1
00:00:00,480 --> 00:00:09,570
Hey everyone and welcome to our amazing podcast of the Future of Cooling Programme here at the Oxford Martin School at the University of Oxford.

2
00:00:09,930 --> 00:00:15,900
My name is Patrick Fine, postdoctoral researcher with a background in health economics.

3
00:00:16,650 --> 00:00:25,260
And I'm joined today by Dr. Susan Alexander, our Marie Curie fellow who has a background in architecture and engineering.

4
00:00:25,470 --> 00:00:29,010
Hello, everyone. So nice to have you here.

5
00:00:29,790 --> 00:00:38,760
And in short, the future of Cooling programme at the Oxford Martin School is on the one hand looking at the impact of heat on health.

6
00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:45,060
And on the other hand on the built environment. But why are we actually here today?

7
00:00:45,270 --> 00:00:51,900
Now, this podcast episode is the second in a series of very exciting episodes.

8
00:00:52,350 --> 00:00:57,660
And as a side note, I truly recommend also having a listen to the first episode,

9
00:00:58,020 --> 00:01:04,200
which includes our programme director, Dr. Radhika Khosla, in today's episode.

10
00:01:04,500 --> 00:01:11,069
Specifically, we will present in detail the different challenges the cooling sector is facing and how the future

11
00:01:11,070 --> 00:01:17,670
of cooling team of researchers is addressing these challenges through their work by Patrick.

12
00:01:18,090 --> 00:01:21,210
We are not alone, right? No, not at all. Yes.

13
00:01:21,540 --> 00:01:28,740
As a matter of fact, we have a group of very exciting people with us, namely all of the research associate of the programme.

14
00:01:29,310 --> 00:01:33,090
So please let us introduce to you Dr. Nicole Miranda,

15
00:01:33,090 --> 00:01:39,540
a fellow in the Engineering Science Department who has a background in chemical engineering energy systems.

16
00:01:40,080 --> 00:01:42,840
And we also have Dr. Giovanni Palafox,

17
00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:52,140
a contact with us at Research in the School of Geography and the Environment and who has expertise in civil engineering and the circular economy.

18
00:01:52,170 --> 00:02:00,900
Hi, Giovanni. I know also Dr. Holly, fellow in the Engineering Science Department who has a background in control engineering on energy systems.

19
00:02:01,740 --> 00:02:10,020
And Dr. Antonella Mason, postdoctoral researcher with a background in humanities working on cooling behaviours and cooling cultures.

20
00:02:10,140 --> 00:02:15,310
Welcome to all. Thanks and thank you. Now.

21
00:02:15,790 --> 00:02:22,930
What's the future of Cooling programme about? So before we start chatting about all the heat and cooling challenges.

22
00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:26,530
We better mention a few key facts about the future of cooling programme.

23
00:02:26,920 --> 00:02:29,020
So what do you think is important to mention?

24
00:02:30,490 --> 00:02:38,440
Well, Patrick, uh, apart from the gold we had in the programme, there are quite a few interesting facts that I can mention.

25
00:02:39,590 --> 00:02:45,470
For a start. We are the first and only multidisciplinary programme in the world focussing on cooling.

26
00:02:47,700 --> 00:02:49,710
I think that this is a quite impressive fact.

27
00:02:49,980 --> 00:02:55,890
We focus on many aspects of engineering, on cooling technologies, on architecture and the built environment,

28
00:02:55,920 --> 00:03:00,780
on geography, chemistry, the fate of human health and the economy.

29
00:03:01,380 --> 00:03:04,800
And as a group through top level research,

30
00:03:04,980 --> 00:03:11,520
the future of clean parents working together to understand and shape the cooling sector with a long term aim to support sustainable,

31
00:03:11,700 --> 00:03:17,099
sustainable development. Well, Chris, thanks a lot for this interesting introduction.

32
00:03:17,100 --> 00:03:22,050
But but can you tell our listeners why all of this is actually important?

33
00:03:22,260 --> 00:03:25,860
And what are the most important challenges we face in terms of cooling?

34
00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:35,340
I believe that A.C. way to understand this challenge is to divide the impact of heat in terms of symptoms and problems.

35
00:03:36,180 --> 00:03:42,899
Let's start with the symptoms. We refer to symptoms as all the consequences related to a stroke.

36
00:03:42,900 --> 00:03:48,810
It is specifically the consequences that are fed in our society, the economy and the environment.

37
00:03:49,410 --> 00:03:56,580
For example, look at the societal impact of a stroke in terms of increased risks to mortality or morbidity,

38
00:03:57,300 --> 00:04:01,020
or think about the potential impact of hit on the infrastructure.

39
00:04:01,260 --> 00:04:08,100
He on a sample, for example, is the impact of cooling in the power system due to the higher energy consumption for cooling.

40
00:04:09,230 --> 00:04:17,150
And in the case of the economy, he can generate productivity losses and can negatively affect economic specific economic sectors,

41
00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:20,900
such as to receive adequate or health services.

42
00:04:21,740 --> 00:04:23,750
From an environmental point of view,

43
00:04:23,930 --> 00:04:31,970
he will increase the greenhouse gas emissions associated with cooling system and can also dramatically reduce the amenity of the environment.

44
00:04:34,270 --> 00:04:41,160
On the other hand related to problems with effective blown out two problems after a reading or the string heat

45
00:04:41,170 --> 00:04:47,500
situations where France we find that global warming increasing the frequency and intensity of heat events.

46
00:04:48,930 --> 00:04:57,810
Second after we find the city overheating and the building overheating, both due to an appropriate design of the built environment.

47
00:04:58,380 --> 00:05:08,280
And finally, the growing demand for cooling, for energy, for cooling, to create comfort, for to great comfort for people as separate.

48
00:05:08,280 --> 00:05:11,160
Even more the contribution to climate change. Unnecessary heat.

49
00:05:13,230 --> 00:05:22,680
Thanks for these inside cases and I can see that the challenges around cooling are quite extensive, affecting many areas and disciplines.

50
00:05:23,650 --> 00:05:29,950
Totally, Patrick. You know, I think that one way to understand whether what we are doing in terms of addressing these

51
00:05:29,950 --> 00:05:35,080
challenges is to actually have a chat room with the researcher in the Future Queen programme.

52
00:05:35,650 --> 00:05:39,760
Indeed, in these cases. Let's start with this straight away, shall we?

53
00:05:40,250 --> 00:05:43,299
Nicole, how about we start with you? Hey, Nicole. Hi.

54
00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:46,540
Thanks for having me. Very nice to have you with us.

55
00:05:48,490 --> 00:05:52,450
Okay. Let's start with the first question. What's your work actually about?

56
00:05:52,990 --> 00:06:00,610
So I'm working in the engineering department in the University of Oxford, and I have three areas of interest.

57
00:06:00,880 --> 00:06:05,650
The first is passive cooling system. So what is their potential?

58
00:06:05,650 --> 00:06:12,580
How can we upskill them? And this is quite important because it can help reduce the demand for active systems.

59
00:06:12,580 --> 00:06:18,370
So air conditioners and it it helps avoiding them altogether in some places.

60
00:06:18,370 --> 00:06:25,900
But also when it's when passive systems are coupled with ACS, they can also reduce their energy consumption.

61
00:06:26,650 --> 00:06:32,500
My second topic of interest is understanding the effect of F gases on global warming.

62
00:06:32,830 --> 00:06:41,670
So F gases are fluorinated gases which are used as refrigerants, specifically HFCS in active technology.

63
00:06:41,680 --> 00:06:46,900
And when these are leaked into the atmosphere, they cause enormous warming.

64
00:06:47,170 --> 00:06:56,050
Well, that's what I'm actually looking into. What is that warming up they're causing because they have reported very high global warming potentials.

65
00:06:56,350 --> 00:07:03,670
But I'm looking into the tools to assess that in a better way, the tools and metrics to see what their actual contributions are.

66
00:07:04,420 --> 00:07:08,320
Finally, my third topic is on the future cooling demand.

67
00:07:08,650 --> 00:07:16,780
So we're working with some collaborators in geography here at the university that have very detailed models

68
00:07:16,780 --> 00:07:24,130
of climate and that will allow us to assess how the world will evolve in terms of their cooling needs.

69
00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:28,240
And one of the most interesting findings from the work so far.

70
00:07:29,110 --> 00:07:34,870
So I think one underpinning topic is the search for metrics.

71
00:07:35,140 --> 00:07:39,580
So let's see, in the talking about passive cooling,

72
00:07:39,940 --> 00:07:48,219
there isn't metrics that allows us to compare the performance of one passive cooling, for example, shading to ventilation.

73
00:07:48,220 --> 00:07:52,510
It's really hard to to find metrics because they are bespoke.

74
00:07:52,510 --> 00:07:59,800
They're made according to a building and not necessarily as technology that you just buy off the shelf like an air conditioners.

75
00:08:00,250 --> 00:08:04,389
Air conditioners have the clock number coefficient of performance.

76
00:08:04,390 --> 00:08:11,620
So in a way you can start understanding how efficient they are, how and see which one is better than the other.

77
00:08:11,830 --> 00:08:16,899
But that's that kind of metric is missing in the world of passive cooling.

78
00:08:16,900 --> 00:08:21,670
And it's something that is very difficult to to conceptualise.

79
00:08:22,750 --> 00:08:28,150
Another example of the lack of metrics is within the world of F gases.

80
00:08:28,660 --> 00:08:39,970
So when I'm looking at their impact on global warming, the the common metric that we use today is the gwp global warming potential,

81
00:08:40,210 --> 00:08:44,740
which standardises the emissions based on carbon dioxide.

82
00:08:45,340 --> 00:08:50,710
However, refrigerants have a much shorter life in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide,

83
00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:56,350
but a much more higher impact of global warming radiative forcing.

84
00:08:56,620 --> 00:09:01,840
So we need to look at metrics that actually capture those that nature of refrigerants.

85
00:09:03,190 --> 00:09:07,180
And and so that's that's some findings so far.

86
00:09:08,530 --> 00:09:17,830
Thanks. Nicole, this is very interesting. But tell me a bit more about how your work actually contributes to shaping the future of schooling.

87
00:09:18,250 --> 00:09:30,640
So I think by looking from a technological perspective, a first contribution is awareness of technological alternatives.

88
00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:39,190
And looking at passive systems usually think, Oh, they're low tech, they're just shading or opening the window.

89
00:09:39,190 --> 00:09:41,950
But actually there's pretty high tech out there,

90
00:09:41,950 --> 00:09:51,910
like radiative panels or painting or in smart systems that allow for passive cooling to actually take place in a smart way.

91
00:09:52,150 --> 00:10:00,730
So creating awareness is a is an important part of it, but then a step up from there is informing policy.

92
00:10:01,060 --> 00:10:11,889
And so if we inform our politicians, our representatives, that this is a pressing matter, that this demand for coding is actually on the rise,

93
00:10:11,890 --> 00:10:19,570
and we give them the figures and we give them the information that they need to make smart and smart decisions for our future.

94
00:10:19,870 --> 00:10:30,490
Then we actually might have a shot at kerbing the global warming and while keeping people comfortable around thermal comfort.

95
00:10:31,450 --> 00:10:38,400
Thanks a lot. Thanks for being with us today. Hey, Antonella, it's very nice to have you here today with us.

96
00:10:38,410 --> 00:10:41,620
And I will start straightaway with the first question.

97
00:10:41,620 --> 00:10:56,860
So what's your topic about AI research, cooling behaviours and cooling cultures, especially those behavioural strategies that are very low carbon?

98
00:10:57,280 --> 00:11:07,750
And so like for example, how people keep their body cools without the use of air conditioning or even fans.

99
00:11:08,350 --> 00:11:14,290
So I investigate the role of culture, the role of knowledge specifically,

100
00:11:14,290 --> 00:11:19,360
also indigenous knowledge and vernacular one and intergenerational knowledge.

101
00:11:19,660 --> 00:11:33,580
So that type of tips that grandmothers will eventually person in the next generation and see effectively how they can help the body to cool.

102
00:11:34,120 --> 00:11:45,850
So these spanned from clothing but also food and other behavioural strategies and hydrate practise to keep the body cool with very low energy most.

103
00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:58,290
And why is that important? Well, I think that, you know, we live in a society where access to electricity and also AC is growing.

104
00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:02,260
But at the same time, there is a rampant climate change.

105
00:12:02,280 --> 00:12:10,560
And so we need to tackle energy consumption at the maximum, because energy is obviously the main culprit of change.

106
00:12:11,460 --> 00:12:18,330
And therefore, with our behavioural strategies and going back into to understanding how previous

107
00:12:18,330 --> 00:12:25,260
generations and our ancient cultures used to keep cool before would be great impact,

108
00:12:26,220 --> 00:12:29,430
especially in energy consumption. Household energy consumption.

109
00:12:30,700 --> 00:12:35,740
And could you give us a taste of the most interesting findings from your research up to date?

110
00:12:37,810 --> 00:12:47,860
Yes, basically during my and I'm just gathering the latest data from Brazil where I conducted a virtual ethnography.

111
00:12:48,250 --> 00:13:01,150
And I see that people tend to drink specific herbal teas that they found very effective in keeping their body cool.

112
00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:06,880
And also, they they used to wear some wet clothes when they go out.

113
00:13:07,480 --> 00:13:15,880
They used to go out with wet hair as well, so that the heat of the street will not have an impact on heat, stress, etc.

114
00:13:16,510 --> 00:13:23,820
Obviously, these are specific to each context and maybe they cannot be translated to every culture in the world.

115
00:13:23,830 --> 00:13:30,040
But I think that with a little bit of, you know, understanding of each other's culture,

116
00:13:30,040 --> 00:13:35,500
maybe there is something that we can learn and reproduce in each specific context.

117
00:13:35,830 --> 00:13:45,129
So I know that in Europe, for example, such practises might be seen as they might not welcome this practise.

118
00:13:45,130 --> 00:13:49,690
But I'm sure that with some tweaks there is something that we can learn and apply.

119
00:13:51,160 --> 00:13:57,280
And the last question I have for you is how does your work contribute to shaping the future of cooling?

120
00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:02,320
But I think that you cannot go forward without looking at the past.

121
00:14:03,130 --> 00:14:10,600
So I think that discovering some sort of archaeology of knowledge or schooling practises, especially in very hot countries,

122
00:14:11,590 --> 00:14:20,740
can give us the light towards and shaping the future of cooling in a non technological way,

123
00:14:21,370 --> 00:14:31,780
especially if we triangulate some findings with some medical advice, etc. We might find that a specific food can help us to stimulate regulate better.

124
00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:34,480
Therefore, I'm shaping the future of cooling.

125
00:14:34,870 --> 00:14:43,090
If I discover that, Hey, thank you so much for being on the podcast and all the best and we look forward to seeing more of your research.

126
00:14:43,240 --> 00:14:46,300
Thank you for having me. See you. Okay.

127
00:14:46,390 --> 00:14:52,820
Bye bye. In a. Jesus. Should we move on and ask Joanna a few questions?

128
00:14:53,540 --> 00:14:59,600
Yes, let's. Let's go with Giovanni now. Giovanni, what is your word talking about?

129
00:15:00,530 --> 00:15:04,130
Well, first of all, thank you for having me. It's a pleasure to be in this podcast.

130
00:15:05,930 --> 00:15:09,320
Okay. So I am working on the global production networks of cooling,

131
00:15:10,190 --> 00:15:18,350
basically trying to understand and identify the intensities on the Oval Office of cooling appliances, all the manufacturing around the world.

132
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:29,180
So in other words, it means that I'm trying to find sustainable intervention points in the supply chain and the whole lifecycle of cooling equipment.

133
00:15:29,930 --> 00:15:36,919
But I'm also looking at the innovative business models that align with circular economy principles for the delivery of cooling,

134
00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:45,680
such as clean as a service. And finally, there is some overlap with Nicole's work on engineering around the efficaces used as refrigerants,

135
00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:51,280
so I'm very interested in also capturing them properly before they damage the environment further.

136
00:15:53,900 --> 00:16:01,250
Well, I think that the contribution of the cooling system based on the efficacies to mitigate air cooling is really amazing.

137
00:16:02,210 --> 00:16:05,840
Giovanni, how can you describe why is that important?

138
00:16:07,370 --> 00:16:15,710
Yes, sure. I can give a couple of points here. First of all, I'll start with given the accelerating increase in demand for cooling equipment,

139
00:16:16,220 --> 00:16:19,700
there will be massive challenges in terms of regional security.

140
00:16:20,180 --> 00:16:27,770
So, for example, the manufacturing, the energy use and the appropriate waste management at the end of life of the appliances,

141
00:16:28,310 --> 00:16:33,770
that means whether they are recycled through manufacturer or another alternative is very important.

142
00:16:34,490 --> 00:16:37,630
That also aligns with the efficaces that I just mentioned.

143
00:16:37,640 --> 00:16:41,150
They need to be collected to avoid their release in the atmosphere.

144
00:16:42,410 --> 00:16:51,410
And the second point, and I would like to give a couple of figures here is that globally there is a total of 11 megatons

145
00:16:51,410 --> 00:16:59,660
of waste from electrical equipment being generated in every year and only around 70% of that.

146
00:16:59,810 --> 00:17:04,430
Obviously, that varies across countries and type of equipment.

147
00:17:04,760 --> 00:17:08,600
Only that 70% is being documented and collected properly.

148
00:17:09,890 --> 00:17:15,410
This represents a massive challenge, an opportunity to close the loop, to advance the circular economy for cooling.

149
00:17:16,370 --> 00:17:27,560
And on another point, I would say that the separate taxation of cooling saves, first of all types energy upfront costs and material utilisation.

150
00:17:28,070 --> 00:17:33,560
So, for example, as it incentivises the service providers to improve efficiency and technology innovation.

151
00:17:33,860 --> 00:17:36,050
So to become a sustainable cooling option.

152
00:17:37,130 --> 00:17:46,550
While it seems that there is a huge amount of work to do in order to mitigate the the impact of cooling with this circular economy.

153
00:17:47,090 --> 00:17:51,830
And Giovanni, what are the most interesting findings of insights from your work so far?

154
00:17:52,880 --> 00:17:56,050
Yeah, that of course, I'll give a couple of examples.

155
00:17:56,060 --> 00:18:00,830
So I would like to start with policies across the monitoring of clean waste,

156
00:18:01,490 --> 00:18:05,780
for example, with the recovery of refrigerants or the disposal of appliances.

157
00:18:06,530 --> 00:18:16,010
These are very still in development. So, for example, they need to work in communication and in synergy.

158
00:18:16,610 --> 00:18:21,470
The first example is the banning of certain gases in the EU legislation in 2016.

159
00:18:22,070 --> 00:18:29,930
It was a great step, but however, this created the conditions for the labour market to emerge because we have so many existing units

160
00:18:29,930 --> 00:18:34,520
that actually need to keep running and they need those refrigerant gases that have been banned.

161
00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:42,380
And second, there are lots of legal activities related to cooling that are not sufficiently documented.

162
00:18:43,100 --> 00:18:46,220
One of them is the illegal trade of HFCs, as I just mentioned.

163
00:18:46,610 --> 00:18:53,690
Another one is some illegal dumping and trade of less efficient and high global warming potential appliances.

164
00:18:54,140 --> 00:19:02,330
So especially the countries from the global north are selling this cheap and very obsolete technologies to the global south.

165
00:19:03,020 --> 00:19:06,980
And also there is a massive illegal disposal of cooling waste.

166
00:19:07,130 --> 00:19:11,270
So that means one that basically abandoned flytipping and landfill.

167
00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:22,370
Well, I think that there is it is very powerful to know that these illegal activities in the college sector, how we can mitigate this impact.

168
00:19:24,110 --> 00:19:28,840
And Giovanni, how how does your work contribute to the shaping of the future of schooling?

169
00:19:28,870 --> 00:19:32,510
How do you think that you are contributing for this purpose?

170
00:19:33,470 --> 00:19:37,970
Sure. I'll give just three very quick examples.

171
00:19:37,970 --> 00:19:42,440
And one of them is by helping to move to sustainable manufacturing,

172
00:19:42,440 --> 00:19:51,350
we can contribute to net zero and probably humbly handling this appliances at the end of the life so that we can situated within a circular economy.

173
00:19:52,340 --> 00:20:01,800
Second, with quitting as a service, we can help end users or consumers have access to quitting, especially to the most vulnerable ones.

174
00:20:02,300 --> 00:20:07,010
And we have a case example of farmers in Nigeria benefiting from this.

175
00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:15,530
And thirdly, by controlling the ED classes, as Nicole just mentioned, we can also help to slow down global warming.

176
00:20:17,450 --> 00:20:23,090
Well, thank you. Thank you very much, Geronimo, for your feedback with these these questions.

177
00:20:23,660 --> 00:20:27,420
It's my pleasure. It's very useful to understand, I think, to trust me to.

178
00:20:27,580 --> 00:20:31,580
Well, what you all are doing. Shall we go next?

179
00:20:32,130 --> 00:20:36,890
Yes. Shall we invite the choir? Hey, nice to have you with us today.

180
00:20:37,220 --> 00:20:40,870
Hi, Patrick. Nice to meet you. And that's why having me today. Of course.

181
00:20:40,880 --> 00:20:44,090
Our pleasure. Shall we start?

182
00:20:44,630 --> 00:20:52,940
What's your topic about? Yes. First up, so I'm looking at Department of Engineering Societies and University Austria.

183
00:20:53,420 --> 00:21:01,550
And my focus is on developing tools to provide and map diverse enquiries about concrete technologies.

184
00:21:02,180 --> 00:21:11,000
In particular, my research involved passive and active coring technologies to address heat cause in buildings and cities.

185
00:21:11,450 --> 00:21:15,410
So your focus is on buildings and cities.

186
00:21:15,700 --> 00:21:24,890
Why is that important? Yeah, you know, partly our planet, a warming population, urbanisation and economy are rising.

187
00:21:25,250 --> 00:21:32,780
So cooling demand is increasing. There are many cooling options available in research and markets to serve.

188
00:21:32,780 --> 00:21:36,830
Cooling makes efficiently and environmentally friendly.

189
00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:46,910
However, where that where the greatest techno technical innovations could be made for interventions in a way understood when we condition,

190
00:21:47,330 --> 00:21:52,970
we consider climatic condition, economic and topographical factors.

191
00:21:53,780 --> 00:21:59,170
And one of the most interesting findings, insights from from your work so far.

192
00:21:59,180 --> 00:22:05,270
I mean, you have only recently joined. Yes, sir. But yeah, you have only recently joined us.

193
00:22:05,270 --> 00:22:08,840
But maybe you can give us a taste of some initial findings from your work.

194
00:22:09,350 --> 00:22:14,480
Yes, actually, I see there are two very interesting findings.

195
00:22:14,750 --> 00:22:24,710
So far we've seen lifestyle work here. The fuzzy to cool the whole city of big picture advanced technologies would be applied with vertical approach,

196
00:22:25,070 --> 00:22:29,360
meaning that reducing heat at Urban Square should be considered first,

197
00:22:29,660 --> 00:22:34,160
using technologies of that solar radiation and heat protection,

198
00:22:34,550 --> 00:22:44,090
and then reducing core in these buildings by using passive technologies followed by self recovery, by efficient technologies or equipment.

199
00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:51,200
And the second interesting two findings would be the cooling technologies with high maturity.

200
00:22:51,500 --> 00:22:55,840
So test absorption absorption is a great tip canaries.

201
00:22:56,390 --> 00:22:59,540
So with potential to replace vapour compression.

202
00:22:59,540 --> 00:23:03,740
AC using high global warming potential refrigerants.

203
00:23:04,010 --> 00:23:08,030
So just actually refrigerants and packaging.

204
00:23:08,660 --> 00:23:15,230
And and let's look into the future for a second. How do you think your work will contribute to shaping the future of cooling?

205
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:23,720
Yes. As the energy needed for air conditioning e likely to treat warm by 2050,

206
00:23:24,530 --> 00:23:33,590
rising demand for space cooling is already putting enormous strain on energy city system in many countries and driving up emissions.

207
00:23:34,010 --> 00:23:34,550
You see that.

208
00:23:34,790 --> 00:23:44,690
So therefore, mapping and understanding technologies which can beat the heat in buildings and city efficiently and environmental friendly,

209
00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:48,830
are paramount importance to shape the future of cooling.

210
00:23:49,940 --> 00:23:58,970
Thank you very much for these insights. And we will look we look very much forward to seeing more of this work coming out and in the near future.

211
00:23:59,390 --> 00:24:04,130
And what about you cases? What can you tell us about your work?

212
00:24:05,570 --> 00:24:12,870
Yes, of course. I mean, and in my case, they have on this strong motivation about how can mitigate the impact of heat in cities.

213
00:24:14,300 --> 00:24:18,020
You know, my background is architecture, building, engineering.

214
00:24:18,470 --> 00:24:20,570
Knight comes from a very hungry going.

215
00:24:20,570 --> 00:24:27,890
The soft Spain's from from Seville where I have suffered most of my life the consequences of his or of a string heap.

216
00:24:28,670 --> 00:24:36,739
In this case my work is focussing on how to help cities to identify all violent hotspots or or overheated

217
00:24:36,740 --> 00:24:42,530
urban areas where city council should provide retrofitting action to mitigate the impact of heat.

218
00:24:44,990 --> 00:24:50,020
And why is that important? This is very important in order to mitigate our problem.

219
00:24:50,210 --> 00:24:59,950
No about Iceland's. This concept is associated with all about areas that are significantly warmer than the surrounding rural areas.

220
00:25:01,060 --> 00:25:06,160
In these areas, the urban temperature can be up to four degrees higher, for example,

221
00:25:06,160 --> 00:25:13,360
in the city of London or even up to 60 feet higher in comparison with the surrounding rural areas.

222
00:25:14,530 --> 00:25:20,830
This last situation was, for example, last summer in the city of of of seven, where I come from.

223
00:25:21,490 --> 00:25:27,879
And have you done any work on those two cities where you could share maybe some findings with us or any other findings?

224
00:25:27,880 --> 00:25:36,040
Interesting coming out from your research so far. Yes, I think even that and the most interesting contribution that we are doing right now,

225
00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:43,990
we are testing this contribution in these two cities and we are developing a development

226
00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:49,870
tool to monitor and mark the urban climate at the highest possible temporal resolution.

227
00:25:50,320 --> 00:25:53,470
We are testing this mapping tool in these two cities.

228
00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:59,709
The target here is to identify all of it relatives, something very challenging inside.

229
00:25:59,710 --> 00:26:11,560
It's very difficult to get urban climate data. Most weather data that we use to isolate weather every day comes from meteorological weather stations

230
00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:18,370
located in rural urban areas whose data are not representative of the urban climate are his province.

231
00:26:18,970 --> 00:26:26,680
So in this case, we are trying to develop this tool and the testing the tool in this real environment to try to measure the accuracy,

232
00:26:26,920 --> 00:26:30,760
how we can mitigate this these all about overheating problem.

233
00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:34,840
And how is that tool contributing to shaping the future of cooling?

234
00:26:35,740 --> 00:26:43,670
Hopefully and or target is to develop this tool in order to to how to water city around the world to identify these or

235
00:26:43,670 --> 00:26:51,550
about hot spots where cities or the city council supervise all the retrofitting actions to improve the quality of life,

236
00:26:51,580 --> 00:26:55,240
wellbeing of cities, citizens. Wow.

237
00:26:55,870 --> 00:27:01,030
That would be very, very helpful in terms of mitigating the impact of heat in the built environment.

238
00:27:01,510 --> 00:27:04,510
We hope so. But. But what about your work?

239
00:27:04,510 --> 00:27:10,420
Badly. We are always showing our contribution to the future of Clean by within ahead of all your world cooling.

240
00:27:11,170 --> 00:27:12,610
What is your topic about energy?

241
00:27:13,180 --> 00:27:26,080
Well, in a nutshell, I and my colleagues, we are estimating the health effects and health care system burden of cold waves and heat waves in England.

242
00:27:26,860 --> 00:27:33,430
And and we will use patient data from primary and secondary care to look at

243
00:27:33,850 --> 00:27:38,440
the impact of changes in ambient temperature on the full health care chain,

244
00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:43,510
including GP visits, secondary care referrals, hospitalisation.

245
00:27:43,930 --> 00:27:52,870
And also we also look at mortality data and here the analysis will also include a costing perspective where we

246
00:27:52,870 --> 00:27:59,950
look at the estimated direct health care costs to the NHS in England correlated to changes in temperatures.

247
00:28:01,660 --> 00:28:12,610
And why is that important, Patrick? Well, first of all, the heat and associated heat stress can increase mortality and morbidity.

248
00:28:13,480 --> 00:28:21,900
The second point is it is a well-established fact that that heat stress negatively impacts physical work capacity.

249
00:28:21,910 --> 00:28:31,900
So this in turn has consequences on productivity and plus additionally can add to the risk of occupational health problems.

250
00:28:32,560 --> 00:28:41,980
And these two issues, negative health and productivity losses will affect half of the global population, including 1 billion workers.

251
00:28:43,060 --> 00:28:49,570
Wow. That's is true even today. You know, before we have our very warm day when I don't feel that even here.

252
00:28:51,280 --> 00:29:00,400
What are the most interesting findings from your work, Patrick? Well, first, with regard to feeling very less productive today because of the heat,

253
00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:05,470
that might also be a consequence of us all having a really nice lunch today at the pump,

254
00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:10,870
but giving you an actual answer to your question and give him an increase in temperatures

255
00:29:10,870 --> 00:29:15,580
over the upcoming years without investment in sustainable cooling technologies,

256
00:29:16,060 --> 00:29:20,950
issues around heat related morbidity and mortality will likely exacerbate.

257
00:29:22,810 --> 00:29:26,770
And how does that contribute to shaping the future of cooling?

258
00:29:27,790 --> 00:29:34,419
Well, so the work contributes to shaping the future of cooling in an indirect sense of what the starting point

259
00:29:34,420 --> 00:29:39,610
here would be to develop sustainable cooling technologies for which you guys are more responsible,

260
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:46,710
maybe at the household or city level. And the next step would be that we need to make sure that individuals most at.

261
00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:51,700
Risk of negative health effects from heat. Have access to these technologies.

262
00:29:52,210 --> 00:29:59,380
And then to persuade policymakers about, for example, the provision of such technologies to vulnerable population groups.

263
00:30:00,220 --> 00:30:08,200
And I believe one can then consider such technologies as some sort of health technology subject to health technology assessment.

264
00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:14,350
And if it turns out that such technologies cost effective is a cost effective health intervention,

265
00:30:14,650 --> 00:30:22,630
it should be provided by the government to to prevent increased access, morbidity and mortality as a consequence of heat.

266
00:30:23,470 --> 00:30:27,640
Wow. So powerful your word. Patrick, thank you very much for this insights.

267
00:30:27,640 --> 00:30:35,350
Patrick. With this. We have reached the end of the session by looking forward to discussing other issues related to cooling.

268
00:30:36,100 --> 00:30:37,750
And please remember to.