1 00:00:00,470 --> 00:00:01,530 My name is Grace Khuri. 2 00:00:01,530 --> 00:00:10,650 I'm a fourth year DPhil student here at Oxford, writing my DPhil thesis on J.R.R. Tolkien's the Silmarillion and also the Book of Lost Tales. 3 00:00:11,220 --> 00:00:20,110 And looking at the principal Norse mythology and the First World War and how those two very different influences visually interact with each other, 4 00:00:20,130 --> 00:00:22,740 both in his early mythology and his later mythology. 5 00:00:23,580 --> 00:00:33,720 Today I'm going to be talking about the Elf names in the old English poetry and the historical texts that Tolkien was reading as an undergraduate. 6 00:00:35,070 --> 00:00:41,130 And how this may have been a very key inspiration in his early mythology, and relevant in the 1910's. 7 00:00:41,500 --> 00:00:50,819 In the centre of this 1913 portrait stands the slight, surprisingly Elven figure 8 00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:55,760 Of then 21 year old John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Just a few years later 9 00:00:55,770 --> 00:01:05,310 He was to write the following, possibly slightly autobiographical description a heroic but doomed novel or an older analysis of the doomed city. 10 00:01:09,660 --> 00:01:17,430 The fathers of the fathers of men with less stature than that now and the children of Elfinesse a greater growth. 11 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:24,810 Small remaining and slender and very lithe. They were swift of foot and surpassing fair. 12 00:01:26,860 --> 00:01:28,450 Around the time of this photograph, 13 00:01:28,630 --> 00:01:37,090 Tolkien switched from the Classics school to the English school at Oxford to pursue his interest in Germanic philology and of course its name. 14 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:43,600 And that was until he was at this time, a year away for embarking on this journey of creation. 15 00:01:44,140 --> 00:01:49,000 The development of the collection of recycled material that he later said and wish 16 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:56,200 to dedicate to England a desire for specifically English as opposed to a British, 17 00:01:56,200 --> 00:02:00,160 much less German or Teutonic mythology was not neat to him. 18 00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:10,980 The same. Similar sentiments have been expressed in E.M. Forster, his 1910 novel, Howards End, 19 00:02:11,460 --> 00:02:18,080 which asks the question, Why hasn't England in biology, Tolkien or Andrews? 20 00:02:18,090 --> 00:02:21,150 Question In 1930 British Academy Lecture. 21 00:02:21,450 --> 00:02:30,600 They were monsters and critics explaining that of English pre-Christian mythology practically nothing. 22 00:02:31,620 --> 00:02:35,850 Sadly, these own sentiments as those of a wider left in the statement. 23 00:02:36,570 --> 00:02:41,430 We may regret that it was not a war about pre-Christian English frivolity. 24 00:02:42,900 --> 00:02:50,010 Some two decades earlier, Tolkien had set out to attempt to build or find this lost biology of England, 25 00:02:50,820 --> 00:02:54,660 exploring what might have been slowly, sparsely recorded, 26 00:02:55,350 --> 00:02:56,120 and in doing so, 27 00:02:56,160 --> 00:03:10,830 trying to geographically localise some cities that matches are subsequently bad places and create problems on his now but still classic works. 28 00:03:10,840 --> 00:03:18,990 The Hobbit, 1937 and Lord of the Rings, his opus, and the one to which he dedicated nearly six years of his life. 29 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:28,710 What is an intimacy? Most mythology eventually ended and published by the third son and literary executor, Christopher in 1977. 30 00:03:29,250 --> 00:03:34,500 From later drafts from the 1950s, The Sun welcomes this man. 31 00:03:34,590 --> 00:03:35,159 Last year, 32 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:45,360 history was the best of the work arranged by thousands of years was first conceived during the unlikeliest of times during the late 19 tens. 33 00:03:45,690 --> 00:03:48,990 In the fractious and uncertain atmosphere of the First World War. 34 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:54,300 It's never completed, but often rewritten and in pre-history. 35 00:03:54,780 --> 00:04:01,590 In its earliest incarnation, it was known as the Book of Lost Skills, written between 1917 and 1990, 36 00:04:02,490 --> 00:04:07,230 a collaboration of sorts of numerous depths to both medieval and people works. 37 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:17,390 This version sets a framed narrative which came in two basic variants full reversion in use between 1917 and 1919, 38 00:04:17,850 --> 00:04:21,470 the migration era German wanderer on the continents. 39 00:04:21,480 --> 00:04:31,800 Nature. You see, I was in love. The outside world and fragmentary versions are about 1920, 40 00:04:32,250 --> 00:04:41,100 which changes the heritage and time periods and traveller to that of an Anglo-Saxon laid out witness or help French iniquitous name, 41 00:04:41,100 --> 00:04:53,500 as we shall see from 10th century England in the segment fragmentary trade, narrative number and sales of wide oceans out in England, 42 00:04:53,770 --> 00:04:58,170 which alone happens when Smith moved to Northern Ireland in the Western Ocean. 43 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:06,150 Although his later friend narrative generally survives in a series of longer and shorter passages and short outlines, 44 00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:13,800 some intriguing examples of the young Tolkien's medievalism are on display in one passage out 45 00:05:14,250 --> 00:05:20,640 of England that was driven from Luthien Tolkien's alternate make England by the Normans. 46 00:05:21,390 --> 00:05:25,800 After arriving in England and all the rest, he is surprised to hear them. 47 00:05:26,010 --> 00:05:29,880 The owls seek the stage of Alfred of Wessex. 48 00:05:30,690 --> 00:05:33,510 Our winner is from 11 Century Masters, 49 00:05:33,780 --> 00:05:42,900 and given he was driven out an Normans would have been any contemporary of Harold Godwinson, implying that you say around 1066. 50 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:52,950 This last reference is interesting for several reasons. One is that ID specifically speak of the West sex and dialect of old English. 51 00:05:53,610 --> 00:06:01,660 Second, the association with a historical king of Anglo-Saxon England, whose name means happens to me in both counsels, 52 00:06:02,100 --> 00:06:09,880 raises the possibility of contact between this historical personage and the Alps, included in Tolkien's re-imagining of England. 53 00:06:11,400 --> 00:06:13,709 This last is confirmed in another outline, 54 00:06:13,710 --> 00:06:20,730 which suggests that the Alps did in fact process with English for a time, explaining why they speak English. 55 00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:30,050 This also implicitly gives a possible historical explanation for the numerous personal meanings with the prefix of or else 56 00:06:30,390 --> 00:06:38,280 in England in this scheme life and survivals almost symbiotic relationship between two races in early medieval times. 57 00:06:39,630 --> 00:06:47,490 Intriguingly, even the earlier figure of Ariel was given important connections to Anglo-Saxon history won out by his father, 58 00:06:47,740 --> 00:06:49,680 the legendary founder first hand, 59 00:06:49,980 --> 00:06:58,570 and also made famous for its ecclesiastical history of the English people after the death of Ariel's first wife, Kwame. 60 00:06:59,280 --> 00:07:03,080 He marries the woman. A blessed gift. 61 00:07:03,500 --> 00:07:08,660 And has another son named Peter and happens to be the name of Cobar, 62 00:07:08,720 --> 00:07:15,770 is planned today on the old English home date or for their upcoming 10th century excursion later this fall. 63 00:07:15,770 --> 00:07:26,360 Considering the later authors, the so-called Golden Remnant, a collection of accounts of alleged history, and Christopher Tolkien, 64 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:36,080 so consolidating clarifying his father's numerous outlines, we began to see it ought to be an artfully revised early English landscape of history. 65 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:43,580 The sons of Ariel and his horse and rider conquer the islands and things. 66 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:46,100 They were not hostile to the others. 67 00:07:46,250 --> 00:07:54,650 And from that the English are the true tradition of the fairies horses, the games to the tower for the author's name for Oxford, 68 00:07:55,160 --> 00:08:00,200 suggesting that the future university town was once the habitation of the elves. 69 00:08:00,910 --> 00:08:10,670 These stories, aerial and later played them here, range from cosmic comic net to promote legends of both mortals and immortals. 70 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:19,000 Man hours vulnerable. The fairies here calls the scandalous entangled in a wire strike with the fallen Bella Melbourne. 71 00:08:19,040 --> 00:08:31,930 But remember this conflation of traits with Satan that also Loki from our psychology but elsewhere and have all been shown here and taken 72 00:08:32,570 --> 00:08:40,340 it upon himself to report on the balance of the true mythology of the island that was later confused in Germanic and Celtic memory. 73 00:08:41,570 --> 00:08:49,540 Instead, it's an editor of Tolkien summary of the statue sort of meeting the dramatic figure Ariel tells it. 74 00:08:49,910 --> 00:08:59,930 Woven in are two of those accidental deaths here, all of whom the LSH fairies identified as three figures. 75 00:08:59,930 --> 00:09:08,930 Among them are being something from the gods himself as a generic man, but later naming two cats and four. 76 00:09:10,250 --> 00:09:16,740 Policy makes clear how this transmission about which to see handles, 77 00:09:17,030 --> 00:09:24,290 if they know not and have no means of learning and speeches must converse and each tongue of English, 78 00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:29,270 however, elsewhere, does learn in record the Elvish languages. 79 00:09:31,100 --> 00:09:38,900 Medieval scholar of these poor sat to accept the serious portrait of an alphabet I've seen here and the genius love manuscript. 80 00:09:38,930 --> 00:09:44,330 You and Crosby Library, who's a Japanese speaker, thought I would transcribe himself, 81 00:09:45,350 --> 00:09:50,990 could have been an inspiration for Tolkien's own travellers scribe of the same. 82 00:09:56,090 --> 00:09:59,240 It's inspired a range of beings to deliver Latinos. 83 00:09:59,550 --> 00:10:04,290 The heart of this mythology, our heroes in Latin was written decades later. 84 00:10:04,560 --> 00:10:13,020 Tolkien characterised The Silmarillion, the later version of book stores Tales as an Elf centric anthology and as a history of the arts. 85 00:10:14,040 --> 00:10:17,340 And it's also the 1931 by ourselves. And Walton. 86 00:10:17,610 --> 00:10:24,090 Tolkien expresses self-deprecating nostalgia over his former wish that an apology to England. 87 00:10:25,180 --> 00:10:32,829 Talking solar, how the drought was observed. The Tompkins movement is actually better characterised as at least for the early 88 00:10:32,830 --> 00:10:39,730 stage and mythology for Anglo-Saxon functioning as a prehistory of the Anglo-Saxons. 89 00:10:40,330 --> 00:10:50,020 One that describes otherwise recorded archaeological reconstructions before the events of the migration of the animals. 90 00:10:50,020 --> 00:10:53,170 Saxons and Jews from the continent of England. 91 00:10:54,590 --> 00:11:03,270 Domain name and size of Englishness. Harry's is an important part of Tolkien's early project in my statement. 92 00:11:03,300 --> 00:11:11,740 It is unsurprising that a young talking to the surviving person grows from the pre conquest period for suitable blueprints. 93 00:11:11,960 --> 00:11:15,230 Such a project as the speaker will argue. 94 00:11:15,560 --> 00:11:23,810 Something so far unrecognised growth and loss for Tolkien's mythology are to be found in ubiquitous interview tables and suggested that some 95 00:11:24,230 --> 00:11:35,030 personal names with the tantalising prefix which went far beyond simply singling out when already discussed by numerous scholars such as Maria. 96 00:11:35,300 --> 00:11:38,570 So what happens to your car? 97 00:11:40,390 --> 00:11:48,880 Tell him it's up to you. Just the vision involves departing from demonised perspectives, abandoned old English sources of variables, 98 00:11:49,330 --> 00:12:00,110 whether listed among the monsters to savants, king and more diminutive about how diversions propagated by the Victorians as much. 99 00:12:00,130 --> 00:12:06,900 15 observes Tolkien was to reconstruct the genuine English channels of Anglo-Saxon 100 00:12:06,910 --> 00:12:15,430 units and batches well results and into the corpus fairy poetry of the period, 101 00:12:15,790 --> 00:12:19,510 including with this 1915 carbon feed. 102 00:12:20,140 --> 00:12:34,480 Alternatively, titles in old English who map so use where you see early websites and form so selling be different sort being within development 103 00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:42,430 in his imagination at that time own certainly with capable English literature with study as a monster undergraduate. 104 00:12:43,630 --> 00:12:48,490 Although some little a truly mythological nature survived from the Anglo-Saxon period 105 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:55,120 personal names of time accidentally a a heroic history of such preternatural beings, 106 00:12:55,510 --> 00:13:04,950 and where English taken very literally represent the lowest time influence for embodying philologist term storyteller. 107 00:13:08,170 --> 00:13:14,860 The Anglo-Saxon word for out for his colleagues also had a few dialect variants seven which are 108 00:13:14,860 --> 00:13:24,100 represented by his early Saxon scene and the alternative type who come from his late Saxon. 109 00:13:26,620 --> 00:13:38,949 Mercifully so, because his former personal needs and the Lost Hills and Kaddish about surviving in modern English for total absence in numerous cases, 110 00:13:38,950 --> 00:13:40,420 including Oliver Stone. 111 00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:52,030 As we shall see, occasionally this variant appears in written wrappers like charts or even coins, sometimes dogmatic or compound personal names. 112 00:13:52,420 --> 00:13:58,210 Some of this probably first element merged with tier of themes or certain elements 113 00:13:58,480 --> 00:14:03,790 consisting of adjectives denoting noble or generally her heroic martial traits. 114 00:14:04,840 --> 00:14:12,610 These sometimes took rustic or abbreviated forms in which multiple consonants, sometimes vowels were dropped. 115 00:14:13,510 --> 00:14:21,130 For instance, things like our hair tie could appears out there inside the first page. 116 00:14:22,180 --> 00:14:25,270 Other strange attractions were possible as well. 117 00:14:28,810 --> 00:14:36,760 Before examining talking strokes, it's worth noting that Oxford itself had legends featuring persons of mythological personal names. 118 00:14:37,420 --> 00:14:41,920 The supposed founder of University College was none other than Alfred the Great. 119 00:14:43,090 --> 00:14:46,670 The websites indicate he was famous for its feats of pushing back the incursions, 120 00:14:47,020 --> 00:14:56,349 the first celebrated program of learning and translations associated with his or her Falstaff Anglo-Saxon dictionary 121 00:14:56,350 --> 00:15:08,170 breaks down names to balance out as a rock council politician in Jim Faulkner's A History of Oxford Charter from 1906. 122 00:15:08,560 --> 00:15:11,740 Consider what he could have come across at the time. 123 00:15:12,490 --> 00:15:22,420 The author praises and buffs of that Alfred, founder of the University of Oxford, noting, among other things, he never imagined since clever, 124 00:15:23,380 --> 00:15:30,100 propulsive scholarship does not discount its role as a possible inspiration for all means urging the following. 125 00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:33,640 Several Freudian texts were wired for reading, 126 00:15:33,850 --> 00:15:42,070 and there are combined additions and substantial nature seeming confirmation of the other worldly tutelage suggested by his name. 127 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:49,209 But that unsullied and personally translated may not be attributed to scholars. 128 00:15:49,210 --> 00:16:00,090 Streisand scored a symbolic to Palfrey, taking Oxford standard length city quayside neglected to mention in his associations with the rulers. 129 00:16:00,100 --> 00:16:03,280 His name suggests the existence of our roads and houses. 130 00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:12,010 I think he Tolkien's writings, especially the rains, have been gradually renowned for their wisdom and advice. 131 00:16:13,330 --> 00:16:17,140 In his study of Anglo-Saxon personal names, Peter Jensen observes, 132 00:16:17,380 --> 00:16:26,830 A robust use in the late 19th century shows how their name in the end use to match in person makes a comment especially 133 00:16:26,830 --> 00:16:34,660 salient for politics by pushing for the proclivity for finding stories and lost histories in words and personal names. 134 00:16:36,040 --> 00:16:39,700 As mentioned earlier, he has a stronger operator here. 135 00:16:39,850 --> 00:16:45,210 I'll speak to Sea Shepherd Wessex, which is strong evidence for a connection. 136 00:16:45,220 --> 00:16:53,860 If you talk to the stories and the West Saxon and the fact that at one time two streets in Oxford, 137 00:16:53,890 --> 00:16:58,360 one of which was changed a busy street in 1924 named after Alfred. 138 00:16:58,700 --> 00:17:05,410 It's a testimony to the endurance of the city, the surviving Alfred Street, just all kinds street. 139 00:17:05,710 --> 00:17:15,280 But the sound for a while, that's all. He likely walked on, at least occasionally while student and as he walked on the council street. 140 00:17:15,430 --> 00:17:18,520 Robin there was also the fabulous Alfred. 141 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:24,160 She held up the nearby museum which bears the assertion. 142 00:17:24,850 --> 00:17:30,440 Alfred checked your work in alphabetical order. 143 00:17:30,440 --> 00:17:42,160 He's to be made. In another little legend set in the 17th century and only reported in several 12th century sources. 144 00:17:42,460 --> 00:17:48,940 That of Stephen Fry described the so-called life be one of two Locke text extended on William Atholl stories. 145 00:17:48,940 --> 00:17:58,540 The British Academy has just confirmed that on 2507, daughter Kate offered The Princess Diaries. 146 00:17:59,470 --> 00:18:04,000 These are seen from the relentless King Algar of Leicester, 147 00:18:04,750 --> 00:18:12,940 whose name a condensed version of our GA spear paired with his round behaviour as he wouldn't be a doctor, 148 00:18:13,330 --> 00:18:22,899 symbolically combines Ecuador various associations with powers propagated by most like Bay Wall and several English charms which 149 00:18:22,900 --> 00:18:35,770 feature rabbits and rabbits youthfully shot from arrows mouths focal to lie tablets not to know a small history of Oxfordshire. 150 00:18:36,310 --> 00:18:40,040 The eighth century Princess Oxford better characterised as one. 151 00:18:40,490 --> 00:18:46,660 Beauty and charm captivated the hearts of many young men, among which was inscribed Prince. 152 00:18:46,690 --> 00:18:55,810 Our lockdown acid comments on writing letters of warning, whose names and ambassadors were sent not only to urge assumed, 153 00:18:56,080 --> 00:19:02,120 but also secret instructions to carry her off unfortunate necessary English. 154 00:19:02,230 --> 00:19:05,390 This is why we can no longer pursue. 155 00:19:07,570 --> 00:19:13,420 Incidentally, pricewise, Matron raises the princess, scolds our student. 156 00:19:14,140 --> 00:19:21,520 We're asked and teaches her to learn four letters, a name and contacts which like outfits. 157 00:19:21,670 --> 00:19:36,620 Once again place spells and learn. In what recycled possible Mythologise Reimagine Story The Summer Olympics two health crises. 158 00:19:36,620 --> 00:19:42,500 Kavanaugh and surgeons attempting to lift up the 79 cruises losing with themselves. 159 00:19:42,980 --> 00:19:47,990 Oh my are the latter squeezed out of each other and thought blind reason being seen 160 00:19:47,990 --> 00:19:54,860 or else in this episode when I love her bearing to rescue her and attack students, 161 00:19:55,160 --> 00:20:02,330 her brother and suitor have a right to their under the spear in a liberalisation 162 00:20:02,330 --> 00:20:09,770 opening hour from France and also buried with asymmetric princes eventual ashamed. 163 00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:14,210 Here are some arrows at losing bearing sex. 164 00:20:15,340 --> 00:20:18,220 Perhaps the realisation that didn't come as either. 165 00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:30,370 The shock shocks of the shock games broadcast and the medical tests we see, which translates against sudden stabbing pain and incidents Anglo-Saxon. 166 00:20:30,370 --> 00:20:38,710 We are in 1908, preserved rampages against various hospital supernatural beings which include the ISA, 167 00:20:39,190 --> 00:20:46,329 the old English copy of which I got some sense of this. 168 00:20:46,330 --> 00:20:49,870 The people are more than mere accidental correspondence. 169 00:20:50,380 --> 00:20:55,570 The intricate nature of his knowledge imagination have set many narratives, themes, motifs, 170 00:20:55,990 --> 00:21:05,020 well concealed manifestations inspired and legendary along for many cases, and which were unnoticed instances of snobbish materialism. 171 00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:14,410 In his 1939 lecture on fairy stories, Tolkien looks back on its own creativity during the 19 tens. 172 00:21:14,890 --> 00:21:23,020 Recalling that it takes for fairy stories, was wakened by philology on the threshold of manhood and prepared by war. 173 00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:28,190 There are hours at that time regarded as synonymous. 174 00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:35,560 See, make sure your choices are unprecedentedly virulent and industrialised World War II. 175 00:21:35,570 --> 00:21:42,740 Yet surprisingly, talking isn't the only what turns to this and other such fanciful topics during that period. 176 00:21:43,370 --> 00:21:51,589 So why our culture vigorously and often religion use myth and muscle as tools for propaganda publishing condemnation, 177 00:21:51,590 --> 00:21:56,660 constellation bar of US civilians that soldiers play for such purposes. 178 00:21:58,250 --> 00:22:02,510 At the same time, he was trying to balance the study of history, 179 00:22:02,510 --> 00:22:09,200 development of relationships with languages and some words and not least names that got a special quality. 180 00:22:11,750 --> 00:22:20,390 Later in life, Tolkien wrote the 1935 letter on the origins of The Hobbit that to me, a name comes first and the story follows. 181 00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:26,140 He reiterated this point in a 1964 interview with Dennis Drew. 182 00:22:27,830 --> 00:22:30,980 I was in writing, Always start finding. 183 00:22:31,820 --> 00:22:37,770 Give me a name and produce source. Sorry, I have to write. 184 00:22:37,770 --> 00:22:46,280 I know you've got a quality, but the old English I don't know which became the subject of the post in September 1914. 185 00:22:46,610 --> 00:22:54,270 You know, observing the expiration of the lives we all think is part of the answer. 186 00:22:54,280 --> 00:23:00,570 But they are not. And the anger of your past over it in the moment, 187 00:23:00,580 --> 00:23:09,510 send the out of the practice of angels over me to represent armed men which she 188 00:23:09,510 --> 00:23:16,200 characterised as rapturous words from which ultimately sprang a whole of my mythology. 189 00:23:17,660 --> 00:23:25,460 However, in order to build up a new team, he has called Falintil his only anthology of the Hours. 190 00:23:26,030 --> 00:23:31,909 There had to be something more an answer to it. 191 00:23:31,910 --> 00:23:36,229 A stalwart friend. Geoffrey Query over Weapons 1914. 192 00:23:36,230 --> 00:23:39,920 Cold on air now was really about Tony, he replied. 193 00:23:40,310 --> 00:23:42,590 I don't know. I'll find out. 194 00:23:43,940 --> 00:23:54,950 The strange answer is one of see crackers rather back later invented this surprising expression of the need for discovery as opposed to expansion. 195 00:23:55,250 --> 00:24:03,649 There are hopeful young establishments that are saying to stressing that Tolkien sort of work comes in literary creation later in life. 196 00:24:03,650 --> 00:24:12,020 Except for part of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien expressed appreciation for history, true or feigned in a letter. 197 00:24:12,020 --> 00:24:21,650 Tolkien expressed concern is mythology always in the sense of knew what was already there somewhere. 198 00:24:22,460 --> 00:24:30,920 Not invent this process of reporting that the search for clues and cultural and other survivals which Tolkien 199 00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:38,000 found in the text he was studying and switching from the Classics school to the English school in 1913. 200 00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:43,740 It also began informally studying Anglo-Saxon. 201 00:24:43,740 --> 00:24:51,020 It was still a Catholic school in Birmingham. Its access to relevant tax increase after arriving in Oxford in autumn 1911. 202 00:24:51,740 --> 00:24:59,540 In 1913 till June 515, with all the library leaders card not something that was automatic enough as it is now, 203 00:25:00,230 --> 00:25:03,050 which further expanded its research possibilities, 204 00:25:03,680 --> 00:25:11,509 given its course changed in order to prepare for examinations in the relevant subjects and will closely study the set text as identified 205 00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:20,540 in masters regulations for some students in preparation for term papers to be taken in its final assessments in Trinity from 1913. 206 00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:25,190 These include a lengthy list of old projects, 207 00:25:25,430 --> 00:25:32,480 including countless medieval literature for old English or Anglo-Saxon, which there was one of them a dialect, 208 00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:34,759 a keep textbook condition, 209 00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:45,590 or have received Anglo-Saxon copy copy in the body incorrectly described to date mcclements on other evidence as a starting degree. 210 00:25:45,770 --> 00:25:54,170 While research into the English school sweet reader was in process tracks and covered the more standard bus stops and dialects, 211 00:25:54,620 --> 00:26:01,939 while the Mercian and Northumbrian references also represent that he talks in 212 00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:06,440 particular stand out for the purposes of tracking down some likely inspirations. 213 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:13,280 One is a channel documentary abstracted from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The Martyrdom Affair. 214 00:26:13,880 --> 00:26:19,670 One of the texts mentioned in the observer regulations, the name is eponymous protagonist, 215 00:26:19,970 --> 00:26:26,300 endowed with a name that means time or time out in Tolkien's fragmentary narrative. 216 00:26:26,330 --> 00:26:32,300 Alfred of England from 1920. Seemingly the last of the lost tales and the chronology of composition, 217 00:26:32,870 --> 00:26:41,000 the Anglo-Saxon narrative is drawn by only a few companions, enterprising enough to brave the uncertain magical seas. 218 00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:48,320 One of these is a pair of the fatherless with him in all ventures until last fall, which. 219 00:26:49,610 --> 00:27:00,410 These other places, these other voyagers, come to try to attain a as sort of a sea after the workshop and to himself and even their names are lost. 220 00:27:01,640 --> 00:27:13,160 Out have. Although alpaca and winner are mammals, they could act as evidence of the transfer of ideas from the tax code. 221 00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:17,570 So he was reading University into his own developing mythology. 222 00:27:18,710 --> 00:27:23,360 Talking on the findings and notes attest to the fact that how we read marked on the ball hair. 223 00:27:24,110 --> 00:27:31,639 The account captured murder and Archbishop of his wrongdoings and category amnesty Council were interesting considering 224 00:27:31,640 --> 00:27:38,610 the fact that there are a number of names present quite early in that text introduced to the treatment of it, 225 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:50,090 if not more in betrays his values and obstinate as he intends to never to contain scream a prayer of war of scar. 226 00:27:50,510 --> 00:28:00,469 Perhaps in the sense that one guards against the ones able to wear an one against Charles Percy. 227 00:28:00,470 --> 00:28:04,340 And that sense yet another alpha occurs. 228 00:28:04,370 --> 00:28:14,840 All of health care reform must this in the name of one of the patients and help her out there. 229 00:28:16,310 --> 00:28:25,880 This is one grief process for our personal lives, Peter, three of which have a heroic connotation in there due to a theme or element. 230 00:28:29,470 --> 00:28:39,370 Elsewhere in this anthology so widely read. Now, one of the subtext for talking sports out of work that once was called along with Beowulf, 231 00:28:39,820 --> 00:28:42,820 the old English Code, that most influence contains fiction. 232 00:28:43,750 --> 00:28:48,910 There are two or more names would be allowed this time in an overtly role context. 233 00:28:49,330 --> 00:28:55,540 But those bearing such names played important roles in the last stand of the doomed Anglo-Saxon army against the Danes. 234 00:28:56,500 --> 00:29:09,180 There is of no difference. Create another house with a friend who is a features baron son of the tolerable make up in mind, 235 00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:17,110 or who knows how to how the name of the war longer seeks out and learns from age of fairies. 236 00:29:17,470 --> 00:29:20,600 Here we are trapped in our own past cocktails. 237 00:29:21,190 --> 00:29:31,240 More famously, it is now his modern English form for his numerous appearances and for the phrase final evening out now, 238 00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:41,620 which for me I felt boldness for courage, a striking Australian for students would, in the years after the first reading school, 239 00:29:41,980 --> 00:29:52,990 run into poverty full of many bold spells from the first day more to the most noble corruption slave owner warriors expelled and more from them 240 00:29:53,770 --> 00:30:02,919 all perished defending their city of Cumberland last from death while finding monsters in the first and most detailed version of the story, 241 00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:14,000 which was written in 1917. The presence of Judith and Sweet's reader would have been Tolkien's first introduction to the inspiring term, 242 00:30:14,460 --> 00:30:20,700 how she often reflected in his various versions of New York. 243 00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:29,490 Later, within in his 1917 tale studio, the radiant daughter of King Chamberlain, who later became the single. 244 00:30:30,570 --> 00:30:36,000 It also person was really she was Mormon, the mother of the mortal hero. 245 00:30:36,060 --> 00:30:38,330 Sure. The nickname Alaska's. 246 00:30:39,240 --> 00:30:49,690 She told him even the importance of underlining the shame portion and giving his own translation at the margin of I'll confess 247 00:30:49,740 --> 00:30:57,700 that's talking on translations proves that the concept of trap and special interest shows surprisingly English grammar. 248 00:30:57,750 --> 00:31:03,090 I'm told his reasons textbooks translated Sheena as putative philosopher, 249 00:31:03,810 --> 00:31:12,810 so his own glossary with this translation as well as Oh, she already just dated a few names from this one book. 250 00:31:13,410 --> 00:31:16,530 We see what could have been a road map for the world. 251 00:31:18,740 --> 00:31:27,510 So each reader also contains some charters, although fewer than two textbooks from the previous century among his or some from the 10th century, 252 00:31:27,510 --> 00:31:32,010 which again names the charter from nine or four. 253 00:31:32,910 --> 00:31:40,670 Well, even says, I'm here, I'm here, I'll start Mr. Alfred, Minister of here. 254 00:31:42,790 --> 00:31:48,820 I live on that and I'm going to have to keep Thurston on, I think out of gift. 255 00:31:49,820 --> 00:32:03,280 I'll mention I'm out for a year or two assuming some internal elsewhere because one of our bishop went to check for Winchester. 256 00:32:06,340 --> 00:32:18,670 So his oldest English text has a large corpus of charters with a wealth of the real names on the secretaries during the abstract society in 85, 257 00:32:19,030 --> 00:32:28,480 this work is mentioned. The hope of getting those titles both in Exeter Library Useful Charter The Reading list dated October 1813, 258 00:32:29,080 --> 00:32:31,210 making it the preferred undergraduate textbook. 259 00:32:32,020 --> 00:32:41,020 This vote, which token seems to have been started during his term in his first public school books with various non-white Saxon dialects, 260 00:32:41,590 --> 00:32:49,240 numerous Mercian and Northumbrian charters from the ninth, 10th and 11th centuries are many witnesses of prefix names. 261 00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:57,110 So the Assignment Anglo-Saxon School, originally published in 1887, 262 00:32:57,980 --> 00:33:03,450 is a somewhat condensed version of the old English texts, although inscribed in 1919. 263 00:33:04,350 --> 00:33:13,340 But this was likely access much earlier, so he could have read it in or borrowed it from libraries and observe during his undergraduate years. 264 00:33:14,450 --> 00:33:17,810 Both of these textbooks by Henry Sweet have many of the same charters. 265 00:33:18,080 --> 00:33:21,740 The earliest examples, which are from the eighth century to Mercia, 266 00:33:22,250 --> 00:33:31,190 a special Baker region and dialect intelligence due to his maternal Smithers to send an amalgam kept to our chart 267 00:33:31,220 --> 00:33:43,120 routine offer seven out of six times a signatory and to me while another of or by articles the eighth century, 268 00:33:43,250 --> 00:33:54,770 the witness seemed always possibly an alternative spelling or athlete of battle for a ninth century example, this time serving under the great King. 269 00:33:54,770 --> 00:34:02,870 Alfred uses very interestingly kind of spelling out each of these same centuries 270 00:34:03,890 --> 00:34:09,830 and the Southern Mercian charter and the three six of the name of stone also. 271 00:34:10,910 --> 00:34:16,850 And in the category of late Mercian charters from 10th century Oswald in 969, 272 00:34:16,880 --> 00:34:24,230 as in addition to the two sons named Alfred outside of GA references and out 273 00:34:24,530 --> 00:34:35,540 here is the total of eight mercian worthy as well as entry placings at sea. 274 00:34:35,540 --> 00:34:38,930 Those two victories closure. 275 00:34:41,150 --> 00:34:51,770 The same textbook also features such personal names in another work the Northumbrian dialect, the Dragon City, and is different. 276 00:34:52,250 --> 00:35:05,030 What it is translates to litany. When that well well I'll see so you see altered spelling is also some relation. 277 00:35:09,340 --> 00:35:15,350 It sends a grain of sand Out of sand in particular out of stones was to have 278 00:35:15,350 --> 00:35:21,379 an enormous impact on Tokyo's legendary crater that even now where there are, 279 00:35:21,380 --> 00:35:24,980 of course, faces literal stones, especially. 280 00:35:25,040 --> 00:35:32,870 So girls need to be offset. They ignore the gems by scheming with of Janabi themed gemstones. 281 00:35:33,770 --> 00:35:38,870 There is also very complex. It's also the stock from the Lord of the Rings format. 282 00:35:38,880 --> 00:35:49,400 Third. In one version set out in one of the late drafts of the solar wind farm, the maker Fitzgerald calls the stone, 283 00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:55,950 which he gives to his eldest son, Mike Ross, and several other versions of the origin story were finished. 284 00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:57,830 It was published in 1980. 285 00:35:58,640 --> 00:36:08,980 How the Children of God Written and therefore also one of the announcers, the inventor who gave the stoned princess girl later Mother. 286 00:36:08,990 --> 00:36:12,340 These things have built up more and more. 287 00:36:13,530 --> 00:36:19,380 In another area is Cameron, his son and grandson, the same crown jewel. 288 00:36:20,280 --> 00:36:32,969 Whatever the story and the Psalms always end of stone in the most literal sense, because it's Anglo-Saxon, we are only served to Beowulf. 289 00:36:32,970 --> 00:36:40,860 Tolkien borrow the line about the extensions and translations, which also has its share of references to owls, 290 00:36:41,640 --> 00:36:48,540 most infamous in terms of funerals in the passage describing the monstrous settlements claim, 291 00:36:49,020 --> 00:36:56,820 which the man either crept into this one much later and story hero Stephen King inspired as dragons. 292 00:36:56,880 --> 00:37:04,780 He is assisted by Beyond Pain. Big Laugh is a chance at opening up his arms, as in the battle. 293 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:11,670 Now again, here is a hero's personal name inversion context place. 294 00:37:11,670 --> 00:37:20,520 Since we last, at least symbolically. Else is the third allusion to elves. 295 00:37:20,520 --> 00:37:32,040 He's more controversial in modern times. The one before any in the original manuscript is the compound of Warner literally translated the Palace, 296 00:37:32,790 --> 00:37:41,310 an appellation one scholar has linked with, billed himself interpreting it as a possible signal of its power over other creatures. 297 00:37:42,660 --> 00:37:50,550 Although a few scholars argued in favour of the manuscript, reading the true meaning of the phrase has been largely rejected since the 19th century, 298 00:37:50,880 --> 00:37:58,620 with most editions replacing our Walder with our wilder ruler a reference from God. 299 00:38:01,470 --> 00:38:15,860 However, a rare exception is at Thousands 1912 edition, which features our world in the main text writing, Tolkien uses long very happily. 300 00:38:16,080 --> 00:38:25,979 From 1913 onwards, he's got his copies inscribed with the 1913 date, and it is heavily annotated and will certainly be bound. 301 00:38:25,980 --> 00:38:33,480 In 1919 scenes, Tolkien used this vision and others only one can find his eight. 302 00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:40,350 From the bottom of the page, each short handwritten reading list from 1913. 303 00:38:41,310 --> 00:38:46,090 There is a note saying All these publications combined, 304 00:38:46,090 --> 00:38:54,390 you could have read far more than the text listed in either its almost or the sort of commentary on record itself. 305 00:38:55,020 --> 00:38:58,400 Julius Jesus. 1882. Transliteration. 306 00:38:59,070 --> 00:39:05,220 Facing age, facsimile and secretly English Text aside, what are we allowed to see? 307 00:39:05,470 --> 00:39:12,840 Well, it's hard to tell you this witness reinforcing how some seemingly heterodox editorial choice. 308 00:39:13,980 --> 00:39:23,340 What is especially intriguing here is that while the epilepsy has thousands of feet, the description of its protagonist would say, 309 00:39:24,990 --> 00:39:35,280 As we see our friends who are owls and I'm standing on one translation in Princeton was really, 310 00:39:35,850 --> 00:39:43,300 as Ursula Dawkins pointed out, being one of several loanwords from English in the book, 311 00:39:43,530 --> 00:39:48,330 which has been attributed in English prominence by a few scholars since the late 19th century. 312 00:39:49,140 --> 00:39:58,230 As such, the work could very well sense be viewed as a possible piece of that lost mythology in England, as we shall see later. 313 00:39:58,290 --> 00:40:02,980 Personally, our school has a similar sense of self. 314 00:40:06,940 --> 00:40:12,399 The variable I will also name. Ford will be found in William G. 315 00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:21,040 Searle, MasterCard and some 1897 zero, the pages of which are replete with such amount of names, 316 00:40:21,310 --> 00:40:32,440 dates of occurrence to perfection and statements of the people around the Charles Tokens Library groups who owned a copy inscribed with the date 1921, 317 00:40:32,620 --> 00:40:39,730 as well as other work containing many of the same rather than his ponderously titled Anglo-Saxon Bishops, 318 00:40:39,760 --> 00:40:47,560 Kings and Nobles, the succession of Bishops and Pedigrees with the kings and nobles from 1899, also acquired in 1921. 319 00:40:48,610 --> 00:40:55,240 However, he could easily have known and peruse over much earlier possibly a lot of people about the and reading rooms. 320 00:40:56,260 --> 00:41:00,520 What is special about Cyril's work is that all of which are first half, 321 00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:08,320 which feature only a few examples of the relevant and dogmatic personal names or longer ones like Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 322 00:41:08,440 --> 00:41:10,840 in which such names are stretched out. 323 00:41:11,830 --> 00:41:20,440 The all too common Anglo-Saxon concentrates search material offering an easy or possibly very inspiring reference for. 324 00:41:20,590 --> 00:41:26,710 I'm talking no doubt. Also helpful was the fact that these names for the making of the volume. 325 00:41:27,790 --> 00:41:35,560 It reports among others. Many compound personally with a process frequently held by someone a large courier. 326 00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:42,600 There are several outliers the late 10th century pudding kinsman Edgar Allan, 327 00:41:42,610 --> 00:41:48,640 Senator King acquisition and others of aristocratic further followers or similar names. 328 00:41:49,240 --> 00:41:55,090 One was the son of young French, another about how helpful. 329 00:41:57,240 --> 00:42:11,130 It's such a fascinating, logical trajectory for the name of Tolkien's early self from the 1917 file Gardener's Excel lien but worthy of the city. 330 00:42:11,460 --> 00:42:15,080 How did that originally translated? Gradually it's found found. 331 00:42:16,630 --> 00:42:21,610 And that was a huge surge for a company of people the founded in golf. 332 00:42:22,810 --> 00:42:23,380 However, 333 00:42:23,410 --> 00:42:35,800 the animosity was revised in etymology as a 1930 text and all the dogs in the road where it is broken down into a spear and Stella point a spear, 334 00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:43,350 making it clear that the bigger point in a possible homage to the English name Algar. 335 00:42:44,410 --> 00:42:52,300 The embassy involving the tricycles known as cylinder later that year are called spear albums in and out. 336 00:42:52,990 --> 00:43:03,160 Not only they were wise in the sense of algar, but also perhaps obliquely evoking the garden buildings from first line Beowulf. 337 00:43:04,850 --> 00:43:13,820 In the mid 10th century, there was a week of town with regional ruler Burke Shire, incidentally, County way in Sydney, 338 00:43:14,270 --> 00:43:22,909 named after a figure associated with elves and all sorts of aspects in the book Los Tales and its later iterations and various versions. 339 00:43:22,910 --> 00:43:31,450 Obviously romance and challenges are central to the overarching narrative and are led by various members of the very large Royal House, 340 00:43:31,450 --> 00:43:34,760 sort of an older exile from Ballater. 341 00:43:37,070 --> 00:43:45,230 But somebody somewhere in Salt Lake was one. That was a story we know was very specific. 342 00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:50,660 A commercial applications exclusive to England. A number of Old Norse trends. 343 00:43:50,720 --> 00:43:57,840 Also images for your elves there is bringing out fir armour from the pony. 344 00:43:58,100 --> 00:44:08,810 Ingersoll legendary the story of kings and folklore as where else the attack applies to the legendary Norman Hunter in the skull called reckless. 345 00:44:10,530 --> 00:44:16,050 It's sort of work was still in Tolkien's mind in 1948 when composing the notion papers, 346 00:44:16,470 --> 00:44:22,590 a legendary omnibus narrative set in modern times with various England's inspiring figures, 347 00:44:22,590 --> 00:44:27,420 engaging in much like some literary genealogy and archives. 348 00:44:28,560 --> 00:44:37,000 In that one can you recall I was rummaging in the on Mastodon and poring over the list of out winners. 349 00:44:37,890 --> 00:44:45,660 And no doubt autobiographical. Tolkien reflected activity he first engaged in as an undergraduate. 350 00:44:48,790 --> 00:44:52,300 As already suggested several such individuals shop in. 351 00:44:53,080 --> 00:45:02,350 Some have more melodramatic histories like ours, which some of the Mercian aldermen out here without army was banished to 96. 352 00:45:03,250 --> 00:45:12,610 So also recourse to royal and or Socratic fear is a weight of power is actually synonymous incentives with marriage 353 00:45:12,610 --> 00:45:20,890 reform and being more the first talking about some early not essentially the variant spelling combining small, 354 00:45:21,280 --> 00:45:27,370 cynical and never awful to the leap century friends song of Apple. 355 00:45:27,670 --> 00:45:40,600 The asking was actually in power in East Anglia, whose father king it with peaceful in the momentous Europe 1066 another well sometime out of St nays. 356 00:45:40,900 --> 00:45:44,560 What is the commander of the fleet of the doomed King, Harold Godwinson. 357 00:45:45,820 --> 00:45:52,960 Consequently, so many instances of a name unique ruler held by Anglo-Saxon nobility and warriors 358 00:45:53,500 --> 00:45:58,120 should have been subsequently been mentioned by Tolkien as literal allies, 359 00:45:58,450 --> 00:46:02,590 many of whom were royals, warriors or both. 360 00:46:03,730 --> 00:46:09,960 And most intriguing, considering the importance of such word Alsace in lost faith in the war. 361 00:46:10,240 --> 00:46:19,300 Magdalen and Helen the first to be in crisis, an absence of name of seed of victory denied for nine. 362 00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:26,889 A man who served as Goldsmith to King Jarrell was no doubt suggested Yellow 363 00:46:26,890 --> 00:46:33,570 Smith Heaven is our time lead artisan from the similar intelligence of 1919. 364 00:46:33,580 --> 00:46:44,560 The now brings a social connection and treachery regicide nation another Anglo-Saxon goldsmith where Guardian was also a landowner. 365 00:46:45,190 --> 00:46:54,550 I use one of model Chris Smith, an actual of Ruler Fagin, or who first appeared in miniature narrative from 1915 Tolkien's final year undergraduate, 366 00:46:54,850 --> 00:47:02,959 which he is directly acquainted by Tolkien Wayland investment of the Old Norse hero volunteers. 367 00:47:02,960 --> 00:47:13,150 Even such instances could have provided seeds he saved with talking smack in the development in the late 19 tens and certainly later as well, 368 00:47:13,630 --> 00:47:22,440 not considering embryonic person histories, which offered further support for Tolkien's early founding settlers. 369 00:47:25,840 --> 00:47:33,250 Another source that could have important Tolkien, which for more richly contextualised things, 370 00:47:33,460 --> 00:47:37,840 was the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, available in the then current edition, 371 00:47:37,840 --> 00:47:43,239 edited by Christopher Walter, called two of the Saxon problems in Parallel, 372 00:47:43,240 --> 00:47:49,030 published in the 1899 Aperture that Tolkien later owned the 1929 edition of the Sir. 373 00:47:52,080 --> 00:47:58,110 It is striking how the murderer came out of Northumbria in 79, 374 00:47:58,860 --> 00:48:06,810 after which I had only appeared on the spot where the leader himself ruler claims he later was considered a saint. 375 00:48:08,070 --> 00:48:17,300 There are surprisingly similar how many tag element in the depictions of the portrayals of certain slain royal families and later Silmarillion, 376 00:48:17,880 --> 00:48:23,760 especially those of several sultans. One of the engines and a half. 377 00:48:23,790 --> 00:48:34,900 Rather they are. When therapy is responsible for saving their life or werewolves while still in Saddam's dungeon. 378 00:48:35,320 --> 00:48:39,160 Spurring his final resting place has special powers. 379 00:48:41,690 --> 00:48:45,920 They were found upon the hilltop of his own honour. 380 00:48:46,310 --> 00:48:50,810 And it was clean and the green grave. Enron in Arkansas. 381 00:48:51,320 --> 00:49:02,600 First of all, the principles remain viable until the they are changed and broken and founders destroying the seas between rock, 382 00:49:02,760 --> 00:49:06,940 lobster, production, squalor beneath the trees and Alabama. 383 00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:16,880 A similar reconstruction is given of King King office chairs who died in World War II combat with Morgoth himself. 384 00:49:19,100 --> 00:49:28,990 No work ever after dare to pass over the mountain golden or which was nonexistent until the doom of was calm. 385 00:49:30,980 --> 00:49:35,250 Aside from the great valour and self-sacrifice, particularly in aerospace, 386 00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:40,190 these elves were regarded as having a measure of sanctity akin to that of saints. 387 00:49:40,610 --> 00:49:43,069 In no small part because you said it was invalid, 388 00:49:43,070 --> 00:49:52,930 or that the gods and his eyes which embodied the two magic trees with that because I told you, gave so many descriptions of their eyes. 389 00:49:53,390 --> 00:49:59,540 We can. One of the earliest mythological poems appearing on modern trees from 1915, 390 00:50:00,020 --> 00:50:09,979 Tolkien wrote the planes and harmonies of the Holy Fairies and Immortal House stolen from much later texts the 1937 and the 391 00:50:09,980 --> 00:50:23,360 brilliant Holy Elves among several appellations for the linear behaviour of the tribes most loyal to do not know that description, 392 00:50:23,370 --> 00:50:26,390 such as the aforementioned Shima shining. 393 00:50:26,810 --> 00:50:31,860 It describes the whole thing with images of the apocalypse, Judith and the Book of Genesis. 394 00:50:32,010 --> 00:50:35,680 They were seems to describe Sarah as well. 395 00:50:35,690 --> 00:50:43,880 Seems like. How do you work without Bright Girls Unmasked played their part in such characterisations. 396 00:50:45,140 --> 00:50:51,890 These conceptualisations of holy fairies and cool elves, which seem odd and even sacrilegious. 397 00:50:51,890 --> 00:50:56,990 Coming from Catholic, we're perhaps helped along by the accounts, 398 00:50:57,710 --> 00:51:02,690 the undergraduate Tolkien have read multiple histories and have geographies 399 00:51:02,990 --> 00:51:09,800 sanctity change their names who were martyred or otherwise betrayed and killed, 400 00:51:10,850 --> 00:51:14,720 all of which accounts about and written by Catholics. 401 00:51:15,650 --> 00:51:25,400 It is an entry, in fact, that is bishops, archbishops and adults who appear to have the highest proportion of our names in the surviving reports. 402 00:51:26,970 --> 00:51:31,790 It's trying to keep out all of Northumbria, that it's made it badly. 403 00:51:31,800 --> 00:51:40,140 So another example of how some names or another case of certain proteins run through families who attempt to survive. 404 00:51:40,160 --> 00:51:44,070 Our two sons now and both of them killed. 405 00:51:44,490 --> 00:51:48,330 It's one this tragic royal family else. 406 00:51:49,380 --> 00:52:01,880 So who are help and friends working to help solve inventing dynastic tragedies in which all these things occurred over time? 407 00:52:02,240 --> 00:52:07,850 The crown prince of really came war and all but one of his sons perish. 408 00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:13,860 Many, but not all. That's the goal. And that is something also not think. 409 00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:19,690 This is not to mention the many friends or more in the service of these old 410 00:52:19,760 --> 00:52:25,910 rulers like these who also perish with or for the survival of their legions. 411 00:52:26,690 --> 00:52:31,880 The tragedy and tragedy surrounding the deaths of these sort of cool sons 412 00:52:32,180 --> 00:52:37,040 represent only a glimpse of the tragic histories and sort of figures without me. 413 00:52:37,130 --> 00:52:45,200 Something Adam Saxon from the second volume of numerous edition to Saxon Protocols published in 1899, 414 00:52:46,670 --> 00:52:53,780 features an index of first leaflet which concentrated on the House, first on news and information. 415 00:52:54,080 --> 00:53:00,890 Once again on this matter that there would these some variation around the competition. 416 00:53:00,920 --> 00:53:07,580 Each individual love circles almost entirely looked at these folks to the 19 tens. 417 00:53:08,000 --> 00:53:12,920 They would have been an invaluable resource for his burgeoning imagination. 418 00:53:16,880 --> 00:53:22,040 Inclusion from Culper notes that are a lot of background are names in Anglo-Saxon England. 419 00:53:22,550 --> 00:53:26,750 Name Continental Fundamental language. No, no language. 420 00:53:27,500 --> 00:53:36,290 I told him naming names were fundamental, as we seen in burgeoning mythology in the 19 tens and later as well. 421 00:53:36,770 --> 00:53:45,590 And the echoes, the influence of heroes and logical things continue to reverberate in the later versions of the 1930s and 1950s, 422 00:53:45,980 --> 00:53:50,540 as well as in the text and the wider legendary, including The Lord of the Rings. 423 00:53:51,590 --> 00:53:59,980 All this work is intended to demonstrate how Tolkien may have come to see a clear constellation of the intellectual summer 424 00:54:00,920 --> 00:54:08,460 of names found in the poetic and historical texts of Anglo-Saxon England that he studied as an Oxford undergraduate, 425 00:54:10,820 --> 00:54:16,660 while not, of course, exclusive influence. These things were very important to their meaning and contexts, 426 00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:27,080 and it can be no coincidence that Tolkien's ancestral subject named words immediately preceded this development of the Wall states of the 19 tens, 427 00:54:27,620 --> 00:54:30,920 which he began soon after returning from India. 428 00:54:32,990 --> 00:54:39,110 The concept of hero accounts just a little odd. For decades after word in Tolkien's wider Silmarillion Corpus, 429 00:54:39,620 --> 00:54:47,540 which is preserved in its three volumes and which remain a memorable and poignant part of his wider legendary. 430 00:54:49,100 --> 00:54:49,880 Thank you very much for.