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Good morning, everybody. I'm going to sit through a number of these slides simply because of time,

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but also because the present a number of the presenters have already covered some of the subject matter.

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So I'm going to go to the next slide straight away.

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Before emancipation, there was a huge effort to keep the demographics of Bermuda as wide as possible and as a consequence of that,

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a number of times throughout Bermuda's history, pre emancipation.

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Every time there was any sort of uprising, free blacks on the island were deported or banished off of the island.

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And that meant a constant flow. Hundreds of black people were being sent away over the years.

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So I one of the things I posit is that if that had not occurred, if that deliberate policy had not occurred,

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the population demographics of this island would look very, very different today.

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So keep that in mind. I think it looked a lot more possibly like it was in like it is in the Caribbean.

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Black disenfranchisement. So I just go straight away to 1834, that's already been mentioned how that at the same time, freedom was given to people.

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At the same time, they took it away by basically changing the laws around voting and making it virtually impossible for black people to vote.

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For many years, it took almost 50 years for William Joel to become the first black parliamentarian after that.

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We've also mentioned 1842, the UK immigrants there was an attempt to bring white people from the UK here to try and build the white population up.

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It was already being recognised that there was a problem coming because blacks were gaining the vote slowly but surely.

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And so, as Kenneth Robinson says here, the first post abolition endeavour to increase instantly the relative size of the white population.

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The arrival of Portuguese, we are going to have somebody else talking about the Portuguese after this,

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so I'm not going to spend time on this, but basically it didn't work bringing in the white immigrants, not many came.

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And so they turned to bringing in Portuguese people and they actually paid for them to come.

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They paid bounties to the I was going to say skippers, but the captains of ships to bring in immigrants from Madeira,

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the Golden Hind came in 49, and in 1853 there was a protest by black people seeking to say, This is unfair.

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You're taking our taxes and you're a funding basically bringing people out here to undercut our wages.

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And you have to realise that this is something that's repeating itself.

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And when you hear the term, you know that if we don't learn from our history, we're going to repeat it.

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This is what happens in our society. So black communities, unions already were very aware of what was happening at that time.

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By 1890, for much larger numbers of West Indians began migrating to Bermuda,

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in particular between 1991 and 1996, building the dockyard and dockyard in particular,

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they had riots up there because they were treated so appallingly and these immigrants had come actually from building the Panama Canal.

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They were skilled labourers and had been treated well during that process.

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And so they came here and found that they were treated appallingly and there were riots at that time.

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And Reverend Monk, if you if you remember, was the went to jail for standing up for them and sorry.

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And if you notice there was a sort of practise of divide and conquer that was

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occurring and black from unions were encouraged to view West Indians as less than.

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And it was a kind of policy to separate.

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And this went it went on between the Portuguese community to where initially the Portuguese community lived alongside blacks.

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They certainly weren't allowed in white areas. They went to black schools because they they didn't have schools of their own.

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And so there was a conscious of they were actually marrying each other and there was a growing working class.

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And when you have a growing working class, it always concerns the oligarchy when you see that sort of starting to happen.

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So by the 1920s, Bermuda's government introduced strict regulations banning the freedom of Portuguese people and from bringing their families here.

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And in the 1930s, seeing this rising labour movement occurring in Bermuda,

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they actually separated the Portuguese by building Portuguese schools again, a divide and conquer tactic.

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Population explosion, I think most people here know about the tuckers town expropriation of land and putting it nicely.

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Basically, the majority of those who were allowed to come in at that time following the Tuckers Town debacle were white people,

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and they filled the burgeoning tourism industry because black people were not allowed to be front of house in any way whatsoever.

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And as a consequence, the growth of the population was substantial at that time.

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And I think Walton Brown mentioned that in his presentation. Birth control.

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Between the 1920s and 1980s, the first indication of this is a report that was published by the government about the sterilisation of blacks.

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It wasn't carried out, but the intent was there.

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And to that end, Margaret Sanger, who many people might know of, who was a birth control advocate,

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she proposed sterilisation and eugenics, and she was invited to note to who she was invited to speak.

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It wasn't just the metal medical fraternity.

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These are the people she was invited to meet with and the population song I wrote that had increased by 10000 within less than 10 years.

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And much of that actually was white people coming into the island.

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But there was a much higher birth rate.

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This was an article, and I haven't got time to read it, but basically Bermuda birth control to limit Negro Families, 1936 in the New York Times.

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This is very interesting, this is written in a book by Steven Hyde based colonies in the Western Hemisphere,

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and he writes from an American perspective looking at Bermuda.

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And he says a small group has made Bermuda its own paradise for controlling legislation,

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and by seeing that taxation policy kept all by themselves and strict economic subjects.

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And while they themselves accumulated fortunes subject to no taxes whatsoever and going on,

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a commanding general said the government Bermuda government would object strongly to the importation of non-white

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labour and would be obliged to withhold the issuance of landing permits to any non-white based worker base worker.

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So there was a constant effort to make sure that black people could not come and settle here.

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So the birth control policy was successful, according to the director of health services at this time,

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and said that in a period of 10 years, it had dropped substantially.

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So the outcome, and by the way, no surprise here.

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Guess who the focus was for birth control? It was predominantly on the black population.

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OK, the infamous Bermuda Immigration and Protection Act 1956 was watched.

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So much stuff has happened about recently.

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Basically, the act drew a line in the sand in 1956, first of July, and said If you were born here or domiciled here for a certain period of time,

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you automatically, in the word I use, is acquired or they used is acquired Bermudian citizenship status.

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Thereafter, you could only get it by grant of status.

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And what's interesting is that those people who acquired status by the drawing of that line three thousand eight hundred forty five people.

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Seventy three percent of them white acquired status just by the introduction of that piece of legislation,

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not by going through a process or you had to do was present your piece of paper showing that you were domiciled or your birth certificate.

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OK. Sixty three Parliamentary Election Act. Finally, we get universal adult suffrage, but they introduce a plus vote for property owners,

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and the majority of property owners were white at a time when most countries in the world were dropping their voting age to 18.

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We were raising it to 25 and all British subjects living on the island, and this was mentioned earlier for a period of at least three years.

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Were given the world vote. 83 percent of those were white.

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So you see the constant efforts throughout history to control the demographics,

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make access to how you could vote, who could vote, who was favoured and who was not favoured.

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So racialised immigration policies. We had those just like Australia in many other countries.

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There was a racialized immigration policy in place.

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And you saw a remarkable increase in the number of non Bermudian between 1950 and 1960 of 18 percent.

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But the next decade? Sixty six percent increase.

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Many of whom later stayed on long enough to be able to gain communion status.

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So you can see the constant effort and it was purposeful and we mustn't kid ourselves that it was just top down.

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That was a very purposeful plan. UK Hansard report when they were discussing the Bermuda Constitution in Parliament,

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questions were asked about what is this thing called status and one an MP, Leicester, Leicester City states.

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A British parliamentarian says it seems to me that Bermuda status is reserved for white people since the establishment of this qualification.

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Remember, September of July 1956, 700 white people have been granted it and six coloured people.

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Two of the coloured people are Dr. King and Mr Richards, later premier, who are well-known supporters of the NPP.

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If Bermuda status is to be one of the qualifications for standing for Parliament,

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we need an explanation why 700 white people have achieved it as opposed to only six coloured people.

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What is interesting in this statistic is remember I said three thousand eight hundred forty

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five acquired status by the introduction of that act that was never told to the UK parliament.

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They worded it in such a way that they said the introduction of the 1956 act.

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We have since then given seven hundred and six people the grant status when in fact,

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just by introducing that led legislation three thousand eight hundred forty five, almost 10 percent increase in our population.

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Lord Pitt, following the 77 riots, I was here for the 77 riots, said.

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Oh, two more. Just been said said that the importance of reducing immigration, but we didn't pay attention.

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Granting of status, I'm going to skip that one. I just want to get to this last one.

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We know I have one here on the path to civil unrest all that happened recently in Bermuda leading up to 2016.

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I went too far. How do I go back? No, go back one more back, OK?

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More importantly, the U.N. has three General Assembly resolutions that state member states to adopt the

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necessary steps to prevent a systemic influx of immigrants into colonial territories,

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which disrupts the integrity and social, political and cultural unity of the peoples under colonial domination.

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The next resolution basically repeats the same thing in slightly different words about self-determination for the people of a country,

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a small jurisdiction. And the last one actually requests the administrating powers,

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which was the government in Bermuda as a matter of priority to ensure that the exercise of self-determination is not

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affected by changes in the demographic composition of due to immigration or displacement of properties in the territories.

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So you can see that what's been happening in Bermuda historically has basically ignored those U.N. resolutions with regard to our country.

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So that's my presentation on immigration. Thank you.