1 00:00:00,360 --> 00:00:03,930 So good morning, everyone. Firstly, I'm proud of this event. 2 00:00:03,930 --> 00:00:07,040 Thanks to our guests for the invitation. 3 00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:16,770 And since around 1999, I've been conducting research into the archaeology of counts of witchcraft, often referred to as objects and symbols. 4 00:00:16,770 --> 00:00:20,760 My research into this began through looking at early modern examples in the UK. 5 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:28,530 But it quickly became evident that the same or similar practises occur all over the world and in virtually every era in this discussion there. 6 00:00:28,530 --> 00:00:34,610 I'm keeping objects typically to those in Kansas from the 70s, the 19th century in England. 7 00:00:34,610 --> 00:00:43,870 So amongst the conclusions I've reached over the years is that people perceive magic and religious forces as happening mostly on an invisible level. 8 00:00:43,870 --> 00:00:48,810 There are several ways that humans could manipulate or interact with those magical forces. 9 00:00:48,810 --> 00:00:53,910 So, for example, someone who is seen as a witch was thought to have some innate control over these horses. 10 00:00:53,910 --> 00:00:58,600 Someone with knowledge of magic can access these horses through rituals or symbols. 11 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:05,130 Of course, we do get combinations of those as well and things which can be killed or were killed or we can sit dead 12 00:01:05,130 --> 00:01:12,480 girls are active on this level and there is also some overlap with the other guests and family law as well. 13 00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:16,050 So those ideas dealing with the non-religious end of the spectrum, 14 00:01:16,050 --> 00:01:21,810 but the clergy and religious rights can also insurance and be effective on that level. 15 00:01:21,810 --> 00:01:23,880 So if you could imagine being a lay person, 16 00:01:23,880 --> 00:01:29,760 living in a basic home at a time when fear of witchcraft was high and there could be other fears around the dead, 17 00:01:29,760 --> 00:01:32,910 the fairy or other humans cause any real harm, 18 00:01:32,910 --> 00:01:40,800 you would need to take action to ensure that the people living in your home was safe and that you animals to say that your property was secure. 19 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:48,210 And I would argue that the majority of people during this period, the 17th to 19th centuries, 20 00:01:48,210 --> 00:01:55,640 belief in the supernatural will say that it wouldn't even be described as a belief, as everyone was so immersed in it to various degrees. 21 00:01:55,640 --> 00:02:01,530 And at some point since then, and with very different experiences with different people in different parts of society, 22 00:02:01,530 --> 00:02:06,810 we've transformed this enormous state into a state where our heads are largely above the waters of the supernatural. 23 00:02:06,810 --> 00:02:10,860 The majority of us consider it very differently now. 24 00:02:10,860 --> 00:02:17,310 So security in the home against perceived dangers, whether supernatural or physical, was to people who were immersed in this world. 25 00:02:17,310 --> 00:02:22,560 Just security at some point since then. Excuse me. 26 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:23,850 I'm just repeating, as I've said. Yes. 27 00:02:23,850 --> 00:02:34,110 That is why in some churches we have companies that don't just carry enormous iron locks on them, but they also carry marks on them. 28 00:02:34,110 --> 00:02:38,450 Yeah. Saying basically people were considering security as one whole thing. 29 00:02:38,450 --> 00:02:46,440 Not just physical, not just supernatural. So an example here is from Koffler in Speciale and Worcestershire. 30 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:56,550 So this one has you may be able to see many attempts at inscribes circles on the front of the coffer because it's basically an axe cut plank. 31 00:02:56,550 --> 00:03:01,140 It's very difficult to inscribe several light, but there's been numerous steps being sacrificed. 32 00:03:01,140 --> 00:03:11,820 And also on the top, we also have these various things, what we call a Marine lock and which is actually visible through reaching light. 33 00:03:11,820 --> 00:03:17,850 So we get these symbols like circles like Marion Moss, but we also get Daisy wheels. 34 00:03:17,850 --> 00:03:18,840 Explain what that is. 35 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:26,790 So a daisy wheel is formed by drawing a circle and putting the tip of the compass on the circle and drawing another circle where they intersect. 36 00:03:26,790 --> 00:03:30,450 You then draw another circle and shape all the way around the original circle. 37 00:03:30,450 --> 00:03:39,570 And you end up with the same passive design. Now, this symbol in particular appears to have been used for security a lot in the UK. 38 00:03:39,570 --> 00:03:46,550 Now, when you look at that symbol, try to whorls like in Romania, the USA, Germany and even in Russia. 39 00:03:46,550 --> 00:03:49,770 And what we find is that this symbol actually thinks back to least six hundred, 40 00:03:49,770 --> 00:03:55,680 sixteen hundred B.C. and it's usually considered to be an ancient solar symbol. 41 00:03:55,680 --> 00:04:01,360 So they are two days away as it is providing protection through the sun. 42 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:06,710 Items or veggies, Daisy will, because oxygen was in use, such as on searching about 20 years ago, 43 00:04:06,710 --> 00:04:14,750 but it is also known as slow resent and the new age community's intervention with the flower of life. 44 00:04:14,750 --> 00:04:20,950 And we can find the simple, integrated and normal. And later, mediaeval decorative schemes. 45 00:04:20,950 --> 00:04:27,110 But it is also applied as Social Security. So this particular example is tough century. 46 00:04:27,110 --> 00:04:31,120 No one around us, it's important. And you can see the bottom of the slab. 47 00:04:31,120 --> 00:04:34,000 There is data. We are protecting porcelain. 48 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:39,760 But then much later here in 18th century past, their absence in this church was there, which is Wilding's and work at the moment. 49 00:04:39,760 --> 00:04:42,910 We've got another one inscribed in a studio window. 50 00:04:42,910 --> 00:04:49,840 And what we've got here is four rotating theta wheels, one together, protecting its origin intimately in the mediaeval town. 51 00:04:49,840 --> 00:04:55,840 But it's an 18th century Plassnik, so circles are also protected. 52 00:04:55,840 --> 00:05:04,450 So resembles my simple Olusola symbols. And we often find those as well, singly overlapping on buildings around entrances. 53 00:05:04,450 --> 00:05:12,020 So, for example, Speciale church membership, a function of your own? There are many overlapping circles around the main entrance to that church. 54 00:05:12,020 --> 00:05:17,370 And when he talks about Marian Marks, what we're really talking about is indications the Virgin Mary music, 55 00:05:17,370 --> 00:05:25,410 Amazon, the beans, which can be scratched on two surfaces. And it seems that she was being used to protect these places. 56 00:05:25,410 --> 00:05:29,220 So a really famous example apart from the church coffees earlier on. 57 00:05:29,220 --> 00:05:33,480 This is inside prince of its territory and most major. 58 00:05:33,480 --> 00:05:39,050 And he would think having a charity shop going to Cathedral was enough security for your mortal remains. 59 00:05:39,050 --> 00:05:43,980 But now someone else has gotten married, marks in it as well. Not with this one. 60 00:05:43,980 --> 00:05:48,050 The animal. She can see that the the arms of the arm take her away. 61 00:05:48,050 --> 00:05:55,320 And this is exactly as the M for Maria would appear on the palm of your hand if you look at the palm of your hand to see exactly the same. 62 00:05:55,320 --> 00:06:03,900 And what it is on my hand anyway. And the arms take away in exactly the same fashion that we often find Bismarck and as Maureen. 63 00:06:03,900 --> 00:06:08,620 Indeed, it exists on the head of an effigy stick, Biggio, amongst many others. 64 00:06:08,620 --> 00:06:11,990 But then we will see by the opposite, just like an Upside-Down pair of these, 65 00:06:11,990 --> 00:06:19,200 a bit like we saw on the coffin in Speciale, which could be Virgin of virgins, or basically it's the Virgin Mary. 66 00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:25,680 But either way, up or down and it's V and which is the monogram to the Virgin Mary. 67 00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:33,450 So the reason I'm talking about these marks I'm upset about that's just yet is that I think that some people think the where these marks were made, 68 00:06:33,450 --> 00:06:40,950 there was actually a sort of ritual scraping away or killing a part of the surface, which could be I'm on the other side as well. 69 00:06:40,950 --> 00:06:48,090 So this idea of security in an age where magical forces are normal is why, for example, many buildings in this period can be found to contain, 70 00:06:48,090 --> 00:06:53,400 for example, a joint account wedged into a patch will step between two laughing plastic panels. 71 00:06:53,400 --> 00:06:59,760 Well, why broken? Most planes can be found stuck to the window or double encel or either a deep burn marks on the chimney. 72 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:09,560 And so I would choose that contraventions of the chimney or which puzzle inverts it beneath the house containing ritually killed Pihl pins or nails. 73 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:14,090 So joint accounts. This particular example is from Hiking's, and it was the show, 74 00:07:14,090 --> 00:07:19,430 I'm just going to examples of amendments and then very well it's thought to be from 17th century. 75 00:07:19,430 --> 00:07:23,960 And it was found in between. And there is a faction or cottage in that village. 76 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:30,710 Then they come and finds in his dark buildings in England, ranging in date from the 16th century to the 20th. 77 00:07:30,710 --> 00:07:33,170 They could, in fact, predate the 16th century. 78 00:07:33,170 --> 00:07:39,330 But the fact that they're often inserted into buildings later than the construction dates makes them difficult to date tonight. 79 00:07:39,330 --> 00:07:45,380 Expensive radiocarbon dating and remains can be in various stages of decay. 80 00:07:45,380 --> 00:07:54,780 This particular camp has been the tenants to that match and the owner was very insistent on that, minus a few flakes and she couldn't salvage it. 81 00:07:54,780 --> 00:08:04,090 Right. So I'm saying there is have ranged from them in scarers to the foundation sacrifices maybe as the rats quickly, Nansook, 82 00:08:04,090 --> 00:08:10,640 know things like this and foundations that normally happen when work commences on the site at the ground level. 83 00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:13,210 And one other theory reiterates it's made less. 84 00:08:13,210 --> 00:08:20,890 And Terry Pratchett was that I giving a life to the house and then won't take a life nature on somebody else but falling down. 85 00:08:20,890 --> 00:08:26,810 And if that was the case, we would expect all to be exempt and started building his life, which is not case. 86 00:08:26,810 --> 00:08:33,290 And also, we find many of these counts, for example, concealed in the ceilings at two entrances, 87 00:08:33,290 --> 00:08:39,500 the buildings, and that implies they are Heise thousand more will protect them. 88 00:08:39,500 --> 00:08:42,710 And this is what leads me to think my cats were killed in the positive so that they lacked 89 00:08:42,710 --> 00:08:46,850 as little spirit guardians protecting in death as they did in life without humans. 90 00:08:46,850 --> 00:08:55,610 That perhaps being affected against the evils. So if you imagine the idea of someone you cast a spell on, you maybe the cat is there helping ward off. 91 00:08:55,610 --> 00:08:59,030 That's what you've mentioned, the building. 92 00:08:59,030 --> 00:09:04,900 So we also, if I was one, would choose or don't choose, which appear to have been used as decoys and buildings. 93 00:09:04,900 --> 00:09:09,040 And there one the two thousand examples of consumer change being discovered in buildings. 94 00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:12,890 And she's used to be considerably more expensive than they are now. 95 00:09:12,890 --> 00:09:21,860 And we repeat over again, eventually being discarded. When people did conceal them, it was usually a single shoe and usually very well worn. 96 00:09:21,860 --> 00:09:29,230 Well, as I said, dead and the discarded. She would be unique to the wearer split and thereby contains the essence of the owner. 97 00:09:29,230 --> 00:09:37,400 And the idea is that any harmful forces entering the building to attack that person could be fooled into attacking the shoe instead of the person. 98 00:09:37,400 --> 00:09:43,370 There is also coupled with that, this idea of a 14th century legend, an unofficial English saint who John Shawn, 99 00:09:43,370 --> 00:09:52,630 who is from Buckinghamshire, and he was reputed to be constant evidence of the pilgrimage to his shrine, was incredibly popular. 100 00:09:52,630 --> 00:09:55,730 That second only to Thomas of Becket, prepared of time. 101 00:09:55,730 --> 00:10:02,600 And so Pilgrim badges with images him and ask about him existed in many churches throughout the country 102 00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:09,260 and sort of popularised this idea that shoes or footwear could be associated with trapping evil. 103 00:10:09,260 --> 00:10:14,780 So you can see here in this token bash, as you mentioned him, the devil trumps your boots. 104 00:10:14,780 --> 00:10:19,460 So we think that the combination of this idea, you can you to shoot the decoy, 105 00:10:19,460 --> 00:10:27,880 coupled with this idea that you could charm evil in a in footwear that's the popular popularisation, this practise. 106 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:33,480 So what are those type of objectified as which muscle these are possibly the most famous type. 107 00:10:33,480 --> 00:11:12,380 And they were usually created inside that amines or stoneware, which. 108 00:11:12,380 --> 00:11:19,550 Usually buried and the pins and needles found within have usually been deliberately bent specifically for the purpose of inclusion of the muscle. 109 00:11:19,550 --> 00:11:23,240 So you have this kind of ritual killing of objects. 110 00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:32,330 So in this image, you can see the contents of the fossil that was found in Greenwich in London and is now on display in the mountain museum then. 111 00:11:32,330 --> 00:11:36,960 And then it would appear to be the case that the idea was that any harmful forces could 112 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:42,690 be Daniel and could be fooled by this anthropomorphic fossil filled with your own urine, 113 00:11:42,690 --> 00:11:49,290 toenails, you know, with basically the essence of the victim that they would attack match instead of you. 114 00:11:49,290 --> 00:11:53,550 And thereby we can impale them, chop them against the nails then. 115 00:11:53,550 --> 00:11:57,870 So there was another type of a year in Bussell, which was to remove witchcraft at the time. 116 00:11:57,870 --> 00:12:00,510 This was renovated several pamphlets in the late 17th century. 117 00:12:00,510 --> 00:12:09,150 And later the differences between this practise of boiling bottles and the ones that were BERRIDGE, which we find in documents contexts. 118 00:12:09,150 --> 00:12:15,090 So we also find whole skulls. Many of these have been found in proxy's in England. 119 00:12:15,090 --> 00:12:19,950 And we find them. A lot of them in Wales and Ireland as well. 120 00:12:19,950 --> 00:12:21,900 There's a late 19th century count from East Anglia, 121 00:12:21,900 --> 00:12:26,460 which clearly shows a whole skull being needed for a foundation ritual where it is placed on a snake. 122 00:12:26,460 --> 00:12:32,330 And I'm being a before cutting off the ground could commence the building of a chapel. 123 00:12:32,330 --> 00:12:36,210 And whole skulls have also been found with instructions, screams on the sort of floors. 124 00:12:36,210 --> 00:12:38,190 Sometimes it's in the house. 125 00:12:38,190 --> 00:12:45,530 And when the D flashed his skull as a face and looking at things used to make fake dances in England and Wales, such as the Murray. 126 00:12:45,530 --> 00:12:54,030 And I feel a whole skull as we seem to have a hybrid role as both foundations that face the fearsome creature warding off massive evil, 127 00:12:54,030 --> 00:12:59,010 combined with the sensitivity and alertness, which of course, and they can sleep. 128 00:12:59,010 --> 00:13:04,860 They can sleep with the eyes open. And so people associated them with being very vigilant. 129 00:13:04,860 --> 00:13:11,070 There is also some debate about the accused to grow until skulls and some of the early in the future studying them. 130 00:13:11,070 --> 00:13:18,120 But this is William Vasko. I'm a musician, and I'm just would like to declare that Michael Steele has not improved the quality of my guitar playing. 131 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:27,180 That's all so slightly to speak about there. And we also get a lot of burn marks when we're looking at marks. 132 00:13:27,180 --> 00:13:34,760 This particular example is from Lovely, our school, Hy-Tech Flower in Wens, which is not far from the Citadel. 133 00:13:34,760 --> 00:13:41,190 And this particular reef trust in the window directly above the entrance, and they run hundreds to put their marks on it. 134 00:13:41,190 --> 00:13:45,300 There are no fixing holes associated with any of these marks to indicate that they were used as lumps or anything. 135 00:13:45,300 --> 00:13:51,670 These are deliberately applied burn marks on the timbers. And we know we've always known that these were deliberately done. 136 00:13:51,670 --> 00:13:57,650 But in 2016, some experiments like yours done the vernacular oxygen, shall we say. 137 00:13:57,650 --> 00:14:01,850 It takes up to 20 minutes to make. One of these marks is where you burn the words. 138 00:14:01,850 --> 00:14:08,610 The carbon that forms quickly prevents any further burning. You then have to scrape by Carbonaro away and then the venting can commence. 139 00:14:08,610 --> 00:14:16,680 And then a new carbon atoms and European prices. And so you end up with quite a deep tsd, teardrop shaped or flame shaped moth. 140 00:14:16,680 --> 00:14:23,700 Now, what I think is going on with these is that essentially we're ending up with kind of a mirror image of the candle flame on the other side. 141 00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:28,280 And this magical pagan existence we're talking about earlier on, there's now a candle flame. 142 00:14:28,280 --> 00:14:32,360 This was a candelabra on this rich truss would be my opinion. 143 00:14:32,360 --> 00:14:37,200 And this is preventing darkness from that human area. On the other side. 144 00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:44,800 Exactly. All right. So here's another example from cockroaches, which isn't happening. 145 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:51,630 It was then and again, once you play iron with these, then you start seeing them everywhere. 146 00:14:51,630 --> 00:14:59,790 And so when I see the presence of marks and objects like this and you start properties can enhance existing businesses experience by giving 147 00:14:59,790 --> 00:15:08,370 them a feeling of connexion with magical forces past and possibly also giving them a healthy dose of what I would call the heebie jeebies. 148 00:15:08,370 --> 00:15:11,130 So most has energy, find these objects in their own homes, 149 00:15:11,130 --> 00:15:17,610 become considerably more paranoid and fearful and supernatural, and often don't want the objects to leave the house. 150 00:15:17,610 --> 00:15:26,700 I already mentioned Contact Hiren, South Wales. I'd say that's a really good example of a building which makes use of its magical past. 151 00:15:26,700 --> 00:15:34,290 And the people who still at that house are happy to show people the marks in that house as well as the objects, just like when you first arrived. 152 00:15:34,290 --> 00:15:39,330 And so often how people interpret discoveries in the historic buildings, they say, I'm religious. 153 00:15:39,330 --> 00:15:45,460 We'll be happy to help anyone who would make examples. And that's that's me dominants, my talk things. 154 00:15:45,460 --> 00:15:47,748 Are you listening?