1 00:00:02,100 --> 00:00:03,020 Good evening, ladies and 2 00:00:03,020 --> 00:00:06,800 gentlemen, and a very warm welcome to the 2025 3 00:00:07,020 --> 00:00:10,020 Tanner Lecture on Human Values. 4 00:00:10,860 --> 00:00:14,280 The Tanner lectures are now in their 47th year, 5 00:00:14,940 --> 00:00:17,640 and they were established by the American scholar, 6 00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:21,380 industrialist and philanthropist Obert Clark Tanner. 7 00:00:21,960 --> 00:00:25,260 They're held at several leading universities around the globe, 8 00:00:25,260 --> 00:00:29,540 and their purpose is to illuminate the moral and philosophical issues 9 00:00:29,540 --> 00:00:32,540 that shape human life. 10 00:00:32,740 --> 00:00:34,460 In creating the lectureship, 11 00:00:34,460 --> 00:00:37,740 professor Tanner said, I hope these lectures 12 00:00:37,740 --> 00:00:41,280 will contribute to the intellectual and moral life of mankind. 13 00:00:41,900 --> 00:00:45,300 I see them simply as a search for a better 14 00:00:45,300 --> 00:00:49,260 understanding of human behavior and human values. 15 00:00:51,120 --> 00:00:55,220 Appointment as a Tanner lecturer is a recognition of an exceptionally 16 00:00:55,220 --> 00:01:00,320 distinguished and important contribution to the field of human values. 17 00:01:01,220 --> 00:01:05,660 We are deeply honored this evening to welcome Doctor Volker Türk, 18 00:01:06,140 --> 00:01:11,640 the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as our 2025 Tanner lecturer. 19 00:01:13,220 --> 00:01:16,520 Doctor Türk has devoted his career to the advancement 20 00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:19,520 of human dignity and international law. 21 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:24,560 A native of Austria, he holds a doctorate in international law 22 00:01:24,560 --> 00:01:28,920 from the University of Vienna, and over three decades he has served 23 00:01:29,100 --> 00:01:31,940 in senior roles across the UN system, 24 00:01:31,940 --> 00:01:34,940 notably within the UN Refugee Agency. 25 00:01:35,100 --> 00:01:38,120 Before his appointment in 2022 26 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:41,400 as High Commissioner for Human Rights, 27 00:01:41,900 --> 00:01:44,420 in his timely lecture this evening, 28 00:01:44,420 --> 00:01:47,420 Human Rights Cooling a Planet on Fire. 29 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:51,120 Doctor Türk will address one of the most urgent moral imperatives 30 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:56,060 of our time the intersection of climate change and human rights. 31 00:01:57,080 --> 00:01:59,780 He will explore how our international human rights 32 00:01:59,780 --> 00:02:03,900 framework can indeed must respond 33 00:02:03,900 --> 00:02:06,900 to the global environmental crisis. 34 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:09,400 Please join me in welcoming Doctor Volker. 35 00:02:09,400 --> 00:02:12,400 Talk. 36 00:02:21,860 --> 00:02:22,580 Well, Mr. 37 00:02:22,580 --> 00:02:24,740 Principal Vice-Chancellor. 38 00:02:24,740 --> 00:02:28,340 Distinguished guests, faculty members, students. 39 00:02:28,700 --> 00:02:30,120 Everyone here in the audience. 40 00:02:30,120 --> 00:02:33,120 I'm really. It's an honor to participate 41 00:02:33,300 --> 00:02:36,300 in this lecture series and important lecture series. 42 00:02:36,420 --> 00:02:38,420 And it's a real pleasure to be with you. 43 00:02:38,420 --> 00:02:39,560 With you here today. 44 00:02:40,620 --> 00:02:41,120 The ten 45 00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:45,500 lectures on Human Values are indeed a beacon of learning, 46 00:02:45,720 --> 00:02:50,420 of intellectual curiosity, of exchange, of diverse views. 47 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:54,440 It's really everything we treasure about 48 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:58,880 university education, actually, and we see how much 49 00:02:58,880 --> 00:03:02,460 university education gets sometimes questioned these days. 50 00:03:02,460 --> 00:03:04,100 And it's important to honor this. 51 00:03:04,100 --> 00:03:07,740 And we have, in fact, not found any better place 52 00:03:07,740 --> 00:03:11,160 than a university to debate and to discuss 53 00:03:11,780 --> 00:03:14,780 and to develop ideas and to evolve these ideas. 54 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:19,220 And indeed, universities are the natural home of creativity, 55 00:03:19,740 --> 00:03:22,760 of dialog that also influences 56 00:03:23,220 --> 00:03:26,060 policymaking and governance. 57 00:03:26,060 --> 00:03:30,360 It is thanks to the research done by universities, including Oxford, 58 00:03:30,500 --> 00:03:35,120 that governments can model climate policy options and their impact, 59 00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:40,440 that we can predict how ice sheets respond to warming. 60 00:03:41,060 --> 00:03:44,060 And we have secured incredible breakthroughs 61 00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:47,720 in renewable energy technology, not least because of that. 62 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:52,100 Oxford, with its linked courtyards and dreaming spires, 63 00:03:53,100 --> 00:03:53,960 takes us back 64 00:03:53,960 --> 00:03:57,240 to the medieval roots of Western learning 65 00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:01,500 while remaining at the cutting edge of scientific research. 66 00:04:02,540 --> 00:04:05,660 Human values and human rights 67 00:04:05,660 --> 00:04:08,660 have been at the center of Oxford's mission, 68 00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:12,240 and I look forward to our joint project with Oxford 69 00:04:12,240 --> 00:04:15,480 and a number of universities around the world. 70 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:19,320 In honor of World Environment Day later this week 71 00:04:19,760 --> 00:04:22,760 and the Right Here, Right Now Global 72 00:04:23,040 --> 00:04:25,860 Climate Summit. 73 00:04:25,860 --> 00:04:28,460 Distinguished guests, dear friends. 74 00:04:28,460 --> 00:04:32,500 I felt I've always felt a very deep bond with nature, 75 00:04:32,660 --> 00:04:35,660 and I remember growing up in Austria 76 00:04:36,060 --> 00:04:39,600 with some of my family members being biologists. 77 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:42,780 And in the 70s, discussions at dinner 78 00:04:42,780 --> 00:04:47,060 table around the impact that even 79 00:04:47,400 --> 00:04:50,960 at that time, the my, my, one of my uncles was saying it 80 00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:55,740 what the implications of burning fossil fuels would mean for the planet. 81 00:04:55,740 --> 00:04:58,940 And to be honest, I remember when I was sort of 15 year old, it 82 00:04:58,940 --> 00:05:01,980 it it did impact have an impact on me. 83 00:05:01,980 --> 00:05:04,460 And and it's it's something that 84 00:05:05,540 --> 00:05:06,180 troubled me 85 00:05:06,180 --> 00:05:09,180 deeply and somehow 50 years later, 86 00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:13,820 the world, some in the world are still in denial 87 00:05:13,820 --> 00:05:18,540 about a fundamental fact our well-being and survival as a species 88 00:05:19,220 --> 00:05:23,760 are inseparable from the health of our planet and our environment. 89 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:27,060 We are part of nature, and our fate 90 00:05:27,060 --> 00:05:30,060 is inextricably linked with nature. 91 00:05:30,260 --> 00:05:34,260 The very oxygen that we breathe is constantly recycled 92 00:05:34,500 --> 00:05:37,560 between the land, the oceans and the atmosphere. 93 00:05:38,460 --> 00:05:41,280 Our food and water depends on plants 94 00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,280 and animals, birds and insects, rivers and seas. 95 00:05:45,440 --> 00:05:48,120 And we have a responsibility 96 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:51,120 to treat our planet with respect 97 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:55,500 to protect its glaciers and forests, to support 98 00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:58,760 the diversity of species on land and in the sea, 99 00:05:59,420 --> 00:06:02,420 to keep our rivers and lakes clean, 100 00:06:02,900 --> 00:06:05,900 to preserve nature, including ourselves. 101 00:06:06,840 --> 00:06:09,480 The widespread misconception 102 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:12,020 that nature is a hierarchy 103 00:06:12,020 --> 00:06:15,020 with Homo sapiens at its apex, 104 00:06:15,380 --> 00:06:18,680 is at the root of the planetary credit crisis 105 00:06:19,140 --> 00:06:23,340 that wreak havoc across the world, and the evidence is everywhere. 106 00:06:24,180 --> 00:06:28,380 Each year, we consume some 1.7 times 107 00:06:28,380 --> 00:06:32,480 more resources than our planet can regenerate. 108 00:06:33,540 --> 00:06:35,180 The extraction and burning of 109 00:06:35,180 --> 00:06:38,400 fossil fuels is trapping humanity in a furnace. 110 00:06:39,380 --> 00:06:42,380 Climate impacts are already hitting every country 111 00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:45,600 with huge human and economic costs. 112 00:06:46,460 --> 00:06:49,500 Almost half of humanity live in climate 113 00:06:49,500 --> 00:06:53,300 hotspots, where people are 15 times more likely 114 00:06:53,700 --> 00:06:56,700 to die of climate related disasters. 115 00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:00,540 According to Oxfam, the world's richest 1% 116 00:07:01,380 --> 00:07:04,380 are responsible for more carbon emissions 117 00:07:04,500 --> 00:07:09,120 than the poorest 6,666%, 118 00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:14,520 meanwhile, our global food systems, which allow massive waste 119 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:19,880 while millions go hungry, are driving an unprecedented loss of biodiversity. 120 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:24,600 1 million of the world's estimated 8 million plant and animal species 121 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:30,260 are threatened with extinction, and by 2050, there could be more plastic 122 00:07:30,920 --> 00:07:34,520 in the ocean than fish, according to some research. 123 00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:39,440 Exposure to pesticides, heavy metals and radioactive waste 124 00:07:39,900 --> 00:07:44,180 are severely impacting people's wellbeing and violating their rights. 125 00:07:44,880 --> 00:07:48,420 Not only have we created a false separation from nature, 126 00:07:49,140 --> 00:07:54,200 we are deluded enough to believe we can make nature bend our will. 127 00:07:55,560 --> 00:07:56,720 Attempts to 128 00:07:56,720 --> 00:08:00,780 subjugate and exploit our fragile ecosystem 129 00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:04,460 have resulted in unpredictable and dangerous consequences, 130 00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:09,120 from disrupting water cycles to remaking landscapes 131 00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:12,780 from forever chemicals to the introduction of invasive species, 132 00:08:13,340 --> 00:08:18,060 there is a long list of attempted solutions that turned out to be problems. 133 00:08:18,500 --> 00:08:21,540 And yet there are powerful forces 134 00:08:21,980 --> 00:08:25,980 working to portray new, untested and risky approaches 135 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:30,180 to environmental crisis as logical and inevitable. 136 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:32,120 They are not. 137 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:35,760 The facts on the climate emergency speak for themselves. 138 00:08:36,740 --> 00:08:40,700 For decades, those most responsible for our 139 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:45,320 our overheating planet have willfully ignored 140 00:08:45,860 --> 00:08:49,220 and obscured the science, blocked change 141 00:08:49,780 --> 00:08:52,860 and churned out profit with subsidies 142 00:08:52,860 --> 00:08:55,860 in one hand and impunity in the other. 143 00:08:56,760 --> 00:08:59,760 And we are already suffering the consequences. 144 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:03,200 And without a radical change, of course, 145 00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:07,620 future generations will inherit a far hotter, 146 00:09:07,780 --> 00:09:11,600 more polluted, more unpredictable and more dangerous world. 147 00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:13,880 These same 148 00:09:13,880 --> 00:09:17,820 approaches of supremacy and subjugation 149 00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:22,580 are also causing terrible harm within human societies, 150 00:09:22,580 --> 00:09:26,400 because it's actually nurtured by the very same spirit 151 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:30,620 white supremacy made of supremacy, 152 00:09:30,780 --> 00:09:33,960 racial supremacy, religious supremacy. 153 00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:37,940 Everywhere we see an attitude that could be summarized 154 00:09:37,940 --> 00:09:42,920 as me first, my community first, my group first. 155 00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:46,100 And I don't care about anyone else. 156 00:09:46,100 --> 00:09:50,300 We enslave, we colonize, we exploit for domination and profit. 157 00:09:50,760 --> 00:09:53,300 And we also see this play out 158 00:09:53,300 --> 00:09:55,560 in the many conflicts 159 00:09:55,560 --> 00:09:58,560 and crisis and the atrocity crimes being committed. 160 00:09:58,560 --> 00:10:03,420 From Myanmar to Ukraine to Sudan to Gaza, with little accountability. 161 00:10:04,040 --> 00:10:07,040 International human rights law and international monitoring law 162 00:10:07,220 --> 00:10:11,360 are blatantly disregarded and more than perhaps in the past. 163 00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:14,660 And we see also corporate interests, profit 164 00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:18,200 from so-called forever wars, 165 00:10:18,620 --> 00:10:21,420 as we see on our screens every day. 166 00:10:21,420 --> 00:10:24,420 Many of the most powerful in our world 167 00:10:24,980 --> 00:10:29,120 are deeply invested in a hierarchy of human lives. 168 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:34,400 We see this in the skyrocketing levels of inequality within and between countries, 169 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:38,100 and in a lack of support for economies 170 00:10:38,100 --> 00:10:42,120 that are in or at high risk of debt distress, 171 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:45,500 many of them disproportionately affected by climate change. 172 00:10:45,500 --> 00:10:46,700 And as a result, 173 00:10:46,700 --> 00:10:50,520 they are not able to invest in education, for example, and and health care. 174 00:10:51,380 --> 00:10:54,060 We see it in a record numbers of people living in 175 00:10:54,060 --> 00:10:57,080 inadequate housing or without shelter. 176 00:10:57,080 --> 00:11:01,040 I'm always struck when I see how many homeless people 177 00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:05,400 you can find in the most richest cities on earth. 178 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:09,320 We see it in new technologies that are being weaponized 179 00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:13,380 to oppress and marginalized, as we see it in the continued efforts 180 00:11:13,380 --> 00:11:18,000 of fossil fuel companies to undermine solutions to the climate crisis, 181 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:23,120 to preserve their profits at the cost of our climate and our rights. 182 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:28,020 We see it in the violations of the rights of indigenous peoples, whose lands 183 00:11:28,020 --> 00:11:32,420 and territories are being exploited and destroyed without their consent. 184 00:11:33,440 --> 00:11:34,340 And we see it in 185 00:11:34,340 --> 00:11:38,100 the culture wars against the fundamental principles 186 00:11:38,100 --> 00:11:41,700 of inclusion, equality and nondiscrimination. 187 00:11:43,140 --> 00:11:46,200 Nature is itself has a long term strategy. 188 00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:50,040 In fact, it doesn't even think about strategies. 189 00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:52,460 But what is ours. 190 00:11:52,460 --> 00:11:57,320 And I would like to share with you four fundamental tenets for this strategy. 191 00:11:58,080 --> 00:12:01,380 First, our strategy needs to embrace 192 00:12:01,380 --> 00:12:05,160 human rights as the compass for a sustainable future. 193 00:12:05,780 --> 00:12:09,060 There's a lot of discussion now on how to frame human rights 194 00:12:09,780 --> 00:12:12,960 precisely at a time of uncertainty 195 00:12:13,380 --> 00:12:17,220 and at a time of instability, because human rights can be that compass, 196 00:12:18,300 --> 00:12:23,060 because our rights call for all people now and in the future 197 00:12:23,660 --> 00:12:29,060 to live in safety, security and opportunity on a healthy planet. 198 00:12:29,420 --> 00:12:32,000 That's if you like the summary of it. 199 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:35,760 When people have enough to eat, when they have access to clean water 200 00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:37,320 and education, 201 00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:41,660 when their right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment is fulfilled. 202 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:45,240 When people can express their opinions without fear, 203 00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:48,900 when the media can hold power to account, 204 00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:53,540 our societies are more peaceful, more stable and resilient. 205 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:58,380 Our human rights frame compassionate governance. 206 00:12:58,380 --> 00:13:01,740 It's it's a word we don't hear enough these days. 207 00:13:02,580 --> 00:13:05,580 When you talk about governance, compassion and governance, 208 00:13:06,080 --> 00:13:10,320 the human rights ecosystem has roots that run in all directions 209 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:14,940 from peace and sustainable development to social cohesion, equality and justice. 210 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:17,240 And in the 76 211 00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:20,460 years since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted, 212 00:13:21,080 --> 00:13:26,180 it has become clear that our rights are also deeply intertwined, 213 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:29,460 like a natural ecosystem, human 214 00:13:29,460 --> 00:13:32,460 rights find their own equilibrium. 215 00:13:32,460 --> 00:13:34,820 I'm always fascinated by the research that I've seen 216 00:13:34,820 --> 00:13:37,980 about how trees communicate with each other. 217 00:13:37,980 --> 00:13:41,880 They send distress signals about drought and disease 218 00:13:42,260 --> 00:13:45,440 that lead other trees to alter their behavior. 219 00:13:45,440 --> 00:13:48,240 It's absolutely fascinating to see this, 220 00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:51,080 and they share nutrients to keep each other healthy. 221 00:13:51,080 --> 00:13:53,460 So there is an equilibrium there. 222 00:13:53,460 --> 00:13:55,680 And science continues to develop a deeper 223 00:13:55,680 --> 00:13:59,340 understanding of how natural systems connect and communicate. 224 00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:02,420 And we should really find inspiration 225 00:14:02,420 --> 00:14:05,420 for our here for our own societies. 226 00:14:05,820 --> 00:14:08,660 What if humanity's unity 227 00:14:08,660 --> 00:14:11,660 with nature determined our politics? 228 00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:16,380 And what if we recognized that nature has rights to 229 00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:18,980 human rights? 230 00:14:18,980 --> 00:14:20,040 Well, High Commissioner 231 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:23,040 for Human Rights, but we are talking about the rights of nature. 232 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:25,860 The rights of certain species 233 00:14:25,860 --> 00:14:29,000 are already widely recognized in many legal systems. 234 00:14:29,480 --> 00:14:32,000 Cruel treatment is illegal. 235 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,620 While there are restrictions on animal testing 236 00:14:34,620 --> 00:14:37,280 and laws to protect wildlife, for example. 237 00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:40,280 What about an ocean? What about a glacier? 238 00:14:40,380 --> 00:14:42,200 What about a tree? 239 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:44,540 Remember the outcry 240 00:14:44,540 --> 00:14:47,640 when the sycamore sycamore gap tree was cut? 241 00:14:49,320 --> 00:14:53,160 And where in fact, two men were recently found guilty of this crime? 242 00:14:53,940 --> 00:14:56,540 So at some level, old people accept 243 00:14:56,540 --> 00:14:59,540 that a tree has a right to exist and cruel. 244 00:14:59,580 --> 00:15:02,520 So to nature as a whole. 245 00:15:02,520 --> 00:15:05,900 And authorities around the world increasingly recognize aspects 246 00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:09,260 of the right of nature, even at the international level. 247 00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:12,500 The Kunming Montreal Agreement 248 00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:15,900 on Biodiversity, which was adopted in 2022, 249 00:15:16,380 --> 00:15:21,020 acknowledges that the rights of nature are vital to successful implementation. 250 00:15:21,560 --> 00:15:24,120 The United Nations General Assembly has adopted 251 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:27,780 a series of resolutions on harmony with nature 252 00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:33,600 and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has issued an advisory opinion 253 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:36,600 stating that environmental components 254 00:15:36,620 --> 00:15:39,480 are legal interests in and of themselves. 255 00:15:40,620 --> 00:15:41,180 Following the 256 00:15:41,180 --> 00:15:46,860 Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand, certain rivers have been granted 257 00:15:46,860 --> 00:15:50,600 legal identity and designated guardians, 258 00:15:51,140 --> 00:15:53,720 and they can be defended in court 259 00:15:53,720 --> 00:15:56,660 against environmental damage. 260 00:15:56,660 --> 00:16:01,100 Likewise, certain mountains and land of significance to indigenous peoples 261 00:16:01,520 --> 00:16:04,440 in various countries have been endowed 262 00:16:04,440 --> 00:16:07,380 with rights of their own. 263 00:16:07,380 --> 00:16:09,360 In South Asia too, 264 00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:12,800 some rivers have specific legal recognition. 265 00:16:13,820 --> 00:16:15,900 Ecuador was the first country 266 00:16:15,900 --> 00:16:20,040 to recognize the rights of nature in its national constitution. 267 00:16:20,960 --> 00:16:24,120 These rights are also recognized at different levels of governance 268 00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:28,760 in Bolivia, India, Spain, Uganda, the United States of America, and beyond. 269 00:16:29,400 --> 00:16:33,900 It is no coincidence that that countries at the forefront 270 00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:38,900 of recognizing the rights of nature have strong and active indigenous peoples. 271 00:16:39,860 --> 00:16:42,600 For many indigenous peoples, the rights of nature 272 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:45,600 are a given part of their worldview. 273 00:16:46,020 --> 00:16:49,640 Cultural practices, religions, and traditional laws. 274 00:16:50,520 --> 00:16:53,520 They understand that protecting nature 275 00:16:53,820 --> 00:16:56,820 necessarily reinforces human rights, 276 00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:00,920 particularly the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment 277 00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:04,880 rather than viewing themselves apart from nature, 278 00:17:05,180 --> 00:17:07,880 many indigenous peoples view 279 00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:10,760 human beings as part of nature. 280 00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:12,000 As a body. 281 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:15,920 In this wonderful Maori proverb, I am the river 282 00:17:16,640 --> 00:17:19,300 and the river is me. 283 00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:22,380 Ecuador's Constitutional Court ruled in 2021 284 00:17:22,940 --> 00:17:25,520 that issuing mining permits 285 00:17:25,520 --> 00:17:29,140 that would harm the biodiversity of of the Los 286 00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:32,760 Rios Protected Forest violated the rights of nature. 287 00:17:33,660 --> 00:17:37,740 This ruling prevented continued harm against the forest, while 288 00:17:37,740 --> 00:17:41,560 also protecting the human rights of people in the affected areas. 289 00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:46,260 One of the greatest challenges we face in the world today is developing 290 00:17:46,260 --> 00:17:51,900 models of governance that integrate different worldviews, perspectives, 291 00:17:52,300 --> 00:17:55,440 including those that recognize the rights of nature. 292 00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:59,120 And I invite academics and scholars and researchers 293 00:17:59,840 --> 00:18:03,260 to build on current laws and some of these traditions 294 00:18:03,780 --> 00:18:05,540 and practices, 295 00:18:05,540 --> 00:18:09,100 and to consider what future models of governance 296 00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:11,060 that take into account the long term, 297 00:18:11,060 --> 00:18:14,360 including the rights of future generations, how they could look like, 298 00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:19,100 for example, they could involve constitutional recognition 299 00:18:19,640 --> 00:18:23,120 of legal standing for nature and its defenders, 300 00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:26,720 stronger protection against environmental harm, 301 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:30,240 and recognition of the crime of ecocide, 302 00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:34,280 including under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. 303 00:18:35,120 --> 00:18:39,720 They could mean new and stronger laws, regulations and enforcement mechanisms 304 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:45,320 to ensure corporations are no longer able to treat our planet 305 00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:49,860 as an inexhaustible resource that is to be exploited. 306 00:18:50,840 --> 00:18:51,500 Businesses 307 00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:55,920 would be held accountable not only for harming people, but for harming nature, 308 00:18:56,340 --> 00:18:58,980 recognizing ultimately that all are 309 00:18:58,980 --> 00:19:01,980 part of the same web of life. 310 00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:07,100 Indeed, we need a society wide conversation 311 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:10,860 that reimagines the corporate sector. 312 00:19:11,360 --> 00:19:15,180 The goals of the corporate sector, and their responsibilities 313 00:19:15,180 --> 00:19:18,180 to people and planet. 314 00:19:18,260 --> 00:19:20,060 Second, 315 00:19:20,060 --> 00:19:24,320 we need bold action based on human rights to cool our burning planet. 316 00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,500 Full implementation of the Paris Agreement is our only hope. 317 00:19:29,360 --> 00:19:31,500 Without it, humanity would be headed 318 00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:34,500 to over four degrees of heating, 319 00:19:34,680 --> 00:19:37,680 which would be, frankly, a death sentence for most. 320 00:19:38,820 --> 00:19:42,800 That figure is now at three degrees on the current trajectory, 321 00:19:43,640 --> 00:19:47,360 so we are making a little bit of progress, but clearly not enough 322 00:19:47,520 --> 00:19:49,580 because the aim, as you know, is 1.5. 323 00:19:51,140 --> 00:19:54,300 This is why support, I think, is growing 324 00:19:55,340 --> 00:20:00,080 for a proposed fossil fuel nonproliferation treaty 325 00:20:00,840 --> 00:20:03,780 that would aim to end the expansion 326 00:20:03,780 --> 00:20:06,780 of the oil, coal and gas projects 327 00:20:07,020 --> 00:20:10,020 and accelerate the transition to renewable energy. 328 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:15,600 I'm impressed by a number of states that have welcomed this idea, 329 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:18,920 including Colombia, despite its long history 330 00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:22,520 of use, fossil fuel dependency 331 00:20:22,920 --> 00:20:25,260 where there is political will, even countries 332 00:20:25,260 --> 00:20:28,860 which with much at stake can find a way. 333 00:20:29,640 --> 00:20:32,640 Just look at the more real protocol on B, 334 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:37,260 which was agreed in 87 to protect the ozone layer. 335 00:20:38,240 --> 00:20:41,240 It's quite a marvel of international lawmaking. 336 00:20:41,360 --> 00:20:46,080 It's in fact regarded as one of our greatest environmental success stories, 337 00:20:47,060 --> 00:20:50,400 and we need to celebrate the achievement and understand why it happened 338 00:20:51,140 --> 00:20:53,480 when it was negotiated. 339 00:20:53,480 --> 00:20:56,900 Critics argued that it would harm economies and people 340 00:20:57,540 --> 00:21:02,460 by restricting chemicals used in reef refrigeration. 341 00:21:02,720 --> 00:21:05,340 Well, today we don't even talk about it anymore. 342 00:21:05,340 --> 00:21:07,820 And the reality was quite the opposite. 343 00:21:07,820 --> 00:21:09,960 Markets did not crash. 344 00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:13,940 The ozone layer is on track for near complete recovery. 345 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:17,760 And it really has important lessons 346 00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:21,560 for negotiations, including on a global plastics treaty. 347 00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:24,600 And you probably are aware that this global plastics treaty is 348 00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:26,060 being negotiated as we speak. 349 00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:27,720 It also 350 00:21:27,720 --> 00:21:31,520 shows that even though we may not, we may not have all the answers 351 00:21:31,520 --> 00:21:35,960 we need to move forward with this courage, determination and creativity. 352 00:21:36,980 --> 00:21:39,240 And climate action is already spurring 353 00:21:39,240 --> 00:21:42,300 ideas and action to improve lives around the world. 354 00:21:42,300 --> 00:21:44,820 And we really need to build on this. 355 00:21:44,820 --> 00:21:48,720 How can we expand electric transport systems, 356 00:21:48,720 --> 00:21:53,100 green spaces, walkable neighborhoods, and low emission zones? 357 00:21:54,120 --> 00:21:57,500 The capacity for innovation is at an all time high, 358 00:21:58,260 --> 00:22:01,260 and the transition away from fossil fuel dependency 359 00:22:01,680 --> 00:22:04,400 is a laboratory for new ideas. 360 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:09,620 Renewable energy is already the cheapest power option in most parts of the world. 361 00:22:10,260 --> 00:22:13,560 The cost of electricity from solar power fell 362 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:17,840 by 85% between 2010 and 2020. 363 00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:21,440 Last year, renewables made up 364 00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:24,360 over 90% of new power 365 00:22:24,360 --> 00:22:28,340 capacity built around the world, and the signals 366 00:22:28,340 --> 00:22:32,340 from almost all G20 countries are clear 367 00:22:33,180 --> 00:22:36,320 they are scaling up the transition to renewables. 368 00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:39,740 But it needs to be fast and it has to be equitable. 369 00:22:41,220 --> 00:22:44,040 Just and just to show about equity. 370 00:22:44,040 --> 00:22:48,600 Only 2% of clean energy investments go to the African continent. 371 00:22:49,440 --> 00:22:52,440 So we need a systemic, systemic shift 372 00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:55,500 to a sustainable economies and societies 373 00:22:55,620 --> 00:22:59,400 because it has wider implications for other economic sectors. 374 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:00,440 As well. 375 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:03,840 From training workers to the extraction of critical energy 376 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:06,840 transition minerals, but also tax policy. 377 00:23:07,360 --> 00:23:11,460 And we must make sure that all these changes from transport to supply 378 00:23:11,460 --> 00:23:14,840 chains to healthcare, to finance, are coherent 379 00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:18,240 and founded in human rights. 380 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:21,240 Fossil fuel companies and their supporters 381 00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:26,960 are desperate to portray the just transition as unrealistic 382 00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:29,360 and unachievable. 383 00:23:29,360 --> 00:23:32,360 And a new generation of economists, many of them 384 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:36,000 women economists, are proving them wrong. 385 00:23:36,780 --> 00:23:40,800 My office strongly advocates for a human rights economy, 386 00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:44,580 where all policies, from taxation to climate action, 387 00:23:45,020 --> 00:23:49,140 keep the clear focus on advancing human rights and protecting the planet. 388 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:52,680 It's this when you want to give a mission to an economic system, 389 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:55,880 you can also define it from a human rights lens. 390 00:23:57,020 --> 00:23:59,300 For example, in the human rights economy, 391 00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:03,960 states would equitably phase out fossil fuel subsidies 392 00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:07,860 and they would regulate environ mentally destructive activities. 393 00:24:08,340 --> 00:24:12,260 They would invest in renewable energy, sustainable food 394 00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:17,040 systems and social safety nets to help people adapt and adjust. 395 00:24:17,660 --> 00:24:21,440 Investors and businesses would transparency, disclose, 396 00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:26,120 transparently disclose and divest from sectors that are doing 397 00:24:26,120 --> 00:24:30,780 irreparable harm to our climate and to our environment? 398 00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:35,360 Digital technologies can obviously help to turbocharge 399 00:24:35,360 --> 00:24:38,600 the transition to renewables and to sustainability more broadly. 400 00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:43,140 We know about the potential of artificial intelligence tools 401 00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:48,600 can optimize wind and solar power, predict natural disasters, track 402 00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:51,980 pollution, help monitor illegal fishing, 403 00:24:52,220 --> 00:24:55,220 logging and other environmental crimes. 404 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,620 But we have seen the use of AI also for other purposes, 405 00:24:59,720 --> 00:25:03,900 and we need to make sure that the shift to AI is indeed 406 00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:07,940 used for the purposes of being transformative and equitable. 407 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:10,620 Because while 408 00:25:10,620 --> 00:25:13,260 there is unprecedented 409 00:25:13,260 --> 00:25:17,280 power for good, we have also seen that these technologies 410 00:25:17,280 --> 00:25:20,280 have equally massive potential 411 00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:24,120 to cause harm to societies and to individuals. 412 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:27,120 And in particular, the concentration 413 00:25:27,120 --> 00:25:32,960 of AI in the hands of a few billionaires is cause for serious concern, 414 00:25:33,360 --> 00:25:36,360 particularly when some have authoritarian 415 00:25:36,980 --> 00:25:39,980 or cultish spiritual aspirations. 416 00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:46,040 The business model of social media platforms is already fueling polarization 417 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:50,640 and even extremism, including climate denial and dis-information. 418 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:57,620 Meanwhile, AI data centers and we don't often talk about this. 419 00:25:57,620 --> 00:26:01,140 They suck up massive amounts of energy and water. 420 00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:06,260 And the AI tools are also exacerbating 421 00:26:06,780 --> 00:26:09,780 inequality, existing inequalities and the digital divide. 422 00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:13,080 As you know, there was last September, 423 00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:16,300 the United Nations Pact for the future was was adopted. 424 00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:21,560 It includes an agreement on the need for global guidelines towards 425 00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:26,780 the development of AI, and we really need to see implementation of it. 426 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:27,260 Quick. 427 00:26:28,220 --> 00:26:29,780 Much faster 428 00:26:29,780 --> 00:26:32,580 than than one could possibly imagine. 429 00:26:32,580 --> 00:26:36,300 It would also help us create a safer and stronger 430 00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:40,260 information ecosystem which respects the right to privacy. 431 00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:43,820 To the extent that this is still possible and protects also 432 00:26:44,120 --> 00:26:47,120 the spaces for exchange and dialog. 433 00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:50,660 Third, we must deliver climate justice. 434 00:26:51,860 --> 00:26:53,820 The countries that. 435 00:26:53,820 --> 00:26:57,180 And really this has to be we need to remember this. 436 00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:00,860 The countries that did least to cause 437 00:27:00,860 --> 00:27:03,860 the climate crisis are paying the highest price. 438 00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:08,940 And it's frankly completely unacceptable. 439 00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:12,080 And some of these countries 440 00:27:12,080 --> 00:27:15,080 are even under an existential threat. 441 00:27:15,360 --> 00:27:17,780 We have seen some progress 442 00:27:17,780 --> 00:27:20,220 in Egypt during the Cop negotiations. 443 00:27:20,220 --> 00:27:24,800 We saw that all countries agreed to an historical loss and damage fund, 444 00:27:25,640 --> 00:27:28,640 but it needs to be adequately funded and implemented. 445 00:27:29,060 --> 00:27:32,640 When the Cop happened in the UAE, in the United Arab Emirates, 446 00:27:33,620 --> 00:27:34,080 countries 447 00:27:34,080 --> 00:27:37,080 agreed to a transition away from all fossil 448 00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:40,400 fuels in a just and equitable manner, leaving no one behind. 449 00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:42,360 Again, it needs to be implemented. 450 00:27:42,360 --> 00:27:45,180 And in Baku last year, developed 451 00:27:45,180 --> 00:27:49,500 and developed countries agreed to triple climate finance 452 00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:53,660 to $300 billion by 2035, 453 00:27:54,420 --> 00:27:57,500 and all parties agreed to work together to increase finance 454 00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:00,960 to developing countries from blood, from public and private sources 455 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:05,960 to at least $1.3 trillion per year by 2035. 456 00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:10,140 Yet we need much more cooperation, 457 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:14,300 determined determination to implement what was agreed. 458 00:28:15,180 --> 00:28:18,180 And we need all stakeholders to come together. 459 00:28:18,260 --> 00:28:22,040 Of course, governments, the private sector, the investors, 460 00:28:22,040 --> 00:28:26,820 the multilateral development banks, civil society and local communities. 461 00:28:27,680 --> 00:28:31,800 Some projections estimate financial needs of over 462 00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:36,540 $10 trillion per year between 2030 and 2050. 463 00:28:38,060 --> 00:28:41,400 Unfortunately, during the Baku negotiations at the Cop, 464 00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:45,740 human rights were a casualty of the negotiations on finance. 465 00:28:46,680 --> 00:28:49,940 Earlier draft text did recognize the need 466 00:28:49,940 --> 00:28:53,280 to respect, protect and promote and fulfill human rights. 467 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:56,940 But this language was removed at a very late stage. 468 00:28:57,920 --> 00:28:58,380 This was 469 00:28:58,380 --> 00:29:01,380 not just a missed opportunity, but it's 470 00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,520 frankly a continuation of policies 471 00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:08,340 that created today's unsustainable and unequal world. 472 00:29:09,740 --> 00:29:14,300 We need to make those responsible for the climate crisis to pay up. 473 00:29:15,060 --> 00:29:18,660 Climate finance must be accessible to the people that are most affected, 474 00:29:18,660 --> 00:29:21,660 including women, younger people, 475 00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:24,080 children and indigenous peoples. 476 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:26,700 The states subsidies for fossil fuels, 477 00:29:26,700 --> 00:29:29,860 which amount to hundreds of billions of dollars per year. 478 00:29:29,880 --> 00:29:30,860 Just imagine this. 479 00:29:30,860 --> 00:29:35,720 So we still subsidize fossil fuels with hundreds of billions of dollars. 480 00:29:36,020 --> 00:29:40,200 They need to be redirected towards creating a safer future. 481 00:29:40,620 --> 00:29:45,560 Imagine what the money could do if it invested in sustainable 482 00:29:45,840 --> 00:29:47,040 technologies. 483 00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:50,900 And we need to find new creative sources to fund climate action. 484 00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:55,940 From green bond markets to windfall taxes on fossil fuel companies. 485 00:29:56,640 --> 00:30:00,840 And frankly, a serious reform of the international financial architecture. 486 00:30:01,560 --> 00:30:05,300 And also at the national level, it's both the international and the national. 487 00:30:06,440 --> 00:30:08,300 I fully support 488 00:30:08,300 --> 00:30:11,240 the proposal by the by Brazil's 489 00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:15,020 G20 presidency for a billionaire tax 490 00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:18,840 to go towards reducing inequality and climate finance. 491 00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:23,540 And I hope that South African leadership will continue dialog around this idea. 492 00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:28,800 Many developing economies are on the frontlines of the climate crisis 493 00:30:29,420 --> 00:30:30,500 while they continue, 494 00:30:30,500 --> 00:30:34,200 while they continue to struggle with the fallout of of the Covid pandemic. 495 00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:35,480 We hardly talk about that. 496 00:30:35,480 --> 00:30:38,480 But there has been a fallout, and it's still continuing. 497 00:30:38,880 --> 00:30:43,280 The world Bank reported recently that the 2020 498 00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:47,460 to 2030 that this decade could be a lost decade for development, 499 00:30:47,940 --> 00:30:51,600 with the poorest and least developed countries bearing the brunt. 500 00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:54,980 And we see with the pact for the future 501 00:30:54,980 --> 00:30:58,400 that it tries to address this issue of inequalities 502 00:30:59,340 --> 00:31:03,800 first and foremost through a more representative, multilateral, 503 00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:08,640 multilateral governance and reform of the global financial institutions. 504 00:31:09,740 --> 00:31:12,700 We are within the system, within the United Nations system. 505 00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:14,900 We are very much pushing for these reforms, 506 00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:18,960 but we again need to see it matched by action, where it's 507 00:31:19,160 --> 00:31:22,680 simply not enough when it comes to this particular issue. 508 00:31:23,160 --> 00:31:25,880 And we really need to see commitment 509 00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:31,700 at the forthcoming fourth conference on financing for development later 510 00:31:31,700 --> 00:31:34,700 this month in severe in Spain. 511 00:31:35,780 --> 00:31:37,820 Distinguished guests 512 00:31:37,820 --> 00:31:42,200 the students climate justice is broader than finance. 513 00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:45,360 And there I will add the particular human rights angle to it. 514 00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:48,560 And we need to learn from history. 515 00:31:48,560 --> 00:31:52,820 Inequality and injustice give rise to deep grievances 516 00:31:53,180 --> 00:31:56,180 that can erupt in cycles of violence. 517 00:31:57,120 --> 00:32:00,360 Our current unsustainable economic models 518 00:32:00,980 --> 00:32:03,980 are creating grievances that need to be addressed, 519 00:32:04,640 --> 00:32:07,460 and it is therefore crucial that countries and fossil 520 00:32:07,460 --> 00:32:09,620 fuel companies are held accountable. 521 00:32:09,620 --> 00:32:14,900 And we have seen courts at all levels signaling that states have an obligation 522 00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:18,440 to protect their people from the impact of the climate crisis. 523 00:32:18,900 --> 00:32:24,660 European Court of Human Rights affirmed in a landmark decision last year 524 00:32:24,660 --> 00:32:29,280 that states have enforceable human rights obligations to address climate change. 525 00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:33,080 And in fact, that case was brought and I met. 526 00:32:33,180 --> 00:32:37,740 I met some of the Swiss women who who made this work, 527 00:32:38,220 --> 00:32:41,120 who who brought this case to the to Strasbourg. 528 00:32:41,120 --> 00:32:43,860 And it actually shows people power at work. 529 00:32:44,820 --> 00:32:48,000 National courts around the world are demonstrating greater 530 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,000 willingness to hold those responsible 531 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:54,000 for climate harm to account. 532 00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:56,460 Last week, interesting decision. 533 00:32:56,460 --> 00:32:59,460 A court in Germany accepted in principle 534 00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:04,020 the link between emitters here in Germany 535 00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:07,460 and damage caused by melting 536 00:33:07,460 --> 00:33:10,740 glaciers in Peru, which, as you can imagine 537 00:33:10,740 --> 00:33:13,980 from all the lawyers in the room, that's quite a stretch. 538 00:33:13,980 --> 00:33:17,420 But the it's an interesting decision that they took 539 00:33:18,360 --> 00:33:20,960 later this year at both the International Court 540 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:26,180 of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights are expected to issue 541 00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:29,460 keenly and participated advisory 542 00:33:29,460 --> 00:33:33,560 opinions on states human rights obligations around climate change 543 00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,620 and, in fact, the Ice, the International Court of Justice case 544 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:42,920 was sparked by students from the University of the South Pacific 545 00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:46,700 who were deeply concerned by the existential threat that they saw 546 00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:50,000 because of obviously rising sea levels 547 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:53,880 and the threat it poses to their cultures and to their countries. 548 00:33:54,360 --> 00:33:57,580 And they succeeded in persuading the government of land, water 549 00:33:57,900 --> 00:34:00,660 to bring the issue to the international level. 550 00:34:00,660 --> 00:34:02,220 So, again, people power at work. 551 00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:05,880 The United Nations committees that monitor 552 00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:09,320 compliance with international rights treaties also have a role to play. 553 00:34:09,320 --> 00:34:12,920 Three years ago, one of these committees concluded 554 00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:17,540 that Australia had failed to protect indigenous Torres 555 00:34:17,540 --> 00:34:21,480 Strait Islanders against the adverse impacts of climate change. 556 00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,920 And we see in university, in civil society more generally, 557 00:34:25,460 --> 00:34:30,120 that we need to build on these success stories and press for 558 00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:34,760 and press really the legal case for states to act on the climate crisis. 559 00:34:36,420 --> 00:34:40,880 The other element to this is that climate justice also involves 560 00:34:41,040 --> 00:34:45,220 righting past wrongs, healing and reconciliation. 561 00:34:45,220 --> 00:34:49,260 And I come to speak, and that's probably quite unusual to speak 562 00:34:49,260 --> 00:34:52,260 about transitional justice and climate justice. 563 00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:55,460 As you know, transitional justice is a rights based framework. 564 00:34:56,140 --> 00:34:58,980 It was developed, 565 00:34:58,980 --> 00:35:01,340 to help societies move forward 566 00:35:01,340 --> 00:35:04,340 from authoritarianism and conflict. 567 00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:09,000 But I think it also offers some interest, insight 568 00:35:09,300 --> 00:35:13,260 to address the profound injustices that are related to climate. 569 00:35:14,180 --> 00:35:17,880 For example, truth telling encourages 570 00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:21,620 broad and open acknowledgment that harm has been done, 571 00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:24,980 and we need an accurate, 572 00:35:24,980 --> 00:35:31,180 science based account of exactly what the fossil fuel industry 573 00:35:31,180 --> 00:35:36,640 knew about climate change and when and how it kept that knowledge from the public. 574 00:35:37,080 --> 00:35:40,080 That would be a very important truth telling process. 575 00:35:40,860 --> 00:35:44,960 In fact, in transitional justice issues, International Commission of Inquiry 576 00:35:45,420 --> 00:35:50,120 has helped many countries to move from conflict to peace 577 00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:52,180 by investigating serious human 578 00:35:52,180 --> 00:35:55,720 rights violations and abuses and making recommendations for the future. 579 00:35:56,200 --> 00:35:59,680 So the question arises why not, for example, 580 00:35:59,680 --> 00:36:03,860 a commission of inquiry into the climate and environmental crisis? 581 00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:05,580 It could be composed. 582 00:36:05,580 --> 00:36:08,960 It would be composed of scientists, of environmental lawyers, of indigenous 583 00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:12,680 peoples, of representatives, human rights experts, of course. 584 00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:17,240 And it would explain how human action has contributed to climate change, 585 00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:22,220 biodiversity loss and pollution, and where responsibility lies. 586 00:36:23,460 --> 00:36:24,380 Remedy and 587 00:36:24,380 --> 00:36:28,120 reparation are also central to adherence to transitional justice. 588 00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:32,960 And then in the climate context, we know that some damage may be irreversible 589 00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:37,040 and those who are affected are entitled 590 00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:40,040 to compensation and rehabilitation. 591 00:36:40,940 --> 00:36:43,760 Corporate accountability initiatives are essential 592 00:36:43,760 --> 00:36:47,000 to repair such damage and to ensure it is not repeated. 593 00:36:47,360 --> 00:36:50,780 And I welcome the support from the European Union, from Brazil, 594 00:36:50,780 --> 00:36:54,600 Thailand and others for binding regulations to prevent 595 00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:59,100 human rights abuses in the extraction of critical minerals. 596 00:36:59,220 --> 00:37:02,220 The Secretary general last year also 597 00:37:02,220 --> 00:37:07,160 published important recommendations to to ground the revolution 598 00:37:07,160 --> 00:37:10,280 that we need on the renewable front in justice and equity. 599 00:37:10,280 --> 00:37:13,280 It's very similar to this topic. 600 00:37:13,460 --> 00:37:17,480 Above all, transitional justice is centered on the voices 601 00:37:17,480 --> 00:37:20,540 and the needs of the people who have been most affected, 602 00:37:20,540 --> 00:37:23,540 because that's the healing and the listening process. 603 00:37:24,020 --> 00:37:27,020 And these are often the most marginalized people. 604 00:37:27,620 --> 00:37:31,460 And when it comes to our climate, that means indigenous peoples. 605 00:37:31,460 --> 00:37:32,880 It means women and girls. 606 00:37:32,880 --> 00:37:34,620 We know how disproportionately 607 00:37:34,620 --> 00:37:38,380 they are affected by already, by the by the climate crisis. 608 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:40,380 It means also people with disabilities, 609 00:37:40,380 --> 00:37:43,460 local communities, but also minorities of all kinds. 610 00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:48,720 And there is the rights of young people, of children, of future generations 611 00:37:49,140 --> 00:37:51,720 is a paramount consideration that needs to 612 00:37:51,720 --> 00:37:54,780 be factored into all of this. 613 00:37:55,940 --> 00:37:58,160 We know that they will. 614 00:37:58,160 --> 00:38:02,900 Our children will be most affected by this overheating planet, 615 00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:07,980 and they had no part in any of the decisions that got us here. 616 00:38:09,380 --> 00:38:12,080 There is also an important gender dimension. 617 00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:17,000 As I mentioned before, which calls for women's full participation, 618 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:21,020 representation and leadership in every stage of the response. 619 00:38:22,820 --> 00:38:25,560 Fourth and final point. 620 00:38:25,560 --> 00:38:27,680 Our strategy requires strong 621 00:38:27,680 --> 00:38:30,680 political leadership and social mobilization. 622 00:38:31,680 --> 00:38:36,200 Many governments are not meeting the urgency of this moment 623 00:38:37,220 --> 00:38:38,540 on climate. 624 00:38:38,540 --> 00:38:41,540 They are out of step with their people. 625 00:38:42,300 --> 00:38:45,060 Recent studies very interesting, 626 00:38:45,060 --> 00:38:50,280 show that 89% of the world's people want stronger action 627 00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:53,520 to fight the climate crisis. 628 00:38:53,760 --> 00:38:58,340 Research also suggests that citizens of rich nations strongly pack 629 00:38:58,340 --> 00:39:02,160 financial support for poorer countries that are on the front lines. 630 00:39:03,660 --> 00:39:05,520 In both cases, 631 00:39:05,520 --> 00:39:08,160 people with these views mistakenly 632 00:39:08,160 --> 00:39:11,160 believe that they are in a minority, 633 00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:14,760 that there is little they can do to change things. 634 00:39:15,660 --> 00:39:18,360 It also shows how politics of distraction works. 635 00:39:18,360 --> 00:39:20,900 When people feel like that. 636 00:39:20,900 --> 00:39:23,340 In other words, disinformation 637 00:39:23,340 --> 00:39:26,340 and divisions are having a deadly impact. 638 00:39:26,900 --> 00:39:29,640 The polarizations in our societies lead precisely 639 00:39:29,640 --> 00:39:32,640 to a lack of political will and action. 640 00:39:33,020 --> 00:39:36,620 So we need to amplify the voices of the silent majority. 641 00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:41,100 We need to join forces to apply maximum pressure 642 00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:44,100 and push political leadership into action 643 00:39:45,260 --> 00:39:48,120 in a world that is torn apart by conflict. 644 00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:51,080 The existential threat of climate change 645 00:39:51,080 --> 00:39:54,080 has fallen off the radar, 646 00:39:54,180 --> 00:39:58,680 and we need to really do everything in our power to put it back at the top. 647 00:39:59,060 --> 00:40:02,880 I remember in 2019, when the climate summit 648 00:40:02,880 --> 00:40:05,940 took place in New York, it was before Covid. 649 00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:09,800 There was a summit. 650 00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:13,340 It preceded the Climate Action Summit with governments 651 00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:18,140 that was only composed of children and of young people. 652 00:40:19,020 --> 00:40:23,340 And it was there pressure in New York that helped put the pressure 653 00:40:23,640 --> 00:40:26,060 on the political leadership to take action. 654 00:40:26,060 --> 00:40:30,780 Unfortunately, I don't see that same mobilization anymore today. 655 00:40:32,060 --> 00:40:34,340 The Brazilian presidency of the Cop 656 00:40:34,340 --> 00:40:38,340 30 has called for a global mobilization. 657 00:40:39,120 --> 00:40:41,420 They call it the material 658 00:40:41,420 --> 00:40:44,240 to build momentum for climate action 659 00:40:44,240 --> 00:40:46,760 locally, nationally, regionally. 660 00:40:46,760 --> 00:40:51,420 We need people everywhere to push for change within their communities 661 00:40:51,420 --> 00:40:52,980 and beyond. 662 00:40:52,980 --> 00:40:55,980 And we see that so many people are already active 663 00:40:56,580 --> 00:40:59,060 across all ages, across all regions. 664 00:40:59,060 --> 00:41:03,300 I'm thinking of people like the marine biologist in the Bahamas, who lost her 665 00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:06,560 home to hurricanes three times and is now 666 00:41:06,560 --> 00:41:09,560 helping to restore mangrove forests. 667 00:41:09,980 --> 00:41:13,640 The mangroves, the public policy research in Egypt 668 00:41:13,640 --> 00:41:17,840 who is empowering young women to pursue careers in renewable energy, 669 00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:20,360 and schoolchildren around the world 670 00:41:20,360 --> 00:41:24,920 who often lead local efforts on climate and the environment. 671 00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:27,300 And I have met many of them, 672 00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:30,300 during out throughout my my years as high commissioner. 673 00:41:30,560 --> 00:41:34,760 So never underestimate your own contribution and influence. 674 00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:36,180 And it's clear 675 00:41:36,180 --> 00:41:39,920 that businesses and universities also around the world need to step up. 676 00:41:40,560 --> 00:41:43,560 It's clear that many governments will not move 677 00:41:43,680 --> 00:41:47,180 without consistent, widespread public pressure. 678 00:41:48,500 --> 00:41:49,200 With science 679 00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:52,200 under attack in several countries around the world 680 00:41:52,380 --> 00:41:56,160 supporting independent climate research within universities 681 00:41:56,160 --> 00:41:59,240 and other centers of excellence is more important than ever. 682 00:42:00,620 --> 00:42:04,140 Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 683 00:42:04,440 --> 00:42:08,780 makes it clear, and I quote, that everyone has the right 684 00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:13,380 to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 685 00:42:14,040 --> 00:42:16,860 And never has this road been more crucial 686 00:42:16,860 --> 00:42:19,860 or at such risk. 687 00:42:21,140 --> 00:42:23,400 Distinguished guests and 688 00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:26,060 and students and friends. 689 00:42:26,060 --> 00:42:29,220 The climate crisis is not just about the weather, 690 00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:33,080 or about renewable energy, or even fossil fuels. 691 00:42:33,740 --> 00:42:38,660 Beyond renewable energy, beyond subsidies, beyond the just transition. 692 00:42:39,300 --> 00:42:43,340 It calls on all of that, all of us, to shape new ways of living. 693 00:42:43,860 --> 00:42:47,820 In fact, it's a clarion call for a new type of politics, 694 00:42:48,360 --> 00:42:51,600 a reinvention of a reimagining of politics and leadership 695 00:42:51,840 --> 00:42:57,440 and, frankly, new approaches to leadership and more honest politics that doesn't 696 00:42:57,440 --> 00:43:00,540 hide behind concepts of me against you, 697 00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:04,940 us against them, humanity against nature. 698 00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:07,940 A fact based politics 699 00:43:07,940 --> 00:43:11,520 that takes science and scientists seriously, 700 00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:16,620 that accepts the realities of climate and environmental related harms 701 00:43:17,120 --> 00:43:20,120 and deals with them effectively and urgently 702 00:43:20,340 --> 00:43:22,800 and more relevant politics 703 00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:25,340 that tackles today's problems 704 00:43:25,340 --> 00:43:28,640 rather than distracting people with culture wars. 705 00:43:29,300 --> 00:43:32,420 A practical politics that recognizes 706 00:43:32,420 --> 00:43:35,660 the inherent contradictions in all of us 707 00:43:36,060 --> 00:43:39,600 without rejection or division at politics. 708 00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:42,960 For the 21st century, that is not based 709 00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:47,000 on outdated concepts from the 19th century. 710 00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:49,800 I found the emotional 711 00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:54,080 outpouring after the death of Pope Francis remarkable 712 00:43:54,540 --> 00:43:57,540 because it reverberated across all faiths. 713 00:43:58,020 --> 00:44:01,040 And it also signaled a thirst for leadership 714 00:44:01,440 --> 00:44:04,440 through compassion, humility and service. 715 00:44:05,340 --> 00:44:09,900 And it shows there is a craving for a new kind of leadership 716 00:44:09,900 --> 00:44:16,260 that is anchored in dignity and not in dehumanization, in dialog, 717 00:44:16,820 --> 00:44:20,600 not conflict in inclusion, not division. 718 00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:23,960 A desire to connect with people, 719 00:44:23,960 --> 00:44:26,960 with nature, to listen and to understand. 720 00:44:28,260 --> 00:44:32,360 And I compare it with the three eyed chameleon. 721 00:44:33,180 --> 00:44:35,880 We need an eye on the past. 722 00:44:35,880 --> 00:44:37,140 We need to learn from history. 723 00:44:37,140 --> 00:44:41,040 We need an eye on the present to act with reason and compassion. 724 00:44:41,460 --> 00:44:43,880 And we need an eye on the future 725 00:44:43,880 --> 00:44:47,360 and our responsibilities to our children and future generations. 726 00:44:48,360 --> 00:44:51,360 In short, we need governance that is guided 727 00:44:51,840 --> 00:44:55,560 by the fundamental values and principles that unite us all. 728 00:44:56,480 --> 00:44:59,780 Governance that truly serves all its people 729 00:45:00,120 --> 00:45:03,260 and reflects their hopes and aspirations. 730 00:45:03,620 --> 00:45:07,220 Governance that tackles the difficult long term problems 731 00:45:07,620 --> 00:45:11,520 for the benefit of all, and not just the short term electoral cycles. 732 00:45:12,380 --> 00:45:17,720 And I challenge everyone and everyone who is listening to think about how 733 00:45:17,720 --> 00:45:23,340 we can, how you can, how we can all contribute to a new era of politics. 734 00:45:23,780 --> 00:45:26,780 We need a global movement for change, 735 00:45:27,080 --> 00:45:30,080 founded on human rights and human dignity, 736 00:45:30,740 --> 00:45:33,900 and to transform our governance for the common good 737 00:45:34,860 --> 00:45:37,860 and built, as a result, a much more 738 00:45:38,820 --> 00:45:42,680 sustainable future for all life on our planet. 739 00:45:43,040 --> 00:45:46,040 Thank you very much. 740 00:46:13,560 --> 00:46:14,060 Doctor. 741 00:46:14,060 --> 00:46:16,940 Thank you for that really insightful lecture. 742 00:46:16,940 --> 00:46:20,700 And I know immediately I can hear from the noises behind me 743 00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:24,720 as I was listening to your talk, that you have raised 744 00:46:24,720 --> 00:46:28,080 a number of issues there, which really, deeply chimed with our audience. 745 00:46:28,340 --> 00:46:31,980 I'm sure there are many people who would like to ask questions. 746 00:46:32,340 --> 00:46:36,540 What I propose is that we might take 2 or 3 questions to begin with, 747 00:46:36,540 --> 00:46:41,180 and then get you to respond to them as a group if, if that, if that's okay. 748 00:46:41,580 --> 00:46:44,580 So colleagues who would like to kick off. 749 00:46:44,940 --> 00:46:45,200 Good. 750 00:46:45,200 --> 00:46:49,340 Come to an old hand here at the front, Colin Tudge. Hey. 751 00:46:52,140 --> 00:46:54,200 Thank you for a very fun lecture. 752 00:46:54,200 --> 00:46:59,520 But how do we deal with the fact that in a free election in America, 753 00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:03,360 the American people overwhelmingly elected a guy 754 00:47:03,360 --> 00:47:07,700 who is totally against more or less everything you said of this country. 755 00:47:08,300 --> 00:47:11,960 We are quite likely to elect Nigel Farage, 756 00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:15,360 who is a sort of scion of, Trump. 757 00:47:16,100 --> 00:47:17,580 How do we deal with this fact? 758 00:47:17,580 --> 00:47:22,820 I mean, I take your point that most people are in favor of the kind of things 759 00:47:22,820 --> 00:47:25,820 you're saying, but that's not as what's actually reflected 760 00:47:25,880 --> 00:47:28,880 in the political mood. 761 00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:30,320 Okay. 762 00:47:30,320 --> 00:47:32,060 Thank you. 763 00:47:32,060 --> 00:47:35,060 Question at the back there. 764 00:47:35,880 --> 00:47:38,220 Thank you for your time, High Commissioner. 765 00:47:38,220 --> 00:47:41,220 You alluded over the course of your, talk 766 00:47:41,400 --> 00:47:45,380 about the inequity as it pertains to responsibility for the climate crisis. 767 00:47:46,920 --> 00:47:49,920 And you have, I think, of countries like Brazil, for example, 768 00:47:50,180 --> 00:47:53,180 which are responsible for stewardship of the Amazon rainforest. 769 00:47:53,880 --> 00:47:56,220 As well as African countries that are heavily 770 00:47:56,220 --> 00:48:00,420 dependent on coal and other, you know, nonrenewable sources of energy 771 00:48:00,840 --> 00:48:04,820 who are being told to shift to renewable sources of energy. 772 00:48:05,220 --> 00:48:08,220 And some of the pushback that you see from these countries 773 00:48:08,460 --> 00:48:12,840 is that they feel as if they're being told what to do by very powerful, 774 00:48:12,840 --> 00:48:16,620 wealthy resource nations without necessarily being given 775 00:48:16,620 --> 00:48:19,620 the resources to actually embark on that energy transition. 776 00:48:19,680 --> 00:48:23,420 So could you please explain what policies are currently being implemented 777 00:48:23,420 --> 00:48:27,240 or can be implemented to allow for this transition, without it feeling 778 00:48:27,240 --> 00:48:29,720 as if it's being imposed by more powerful nations 779 00:48:29,720 --> 00:48:33,300 who do have a larger share of the responsibility for the climate crisis. 780 00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:35,580 Thank you. 781 00:48:35,580 --> 00:48:37,460 A great question, and I'll take one. 782 00:48:37,460 --> 00:48:41,760 One final question before we we have our first opportunity to respond. 783 00:48:44,180 --> 00:48:45,060 Thank you. 784 00:48:45,060 --> 00:48:46,340 Thank you for the excellent talk. 785 00:48:46,340 --> 00:48:49,580 I know you have a background in refugee rights, 786 00:48:49,580 --> 00:48:52,580 and you didn't speak too much in the talk about that, 787 00:48:52,860 --> 00:48:55,200 likelihood for the climate crisis to exacerbate 788 00:48:55,200 --> 00:48:58,500 existing issues we have with regards to refugee flows and refugee rights. 789 00:48:58,520 --> 00:49:03,840 So I'd like to, invite you maybe to speak a bit about your views on, on this topic. 790 00:49:03,860 --> 00:49:06,860 Thanks. 791 00:49:08,460 --> 00:49:10,200 Take point. 792 00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:10,760 Okay. 793 00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:13,760 Well, let's take one more, and then perhaps we 794 00:49:14,160 --> 00:49:15,420 come to back to you. 795 00:49:15,420 --> 00:49:17,040 So one more question. 796 00:49:17,040 --> 00:49:20,040 So we have a question here in. 797 00:49:27,860 --> 00:49:29,100 Thank you very much. 798 00:49:29,100 --> 00:49:32,520 You know, in the most government, the use the benefit cost 799 00:49:32,520 --> 00:49:36,340 analysis to do the policy making and how to deal with 800 00:49:36,980 --> 00:49:40,980 we monetize the human right when we do the business. 801 00:49:41,480 --> 00:49:42,620 Sorry, the benefit 802 00:49:42,620 --> 00:49:46,800 cost analysis, which means sometimes we need to monetize the human right. 803 00:49:47,060 --> 00:49:49,640 See, what is the price for human life? 804 00:49:49,640 --> 00:49:52,620 What is the price for the freedom of human? 805 00:49:52,620 --> 00:49:55,320 Do you think that is immoral to do that? 806 00:49:55,320 --> 00:49:58,200 Analysis? Thank you very much. Okay. Thank you. 807 00:50:00,620 --> 00:50:00,940 Right. 808 00:50:00,940 --> 00:50:03,940 I'll leave you to his competitors. Okay. 809 00:50:04,380 --> 00:50:09,440 Look, I, I, I think the most important thing 810 00:50:09,440 --> 00:50:12,080 is to get people into politics again. 811 00:50:12,080 --> 00:50:16,280 I think people have shied away from it for, for, for for much too long. 812 00:50:16,980 --> 00:50:19,320 I also see that people who go into politics 813 00:50:19,320 --> 00:50:22,500 these days are no longer those 814 00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:26,240 who actually have this common 815 00:50:26,240 --> 00:50:29,240 good in mind, or if you like, the what is the public good? 816 00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:32,700 In fact, we hardly have discussions anymore about public or common goods, 817 00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,200 and it's sort of has left 818 00:50:36,360 --> 00:50:39,020 the theater to people 819 00:50:39,020 --> 00:50:42,440 of the economic and political elite who seek leadership positions, 820 00:50:43,200 --> 00:50:46,280 who are far removed from the actual realities of most 821 00:50:46,500 --> 00:50:49,860 of most people around the world, which is why we have seen some of these 822 00:50:49,860 --> 00:50:53,580 very deep grievances that that people have, and why you see also, 823 00:50:53,780 --> 00:50:56,960 increasingly social movements and protest movements 824 00:50:56,960 --> 00:50:59,960 in many countries around the world that actually want some change. 825 00:51:00,300 --> 00:51:03,300 The problem is, how do you translate this into politics? 826 00:51:04,020 --> 00:51:07,980 I don't think that the people in the US voted for cruelty. 827 00:51:08,760 --> 00:51:11,520 I don't believe that people vote for 828 00:51:11,520 --> 00:51:15,360 excluding, dividing and and scapegoating. 829 00:51:15,480 --> 00:51:20,060 I think they are in some ways misled. 830 00:51:20,340 --> 00:51:22,460 There is huge politics of distraction. 831 00:51:22,460 --> 00:51:23,460 I think we see it also. 832 00:51:23,460 --> 00:51:25,500 It's not just the US, it's in Europe as well. 833 00:51:25,500 --> 00:51:28,260 It's in many other parts of the world too. 834 00:51:28,260 --> 00:51:32,240 It's just I wish that education would bring forward. 835 00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:34,040 As I said, this, 836 00:51:35,360 --> 00:51:36,600 what politics 837 00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:40,740 means in the 21st century, because we are unfortunately caught up 838 00:51:40,740 --> 00:51:44,540 in these short term electoral cycles and for the long term issues, which is 839 00:51:44,540 --> 00:51:47,780 why you had international law, because international law always guaranteed 840 00:51:48,440 --> 00:51:51,780 the commitment to addressing long term issues, 841 00:51:52,260 --> 00:51:55,260 which is why some of them are trying to dismantle international law. 842 00:51:55,440 --> 00:51:58,560 But we can't the world can't afford this because it's it's 843 00:51:58,560 --> 00:52:02,340 the counterweight to the short term electoral cycles. 844 00:52:02,340 --> 00:52:06,600 And I just I really wish and which is what I said, that 845 00:52:06,980 --> 00:52:10,100 there was more realization about countering 846 00:52:10,940 --> 00:52:13,940 what otherwise would become 847 00:52:14,060 --> 00:52:16,260 quite a dystopian political culture. 848 00:52:16,260 --> 00:52:20,100 And there are ways and as I said, the statistics bear it out. 849 00:52:20,300 --> 00:52:22,100 People do care about the climate. 850 00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:23,480 They do care about the other. 851 00:52:23,480 --> 00:52:26,120 They they don't want to fall back into these 852 00:52:27,620 --> 00:52:28,340 old fashioned 853 00:52:28,340 --> 00:52:31,460 thinking, but they are fed with. 854 00:52:31,460 --> 00:52:34,740 Unfortunately, the algorithms don't help on the social media side. 855 00:52:35,220 --> 00:52:39,780 So there is a huge responsibility on platforms for for social media as well. 856 00:52:39,780 --> 00:52:42,800 And, you know, I'm always worried when I see that 857 00:52:42,800 --> 00:52:46,020 content moderation gets thrown into the freedom of expression debate 858 00:52:46,220 --> 00:52:50,600 without any understanding that human rights law itself does not allow, 859 00:52:51,780 --> 00:52:54,780 hate speech and incitement to violence, 860 00:52:55,700 --> 00:52:58,700 and harmful disinformation to flourish. 861 00:52:59,520 --> 00:53:01,500 So I can only hope. 862 00:53:01,500 --> 00:53:04,740 And I think in academia you play a very important role 863 00:53:04,740 --> 00:53:07,740 also to build up a future 864 00:53:08,120 --> 00:53:11,120 genre of leaders who who will take up 865 00:53:11,340 --> 00:53:16,080 precisely that reimagining of politics in the 21st century. 866 00:53:16,080 --> 00:53:21,720 So that because all of what I see today is old fashioned, it's 19th century, 867 00:53:21,720 --> 00:53:26,420 it's it's going back backwards enormously, and it's not the future. 868 00:53:26,420 --> 00:53:31,140 And, and I think they also want us to feel powerless. 869 00:53:31,140 --> 00:53:32,640 But we are not powerless. 870 00:53:32,640 --> 00:53:33,600 We have a lot of power. 871 00:53:33,600 --> 00:53:38,900 And frankly, I see this in in so many social movements around the world 872 00:53:39,840 --> 00:53:42,040 who are often not, you know, 873 00:53:42,040 --> 00:53:45,900 and we had a discussion with some academics earlier today where 874 00:53:45,920 --> 00:53:50,360 sometimes the problem of social movement, how are you connected then with politics? 875 00:53:50,360 --> 00:53:53,920 That's still a gap that we haven't really figured out how it best works. 876 00:53:53,940 --> 00:53:57,560 I mean, look back at the Arab Spring and what happened to the countries afterwards. 877 00:53:58,040 --> 00:54:01,040 So how do you translate political politics 878 00:54:01,500 --> 00:54:04,340 into the 21st century and build 879 00:54:04,340 --> 00:54:07,340 on what is fundamentally 880 00:54:07,340 --> 00:54:11,220 human and brings people together at the, at the, 881 00:54:11,220 --> 00:54:15,420 at the fundamentally human level, and we really need to reinvent it. 882 00:54:15,420 --> 00:54:17,660 And I think it's a challenge for all of us. 883 00:54:17,660 --> 00:54:18,740 I don't have all the answers. 884 00:54:18,740 --> 00:54:20,100 How you can reinvent politics, 885 00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:24,000 but I think we need to see it as as part of the solution. 886 00:54:25,220 --> 00:54:25,980 Look, un, I 887 00:54:25,980 --> 00:54:29,120 mean, you know, in the climate negotiations, 888 00:54:29,120 --> 00:54:32,360 there was I mean, the lawyers, of course, know this very well. 889 00:54:32,360 --> 00:54:37,100 There was this concept of common but differentiated responsibilities 890 00:54:37,380 --> 00:54:40,380 that was, frankly, a compromise formula, 891 00:54:42,060 --> 00:54:46,200 precisely because of the fundamental responsibility issue. 892 00:54:46,220 --> 00:54:47,840 I mean, 893 00:54:47,840 --> 00:54:52,700 the richness, the richness of that, the, the you know, the fact 894 00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:56,180 that so many countries became very rich, 895 00:54:56,540 --> 00:54:59,540 not least because of the fossil fuel, 896 00:55:00,840 --> 00:55:03,840 exhaustion was also because, 897 00:55:04,880 --> 00:55:06,560 it was built essentially 898 00:55:06,560 --> 00:55:09,560 on a much smaller portion 899 00:55:09,560 --> 00:55:14,700 of the world than and the others did not necessarily benefit from the same. 900 00:55:15,320 --> 00:55:19,620 And as a result, they ended up in, in a, in a much different situation. 901 00:55:20,360 --> 00:55:23,520 The one thing to compensate is through financing. 902 00:55:23,520 --> 00:55:26,660 And that's why these financing negotiations 903 00:55:26,860 --> 00:55:30,020 in the cops are so complex and so difficult. 904 00:55:30,900 --> 00:55:33,960 But it does mean what I mentioned in my speech, 905 00:55:34,080 --> 00:55:38,600 that there needs to be massive infusion of climate financing precisely 906 00:55:38,700 --> 00:55:42,680 to achieve the transition to renewable new renewables 907 00:55:42,680 --> 00:55:46,440 and, and to a greener and and also more social future. 908 00:55:46,440 --> 00:55:48,080 Because the issue was always 909 00:55:48,080 --> 00:55:52,280 how do you marry a green transition with a social transition. 910 00:55:52,280 --> 00:55:53,340 But it is possible. 911 00:55:53,340 --> 00:55:56,340 I mean, Ireland has done a lot of work on this, 912 00:55:56,420 --> 00:56:01,340 and it's just the political will again that that needs to to do that. 913 00:56:02,480 --> 00:56:05,480 On refugee migration, I mean, 914 00:56:06,500 --> 00:56:08,840 as you know, when we do the 915 00:56:08,840 --> 00:56:13,340 when you, when you undertake climate modeling, you will see 916 00:56:13,380 --> 00:56:18,240 even in the next ten years how certain parts Somalia, Sahel, 917 00:56:19,200 --> 00:56:24,180 for example, or Central America will, because of droughts 918 00:56:24,180 --> 00:56:28,760 and extremely high temperatures will become uninhabitable. 919 00:56:29,880 --> 00:56:33,140 Currently you have people living there, but even within ten years 920 00:56:33,140 --> 00:56:36,140 it will probably be almost impossible to live there. 921 00:56:36,680 --> 00:56:39,000 So it will trigger 922 00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:39,780 migration. 923 00:56:39,780 --> 00:56:44,880 That migration will be in large parts internal, 924 00:56:45,600 --> 00:56:49,460 so it will affect countries in a massive way because you will see 925 00:56:50,160 --> 00:56:53,120 more and more, and it's probably not sudden. 926 00:56:53,120 --> 00:56:54,980 It's more slow onset. 927 00:56:54,980 --> 00:56:58,860 I mean, it's it's because these are slow onset of disasters if you like. 928 00:56:58,860 --> 00:57:01,060 And they will trigger more and more migration. 929 00:57:01,060 --> 00:57:03,740 And we are seeing it already today. 930 00:57:03,740 --> 00:57:08,060 And if it's not addressed through 931 00:57:08,060 --> 00:57:12,800 creating opportunities, integration and all kinds of other things. 932 00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:16,740 Yes it is, it is potential because you come to the issue 933 00:57:16,740 --> 00:57:18,380 of competition over land and resources. 934 00:57:18,380 --> 00:57:21,960 So it could trigger more conflicts if one isn't careful about it. 935 00:57:21,960 --> 00:57:25,520 So there is absolutely a link, and I think some of you are 936 00:57:25,940 --> 00:57:29,520 have been doing a lot of studies on this very important topic. 937 00:57:33,060 --> 00:57:36,060 Look, human rights is 938 00:57:36,540 --> 00:57:39,540 if you define it in terms of interests 939 00:57:40,100 --> 00:57:44,040 and maybe the, the easiest example is to say that business 940 00:57:44,040 --> 00:57:47,360 and human rights have come together more over the last couple of years. 941 00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:51,400 Our guiding principles and business and human rights. 942 00:57:51,560 --> 00:57:55,680 And it is not because suddenly everyone wants to be a human rights champion. 943 00:57:55,680 --> 00:58:00,540 It's because they see the it in their own interest that 944 00:58:00,540 --> 00:58:05,000 if they apply a human rights lens, it actually is better for their own business. 945 00:58:05,540 --> 00:58:09,380 I mean, consumers, the consumers of the future 946 00:58:09,380 --> 00:58:12,380 and the employees of the future do care about. 947 00:58:12,380 --> 00:58:15,980 I mean, among young people, we know that they do care about human rights issues. 948 00:58:16,940 --> 00:58:20,180 So for anyone who has any business interest, 949 00:58:20,180 --> 00:58:23,180 they would look out for future employees and future 950 00:58:23,400 --> 00:58:26,720 and future consumers, and they would want to see that 951 00:58:26,720 --> 00:58:30,720 they respect in their supply chains, that they have human rights due 952 00:58:30,720 --> 00:58:34,520 diligence policies, and that they have risk frameworks applied 953 00:58:34,540 --> 00:58:37,320 that actually make them, 954 00:58:37,320 --> 00:58:40,320 convince their consumers that they are doing the right thing. 955 00:58:40,920 --> 00:58:45,600 And that's incredible power on all of us, by the way, because the consumers 956 00:58:45,600 --> 00:58:49,440 have a lot of power because they decide where they spend their money. 957 00:58:49,860 --> 00:58:52,520 And we know that there has been if you 958 00:58:52,520 --> 00:58:56,840 look back at the last couple of decades, so much more awareness and consciousness 959 00:58:56,840 --> 00:59:00,060 about what we consume, where we consume it, 960 00:59:00,380 --> 00:59:03,780 who is, giving us the products and so forth. 961 00:59:03,780 --> 00:59:06,140 And that actually is a huge power. 962 00:59:06,140 --> 00:59:08,880 So it is in the interests of business to do the right thing 963 00:59:08,880 --> 00:59:10,400 and to base their decisions 964 00:59:11,700 --> 00:59:14,000 and their vision on human rights. 965 00:59:14,000 --> 00:59:16,580 So it's an interest issue rather than monitor now. 966 00:59:16,580 --> 00:59:19,580 So if you want to make profit in the future, you embrace human rights. 967 00:59:30,560 --> 00:59:32,280 High Commissioner, you spoke in your speech 968 00:59:32,280 --> 00:59:37,260 about the importance of young people to, your agenda. 969 00:59:37,620 --> 00:59:40,620 And I'm very pleased to say that we have here in the audience today, 970 00:59:41,280 --> 00:59:44,520 a number of, pupils from local schools. 971 00:59:45,480 --> 00:59:48,060 And I'd like to invite them to, 972 00:59:48,060 --> 00:59:51,060 ask a question. 973 00:59:52,880 --> 00:59:56,280 Is there anybody from, I believe we've got pupils here from Chilwell 974 00:59:56,280 --> 01:00:00,800 and Swan from either of these schools who would specifically like to ask? 975 01:00:00,800 --> 01:00:01,440 Good question. 976 01:00:01,440 --> 01:00:01,820 Very well. 977 01:00:01,820 --> 01:00:04,820 Constituency. 978 01:00:06,540 --> 01:00:09,540 Well, perhaps once we are letting them get. 979 01:00:13,200 --> 01:00:16,340 Do you think the movements like the Extinction Rebellion 980 01:00:16,340 --> 01:00:20,660 and just to spoil are more helpful or like more of a hindrance? 981 01:00:20,720 --> 01:00:23,280 Like, do you think it looks kind of immature to 982 01:00:23,280 --> 01:00:26,760 the people in charge, or do you think it's raising needed awareness? 983 01:00:28,600 --> 01:00:31,040 The for the, 984 01:00:31,040 --> 01:00:32,940 things like Extinction Rebellion? 985 01:00:32,940 --> 01:00:34,480 And just 986 01:00:34,480 --> 01:00:37,480 peaceful. 987 01:00:38,780 --> 01:00:41,780 But I, I can only say to you that, 988 01:00:44,060 --> 01:00:45,200 I was impressed 989 01:00:45,200 --> 01:00:48,200 when I met children who came to New York. 990 01:00:49,040 --> 01:00:52,540 I mean, you know, greater to me, of course, was the very strong, 991 01:00:52,860 --> 01:00:53,660 symbol for this. 992 01:00:53,660 --> 01:00:56,660 But there were many, many children around the world 993 01:00:56,660 --> 01:01:00,720 who demonstrated on Fridays for future. 994 01:01:00,720 --> 01:01:03,720 They they talked to their parents. 995 01:01:03,920 --> 01:01:08,040 They they they they mobilized for for what they cared about. 996 01:01:08,040 --> 01:01:11,040 And and it's children and young people. 997 01:01:11,160 --> 01:01:15,000 And I can tell you it has huge influence on politics. 998 01:01:15,000 --> 01:01:18,000 Never underestimate your power. 999 01:01:19,280 --> 01:01:21,120 So, yes, 1000 01:01:21,120 --> 01:01:24,120 if you. 1001 01:01:24,480 --> 01:01:26,280 Should I maybe stay here or do. 1002 01:01:26,280 --> 01:01:27,240 This? 1003 01:01:27,240 --> 01:01:29,520 Well, do we have any further questions? 1004 01:01:29,520 --> 01:01:32,520 I think maybe we'll have one more round. 1005 01:01:32,520 --> 01:01:34,160 Okay, Commissioner, if you're happy and then, 1006 01:01:37,260 --> 01:01:40,260 So, Dylan, could you. 1007 01:01:43,380 --> 01:01:45,020 Thank you for your talk again. 1008 01:01:45,020 --> 01:01:48,080 Picking up on the question asked a little earlier. 1009 01:01:48,740 --> 01:01:52,220 I'm from Pakistan myself, and in countries like that, 1010 01:01:52,860 --> 01:01:55,860 only recently there was an election, and the party 1011 01:01:56,100 --> 01:01:59,840 elected was not the one that was voted for by the public. 1012 01:02:00,500 --> 01:02:03,840 The person that was actually voted for is now in prison. 1013 01:02:04,100 --> 01:02:09,600 And he was more prone to helping causes like climate change and working for them. 1014 01:02:10,340 --> 01:02:13,340 So in countries like that, where there 1015 01:02:13,560 --> 01:02:17,000 at the same time, there are people who are dying of heat strokes, 1016 01:02:17,240 --> 01:02:21,740 where temperatures are hitting at least 50°C in the summers. 1017 01:02:22,680 --> 01:02:25,520 What can the UN do to help nations like that, 1018 01:02:25,520 --> 01:02:29,960 when even voting for the right party doesn't do anything? 1019 01:02:30,960 --> 01:02:32,480 Thank you. Thank you. 1020 01:02:34,160 --> 01:02:37,160 So the question. 1021 01:02:42,300 --> 01:02:42,980 This is not 1022 01:02:42,980 --> 01:02:46,380 directly related to the theme of your lecture, 1023 01:02:46,860 --> 01:02:49,860 but on the 1:00 news on the BBC, 1024 01:02:50,220 --> 01:02:54,500 they reported the recent speech that you made 1025 01:02:54,860 --> 01:02:58,560 in which you said that Israel is guilty of serious, 1026 01:02:59,580 --> 01:03:02,120 number of war crimes. 1027 01:03:02,120 --> 01:03:04,400 And could you elaborate on that? 1028 01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:09,200 And more specifically, do you think Israel is guilty of ecocide, 1029 01:03:09,440 --> 01:03:12,440 the destruction of the, 1030 01:03:13,140 --> 01:03:14,520 environment? 1031 01:03:14,520 --> 01:03:20,120 And secondly, whether Israel is guilty of genocide, 1032 01:03:20,120 --> 01:03:23,120 the crime of all crimes? 1033 01:03:26,040 --> 01:03:26,540 Thank you. 1034 01:03:26,540 --> 01:03:31,580 I wanted to follow up on the question that Nick asks people to ask questions 1035 01:03:31,580 --> 01:03:34,320 from young people, which is sort of the converse, 1036 01:03:34,320 --> 01:03:36,860 which is what can adult 1037 01:03:36,860 --> 01:03:40,640 human rights activists or educators do to help young 1038 01:03:40,640 --> 01:03:44,640 people's voices be taken into account in the formal systems of the UN? 1039 01:03:47,600 --> 01:03:49,740 Thank you. 1040 01:03:49,740 --> 01:03:50,220 Okay. 1041 01:03:50,220 --> 01:03:53,000 To take one more question. 1042 01:03:53,000 --> 01:03:56,000 With the High Commissioner to respond. 1043 01:03:58,800 --> 01:04:01,800 United Nations consists of governments. 1044 01:04:02,340 --> 01:04:05,880 But when a conflict like Ukraine 1045 01:04:07,020 --> 01:04:10,460 under the P5, Russia is involved. 1046 01:04:10,680 --> 01:04:13,680 But the people that you want to solve, 1047 01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:17,720 in case obviously leave us is very much behind. 1048 01:04:17,720 --> 01:04:21,000 And yes, when there was a P5 bit difficult 1049 01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:25,280 to solve and more and more that the issues 1050 01:04:25,760 --> 01:04:30,240 which the government cannot do are in a worse position to deal with. 1051 01:04:30,380 --> 01:04:33,380 And you and these consisting of the governments. 1052 01:04:33,440 --> 01:04:36,440 And there are some ways in which what 1053 01:04:36,660 --> 01:04:39,660 direct people's lives could be, 1054 01:04:40,500 --> 01:04:43,920 used to change various conflicts. 1055 01:04:44,240 --> 01:04:48,040 United peoples who are united individuals 1056 01:04:48,080 --> 01:04:51,080 rather than united government. 1057 01:04:51,640 --> 01:04:52,860 Thank you. 1058 01:04:52,860 --> 01:04:55,860 Thank you, thank. 1059 01:04:57,860 --> 01:04:58,560 Perhaps 1060 01:04:58,560 --> 01:05:01,380 before I, I just want to clarify one thing, 1061 01:05:01,380 --> 01:05:05,900 because also, I think as educators, as I understand the question 1062 01:05:05,900 --> 01:05:10,380 when it comes to the involvement of young people and in the UN processes, 1063 01:05:10,380 --> 01:05:14,360 we actually have a whole outreach to young people. 1064 01:05:14,360 --> 01:05:17,720 And we have, in fact created an office 1065 01:05:17,720 --> 01:05:20,720 for for youth, a UN office for youth. 1066 01:05:20,760 --> 01:05:23,460 And I think the education side is absolutely critical. 1067 01:05:23,460 --> 01:05:25,320 And I just want to clarify one thing. 1068 01:05:25,320 --> 01:05:28,320 When it comes to activism, 1069 01:05:28,380 --> 01:05:32,720 it is also important that activism does it does not become 1070 01:05:33,960 --> 01:05:37,260 disrespectful of the law or or not. 1071 01:05:37,320 --> 01:05:39,420 I mean, we need peaceful activism. 1072 01:05:39,420 --> 01:05:43,820 It's not about activism that preaches the law or preaches peace or so forth. 1073 01:05:43,820 --> 01:05:48,440 And I think that's also important, that there are ways and means to engage and to, 1074 01:05:49,640 --> 01:05:52,640 to actually be part of a social movement 1075 01:05:52,940 --> 01:05:56,720 that is respectful of, of the law. 1076 01:05:56,720 --> 01:06:00,760 And I think we have also seen in some instances, unfortunately, the, 1077 01:06:00,780 --> 01:06:04,980 the areas where indeed that needs to be addressed. 1078 01:06:04,980 --> 01:06:09,560 So there and I think it is also upon the state to provide the opportunities 1079 01:06:09,980 --> 01:06:14,040 to not only be able to listen and involve young people 1080 01:06:14,480 --> 01:06:18,020 not as tokenism, but as as a meaningful participation. 1081 01:06:18,020 --> 01:06:21,440 And I think that is also very important, because if young people do not feel 1082 01:06:21,440 --> 01:06:24,440 that they are listened to, if they don't feel that they are heard, 1083 01:06:24,500 --> 01:06:26,220 it does create a problem. 1084 01:06:26,220 --> 01:06:29,280 And it creates precisely the type of tensions that we then see. 1085 01:06:29,840 --> 01:06:32,520 So it is it needs to be thought through very, 1086 01:06:32,520 --> 01:06:36,300 very well how you bring in children and young people. 1087 01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:37,380 And we have actually 1088 01:06:37,380 --> 01:06:41,760 in our processes in Geneva, we have worked quite a bit on this. 1089 01:06:41,760 --> 01:06:43,020 We, we work, 1090 01:06:44,420 --> 01:06:46,520 to bring in children, for instance, in, 1091 01:06:46,520 --> 01:06:48,540 in some of the considerations of the Committee 1092 01:06:48,540 --> 01:06:51,540 on the rights of the child, but also the Human Rights Council, 1093 01:06:51,660 --> 01:06:54,180 and it's it requires a lot of preparation 1094 01:06:54,180 --> 01:06:57,200 because we don't want it to become purely tokenism. 1095 01:06:57,200 --> 01:06:58,280 It has to be meaningful, 1096 01:06:58,280 --> 01:07:03,160 and your voice needs to be heard and needs to be, taken into account. 1097 01:07:03,180 --> 01:07:04,080 And, and there 1098 01:07:04,080 --> 01:07:08,060 we actually had a youth declaration in the context of the pact for the future. 1099 01:07:08,360 --> 01:07:13,040 So we need to find these avenues so that the lead to something 1100 01:07:13,040 --> 01:07:16,040 that is constructive and helpful. 1101 01:07:16,140 --> 01:07:17,880 Look, Pakistan, of course, is a country 1102 01:07:17,880 --> 01:07:21,660 that is indeed one of the climate hotspots in the world. 1103 01:07:21,660 --> 01:07:24,960 I remember the very difficult issue 1104 01:07:24,980 --> 01:07:27,180 when you have the extremely high temperatures, 1105 01:07:27,180 --> 01:07:29,880 but then you have the flooding and you have been affected. 1106 01:07:29,880 --> 01:07:33,260 I mean, the country has been affected by flooding on many occasions. 1107 01:07:34,020 --> 01:07:37,980 The UN's response in-country is obviously the humanitarian response 1108 01:07:37,980 --> 01:07:42,780 to support the people when it comes to providing disaster relief and 1109 01:07:42,780 --> 01:07:46,620 and all kinds of, well, even financed financial relief for, 1110 01:07:46,620 --> 01:07:48,500 for people who are directly affected by it. 1111 01:07:49,980 --> 01:07:50,760 On the human rights 1112 01:07:50,760 --> 01:07:54,780 front, we will always whenever there are human rights issues, 1113 01:07:54,780 --> 01:07:57,860 we obviously take them up with the government, with the authorities. 1114 01:07:59,840 --> 01:08:01,460 But I cannot say that 1115 01:08:01,460 --> 01:08:06,800 this will immediately lead to a change because we are not 1116 01:08:06,980 --> 01:08:08,900 we don't have that power. 1117 01:08:08,900 --> 01:08:14,180 We only have the power to influence and to find ways and means to, to, 1118 01:08:14,520 --> 01:08:17,580 to deal with, you know, especially serious human 1119 01:08:17,580 --> 01:08:20,580 rights violations when it comes to journalists. 1120 01:08:21,440 --> 01:08:23,380 Human rights defenders 1121 01:08:23,380 --> 01:08:26,380 and, and people within the civic space 1122 01:08:27,300 --> 01:08:30,000 on, on Israel, Gaza. 1123 01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:33,440 I mean, I, I think if my statements have been absolutely clear 1124 01:08:33,440 --> 01:08:38,340 over the last couple of 20 months or so, both at the beginning 1125 01:08:38,340 --> 01:08:41,340 on the 7th of October, where I was absolutely clear about, 1126 01:08:42,300 --> 01:08:45,300 the absolute condemnation of what Hamas did, 1127 01:08:45,460 --> 01:08:48,460 the trauma that it has caused in the country. 1128 01:08:49,080 --> 01:08:52,080 But also my clear words 1129 01:08:52,080 --> 01:08:56,460 when it comes to the conduct of warfare by Israel, 1130 01:08:57,600 --> 01:08:59,960 and the many issues that, that, 1131 01:08:59,960 --> 01:09:03,420 that unfortunately, there's that conflict is brought to bear. 1132 01:09:04,260 --> 01:09:08,660 And I only hope that in this current 1133 01:09:09,180 --> 01:09:13,380 situation, that reason will prevail and that there will be a ceasefire, 1134 01:09:13,740 --> 01:09:15,800 there will be a release of all the hostages 1135 01:09:15,800 --> 01:09:20,000 and that there will be massive, massive humanitarian aid coming in, 1136 01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:24,000 because then, frankly, that's the one thing that at the moment 1137 01:09:24,000 --> 01:09:27,060 worries us the most, because the situation is, 1138 01:09:27,060 --> 01:09:30,240 is absolutely disastrous for for the Palestinians in Gaza, 1139 01:09:30,740 --> 01:09:35,260 for the civilians who suffer on a daily basis in an abominable way. 1140 01:09:35,260 --> 01:09:36,440 And this needs to be addressed. 1141 01:09:36,440 --> 01:09:38,780 There's absolutely no doubt about that. 1142 01:09:38,780 --> 01:09:41,960 And the UN is ready to do this if we are allowed to. 1143 01:09:41,960 --> 01:09:44,120 And that is part of the problem. 1144 01:09:44,120 --> 01:09:45,200 We're not allowed to do it 1145 01:09:46,260 --> 01:09:48,600 in the way that we should. 1146 01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:53,340 Un governance and I mean, you, I mean the Security Council and so forth. 1147 01:09:53,340 --> 01:09:55,920 I mean, the Security Council is what the Security Council is. 1148 01:09:55,920 --> 01:10:00,260 I mean, it it has been mostly dysfunctional 1149 01:10:00,260 --> 01:10:04,040 when it comes to the big crisis because of P-5 power politics 1150 01:10:04,520 --> 01:10:07,420 and the geopolitical tensions that we see, 1151 01:10:07,420 --> 01:10:12,980 there are still decisions that they're able to take on situations 1152 01:10:12,980 --> 01:10:16,880 that are not necessarily in the limelight for, for example, Haiti, 1153 01:10:18,760 --> 01:10:21,060 but the problem again, was, 1154 01:10:21,060 --> 01:10:24,060 you know, the arms embargo was not implemented 1155 01:10:24,440 --> 01:10:27,920 or not implemented sufficiently, which is why you have all these gangs, 1156 01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:32,600 still getting guns and armament. 1157 01:10:32,780 --> 01:10:36,600 You don't have enough sanctions against the people who are behind the gangs, 1158 01:10:36,840 --> 01:10:39,880 despite the fact that you have a security Council resolution on this. 1159 01:10:40,840 --> 01:10:45,000 So I think we we need to move to a world where international law 1160 01:10:45,000 --> 01:10:48,460 is put again, on a much higher level and respected 1161 01:10:48,460 --> 01:10:51,740 as such, including the institutions that defend them. 1162 01:10:51,740 --> 01:10:54,760 And that includes not only the United Nations agencies, 1163 01:10:54,760 --> 01:10:57,800 including my office, but it also includes the International Court of Justice 1164 01:10:58,160 --> 01:10:59,600 and the International Criminal Court. 1165 01:10:59,600 --> 01:11:03,540 And I have some and the European Court of Human Rights for the for Europeans. 1166 01:11:04,020 --> 01:11:06,760 I have sometimes seen statements 1167 01:11:06,760 --> 01:11:10,100 that are not only disrespectful of the international institutions, but 1168 01:11:10,100 --> 01:11:14,960 also very manipulative because they say things that are simply not true. 1169 01:11:15,120 --> 01:11:17,960 And we going back into this, 1170 01:11:17,960 --> 01:11:20,960 you know, lying has we need to make, 1171 01:11:22,460 --> 01:11:23,660 lying wrong again, 1172 01:11:23,660 --> 01:11:27,240 basically, because that I think is, is very important 1173 01:11:27,240 --> 01:11:31,620 because sometimes it seems to be done in different ways. 1174 01:11:31,620 --> 01:11:33,840 But we make we need to make lying wrong again. Yes. 1175 01:11:35,180 --> 01:11:35,540 Okay. 1176 01:11:35,540 --> 01:11:38,540 Thank you. 1177 01:11:50,340 --> 01:11:53,300 So, ladies and gentlemen, I'm afraid the time has flown by. 1178 01:11:53,300 --> 01:11:56,480 And, I'm, speaker this evening 1179 01:11:56,480 --> 01:11:59,480 has more than definitely earned his supper. 1180 01:11:59,700 --> 01:12:02,480 And given the chef will be pacing up and down 1181 01:12:02,480 --> 01:12:05,480 and Linacre College expecting us there very shortly. 1182 01:12:05,480 --> 01:12:09,020 We should draw these proceedings to a close, but I'd like to thank, 1183 01:12:09,020 --> 01:12:14,180 first of all, our lecturer, this evening for giving an outstanding Lineker 1184 01:12:14,540 --> 01:12:18,300 Tanner lecture, both inspiring and insightful. 1185 01:12:18,300 --> 01:12:20,340 And I took particularly to heart. 1186 01:12:20,340 --> 01:12:23,340 You call to us here in the University, 1187 01:12:24,260 --> 01:12:28,300 not only with that research agenda that you laid out very clearly for us, 1188 01:12:28,300 --> 01:12:33,560 but also for our need to communicate and to educate better. 1189 01:12:34,280 --> 01:12:37,580 So thank you for that, and I hope you will join me once again 1190 01:12:37,580 --> 01:12:41,820 in thanking our 2025 Tanner lecturer, Doctor Villopoto.