1 00:00:00,880 --> 00:00:22,510 You know, I. Welcome to the 2015 Simoni Lecture. 2 00:00:22,520 --> 00:00:29,420 My name is Marcus DeSoto and I'm the professor at the Simoni Professor for the Public Understanding of Science here at the University of Oxford. 3 00:00:29,510 --> 00:00:35,990 I'd like to thank the Playhouse once again for hosting this lecture and the Amador Foundation, who helped to fund it. 4 00:00:36,500 --> 00:00:39,049 I think this is my kind of favourite time of the year, actually, 5 00:00:39,050 --> 00:00:44,960 because I get to invite somebody to come along and tell us one of the big scientific stories of our time. 6 00:00:45,530 --> 00:00:53,719 And I guess if one was going to think of a story that has really hits the the news over the last decade, it is the discovery of the Higgs boson. 7 00:00:53,720 --> 00:00:59,030 So I was very excited that Professor Melissa Franklin from the University of Harvard, 8 00:00:59,030 --> 00:01:04,460 who's an experimental particle physicist, agreed to come over and tell us something about her work. 9 00:01:04,670 --> 00:01:09,470 She was one of the first to find the evidence for the top quark in 1993. 10 00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:17,120 She also has been working at CERN, along with the discovery of the Higgs and maybe some more things that we might discover this evening. 11 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:24,319 So anyway, I'd like to give you to all give a great Oxford welcome to Melissa Franklin, who's going to put the Higgs boson in its place. 12 00:01:24,320 --> 00:01:28,690 Thank you. Thank you. 13 00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:42,650 Hi. I just wanted to see who you are, so I know who I'm talking to. 14 00:01:43,850 --> 00:01:47,450 Hi. I'm really happy to be here. Um, it's really fun. 15 00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:56,590 I haven't really ever been to Oxford except once. Anyhow, I wanted to talk to you, and I have too much to say. 16 00:01:56,990 --> 00:02:00,110 So sorry. I have to find the place. 17 00:02:00,110 --> 00:02:04,429 It doesn't feedback. So to begin with, I just wanted to talk to you about myself. 18 00:02:04,430 --> 00:02:09,139 Because as I get older, I like to talk about myself. And. 19 00:02:09,140 --> 00:02:12,560 But it's. It's pertinent. This is me. Yeah. I grew up in. 20 00:02:12,680 --> 00:02:17,509 In the west of Canada and where we all wore cowboy things. 21 00:02:17,510 --> 00:02:27,020 But I wore cowboy boots and a badge. And this is who I am still part of being a particle physicist is being a cowboy on the frontier. 22 00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:32,030 And we don't really trust authority. That's the physicist part. 23 00:02:32,540 --> 00:02:39,049 And we wear our boots and we build things and we ride over the edge of the cliff half of the time. 24 00:02:39,050 --> 00:02:43,670 So I just wanted to tell you, that's who I am and that's where we're going. 25 00:02:45,350 --> 00:02:52,759 Another, you know, as as you, you know, live your life and have your career, you're many things. 26 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:59,030 At some point when I was filling in the standard model, this is the standard model of physics. 27 00:02:59,330 --> 00:03:07,580 These are quarks and leptons. Some of the things that we actually discovered, the top quark there and I'll tell you what these are in a minute. 28 00:03:08,990 --> 00:03:14,500 So here is just me. Before I had children, you can see the top quark is on my shoe. 29 00:03:14,510 --> 00:03:22,730 This is easier, an easier way to find it. But then there's also the dark periods with with this is my idea of myself and Dirac. 30 00:03:25,310 --> 00:03:31,100 And so it's a complex cowboy punk model. 31 00:03:34,730 --> 00:03:39,140 MELOSH So Cowboys on the frontier, what are we doing? 32 00:03:39,650 --> 00:03:42,890 We're going to understand the constituents of the universe. That's not so hard. 33 00:03:45,710 --> 00:03:48,800 Then we're going to understand the forces between them. Okay, got that. 34 00:03:49,460 --> 00:03:57,080 But then what we're going to talk about tonight together is to understand the universe without anything in them. 35 00:03:57,740 --> 00:04:01,280 So we take everything out of the universe and what you have is the vacuum. 36 00:04:02,270 --> 00:04:07,700 So this is something that's kind of interesting. 37 00:04:07,700 --> 00:04:13,160 And I don't know if you remember Samuel Beckett. He was a writer and basically he did the same thing. 38 00:04:13,610 --> 00:04:22,009 Samuel Beckett took everything out. Sometimes he just had two things and try to see what the interaction was between them sometimes. 39 00:04:22,010 --> 00:04:27,020 Then he just had one thing that would be a person and try to understand what one thing in the universe was like. 40 00:04:27,320 --> 00:04:33,920 And sometimes, for instance, in his in his book, The Unnameable, it's not even a thing, it's unnameable. 41 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:44,150 So there is a kind of intellectual space for trying to imagine what is this world with nothing in it? 42 00:04:44,870 --> 00:04:53,720 And that's what the Higgs search is about. So what we believe is that if you take everything out, 43 00:04:54,530 --> 00:05:00,859 you still have energy and you still have the Higgs field and you still have things called quantum fluctuations. 44 00:05:00,860 --> 00:05:06,350 That is, quantum mechanics allows things to pop up and disappear. 45 00:05:07,700 --> 00:05:15,590 You can't do anything about it. And so what we want to do is if we believe there's a field with energy in it, 46 00:05:16,460 --> 00:05:21,440 when you have nothing else in in space time, how are we going to find that? 47 00:05:23,180 --> 00:05:26,810 So let's talk about a field. What is she saying? 48 00:05:26,840 --> 00:05:32,780 What does she mean, a field? Well, one field that I like a lot is the wind field. 49 00:05:32,840 --> 00:05:42,260 This is a wind map of the United States. So at every point in this map, there's a direction and there's a strength of wind. 50 00:05:42,980 --> 00:05:46,459 And you can see it. I have to show you this. This is so beautiful. 51 00:05:46,460 --> 00:05:49,400 I'm going to show you something that's so beautiful that you can't even imagine. 52 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:07,370 I am going to show you something that's so beautiful you can't even imagine. 53 00:06:07,400 --> 00:06:15,650 That's odd. I'm. I'm going to show you something that's so beautiful that, uh. 54 00:06:16,820 --> 00:06:20,390 Sorry. It was. It was there. I just want you to know that. 55 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:27,030 Sorry. This is really bad. This is 101. 56 00:06:27,150 --> 00:06:31,510 Do not do this. Okay. 57 00:06:34,420 --> 00:06:39,010 Okay. I'm not going to show you. I do not understand this. 58 00:06:39,010 --> 00:06:44,860 It worked. Everybody agrees it worked earlier, right? I'm just hoping that I can ever get anything back now. 59 00:06:45,940 --> 00:06:50,920 Okay. This. Imagine. Okay. 60 00:06:50,950 --> 00:06:54,160 I have a better idea. Hold on. Don't go anywhere, okay? Don't go anywhere. 61 00:06:54,430 --> 00:06:58,720 Stay here with me. Oh, my God. This is absolutely terrible. 62 00:07:01,020 --> 00:07:06,330 I'm really apologetic. Here we go. Imagine for a second I had a backup here. 63 00:07:10,040 --> 00:07:18,189 Imagine for a second. So I wanted to show you the world. 64 00:07:18,190 --> 00:07:21,970 I wanted to show you, actually. Oxford. The wind patterns in Oxford. 65 00:07:22,210 --> 00:07:27,670 But unfortunately, this is still America. And unfortunately, this is from 2012. 66 00:07:27,910 --> 00:07:36,399 So you can see where I was going. This is a field at every point in space, every point in America, there is wind. 67 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:39,910 The wind has a direction and a strength. And that's what I'm plotting. 68 00:07:40,180 --> 00:07:43,690 Now, what you want to imagine is. 69 00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:50,400 Now what you want to imagine. You can see why I was going here. 70 00:07:54,860 --> 00:08:00,800 Is this? You have a field and there can be an excitation of the field. 71 00:08:00,920 --> 00:08:03,590 So this is called an expectation of the field. This is a tornado. 72 00:08:03,830 --> 00:08:07,820 So you can imagine a wind field and sometimes the wind goes so crazy that it makes a tornado. 73 00:08:08,090 --> 00:08:16,130 So that's an expectation. Okay. So if I want to find the Higgs field and the Higgs field is a bit different, it doesn't have a direction. 74 00:08:17,300 --> 00:08:22,250 So you can't make this map, but it's still a field at every point in space. 75 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:27,680 It has some value. If I want to find it excitation of that field, what do I do? 76 00:08:31,730 --> 00:08:35,300 Really? Really. 77 00:08:36,770 --> 00:08:40,040 Okay. This is fine. Everything's fine. Everything's just fine. 78 00:08:43,180 --> 00:08:46,630 Okay. So we want to understand the Higgs field in the vacuum. 79 00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:51,910 We want to make a momentary disturbance. And that disturbance is called the Higgs boson. 80 00:08:53,980 --> 00:08:58,900 It's a short lived particle that lasts for a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second. 81 00:09:00,070 --> 00:09:07,240 And that's our little tornado. So we want to make the Higgs boson analogous to the tornado. 82 00:09:09,460 --> 00:09:14,410 Now the Higgs is defined. So there's a Higgs boson. 83 00:09:14,410 --> 00:09:17,920 I just want to make this clear that the Higgs boson and the Higgs field, they're not the same thing. 84 00:09:18,100 --> 00:09:24,580 The Higgs boson is this excitation of the field, and its Higgs field is defined at every point in space. 85 00:09:25,330 --> 00:09:29,590 It's there even when there's no matter. You can't turn it on and off like a light switch. 86 00:09:30,370 --> 00:09:36,730 It has no direction, it has energy, and it interacts with elementary particles according to their mass. 87 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:42,800 Heavier particles it interacts more. So the disturbance is an expectation. 88 00:09:42,820 --> 00:09:46,840 This is actually my feeling when I'm walking. After we discovered the Higgs. 89 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:54,849 I would walk down the street and I would feel really weird because I knew it was there and that's how I felt. 90 00:09:54,850 --> 00:09:58,480 And this guy, I think he's a British guy. Gormley. 91 00:09:59,500 --> 00:10:03,670 Gormley. Gormley is a gormley. 92 00:10:04,270 --> 00:10:09,190 Okay, so what does it take? How am I going to make this disturbance in the field? 93 00:10:09,790 --> 00:10:13,150 What I need to do is take a whole lot of energy in a very small space. 94 00:10:13,570 --> 00:10:18,640 Okay? And then I need to shake it. So I need there to be kind of like a tornado. 95 00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:23,080 And the only way I know how to make a lot of energy in a very, very, very small space. 96 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:31,780 And when I say small, I mean really, really, really, really small is to build an enormous particle detect particle accelerator here. 97 00:10:32,080 --> 00:10:38,260 This is that Large Hadron Collider and the red is just the 27 kilometre radius. 98 00:10:38,260 --> 00:10:41,350 It's the red thing, it's just a line, but it's actually underground. 99 00:10:41,710 --> 00:10:47,050 So I'm going to accelerate particles so they have a lot of energy and then I'm going to collide 100 00:10:47,050 --> 00:10:52,930 them together and that's going to give me enough energy to make this disturbance in the field. 101 00:10:53,860 --> 00:10:59,170 Okay. Are you guys are you buying this? Yeah. 102 00:10:59,920 --> 00:11:03,750 So it's really going to do in this accelerating and accelerate protons. 103 00:11:04,210 --> 00:11:08,530 I just have to I'll tell you I can tell you later, I'm going to accelerate protons. 104 00:11:08,860 --> 00:11:12,939 And when I accelerate and there will be a point right in the middle where that that yellow thing is, 105 00:11:12,940 --> 00:11:17,890 where there'll be a huge amount of energy all of a sudden and there could be a very intense interaction. 106 00:11:18,010 --> 00:11:20,560 And what could be made there is a Higgs boson. 107 00:11:20,710 --> 00:11:30,040 And then since it decays so or since it decays or morphs so rapidly, I have to look at what it decays into in order to find it. 108 00:11:31,660 --> 00:11:36,280 And so I need the Large Hadron Collider. And so basically this simple there's an on off switch. 109 00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:43,750 Yeah, actually, yeah. No, it's really not that simple. 110 00:11:45,100 --> 00:11:49,510 There's I'm not someone who knows how to make an accelerator, but there are amazing people who do it. 111 00:11:49,810 --> 00:11:53,800 A lot of them are British. For some reason, British are just sort of accelerator kind of people. 112 00:11:54,620 --> 00:11:57,730 Okay, so what am I talking about? Protons. 113 00:11:57,940 --> 00:12:03,010 Well, let's just start with the atom. We know an atom. It has a nucleus and electrons going around it. 114 00:12:03,220 --> 00:12:07,660 And most people stay here because this is probably the most interesting part of the world, 115 00:12:07,660 --> 00:12:12,250 the atoms, because, you know, when you touch, you know, it's all atoms. 116 00:12:12,940 --> 00:12:19,959 But then I'm kind of I'm a kind of already thinking that the nucleus, the thing at the at the centre is already too big. 117 00:12:19,960 --> 00:12:24,430 Look at it. It's so lumpy and disgusting. Notice they're all round. 118 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:32,770 They're all round. Just because nobody can think of anything else but one of the nucleons in the nucleus would be called the proton. 119 00:12:32,770 --> 00:12:36,040 The charge one positively charged one. And look, look how small it is. 120 00:12:36,040 --> 00:12:44,380 We call it ten to the -13 centimetres, which is a thousands of a billionth of a centimetre. 121 00:12:45,730 --> 00:12:48,730 And then, of course, the proton really isn't a ball. 122 00:12:49,030 --> 00:12:54,669 It has these quarks running around in it. And the quarks are the real things. 123 00:12:54,670 --> 00:12:57,999 And I love the quarks and we don't know how small the quarks are. 124 00:12:58,000 --> 00:12:59,050 And they're not a ball. 125 00:12:59,980 --> 00:13:07,030 We've we've measured that they're smaller than ten to the minus six centimetres, but we don't really know whether they're point like or not. 126 00:13:07,150 --> 00:13:13,060 And then there's the electron, which is just, you know, the electron. That's the thing in the power in your heater. 127 00:13:14,020 --> 00:13:18,640 Okay, here's the thing. When you think about the proton, it's not just a couple of quarks. 128 00:13:18,850 --> 00:13:22,330 It's got a lot of stuff in it, gluons, anti quarks, all kinds of things. 129 00:13:22,510 --> 00:13:28,660 And there is no shell. So these pictures are wrong. Imagine you're going shopping. 130 00:13:29,140 --> 00:13:32,590 Imagine you're going on a plane and you have a bag and there's a bunch of stuff in it. 131 00:13:32,590 --> 00:13:41,020 But then all of a sudden there's no bag. That's how you so imagine you're going really fast on a train and you're got a bag. 132 00:13:41,560 --> 00:13:45,100 And then there's another big in the bags meat. But there's no bag anymore. 133 00:13:45,100 --> 00:13:49,030 Just the stuff inside. That's what a proton is. Just get rid of the outside. 134 00:13:50,770 --> 00:13:55,090 Okay. So, okay, now I'm going to tell you something. 135 00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:59,200 Don't be worried. I've wasted my entire life. 136 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:04,780 I've wasted my life because I've just been studying. 137 00:14:04,780 --> 00:14:08,320 Matter and matter is only 4% of the universe. 138 00:14:10,330 --> 00:14:14,980 So I've been like this. Yeah. I started when the charm quark was discovered up there. 139 00:14:15,700 --> 00:14:20,019 Here. These are all quarks. These are the things that are the basic building blocks. 140 00:14:20,020 --> 00:14:24,069 And here are the leptons. Here are the force carriers. 141 00:14:24,070 --> 00:14:27,280 These were all discovered in Europe. These are all discovered in America. 142 00:14:30,780 --> 00:14:33,930 Yeah. Oh. Electron was Britain. 143 00:14:34,890 --> 00:14:40,770 Is that Europe? Yeah. Sorry. 144 00:14:41,970 --> 00:14:45,080 And here's the Higgs boson. So this is my world, but it's the world of matter. 145 00:14:45,750 --> 00:14:49,170 And that's only 4% of the universe. So I've wasted 96% of my time. 146 00:14:52,650 --> 00:14:56,370 This 25% is dark matter, which doesn't interact with light. 147 00:14:56,790 --> 00:15:00,960 That's why it's dark. And then this other part, dark energy. I have no idea what that is. 148 00:15:01,470 --> 00:15:06,540 People just say that. So I'm saying it. There's something else out there. 149 00:15:06,750 --> 00:15:11,220 We have no idea what it is. But don't be scared because. 150 00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:15,120 Okay. Is this okay so far? Yeah. Yeah. Okay. 151 00:15:15,210 --> 00:15:20,340 Too slow. Am I talking too slow? Okay, so I just want to go through the forces just in case. 152 00:15:20,530 --> 00:15:24,290 I don't want you to go out of this room without knowing what the forces are. Gravity. 153 00:15:24,300 --> 00:15:28,740 Not interesting. Not interesting to me. 154 00:15:28,920 --> 00:15:34,170 Gravity is is is so weak compared to electromagnetism that you can just ignore it. 155 00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:41,390 So let's ignore gravity, but not when we're walking or anything, just like in this lecture. 156 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:47,060 And then you can you can think about it again. Electromagnetism is a force mediated by the photon. 157 00:15:47,370 --> 00:15:52,860 And that's the thing. We're all you know, when you touch things, that's why you feel them. 158 00:15:53,820 --> 00:15:59,490 So without touch, life would be terrible. The weak interaction is when there's radioactive decays. 159 00:15:59,490 --> 00:16:06,860 If you have a nuclear power plant and then you put the stuff underneath and the waste, you put it in the ground, then it leaks that. 160 00:16:07,450 --> 00:16:12,960 That's that. But don't be scared by that. And then strong force is what holds the nucleus together. 161 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:15,110 And this is how we think of it to ourselves. 162 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:21,750 We draw these diagrams and we say, Oh, the electron spits out a photon and the photon is absorbed by another electron. 163 00:16:21,780 --> 00:16:27,840 That's the electromagnetic force. So we think in these weird diagrams, which we'll talk about later. 164 00:16:28,770 --> 00:16:37,740 Okay, so there was a guy called Higgs and he came up with some other guys to some other. 165 00:16:37,980 --> 00:16:47,370 There's a bunch of guys. There's six guys. There's possibly seven people who predicted this, that there was a field, that there was a Higgs field. 166 00:16:47,370 --> 00:16:50,459 And so we didn't really believe it. I'm an experimentalist. 167 00:16:50,460 --> 00:16:54,240 He's a theorist. That puts us at odds right away. We'll talk about that. 168 00:16:55,140 --> 00:16:58,330 We were all like Higgs. Schmidt You know, that's a Higgs. 169 00:16:58,410 --> 00:17:01,740 Schmitz That's how we are when when experimentalists get together. 170 00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:08,520 But we looked for in our spare time. So he got the Nobel Prize in 2013 and he's so nice. 171 00:17:08,610 --> 00:17:13,230 Look at that. I like the two tone glasses. 172 00:17:14,130 --> 00:17:20,580 Okay, so I'm not going to talk about theory because I don't know any, but I'm going to have this one theory slide. 173 00:17:21,660 --> 00:17:27,330 So here's the theory. We have this L here script l is the standard model of physics. 174 00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:33,810 Everything we know, I'm going to put in a L and then I'm going to add a Higgs field. 175 00:17:34,110 --> 00:17:40,980 See that little thing? That's a field. I'm going to put it in a big machine and out is going to come the Higgs boson. 176 00:17:41,340 --> 00:17:46,800 And also all of my elementary particles now are going to have mass and they didn't before. 177 00:17:47,280 --> 00:17:54,660 So this is the whole story. Okay. So all we have to do is actually this is the theoretical machine. 178 00:17:55,680 --> 00:17:59,940 I have to make the real machine. Okay. So what about theorists and experimentalists? 179 00:17:59,940 --> 00:18:05,720 This is kind of important because a lot of people don't really know that theorists think like this. 180 00:18:05,730 --> 00:18:11,550 They want to understand sort of the stick figure version of the world, the deep stick figure version. 181 00:18:12,090 --> 00:18:18,360 And this is experimentalists want to really understand the world like this, like how it actually is. 182 00:18:18,930 --> 00:18:26,130 Theorists would like to understand the world as understanding the symmetries of the world, and we would just like to see what's there. 183 00:18:26,850 --> 00:18:34,440 So we like to measure things wrapped in fog, sort of like this guy, this guy, Caspar David Friedrich. 184 00:18:34,440 --> 00:18:40,860 He was some I think he was some guy maybe Austrian or German. 185 00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:49,860 This I love this picture because apparently there's a German word for the horrible feeling you get by looking at the back of your own head. 186 00:18:52,290 --> 00:18:55,290 Okay, forget that. Okay. 187 00:18:55,320 --> 00:18:58,950 Are we are we on? Okay, are we? I feel like maybe we've gone astray. 188 00:18:59,340 --> 00:19:03,300 Here's a particle. Okay? We want to make a particle. It's called the Higgs boson. 189 00:19:04,050 --> 00:19:10,020 But what is a particle and how do we see? Well, the particle normally is round and it has a spin. 190 00:19:10,230 --> 00:19:15,540 It doesn't it has an angular momentum. So if we found a new particle, how would we know? 191 00:19:15,540 --> 00:19:18,719 Well, the Bose on this Higgs boson has a spin zero. 192 00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:23,520 So we don't have to worry about spin, but we want to. It should have a mass and it should have a lifetime. 193 00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:30,750 It should morph into something else after a short amount of time so we can see it by its decay. 194 00:19:30,810 --> 00:19:37,830 We say decay, but it's really it's a metamorphosis. The Higgs will come along and all of a sudden there will be two W particles. 195 00:19:37,830 --> 00:19:40,959 And all of a sudden those. W's will decay to something else. 196 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:48,430 Muons and neutrinos and electrons. Okay, so what we're going to try and do is discover the particle by looking at this. 197 00:19:50,920 --> 00:19:54,670 So how do we understand that? Like you and me, like normal people? 198 00:19:55,270 --> 00:20:03,700 So there's a classical resonance. You know, if you have a wine glass and you sing to the wine glass, the wine glass will resonate. 199 00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:09,460 And if you stop singing, it'll stop. 200 00:20:09,610 --> 00:20:15,159 But it'll take a certain amount of time to stop. So a wine glass it at this. 201 00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:23,800 If this is frequency, hear like you change the frequency slowly at some frequency, the wine glass will absorb a lot of power from your voice. 202 00:20:24,550 --> 00:20:28,780 And it'll go one moment. And then over here, it won't. 203 00:20:28,810 --> 00:20:32,280 So this is a normal power absorb spectrum. 204 00:20:33,100 --> 00:20:44,170 Just change the frequency you're singing with. I wanted to just show you. 205 00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:55,910 What this resonance I'm talking about looks like. So we are singing to this is a piece of. 206 00:20:57,330 --> 00:21:03,060 Paper on it. Now we're going to put a strobe light on it so you can see you see that? 207 00:21:04,910 --> 00:21:12,770 It's really cool, right? That's a resonance. So the wineglass is resonating and it has that power spectrum. 208 00:21:13,610 --> 00:21:27,360 Okay, good. Now. When I make a particle, a particle will have exactly the same distribution. 209 00:21:27,380 --> 00:21:33,110 Although instead of this being the power absorbed by the glass and this being the frequency that I'm singing at, 210 00:21:33,830 --> 00:21:39,980 this will be the mass of the particle, and this will be the number of times I see it. 211 00:21:40,190 --> 00:21:45,740 So when I create a particle like a Higgs boson, I will see a shape like this. 212 00:21:48,140 --> 00:21:53,360 And the the width of this shape will be the lifetime of the particle one over the lifetime of the particle. 213 00:21:53,630 --> 00:22:02,990 So this is kind of cool. It's exactly the same. So a particle that decays or morphs into something else is just like a resonance of a wine glass. 214 00:22:04,720 --> 00:22:10,630 Okay. Well. When I was young. 215 00:22:12,580 --> 00:22:23,350 I read this book, a guy called Werner Heisenberg. He was one of the authors of Quantum Mechanics, and he said something that made me go into physics, 216 00:22:23,740 --> 00:22:27,640 which was that science rests on experiments, but science is rooted in conversation. 217 00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:32,590 And I like talking. He's here. He's pretty cute, nice hair. 218 00:22:34,630 --> 00:22:38,050 He said two really interesting things, what they're called the uncertainty principle. 219 00:22:38,050 --> 00:22:48,940 Usually we say that the uncertainty in in how fast something is going times the uncertainty and where it is has to be larger than a certain amount. 220 00:22:49,120 --> 00:22:53,560 I can't know exactly where something is and how fast it's going at the same time. 221 00:22:54,250 --> 00:23:01,930 Well, everybody knows that. But there's another way of saying this in the saying that the uncertainty in 222 00:23:01,930 --> 00:23:07,930 energy and the uncertainty in time have to be greater than a certain amount. 223 00:23:09,070 --> 00:23:13,870 And that's a different way of saying you can't know the energy and the time at the same time, 224 00:23:13,870 --> 00:23:21,010 so you can't know the lifetime of the particle and the energy of the particle exactly the same time. 225 00:23:21,190 --> 00:23:25,899 So this curve is is real quantum mechanics. 226 00:23:25,900 --> 00:23:29,170 This is where I get to sit and look at quantum mechanics all the time. 227 00:23:29,320 --> 00:23:32,470 It must be weird. I have a particle. I have 100 particles that decay. 228 00:23:32,770 --> 00:23:38,799 Sometimes they have this energy and sometimes they have this energy, and sometimes they have this energy. 229 00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:44,050 That's weird. A little bit, right? It's not that I'm making a mistake. It's a that's very fundamentally I can't tell. 230 00:23:44,290 --> 00:23:48,580 That's kind of cool. So I am totally cool. That's what I'm trying to tell you. 231 00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:56,680 So I do things like this. I mean, I didn't see at first this is a particle called the Z particle discovered in 1982 at CERN. 232 00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:02,050 You see, it has this shape. This is the mass. So this is a particle decays to two electrons. 233 00:24:02,530 --> 00:24:09,400 And when I look make the mass, this invariant mass of the two electrons, I see a peak z nice. 234 00:24:11,110 --> 00:24:15,070 We this this was a discovery of the top and this is the top we see now. 235 00:24:15,340 --> 00:24:20,440 So the top cork also decays. C So you see this shape, right? 236 00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:23,499 And then you see the shape in a million different ways. 237 00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:32,260 In our experiments you always have these shapes and that what that means is a particle was there and it decayed and it has a particular mass. 238 00:24:32,770 --> 00:24:37,810 So all I'm going to do is look for a bump, then I'll know I have the Higgs boson. 239 00:24:38,350 --> 00:24:43,510 Then I know there's a Higgs field, and then Higgs can get a Nobel Prize and I get nothing. 240 00:24:45,190 --> 00:24:52,720 And all I need to do is spend 30 years doing it with 3000 other people and work really, really hard. 241 00:24:54,470 --> 00:24:58,570 That's all. Okay. 242 00:24:58,570 --> 00:25:01,930 We're just going to look for a bump. You know what? I don't even like this. 243 00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:05,589 So all I wanted to tell you was, the way we think about experimentalists, 244 00:25:05,590 --> 00:25:09,250 think about physics is through these things called Feynman diagrams and scattering. 245 00:25:09,790 --> 00:25:13,629 So we just say, we would just make a diagram. 246 00:25:13,630 --> 00:25:18,459 We write a diagram, we say, look, an electron in a positron that's an anti-matter, come together, 247 00:25:18,460 --> 00:25:23,050 annihilate, make a photon, and then all of a sudden they decide to make two muons. 248 00:25:25,420 --> 00:25:31,210 Okay, so what are we talking about? We scatter things every day. 249 00:25:31,570 --> 00:25:40,420 Like this is happens every day. The sun shines light on a small object that might or might not have a dog inside or might or might not be a dog. 250 00:25:41,620 --> 00:25:49,720 And then that light scatters off the maybe dog into my eye, which is connected to my brain, which is connected to my lips, which might then say dog. 251 00:25:50,170 --> 00:25:53,560 So this is a sort of normal thing we do every day. 252 00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:58,150 We scatter light off dogs. Okay. 253 00:25:58,630 --> 00:26:05,770 But what we do at an accelerator is we take an accelerator. And so, look, if we if we go back, this light has a certain wavelength. 254 00:26:05,770 --> 00:26:13,480 It has a certain energy. Okay. And if I make this wavelength really small, I can see a really small dog. 255 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:19,150 Big, big dog. I can't see a small dog with a big wavelength. 256 00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:24,970 So what I do is I make an accelerator of any wavelength particle. 257 00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:33,460 And then I look, for instance, inside a proton. And then instead of my brain, I put a detector that costs, you know, $350 million. 258 00:26:33,790 --> 00:26:39,230 And then I put a computer and. Yeah, and a cassette tape. 259 00:26:39,670 --> 00:26:40,780 Okay. Rutherford did this. 260 00:26:40,780 --> 00:26:46,660 And I just want to show this because Rutherford was a guy who worked in England and also in Canada, and I'm Canadian and your English. 261 00:26:49,260 --> 00:26:54,120 And this is his very first graduate student, Harriet Brooks, who is amazing. 262 00:26:55,230 --> 00:26:58,950 Here is his group in Manchester in 1913. 263 00:27:00,420 --> 00:27:06,030 I just thought this was pretty amazing because there's one woman and her name is Miss White. 264 00:27:09,230 --> 00:27:13,040 Yeah. Come on, guys. Are you kidding? 265 00:27:13,940 --> 00:27:19,400 Her name is. She's wearing white. I guess American humour doesn't really work here. 266 00:27:20,540 --> 00:27:24,060 I mean, really. Okay, I give up. Okay. 267 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:28,490 Okay. I'm going home now. Okay. 268 00:27:29,960 --> 00:27:35,660 Are there too many diagrams like this? It's okay. All I'm saying is stuff happens and electrons can amid a photon. 269 00:27:35,660 --> 00:27:40,130 That's what this is. A top quark can decay to a bottom quark. 270 00:27:40,490 --> 00:27:44,149 A quark can imitate gluon. Lots of things can happen. 271 00:27:44,150 --> 00:27:48,700 And we all make all these diagrams, okay? And then we say, this is the thing. 272 00:27:49,160 --> 00:27:52,730 Everything that's not forbidden is compulsory. 273 00:27:54,940 --> 00:27:59,290 So everything that can happen, there's no reason that can't happen. 274 00:27:59,290 --> 00:28:05,770 With all those diagrams, putting them together will happen. And we just have the terrible job of figuring out how often they happen. 275 00:28:06,340 --> 00:28:12,310 So one thing that can happen if there's a Higgs particle is that when I collide, two protons, 276 00:28:12,550 --> 00:28:20,530 the gluon, which is in the bag, member of the proton to gluons, could collide, but really not directly. 277 00:28:20,770 --> 00:28:28,180 They could only collide by making top anti top pairs in this strange loop, which can happen. 278 00:28:28,330 --> 00:28:34,150 You make a Higgs and then it immediately decays A to z bosons which immediately decay to four muons. 279 00:28:34,810 --> 00:28:39,190 Okay, this can happen. My question is, how do I find it? 280 00:28:40,690 --> 00:28:46,630 Is it there? Does it happen? Does anybody understand what this is other than you? 281 00:28:46,950 --> 00:28:52,840 Okay. Does anybody have any idea what I'm talking about here? 282 00:28:53,710 --> 00:28:58,060 This gluon comes from one proton. This one comes from another proton that I'm going to collide. 283 00:28:58,630 --> 00:29:01,790 And then I have to be able to see this, the final stage. 284 00:29:01,810 --> 00:29:07,450 So I need an accelerator and I need a detector. These are these horrible protons without the bags. 285 00:29:07,750 --> 00:29:13,299 I'm just going to take a glue on one of these squiggly things from one. 286 00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:17,050 And these are moving it. .99999 times the speed of light. 287 00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:19,570 They're going to collide. And I'm going to make one of these things. 288 00:29:20,890 --> 00:29:29,350 So at the Large Hadron Collider, we have huge numbers of protons moving this way and protons moving this way. 289 00:29:30,040 --> 00:29:34,750 There's like ten to the 11th protons in each bunch. You remember what a proton is. 290 00:29:34,960 --> 00:29:37,990 Take away the bag and you have some quarks and gluons. 291 00:29:38,770 --> 00:29:50,140 And then I get an interaction. And if I do this ten zillion times, 10 trillion times, I'll get one interesting event. 292 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:59,810 So you have to be kind of smart. And luckily there's lots of people from England on the experiment and this is the kind of thing you see coming out. 293 00:30:00,860 --> 00:30:07,099 A many, many particles come out of this interaction because the protons blow up and we have to look at this and 294 00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:13,460 we have to follow every single one of these particles and figure out where it's going and what it is. 295 00:30:14,780 --> 00:30:18,800 So, yeah, so we build an accelerator, it's underground. 296 00:30:19,790 --> 00:30:26,809 Yeah, we build the two detectors at the same time because when we find something, 297 00:30:26,810 --> 00:30:34,370 we want to make sure that we find it that we don't have to wait 30 years to build another detector before we know it's there for sure. 298 00:30:34,380 --> 00:30:44,060 So we have this thing. You each of each one, everybody here is paying 2.3 CHF per year to fund this. 299 00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:49,340 Thank you. Thank you very much. 300 00:30:51,260 --> 00:30:56,960 So here is the accelerator. Here's the Mont Blanc. It's a beautiful place to work, but a little sad. 301 00:30:58,770 --> 00:31:04,620 When you go inside here, you see it's a curving accelerator. 302 00:31:04,950 --> 00:31:10,800 And inside there's a vacuum, a different kind of vacuum, just one where you have a pump and you pump out all the air, 303 00:31:10,980 --> 00:31:15,120 not the vacuum that we're talking about at the beginning. And this guy is not doing anything. 304 00:31:16,230 --> 00:31:21,600 You can't be in here when it's on because you'll be dead. That's not good being dead. 305 00:31:22,140 --> 00:31:27,660 So there's protons going in this. This is superconducting magnet protons going one way, protons going the other way. 306 00:31:27,660 --> 00:31:33,450 At some point, they collide. It's magic. And we have very cute French people. 307 00:31:34,950 --> 00:31:41,820 This is the kind of thing that happens when two protons collide. This is the number of particles that come out good. 308 00:31:41,970 --> 00:31:45,030 So here we have to build the detector. 309 00:31:45,660 --> 00:31:49,530 These are some Swiss people. Very short. Very, very short. 310 00:31:50,790 --> 00:31:55,619 Now, this is a huge this is a huge detector. 311 00:31:55,620 --> 00:32:01,649 This is where the protons collide in here. And this is sort of what's happening. 312 00:32:01,650 --> 00:32:06,510 The detector is too complicated to actually explain, but we use electromagnetism for everything. 313 00:32:06,510 --> 00:32:15,209 So that is we use ionisation, you know, when a, you know, you have atoms with electrons on them, when you knock the electrons off, they're ionised. 314 00:32:15,210 --> 00:32:19,860 And then you have some charge particle that you can you can look at. 315 00:32:20,610 --> 00:32:27,120 So what we do is we here's a charged particle and a magnetic field that makes this beautiful, swirly thing. 316 00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:37,139 So we use magnets and charged particles and we can measure the momentum of the particles that come out with the magnet and with amazing detectors, 317 00:32:37,140 --> 00:32:44,459 silicon detectors. And then if they're electrons, they go through and make showers or protons, they'll make a shower like this. 318 00:32:44,460 --> 00:32:51,540 And if they're muons, they'll go all the way through here. So this is the this is a piece of that huge, huge, huge detector. 319 00:32:52,230 --> 00:32:55,470 And that's a detector that if you've ever seen it, has anyone ever seen it? 320 00:32:56,610 --> 00:33:00,180 Yes. You will make up your pants. 321 00:33:00,390 --> 00:33:05,610 That's how big it is. Yeah. So the different pieces are made in different places. 322 00:33:05,610 --> 00:33:10,350 We made some at Harvard and then they shipped them all there and we put it all together. 323 00:33:11,160 --> 00:33:15,000 This is beautiful. This is beautiful. Look, that's why it's so scary. 324 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:18,420 This is the muon detectors. I obviously like them. You on detectors that we made. 325 00:33:19,560 --> 00:33:25,050 This is. This is when you drop it down, it's all underground and everything has to be dropped down a hole. 326 00:33:25,230 --> 00:33:28,799 And then you can't close the hole, which is a problem. Okay. 327 00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:36,210 And then once you've got your detector made and everything is working, this is the kind of computing power you need. 328 00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:43,380 And this goes on to infinity. And that's a very tall Dutch person. 329 00:33:44,430 --> 00:33:51,030 Okay. I feel like I feel I feel like you're really following this. 330 00:33:52,740 --> 00:33:57,180 I feel like you know it already. I feel like I'm just talking to you and you know this. 331 00:33:58,720 --> 00:34:05,830 I feel sad. So, you know, physicists spend all their time drawing things. 332 00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:13,990 So when the LHC broke a little while back, I had a really hard time and I went to the psychiatrist. 333 00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:20,980 But I'll tell you something about the psychiatrist office, and then I'll just see if anybody agrees with me. 334 00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:26,970 There's no whiteboard or blackboard, so it's impossible to talk about. 335 00:34:28,170 --> 00:34:34,059 Yeah, I don't know. So I asked the psychiatrist, can I put can I put a whiteboard in the office? 336 00:34:34,060 --> 00:34:40,330 And he said, no, that's not really the point. Like, you're not supposed to abstract things and then talk about them. 337 00:34:40,750 --> 00:34:49,160 Anyhow, that wasn't very useful story for any psychiatrist in the office. 338 00:34:49,180 --> 00:34:55,900 Okay, so here is me. We're going to actually bring we're going to breathe life into the Higgs. 339 00:34:56,290 --> 00:35:00,579 We're going to do it this way. We're going to make two gluons. But you know what? 340 00:35:00,580 --> 00:35:08,170 We don't know. They're gluons. The problem with protons is you never know what's going to collide and you never know before and you never know after. 341 00:35:08,170 --> 00:35:12,890 And that's a very sad. So we just and we don't know anything about this. 342 00:35:12,910 --> 00:35:16,720 All we see in our whole lives are these two things coming out. 343 00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:26,360 So first way we're going to do it is this we're going to make two Z's and look for four muons coming out. 344 00:35:27,260 --> 00:35:30,410 Let's just. That's just. Oops. 345 00:35:31,710 --> 00:35:36,030 Oops. Hi there. Oh. 346 00:35:36,570 --> 00:35:49,310 So here's a picture of an event in which possibly these red lines are for a really momentous nuance coming out. 347 00:35:49,320 --> 00:35:52,500 So they would be what I expect in my final state here. 348 00:35:53,130 --> 00:35:57,630 And this is you want to see in real time. This is the mass of those four letters. 349 00:35:57,630 --> 00:36:02,280 So remember, I'm going to look for a bump. Okay. Are you ready? Are you ready to look for a bump? 350 00:36:03,840 --> 00:36:10,080 You don't seem that ready. You know what? American audiences are much more rowdy. 351 00:36:10,110 --> 00:36:13,110 They'd be yelling, Shut up. Yeah. What do you mean? 352 00:36:13,110 --> 00:36:19,950 They're good for sure. Okay. 353 00:36:20,010 --> 00:36:24,130 Wait, wait, wait. Do you see anything weird? What? Oh, yeah. 354 00:36:24,150 --> 00:36:28,120 What was that? Did you want me to do it again? Yeah. 355 00:36:28,210 --> 00:36:31,280 Do it again. Yeah. Yeah, man. Do it. 356 00:36:32,380 --> 00:36:39,150 That's. Yeah, of course. Oh, see, there's something missing there. 357 00:36:39,330 --> 00:36:43,680 All of a sudden, there's a bump. You see that bump? Oh, oh, oh, that's it. 358 00:36:46,170 --> 00:36:49,690 That's the Higgs. That's is that bump I told you about. Bumps, right? 359 00:36:49,710 --> 00:36:54,150 You said the wineglass, the bump, everything. That's the Higgs. 360 00:36:55,710 --> 00:37:00,060 Oh. Now, what's all this other junk? Well, if you have. 361 00:37:00,120 --> 00:37:07,079 If you're singing to a wineglass and there's a lot of noise, like maybe you're in a, you know, what's the noisiest place you can be? 362 00:37:07,080 --> 00:37:12,569 You're, you know, underneath a helicopter, there's a helicopter above, and you're singing into a wine glass. 363 00:37:12,570 --> 00:37:17,760 You're trying to hear the resonance. That's our lives. But the helicopter is right, right on top of us. 364 00:37:17,760 --> 00:37:21,240 So we're trying to do all this stuff is just background noise. 365 00:37:22,170 --> 00:37:25,620 This is actually the signal. It's so beautiful. 366 00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:29,520 I don't know, you guys. That is the most beautiful thing I've ever seen. 367 00:37:30,720 --> 00:37:36,120 So there it is. That's not moving. This little thing and this is ten events here. 368 00:37:36,150 --> 00:37:42,110 15 events, 20 events. Not very many. Two years we spent taking data. 369 00:37:42,810 --> 00:37:47,190 We're colliding beams every 50 nanoseconds, every whatever that is, 370 00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:59,640 one that's really small and nanosecond that's smaller than micro is ten to the minus 9 seconds. 371 00:38:00,630 --> 00:38:04,350 Okay. So you see, we've seen a bump right now. 372 00:38:05,640 --> 00:38:06,870 You guys are so blasé. 373 00:38:06,870 --> 00:38:16,330 Like just because you have incredibly good people talking here about the Higgs bosons all the time who are much clearer than me. 374 00:38:16,350 --> 00:38:20,820 Doesn't mean you can't give me some, like, give me some emotion. 375 00:38:22,110 --> 00:38:31,499 Look at these, like, but they don't try the things like this. Anyway, let me just say that once you've made the Higgs, it can decay in many ways. 376 00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:38,070 And one of the ways it can decay is to two photons. And then you can also see that. 377 00:38:38,220 --> 00:38:43,380 So instead of having four muons come out, two photons, these yellow things come out. 378 00:38:43,770 --> 00:38:46,830 And then you can look at a bump there. And what do you think? 379 00:38:46,920 --> 00:38:50,250 What do you think the bump is going to look like? Not as nice. 380 00:38:54,660 --> 00:38:58,680 Look that thing. Guess what, Mom? 381 00:38:58,690 --> 00:39:03,809 I discovered the Higgs. You see, there's a lot of background. 382 00:39:03,810 --> 00:39:05,610 There's a lot of helicopter noise there. 383 00:39:06,270 --> 00:39:14,250 That little tiny thing is the discovery of the Higgs boson, which is why you need two detectors and 6000 people. 384 00:39:18,520 --> 00:39:24,730 Finally. Okay, this slide is just crazy. 385 00:39:25,300 --> 00:39:38,050 This slide just says if I ask the question, can I get that data, that exact data, without having a Higgs at the mass of where the Higgs is? 386 00:39:38,050 --> 00:39:43,959 125 GB. So what's the likelihood that I see what I see without any Higgs? 387 00:39:43,960 --> 00:39:48,150 And the answer is ten to the minus nine. And what's the answer? 388 00:39:48,190 --> 00:39:51,880 Small. Really, really small. We've totally found something. 389 00:39:52,240 --> 00:39:56,260 We totally think it's the Higgs. Are you happy? 390 00:39:57,040 --> 00:40:02,110 I think he was happy because I'm going to tell you something sad in a minute. So we found this thing. 391 00:40:02,380 --> 00:40:06,850 Look, this is the Higgs. We turn out. 392 00:40:06,850 --> 00:40:11,290 I didn't show you, but it has been zero. So it's a scalar. 393 00:40:12,010 --> 00:40:17,080 It's the first scalar ever for a scalar particle ever. And it's mass is like 125 five. 394 00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:21,610 And this is what makes it possible for electrons and things and quarks to have mass. 395 00:40:21,970 --> 00:40:25,480 And if there is a boson, there's got to be a field. 396 00:40:27,160 --> 00:40:31,060 So we've just closed it up. We have nothing more to do. It's sad. 397 00:40:38,660 --> 00:40:43,230 And then there's this. Theorists are terrible. 398 00:40:43,380 --> 00:40:46,860 This is the kind of way they think. They say, Hey, wait a second. 399 00:40:47,310 --> 00:40:57,240 What's that? Higgs Mass. If the Higgs mass is 125 and the top mass, which you already know is 175, it looks like a little smaller there. 400 00:40:59,130 --> 00:41:02,550 Then we're in a state of matter. 401 00:41:02,550 --> 00:41:08,470 Stability. The universe is in a state of matter. 402 00:41:08,470 --> 00:41:14,020 Stability. Now, that doesn't sound good. We like stability, not metal stability. 403 00:41:15,430 --> 00:41:18,700 What does it all mean? This makes it even less clear. 404 00:41:18,970 --> 00:41:23,170 Imagine. Imagine that you don't know what the axes of this plot are. 405 00:41:23,170 --> 00:41:29,740 But you know that our whole universe is sitting here like a ball in a well. 406 00:41:30,610 --> 00:41:39,570 Happily sitting there. It's always going to stay the same. But imagine this better stability means maybe there's another well over here. 407 00:41:40,380 --> 00:41:50,190 And maybe because of quantum mechanics, there's a thing called tunnelling, which means that particles are allowed to go through mountains particles. 408 00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:54,180 This ball is total it. 409 00:41:54,180 --> 00:42:01,020 Total it. It can go here, even though it doesn't have enough energy to jump over here. 410 00:42:01,500 --> 00:42:05,880 Oh, it's so sad. This is terrible quantum mechanics. Now, what would this mean? 411 00:42:06,150 --> 00:42:12,120 The metal stability would mean all of a sudden, our beautiful world would be completely gone. 412 00:42:14,040 --> 00:42:20,410 And then it would be here. Luckily, theorists are never right except for Higgs. 413 00:42:20,430 --> 00:42:24,600 Luckily, this wasn't an English theorist. Okay, this is getting way too scary. 414 00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:33,750 So I just wanted to talk about what I think I'm doing with my life, because I know you're not that interested, but I'm going to talk about it anyway. 415 00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:40,200 So a little while ago I was asked to give a preamble, talk to who framed Roger Rabbit, 416 00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:44,759 which was a movie which was half animated, half people with Bob Hoskins. 417 00:42:44,760 --> 00:42:53,010 Do you remember that? And so I looked up the cartoon laws of physics, because apparently there are there's laws of cartoon laws of physics. 418 00:42:53,010 --> 00:42:58,950 There's 21 of them. And it turns out that every cartoon is, in fact, funny because of these laws. 419 00:42:59,280 --> 00:43:03,240 And it was amazing to me how could there be laws of cartoons? 420 00:43:03,720 --> 00:43:09,600 But look at them. Let's just look at them and then we'll see why. So this one is a speed increases. 421 00:43:09,600 --> 00:43:12,629 Objects can be in more than one place at the same time. I'm sure you've seen that. 422 00:43:12,630 --> 00:43:18,330 And that's, of course, very, very funny. An anvil always falls more slowly than a person. 423 00:43:18,330 --> 00:43:21,360 That means it. Yeah, you know what that means? 424 00:43:22,920 --> 00:43:30,420 A body passing through solid matter always leaves its own shape. Okay, so then I thought, wow, this is amazing. 425 00:43:30,420 --> 00:43:33,479 Like, it is true. There are 21 of them. 426 00:43:33,480 --> 00:43:42,240 You can look them up on on Google. So this guy is Walt Disney and he had an explanation. 427 00:43:42,240 --> 00:43:44,010 So he was basically just like me. 428 00:43:46,140 --> 00:43:54,990 Except that richer, impossible cartoon actions will seem plausible if the viewer feels the action he's watching has some factual basis. 429 00:43:56,250 --> 00:44:05,490 For example, the idea that following the cows tail could ring a bell hanging on her neck may seem far fetched, but it has some basis, in fact. 430 00:44:06,450 --> 00:44:10,710 There is an anatomical connection between the bell here and the tail here. 431 00:44:11,190 --> 00:44:21,920 That is the spinal column. And so it seems entirely plausible that pulling her tail would ring the bell and. 432 00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:32,530 Okay. So you I mean, it's brilliant. 433 00:44:32,890 --> 00:44:40,660 He's brilliant. So what he does, what he calls it, is the plausible, impossible. 434 00:44:41,170 --> 00:44:48,080 He. Says all cartoons are plausible but impossible, and that's what makes them funny. 435 00:44:48,470 --> 00:44:54,860 So some guy at The Guardian or some woman probably, I think, because it's very smart, said, what a part. 436 00:44:54,980 --> 00:44:59,870 I couldn't find the actual person, unfortunately. Particle physics is the unbelievable. 437 00:44:59,870 --> 00:45:05,870 In pursuit of the unimaginable. To pinpoint the smallest fragments of the universe, you have to build the biggest machine in the world. 438 00:45:06,390 --> 00:45:14,090 Blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. What's interesting is that what we look for is the implausible possible. 439 00:45:14,120 --> 00:45:17,870 So people are always coming up with ideas that seem crazy. 440 00:45:17,870 --> 00:45:22,040 Extra dimensions, dark matter, Higgs bosons. 441 00:45:22,760 --> 00:45:26,629 They're implausible, but they're possible. I'm only interested in looking at possible. 442 00:45:26,630 --> 00:45:37,970 Looking at impossible is only for cartoons. So one of the things that we're thinking about is, is there something a shadow world, 443 00:45:38,480 --> 00:45:45,620 a world where there's supersymmetry, where for all the particles I've just shown you, there are particles. 444 00:45:50,780 --> 00:45:56,300 Honestly, roughly thousands of people are are as we speak, are looking for this, 445 00:45:57,740 --> 00:46:06,170 because if there were these this shadow particles, it would solve some elegant problems for theorists. 446 00:46:08,060 --> 00:46:11,110 We've been looking at this for years. I've even looked for this. 447 00:46:11,120 --> 00:46:18,610 I looked for this one. Well, we haven't found them, but we have we know that they're getting bigger and bigger. 448 00:46:18,620 --> 00:46:22,100 That is, if we do find them, they're going to be really massive. 449 00:46:23,720 --> 00:46:29,930 So this is kind of like, you know, when you if you want, you know, so if you're young and you want to grow up and say, how cool are you? 450 00:46:29,930 --> 00:46:33,800 And you can just show people this picture on your card and say, I'm looking for this one. 451 00:46:34,770 --> 00:46:39,080 It's three. It's like, what could be a better job than that? 452 00:46:41,510 --> 00:46:44,930 And then this is the diagram that goes with it. Isn't this beautiful? 453 00:46:45,530 --> 00:46:49,150 Proton. Proton build. Well, look, this. 454 00:46:49,160 --> 00:46:53,150 These are all made up particles. Oh, no. This is real easy. These are real top. 455 00:46:53,690 --> 00:47:00,820 So this is the kind of thing we're doing right now. Every day we're drawing a million different diagrams, and then we're looking for them. 456 00:47:03,940 --> 00:47:11,769 It's really I mean, it's so exciting and I'm so boring. 457 00:47:11,770 --> 00:47:15,999 I'm really sorry. It's over. Everybody's asleep. I feel like I'm asleep. 458 00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:19,450 Okay, so CERN is a wonderful thing. 459 00:47:20,050 --> 00:47:24,340 There's physicists everywhere. You're paying the 2.3 CHF. 460 00:47:24,940 --> 00:47:31,329 It really is the Wild West. We've started a new run at a much higher energy, almost a factor of two energy. 461 00:47:31,330 --> 00:47:34,750 So we are about to find those supersymmetric particles. 462 00:47:34,750 --> 00:47:43,780 So you will win next cocktail party you go to. If it's in after April, you may find yourself saying, Well, I already know about supersymmetry. 463 00:47:43,780 --> 00:47:51,550 I saw that ball there. I know that there's a symmetry between fermions and bosons. 464 00:47:53,260 --> 00:47:57,550 And it's it's a very exciting thing. But we're also thinking about building new accelerators. 465 00:47:57,790 --> 00:48:02,380 There's very exciting idea is to build a huge accelerator in China. 466 00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:17,270 Which would. Be really far away also and build a huge one that went all over Switzerland, then took up most of Switzerland. 467 00:48:17,810 --> 00:48:21,680 It's always good to build weather in mountains and then another one in Japan. 468 00:48:21,680 --> 00:48:25,430 So there is a future. It's just not in the United States. That's why I'm over here. 469 00:48:25,430 --> 00:48:31,160 I'm trying to see if I can get a job, but obviously, obviously it's not working very well. 470 00:48:32,570 --> 00:48:37,280 I'm really excited about another thing, which is that this is CERN is an enormous thing. 471 00:48:37,280 --> 00:48:44,149 You know, it's got 800,000 member states meaning except for the US it's it's many, 472 00:48:44,150 --> 00:48:55,040 many countries pay a lot of money for CERN and these experiments to fund the Large Hadron Collider and there's a 473 00:48:55,040 --> 00:49:02,590 council of all kinds of people in grey suits who come together and run the whole thing from different countries. 474 00:49:03,350 --> 00:49:06,740 And then this person, she's the new director general. 475 00:49:07,130 --> 00:49:13,040 Starting January 1st, February is united. And I did this cowboy hat. 476 00:49:14,960 --> 00:49:22,760 I learned Photoshop just for you. I just want you to know that I'm really excited she's going to head of the whole thing. 477 00:49:22,940 --> 00:49:30,980 CERN is really big. There's like 50,000 men there, and she's the boss and she's actually brilliant also. 478 00:49:31,580 --> 00:49:34,670 And and. Well, maybe. 479 00:49:34,790 --> 00:49:38,779 And funny and brilliant and funny. So it's an exciting time. 480 00:49:38,780 --> 00:49:43,969 First of all, maybe we'll find something completely new. Maybe it will be supersymmetry. 481 00:49:43,970 --> 00:49:47,930 Maybe it will be the fact there's not really three spacial dimensions. 482 00:49:47,930 --> 00:49:56,480 There's four. Maybe it will be, you know, that nothing is new, which is also exciting. 483 00:49:57,200 --> 00:50:09,110 I have really low standards for excitement. Not only that, we have a woman as the head of this whole enterprise and that's extremely exciting. 484 00:50:09,350 --> 00:50:12,980 Yeah. And she's so young. Don't. 485 00:50:13,520 --> 00:50:17,810 Doesn't she look nice but hat. She's a cowboy, man. 486 00:50:17,840 --> 00:50:27,050 This person is a cowboy. I just want to tell you, this person comes in at 6:00 every morning for the past 30 years with her cowboy hat and her boots. 487 00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:32,240 Not on exactly. Because she's Italian. It's more like a spaghetti western. 488 00:50:35,330 --> 00:50:40,820 Okay. Sorry, I'm just trying to get something out of you guys anyway. 489 00:50:42,230 --> 00:50:46,190 I'm really excited. I hope you are too. And I hope. 490 00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:52,280 I hope that one. You'll take at least one thing away from this talk, which is the wind. 491 00:50:53,460 --> 00:50:57,050 And the wind just go. Wind, tornado. 492 00:50:57,410 --> 00:51:01,370 Higgs field. The Higgs boson. And you will seem like such a powerful. 493 00:51:05,340 --> 00:51:09,180 You will be on your horse for who it is. 494 00:51:09,210 --> 00:51:16,010 Okay. Goodbye. Thank you, Melissa. 495 00:51:16,130 --> 00:51:16,490 That was.