended King Edward School in Birmingham.
And it was here that he first discovered his love of philology.
So it goes way back to his school days, initially through Chambers Etymological dictionary work and published in 1903,
and in which he won a surprise at school in 1984.
He says it was the beginning of his interest in Germanic philology.
That's the history of the German languages, and philology in general is an unfortunate, he says.
The introduction, which gave him his first glimpse of love for people.
So change became so well-worn intensive. It has become lost its merits so many times it fell out of the dictionary.
So you might be thinking, Wow, this amazing introduction was made.
This young boy read it so many times that he'd destroy it and that it sort of affected him in such a deep way.
Well, we can reconstruct it, of course, by looking at another copy of the introduction and see what it included.
Lots of family trees, historical languages.
It's not an obvious kind of thing. Maybe I'll coin easily grant by this in the way that Tolkien was, but he certainly found it in trances.
You can see the development of what's called the Du Toit family, which is what we now call Germanic, and then various subdivisions of it.
We've been known as a kind of Grimm's Law.
This sort of explanation of changes in confidence shifts that happened in confidence in the generic language today explains why that is.
What it sounds, for instance, becomes the first part that becomes farther in English.
In other generic languages, it's also increased some examples of that that you can see concept for the founders although they falter and so.
And then again,
something that does immediately jump out to us that may well have been particularly attractive told me was essentially etymology of names and places.
So actually, if you think about the sort of the appendices to The Lord of the Rings,
quite a lot of this material looks similar and it's easy to see, I think,
how this has had its effect on Tolkien looking back on his career,
although it does perhaps seem slightly unusual for a schoolboy to be quite so taken with it.
This is how he tells us he began his interests in philology.
And then he won an exhibition to study the striking minorities at Exeter College here in Oxford, where he was recruited in 1911.
But having set out to study the classical languages, he found them rather uninspiring as a copy of his introduction to Greek prose composition,
which you can see put an inscription on from when he was a student at Exeter, Although it seems to have originated in his time at King Edward School.
He's doing a little earlier race. This is not he's really engaging.
It's not necessarily studying his Greek prose composition as much as he might be in his first year at Exeter.
And in fact, he spends a lot of the time engaging in student crowds around the town and the police and the proctors altogether for about an hour.
Geoffrey and I catch the bus and train up Konark making unearthly noises followed by a mad crowd of people across town,
is chock full of interest before it should come off at the their I address a few stirring words,
a huge laugh before sending and removing to the maximum number of seats for the masses memorial.
Well, I address the crowd again.
So he's doing what he's doodling and in his spare time he also starts work on advising on official languages and studying the Jamaican economy.
So that beginning in the introduction to the changes at some of those occupations is starting to starting to manifest itself.
It decides to study this, chiefly the Jamaican migration in more detail.
He achieved the most second class degree in alterations the end of the first year exams and was in some danger of losing his scholarship.
But it was long paper that had infused him.
And that's because for his option, he took the paper in comparative philology where it came to be told by the extraordinary figure of Joseph Wright.
Let me tell you a little bit more about Joseph, Right. He had been born in Yorkshire.
And he began his career at the age of six as a donkey,
which meant that his job was to carry the tools around on the back of a donkey in a quarry and then take them away in shock and to bring them back.
And then he worked in a little mill. And at the age of 15, he was still illiterate.
But at that point, he found himself talking to colleagues at lunch and feeling frustrated.
And they talked about things they read in the newspapers that you couldn't read.
So in 43, and then he decided he wanted a French.
So he went to an office and learned French. And then he started teaching people French.
He made good money and it's more in classes.
And he continued to educate himself. And in fact, what we found was that he had an astonishing facility for learning languages.
And then after a bit of time, teaching and earning money and saving it,
he saved enough money to pay tuition at the University of London, which is a place that is the centre of philology.
So it's really a German subject in the 19th century. And so he had just gotten his fees and his accommodation and most of his travel.
So he splashed out about an hour and then he got out.
He walked the remaining 250 miles to Hamburg, an extraordinary figure.
And he said that return, please. And so he came back and some more money went back again.
And this time he stayed for longer.
And eventually he obtained a doctorate at the time or qualitative and quantitative changes in the DNA and found a system in Greek.
So we've come a long way, really, in just a few years, someone.
Someone who couldn't read or write.
And then he came back at some time teaching around Oxford and became the deputy assistant to the Professor of Comparative philology.
He was Max Miller. And then my mother retired.
He became a professor. The impact of philology.
And there's a picture of him that seems to support the notion.
And she always remains very much most attracted to his Yorkshire roots.
In fact, one of his great projects, which he single handedly produced, was the English dialect issue,
which he sort of inherited from water skiing and somehow managed it as it and not only to oversee the whole project,
but using tea for its publication. You said determination pale in as the professor.
This painting in the Tate is actually one of the spaces where your English Jews might see
a small version of that which hangs in the English faculty and it's not very prominent.
Probably should be more so since he's the very person who founded the Oxford.
Is one just another one of these projects. And this is I think I don't have to be in the film talking documentary, if you've seen that.
So yeah, he is an extraordinary man and he specialised in those dramatic changes.
So this person that that's how he went to someone.
He was really an old school philologist with the same interests in him and he'd written grammars of all the English, middle English, old,
high German, intellectual and gothic, and in fact, Tolkien literally he encountered right before this because he had already occurred.
He created a copy of Wright's Primer of the Alphabet language.
In 1899. He got it when he was King Edward School.
It was sold to him by one of his fellow students who bought it by accident.
He decides he wants to become a missionary.
And so when he saw this book, the translation of the New Testament into this unfamiliar language, you are really useful to me.
And I was issued to sleep on that.
And then he discovered that it was 1600 years ago.
It was no use to him. So until he sold it, told him.
And Tolkien says of this language, When you first heard and said, I was fascinated by golf itself,
the use of language which reached the eminence of liturgical use but failed early in
the tragic history of the Goths to become one of the liturgical languages of the West.
So it's partly his history as well, and she's become a testament to that.
And frankly, if he's. And he says that the concentration of the vocabulary and in a primary of language was enough just
reading the a sensation at least as full of the light as first looking into Chapman's Homer.
So it's all being really taken with the Gothic language and you do it through Rice primer.
We got a sensible call. It looks like an associate of the.
This is from cut and paste of the book of Tolkien having transcribed a piece of the.
This is the the of the lost prayer in Gothic.
She transcribed himself. You can see that. It's not just to find out about.
It's a sort of version of the alphabet and his Tolkien having very carefully transcribed it himself.
He probably got that from an original version in Francis, who's genius's edition of the New Testament, which was published in 1665.
I suspect Francisco's genius is since the founding father actually made a lot of people that way.
But I suspect another one of the potential heroes and if there's even this is a kind of parallel text,
gothic and old English and sort of thing that, you know, they want to in Haiti.
And I hope they. Said he was already transfixed by it and finally got it language.
And there's a sort of letter that he wrote to his son Christopher, later on,
having attended a lecture that he had given, where he talks a bit more about this, about the appeal of that.
And he says that having heard good things about his lecture, he was he felt similarly said all the same,
I suddenly realised that I'm a pure philologist, I like history news, but it's fine.
His name is for me A Rose in which it throws light on words and names.
Several people and I spoke state of the art, which may be the I'd Attila on his couch almost immediately present.
Yeah. Only if I find the thing that thrills my nerves is the one you mentioned casually.
But without those syllables, the whole great drama about history and imagining things to say about that is, yes, a good talk.
But I really liked listening to that diminutive formal answer, which, of course is the word father I thought comes off.
We just saw in the Gothic version of the Lord's Prayer.
So I think you can shed some light on the way to talking to the names, to words and to the original languages.
So his fascination with Gothic opened up Tolkien eyes to the world to generate fellowship.
But it was also that which of course, led to his disastrous, total disastrous, his underwhelming performance in all the mods.
It is something of a distraction he'd rather be doing. Okay. Basically.
But as he noted later on in his life, it has another important role because it it's what made him take comparative pride.
And as he himself said, it guided me to sit at the feet of old Joe in person.
He proved a great friend and advisor to his equal figure.
It's all his life. And so he talks about how he rents their home, which is up and regrows.
It's hardly not there. In fact, if you know, it is summertime, where this monstrous seventies farce, which is still called Factory,
and it's where Wright built his big family home, which his wife described as a library with a few libraries.
And when it was demolished,
they built liquefaction factory in the village in Yorkshire that he even only wants to remain connected to an established base.
They called it the PSA Society meetings, which is a pleasant Sunday afternoon society, very polite students,
and they gave them Yorkshire teas with substantial fruitcakes and Wright would entertain them.
And his favourite party trick we had, he had this terrier which he taught little snips every time he heard because they were one of the most smack
bang exists here in the in the glossary to the primer smack of items of that fancy word for a fig tree.
Somewhat random. So.
So that's sort of how people think through the primer and then through right and self.
A second linguistic discovery at this time while he was in college was his discovery in the library next to a copy of Kenny Elliot's finished Grammar,
and that's probably still there in the library today.
Annotated by Yes, she wrote in the library books, Knock it out for us.
And he says in an of celebration, most important perhaps of the Gulf, was the discovery in his college library.
When I was supposed to be reading on a most of the finished grammar.
It was like discovering a complete wine cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine, the kind of flavour never tasted before.
It quite intoxicated me and I gave up the events and unrecorded language in my own and my own
language of serious events and activities became infinitely powerful and structure as it should.
Are you referring to Hawking's annotations so that.
He already discovered Finnish national epic, the Caribana,
while he was a canvas and was particularly affected by the story of he died paper of assets at Oxford Corpus in 19 5014 and 2x2 1950.
And it's not even published. It's a perversion of the story that says.
It is only she is this tutor next to that who in his first year pointed out,
given his love of the English languages and his parents lack of interest in it in classical languages,
that he should instead switch to the final school in English language and literature.
And this, of course, is very positive news for Tolkien, because the curriculum in those days is heavily focussed on old and philology.
And it's those aspects of the course that he turns to and we can get an insight.
It's kind of mysterious. And some of this his notes and essays still survive secrets.
And this is an essay you wrote on the language of Chaucer focusing on phonology and accidents, particularly on the native element.
And you can see some of the deadline that say, the 1530.
You can see what the reading the long that so is.
I mean, I'm not sure she's a native but I was plan to work out exactly what to say when I choose that particular issue because
it has to be comment on the white dwarf right that is working out how you get middle English taught from all the way on.
He excelled at the English course, winning the college's skeet prize, for which he got a copy of the presentation copy of the Masters.
So he's on the same thrill in quite the same way.
In fact, I know he didn't train them quite the same way because although he signed it, he never actually cut the pages, so he cannot read it.
However, fortunately for him,
there was also cash prize and what he did in fact was bought a copy of Maurice Chase's Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative.
So here's another language that's really important. Social development is a philologist, Gothic, Finnish and Welsh as a boy of nine.
He said that he was captivated by the Welsh names that were painted on a cold chain
that passed through the rural parts of the West Midlands on their way to Birmingham.
And he sort of was intrigued by these words that appeared on the trains.
And its natural attraction to the Welsh language was further encouraged by James Wright, who put it in characteristically physical terms.
He said to him, Going to Celtic that I know is of course that influenced tongues,
I think tongues in those races running at that point and where he imagined they're not.
That's from the the lecture Tolkien them that English and Welsh and the O'Donnell Celtic match which he gave the University of Oxford in 1955,
is actually the day after the publication of the Return of the King.
It might contain things and he says it myself.
I would say that more than the interest and uses of the study of Welsh as a matter of English philology,
more than the practical linguists desire to acquire the knowledge of Welsh for the enlargement of his experience.
More, even though the interest was that the literature older and newer that is preserved in it.
These two things in importance. Welsh is the best soil.
This island, the scene, the language of the man of Britain.
Welsh is beautiful. An interesting insight into how our focus is.
I'm just not used to something about the history and people have realised to this to
Great Britain and please a that pleasure in welcoming the me from a particular language.
He admits that it is difficult to quantify the concept of beauty in relation to language, and it's a subjective phenomenon.
But he says that most people would surely admit that the word Salvador is a beautiful word, especially if you divorce it from its usual meaning.
And. So for me, something like that said, it all sounds beautiful, more so than you'll see out at.
And he said, Well, for me, the doors are extremely extraordinary, difficult to find the most single word from its context,
its meaning and its usual sanity, just focusing on the fantastic qualities of grace, you get a pure aesthetic pleasure.
Well, she's particularly important for in that regard.
Okay, so at this point, of course, once he graduated from Oxford, Tolkien went off to the First World War.
And so, I mean, sort of passé is not so relevant for his development as a philologist that he wasn't more
about that because once we were talking the Great War and we'll hear the story again in 1919,
we told him as a demobbed soldier came back to Oxford and he looks for gainful employment.
What would you do as a philologist? It was a philologist.
Well, people who made this contact and see if he's got any ideas and so he turns to the person who taught him Old Norse.
That's the the the sort of origin of the Scandinavian, which is Old Norse.
And this is a man called William Craigie, who was the holder of Rolling Stone and also a professor of linguistics and recollection.
And also along with that, the third editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.
And his response was to recommend as a worker assistance on DVD or what's called the new English Dictionary at that time.
And he made this recommendation to his co-editor, Henry Bradley, who was at that point working his way through the letter W.
And the reason he did not to take out you himself was because W is a word that is particularly prominent in terms of Germanic.
Was there a large number of words w w e and so therefore tohe has a well trained Germanic philologist in particular value.
So Bradley did not work.
And so we get a sense of what he was doing by looking through some of the materials produced as part of the work on top of you by talking.
He talks of those days of even of being based in the old Ashmolean building, as it's called.
This is now the Museum of the History Science on Wall Street.
And it is a good read that he wrote for Henry Brindley, who worked on the he he describes it as that great dusty workshop around the grounds,
his unfortunately of his experience working every day and says that that's where he
earned his first glimpse at the unique and dominant figure of Charles Talbot Onions.
He was the fourth editor of Dark Surveying, a fledgling apprentice in the dictionary, and then fiddling with the Six Flags and all the rest.
And one of those things was Tolkien worked on the sets of these little bits of paper on which
all of the OED citations and definitions and a large number of these relates to those words,
and a few others survived into all kinds of everyday.
It's the first one.
First word he was given to the lexicographer symbologist word panel, which is you could see in early history because he says number one,
wagging, shaking head and face, that one in chief he used as a specialist, turning off, I suspect you, down to the one over waggle.
As a starting point, it's not very interesting. And then it's all crossed out.
And you could just see practising the act of waggling specifically in golf hasn't quite.
Lexicographers are part of confession. Some of things are very briefly, but Tolkien was in the legal and those kinds of was probably all over.
But there are some great Germanic roots that he did say, for instance, the World War II and the Golden Age,
which is particularly interesting theologically because it shifts results all in a sense of being.
You can see here the gloomy black and then comes to me, Pale city, sunlight and so on.
And so he really had himself good when it came to his words, trying to explain those kinds of changes.
And you can see it's really quite long and detailed descriptions which all
made it to this exact date in the speech from the current version of the OED.
Many of these entries still under the ice from the first edition and have all his descriptions and assemblages still in them.
So that's one. Another one would be the word walnut, which is another interesting example.
If you read that you learn a lot about the origin of walnut and the fact that, you know, the English is only one example of this.
The earliest known appearance of the word in any language must, however, come from the continent.
But it's not clear whether it came very early in old English or was introduced relatively late.
And etymological means and not the Romans says, oh, well,
do well is the word for a foreign Is a foreign not I mean it comes from the Romans or is the native.
This refers to the hazel. This is a classic example of the way that Tolkien uses a single word in its etymology,
trying to understand it as being a context of the relationships between people, whether it was before they migrated or after and so on.
And well of being far enough west the foreigner, which then becomes the word Welsh in modern English.
Another other that he worked on some detail is the word walrus.
And here we have a court case set looking at all of the different forms of that were trying to reconstruct the path by which the
Old Norse word goes in order for Rosemount represented Dutch and and is borrowed into English uniform for us in the 17th century.
There are six different drafts of the technology in the papers.
So it's really teasing it out, trying to get it right and.
Again, the very details and this is on the zoological incroyable interpretation of horse whale and popular or folk etymology.
These obviously influence this story as well, which Tony rightly dismisses as also another slip.
This my science on reverse. It's told me through a quotation from Beowulf for a completely different entry.
This is passive entry rule, but on the back of this you can see a making notes on the exploitation of walrus.
Again, still trying to get it right, still trying to explain these various different forms listed in that Rosemount resident father Russell.
He's an old, old Northwest walrus. And then underneath it, some Russian words.
He's trying to understand the origin of the English word Morse in relation to it.
And then it wasn't that some Finnish words, these ones really society stupidity counts and underneath it stands count is the Finnish word.
And then underneath it, but gothic word, sounds.
And these both words mean beautiful.
And in fact the Gothic word is the origin of the Finnish word.
This is why I put it like that. It seems to go back to Germany.
So it's going to be an asterisk to show that it's a reconstructed form.
I think that's probably another reason why some he can finish such an interesting language.
It has a number of borrowings from the earliest form of Germanic, which survives survived completely unchanged or largely unchanged.
So you get some of these really interesting, very early survivals.
Another example that is treating us looks identical to the reconstructed for treating us as asterisk forms,
even if it is a strange Middle-Earth disastrous reality.
And again, I think this is something that appeals to Tolkien, these things because it finished unchanged.
And so he is still trying to work out the etymology of walrus.
And it's not seems as if you got somewhat obsessed by walrus.
There's actually a book in the Western Library that has offered 30 pages of notes just on the word walrus.
So he spent a year working every day, and then he got his own ideas as well.
When it was published, volume of the article which contains these these words edited by Henry Brundage.
Well, we're talking like a mention there. You can see it as the logical facts or suggestions.
Not getting the nomination is what we found with the Wolf of the week, Woolworths, Wal Mart walrus log and so on.
But essentially because of the articles on the prefix wal and the subject is what was the origin and functions of the countries with a full list,
Not hitherto. And so it is a notepad.
So what could you have done? But then you've got to meet for his first academic post as reader in English language,
where he was tasked with reinvigorating the study of English philology.
First of all, single handed. And then with his colleague and friend Eddie Gordon.
And of course, famously they worked on that issue out in the green light thought, Right.
They also founded the Leeds University Fighting Club, where they met hours and sort of hours and hours with students to read, sing,
perform various poems, songs in Old Norse, in Old English, in Gothic, many of which were authored by Google and Tolkien themselves.
Then, of course, in 1925, when Crazy Woman chief scientist Matt Williams resigned his professorship and moved to the University of Chicago.
So he applied for the chair. And we have from his applications.
And a reference to his successes in teaching theology at Leeds, he says, noting the loss of these students its connotations of terror.
It is not a mystery. And he says the connections to the whole incident also.
Chair I should make productive use of the opportunities which offers to research advance to the best of my ability.
The growing neediness of linguistic and literary studies, which inevitably enemies beset by misunderstanding without lost faith,
and to continue in a way that will first of all feel the encouragement of philological
enthusiasm among the young is a mission statement on his return to Oxford,
because it was essentially he made a short visit to an application process.
The other person, this kind of citizen who had been is a less user of the students at Oxford.
So it's a slightly awkward dynamic. And in fact, he was his person who he had worked together with in producing his first published work.
So they published a book which was a glossary of his middle English anthology,
quote, 14th century verse and process, a collection of middle English texts.
And so he was recruited to write the glossary for a and he needs to be quite a slow glossary.
So he, of course, characteristically couldn't leave it alone, coming back to it,
constantly revising it, and eventually, as an actor publishes an apology manuscript.
And ODP then produced the glossary separate page later.
So here it is, a new linguistic category, but they are also designed to use seismic 14th century verse and phrase.
And Tolkien did research. The 18th is a molehill glossary grade from Mountain.
I accumulated domestic distractions. But you know what's important?
But it's very thorough and comprehensive. So eventually the book was published with the glossary later on.
And of course Tolkien got the job overseas and he took up the chair in 1925 and spent 20 years as the role of the impulsive professor.
And then in 1945, he moved to Mercedes, become the chair of English language, where he studied science.
In 1959, we got a sense of his philological contribution to the curriculum from the list of lectures that appeared under his name during that period.
So for instance, this is along with a number of other pieces actually on the side, and most of them quite austere.
One can't imagine them attracting a huge crowd. My first college roommate, because of the changes to my numerals problems along these lines.
So the generic version is an eight week lecture course, Thursdays at ten Michaelmas, 1928.
And because there was obviously plenty more where that came from, there's another series of eight lectures on the 27th 11 anniversary of 1929,
followed by 16 lectures on accommodate constant changes, eight on numerals and eight on problems of English philology.
And he uses that shirt extensively on Old Norse.
And I like this comment as well, which seems to capture what it would be like being one of his lectures.
He says, I would always rather try to bring the juice into the single sentence or explore the implications
of one word rather than trying to some period in a lecture or talk about a paragraph.
And that's what people say who writes about her and insists that she's really even
spent an hour talking about one word is the guy in the Green Knight page of the paper.
He may forget what it was or what life is all about.
And so people were endlessly mystified by what was going on. On the model.
It is Leeds Viking Covenant Racing people who read this action more positively.
Robert Burchfield, who was a student at the scene, assesses movements to begin with and then started doing his doctorate, working with the community.
And he says,
I was entranced by the arguments that he presented to logical building audiences about the dangers in examination schools the mobs may have,
and that was already devoted to how machines that we're seeing driven away by the speed of history and the complexity of syntax.
By the third, we can turn this small band of true from.
I always want to say I should continue providing residues, referencing puckish fictional ingredients, literally and logically.
And then one of W.H. Auden.
And if you don't remember a single word you say. But at a certain point, he recited magnificently along.
I was spellbound. This poetry I knew was going to be my dish.
And as I said, you also at this on the model that the league is fighting for.
I that could call top cold fighters a group of distinguished philologists in the university determined to promote this study of Old Norse.
He held the important role in getting students together,
faculty members who might be interested in learning the language and could promote it amongst their students.
So this was made up of some of the most distinguished philologists and scholars in the university.
You can see that also included C.S. Lewis, who by that age was early on in his time,
but recently met Lois Collins, who was one of the editors of the day.
Lewis for using them for the idea.
He already loved the old songs, but it never had a chance to study the language.
So he's extremely keen when he was given a chance.
Also, he did, of course, in his diaries and very enthusiastic about it, and he says began working on it very clearly into the classical movement.
Look at Morris's translation of Encyclopaedia on the Crib.
This is quite difficult.
And there is a story about one of the other members having to go into a meeting with Tolkien and having a copy of the other hand on the desk,
reading from it and so on. And there's also a little educational device in which some of the cold ideas to come to an end published on 2830.
And it tells you which session all the time is that you have to translate in advance.
So you still promoting pedagogy and the teaching is encouraging and not.
And then just finally.
Thinking about sort of moving forward to towards the end of his life, by which time he is very well known and distinguished by a set of fantasy.
And at this point, he received a letter from Robert Stone, who you just met,
who seemed to be talking, went on to become editor of the supplement of the United States.
And when we were looking back at that, the words that were not included in the OED and tried to include in supplementary version,
he came to homeless and and of course,
talking in order to give us give us an explanation of the origins of the word and Appendix F of Lord of the Rings,
where he says the Hobbit was name usually applied to all mankind medical departments.
No area of the origin of the word explainers forgotten.
It seems, however, that being a first name given to an Office of High Schools and to be awarded for the word in Rome Roman holiday the whole.
This is a kind of brilliant piece of work full of letters,
I think I told you because he made the word of it up and has no written permission to hold me.
That is a kind of plausible English.
And given that the Roman is associated with old English, it's a plausible old English etymology, which does to you in old English.
Hard indeed. Very steady in holdover. So to kind of make sense.
But when he was asked in 1976, when he was asked in 1969 by Burchfield for a comment on where I came from,
it took him about nine months to reply, know his usual form, he says.
Unfortunately, as all lexicographers know, two things and that's even trouble.
They always tend to be less simple than you thought.
You were slightly receiving a long letter on related matters, which, even if it is in time, only a small part is useful.
And it says for the moment, this is how lucky you are in having mastered the ethnology invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and investigated by the experts.
I knew that the claim was not there, but I did not follow through into it until faced by the confusion of Hobbit in the supplement.
And then he submits the following definition One of the imaginary people for the human race.
They gave himself this name and hold that quote by himself the six and a half quite normal man.
And that is indeed exactly what went in the supplement of the OED.
And so he makes his way back into the everyday in that respect and that no matter which may or may not prove relevant or interesting,
sadly, never actually appeared. Okay, so I've got a bit of time questions, which makes me think one has any.