Everyone who will be doing a reading and so on, and this morning we're introducing analysis this morning,
and our first speaker is just man who is after this doctoral research and thinking that since he received his doctorate from unit since then,
her position is she still stands at Munich University Steps.
His research primarily focuses on the applications of philological pretty much for critical analysis of lyrics to your writings and literature.
That's my main street facing publications on spiritual practises and raised in their respective advertising on and choose improvement.
So it's a great pleasure to welcome just to the podium,
and he is going to be speaking to us on identical cousins insights on how we need to revisit stories in which he's doing it.
Let me take you back. Good morning, everybody, and evening afternoon to our viewers out in cyberspace.
Thank you, Naomi. That was a frequent introduction.
So I actually added a few things based on what we talked about yesterday, and I think it works to this concept of identical cousins.
Not just any harm to all manuscripts, a kind of identical cousins and Mahayana manuscripts are kind of identical cousins to non mohana manuscripts.
So we'll talk about this a little bit. We just finished.
Yes. So, all right, first, I'm going to talk about Gilgit Bommai and type manuscripts.
These come from the greater Gandara.
I think most people, when they think about them, which happens to be all the time, like, Oh, are you going to talk about frosty Rushdie?
Is that, you know, we're not talking democracy, we're not talking about a second century, we're talking about a little bit later.
And these are Sanskrit manuscripts and greater Gandara sort of encompasses Pakistan, Afghanistan, General Kashmir.
And this was a very important sort of cosmopolitan area where Buddhism was very prevalent until sort of
the decline after around the 19th centuries when we get sort of substitution with the Islamic faith,
which is, of course, what we see now in our world. And design is so there's a couple more insights.
Gilbert, of course, as Enoch, which is where second, the third arrows and this the very first arrow is Bamiyan,
which is not listed on the map, but it exists just like the Buddhas is Bamiyan, which doesn't exist anymore.
But I still on the map. There's sort of a couple of very important sites for Google Bramante manuscripts.
The first is, of course, the Gilgit collection, which was found in now for in a sort of a kudo, has called it a stupa.
But I think this one sort of is made clear.
It was probably not a stoop of some sort of habitation where people lived a small number of monks and some sort of tower library.
And this was, I think, Errol Stine on this, I believe, and it was activated in 31 and then 38.
But a long time ago, an exhibition says with it what they are today.
So it's not quite clear how exactly their sound is because of the sense of time.
Right? So here's an example of a Gilbert manuscript.
I think it's a very nice example because we see a lot of nice features.
We see things like repair to the manuscript, which is a very, very common feature of the old type manuscripts.
And you don't actually see this. I don't think you see this outside of rich part manuscripts from this area.
You don't see them as far as I know ever, if anyone has, let me know this is the very last folio of the first of all,
have read it from your manuscript and we see another nice feature of two hands.
That's because we have a sort of definitive section at the end.
Not not as nice scripted. Well, same script that is nice hand.
And Vancouver, I've done this some time ago, some other examples of repair to manuscripts, you've got to see a lot of different kinds.
You kind of see this kind where they match the letter sills or you see kinds, which I think is quite nice.
You see times where it's you can tell that they had repaired the script before it was copied.
And I think this is very important. It shows that sort of the this is a sort of piece of this sort of production of the folios themselves.
It wasn't of a repair that was made after the manuscripts were copy.
This is sort of the quality of the folio itself. Sometimes perhaps doesn't repair after the minister was copied.
But I think more these were. If America deteriorated, it wasn't repaired so much.
But the folios themselves by whoever made them were made for, you know, someone look nice and you can actually see manuscripts.
I think some sort of economy going on here. You see manuscripts where there is a very well copy of very beautiful hands, a lot of care put into it,
and you don't see a lot of repairs of those and you see manuscripts that have a lot of repairs and maybe less well copied.
But then I don't want to be too too certain with this because you see manuscripts.
They well with library one and there's two scripts, of course, in the Gielgud collection, you'll be buying it at one and you'll go buy into two.
So here's an example of Kipling. If I'm into two, this is going on type one, which is round the browning.
Take two Protoss Shahada, which becomes and is watching a video, and this is another example of a rare example of two hands.
So usually it's not hard and fast, but generally you'll go buy into one was used for Mahayana works and go to buy men.
Type two was generally used for non muhanna works,
although this could be that it was sort of a time difference and we see the two often together and some works appear in one script or the other.
But usually all my friends are at one all video works too.
Two and. We're not quite sure why is actually at this point.
Government at two, of course, became known as amotekun, and it spread all throughout Asia, the sort of the script of this northwest,
not just a nice hard suture supposedly from six foot six or nine refugee all the way in Japan,
where wherever the hard-to-reach group was composed, that's not that's not our problem today.
And at the same time, we actually see sort of as governments have to stop spreading east.
We also see a lot of Canadian influences greater than our influences.
So here we have an early and our princes pose.
And then the 7th century, we see these nice Maitreya supposedly same pensive opposed coming at the same time as these manuscripts.
These are both just like where Yuji is Prince Shattock, who founded temples supposedly so as Core Yuji, the very beautiful Maitreya.
And in Korea, you can also see a suspiciously similar, very beautiful Maitreya.
In Japan, they see this immigrant artisans from Korea and in Korea, they say they're kidnapped artisans to Japan.
So depends on depends on what country you ask.
Another site for the women's and men's groups is the possible site, which is theoretically maybe behind the cargo gouda and you'll get what's behind.
This is the guy who drove what's behind the of Buddha. Nothing. So maybe in a cave, it's quite unclear.
This is like most of these manuscripts, we don't know the exact provenance.
The tour guide was identified by a cousin of a muscle in the nineties at the SAM Gallery right here in the UK.
So no one knows exactly where it came from. This is a herald, Helpmann had sort of told this second hand.
Asked about Hanover, who was told everyone that maybe the computer, but it's unclear.
But an interesting thing about the deer dogma is it seems quite likely that it was
produced by the same store tourism that produced some of the gilded manuscripts.
So here we have especially specifically that many of us do.
So here we have this thing, a bit of a stew and we have your dogma and we can see this very sort of.
Kind of. Emblematic similarities you can to find scribes have their own kind of peculiar ways of writing,
and you see an example where they're using it in both manuscripts.
Recently, the passage of us to radiocarbon dated along with the dogma and we see 671 to
770 for the by said you must do and you're going to see seventy six to seven.
Seventy six. See, that's only a four or five year difference in typing dates.
So it looks rather bold and something we can do, and we're looking at these because identifying scribes.
So here's a an irregular ligature and C.R. was irregular.
So you can sort of look like this making. I'm trying to make a database of actuaries.
Actually, this will be a long term kind of project.
Maybe something go along with a grammar of Mahayana. We look at the actual extras themselves are you just cut out every single action finding to make
a very large database and you can actually identify individuals by swinging across manuscripts?
So here we have you got Mr Brady, who has a very sort of non-standard way of making stuff retroreflector stay.
Usually, they should look at this as a very nice. This is a bit of a stew and scribed makes it so it looks like kind of like a local authority.
And he throws this little zine coming off at the end where it should actually go
straight through here and here in the some of us do we see kind of a very similar.
Not quite right way of making this stuff. Is it the same?
Is it scribed? Or is it someone who all learnt to write in the same way?
Could be. So here's an identical cousin, if you will, the last, the last, second to last.
An important site is, of course, the site where supposedly the spring collection was found in Zichron Caves near Bamiyan,
where they supposedly found a large base of the locals say they found a very large cache menace several inches in depth and they burned them all,
they say. And then a couple of years later, the civilian skills appear on the market from here.
No one's sure. Well, maybe. I don't know. Also, you're maybe, maybe he knows nothing, so maybe he can tell us later.
But this is where they think they came from, which was near Bamiyan, which we also actually found some ministries here after it was exploded.
And there's been some great work putting them together in Japan about 15 years ago now, and I don't think anything has come since then.
And the newest sites for these Gilbert manuscripts is the site at which maybe you've heard of it,
say archaeological sites of a city that was uncovered in 2007,
I believe 2008,
when the Chinese government government made a deal to mine copper 40 mile three kilometres from Kabul in the large world's largest deposit of copper.
And they uncovered this ancient city. Well, I don't know if this is an ancient city had a lot of Buddhist sites.
And since then, the mining didn't really happen because of the vagaries of infrastructure.
Afghanistan and the this site itself,
which has been excavated by UNESCO's first in 2012 and then later served by the Ark Theology Institute of Afghanistan in the last excavation,
stopped in 2018, and excavation has not continued since then.
It's it's a difficult time in Afghanistan.
The Taliban has taken over the government again. A difficult time for sort of preservation of cultural heritage.
Certain here we have a nice example of how things are in this grandstand at the moment.
Just a couple of weeks ago or just last week, the sort of start destroying a nice century building when I say it's essentially a fortress.
And then the Taliban government, after getting complaints, stops the demolition and you sort of you can kind of see this sort of disconnect.
In February of this year, the Taliban released a statement saying that they will protect cultural heritage
and not destroy anything and make sure everything stays in the country.
But when they swiftly came back to power, there's been examples of looting in Kabul.
Bamiyan itself has. The museum has been looted just a couple weeks ago.
And it's very unfortunate. So it's not even I've heard reports everything's been taken and it's unclear who's done this.
And so if the Taliban may want to protect things or they may not, this remains to be seen of the people at the top.
Might not share the same views, per se as the people on the ground.
So this is a it's a real problem at the moment.
I'm not sure what's going to happen and this is, of course, you know,
behind the very large social problems of people, which we've all seen in the news.
I had a great project and find it to put on this PowerPoint of a Taliban officials
surveying the design site just a couple of weeks ago on a nice tour with everyone smiling.
And the Chinese government has making the grand overtures to us with ties with Afghanistan,
and they've already suggested that they start the mining project again.
So this it's really unclear what will happen with the US on it now.
Hopefully. They can continue excavating the sites where we found some manuscripts in two thousand and 17,
these are found, I suspect, around Rs eighteen since 2019 editing them.
This is really an important site for these types of manuscripts because this is
one of the very few sites where we have the exact provenance is known to Sheela,
where there's been a couple of instances done. That's not example, but it's not.
It doesn't come up on the market.
We don't have stories of villages finding it and burning it, and we're not sure we know exactly where these came from.
Uh, this right here is where they sent. These men were found mystifying battery in some Bactrian documents, which are being worked on right now.
And it was sort of, you know, cosmopolitan. So I don't see it the city, because we have what might be Zoroastrian shrines.
Some people think they aren't stupid. They are so Buddhists and non-Muslim together a temples.
I don't know so far as to say the manuscripts were found not they weren't telling
me or any of the temples that were found in what the archaeologists are calling a.
Administer a storeroom, although I don't know if this is the case.
They they call it this because simply because it wasn't found near any Buddhist iconography.
But when we look at all the materials, it's all Buddhists.
I wouldn't be surprised if the battery document ended up being Buddhist, but we don't know that for sure yet.
All of this, these can be digitised and put back together. But we are.
Here's a nice another nice institu example. This is probably from the from the Rega.
And we have up a Wendy Rico encased nicely, encased in rock excavated.
This is, I think, the 18th chapter verses at the end of the chapter and the beginning of the 19th.
We're just like where David Bruce was mentioned yesterday. We have some dirty dates to uphold.
Having upheld this and having caused it to be recited,
good things will happen to these people and people who sort of get in the way of those bad things will happen.
You know, the classic, probably the whole manuscript is there, but it's it's been excavated, but it hasn't been restored.
So this is this is a big problem, although for now, I think it's actually a good things are sort of just sitting in large rock sort
of sections because they don't know how to restore them and have the expertise.
So they're sitting in the National Museum in Kabul, away from the site.
That's a plus for. If they are, it's important that we can see you actually inside to see what else is there.
So this is we have even to. We'll have plenty of heartbeats.
But this is. Some stuff going to talk about this Mahayana or not, my man.
Here we have a nice in situ US bundle, so these are all from the same bundle.
They were copied in the same hand fragments one and two. So this is the same scribe.
We can identify him from this tub. And here we have the mitri of the ekana, which is a sort of extra canonical work about, you know, on under.
Asks Nazmul, what? What will it be like when it comes to a lot of verses?
Say how great the word will be, and it'll look like a well manicured garden.
And by today's standards, actually, which was paradise 2000 years ago.
I think and this is actually very interesting.
This isn't the type one, the other examples.
There's also a string section in the bombing type one of this manuscript fragments.
And then there's also the bombing attack two that my gender edited,
and the work itself is not listed canonically in any of the items in the Tibetan or sorry,
the Nepalese brother manuscripts very clearly says in the confines of my own suture,
although it doesn't sort of display the classical Mahayana, you know, things self-referential ness and everything.
But it was it's an ambiguous work. It's like, OK, that's fine.
And then we have here a fragment to which.
I couldn't. Identify until not too long ago identified it, and we have.
It's about who who to Avedon 0.06. So we see here's a nice sort of one verse paralleled in the basically temple number nine into Fun Girl,
which at several centuries later and it contains at least six but who Avedon verses,
which outline outline the past verse of Gadzama, often where he met previous verse Buddhas themselves.
And this is lost in Sanskrit. But we see some of these verses in Tibetan in the passage you must do.
And we also see in Tibetan Schmutz, a diva sort of quoting some of them in his abdomen, coach for Pica.
And he just call it the juju. So. Which is not necessarily by suggesting.
So there's the crude combustion, possibly miscellaneous veneer or the extruder to got through to the agama,
which is really what I think this is actually. So this is a bundle and we see this is and we see here in fragment for a floral embellishments.
And this is actually the earliest floral embellishment we see in Redragon and you'll bombing type manuscripts.
And these are usually used for qualifiers. So this is perhaps the end of a work, and this is the very beginning of my trip.
You can't see and see and I hope to have a done versus whatever that was and the beginning of my tour,
which is itself an ambiguous work in terms of school classification.
So. Should the truth of the could have ended?
Of course, this is where we threw in all the miscellaneous stuff and the crew a the dogma
was not even it was not accepted as an argument by the rules of evidence. But it was so and it was lost to us.
But it seems like this is where they put works there.
We're not going to call this not as a bunch of say and maybe see some.
And it's very telling. We're finding stories.
Avedon is about the Buddha's previous interactions with previous Buddhist, along with a view about Maitreya himself.
These are all sort of proton Mahayana types of elements in a more subversive, extra canonical to which we can't even comment on democracy.
I've been able identify these because they're so. Broken, but I think probably there.
I think this is in the middle or end. This guy and this is the B and we might find the beginning of career beginning as well.
So here's a partial reconstruction from the gravidanza versus and this is Fumi House tribute and
translation of Tibetans from her very excellent message of us to translation for an eighty four thousand.
We just came out a couple of months ago. I recommend it to anyone who wants to give it a good read for a couple of months.
Um, and we see kind of some interesting things.
We see, for example, when the Buddha in a past life, he he mastered the art of a Pargeter and he calls some monks.
He's arguing with a woman, and he because of this, he becomes a woman.
So we're seeing these kind of elements just similar to Stephanie Baskervilles talk yesterday.
But, you know, he, fortunately, was able to turn himself back in men, which is the opposite of what Stephanie talked about yesterday, of course.
So we're kind of seeing these elements here, even way back here.
And briefly about the floral embellishments here. We see this is actually the end of the tree of the coroner from the gilded manuscripts
we see at stupid moments at one and we see this sort of very common line marks.
And here's the earliest floral embellishments, and here's a little bit later, which is the same kind of embellishment.
We have this kind of nice cross one. And here we just but not too much.
Later,
we see very grand embellishments at the end of the year doguwa and then many of us to honour another very telling feature how these are related.
Another example of identical cousins. These are compasses.
And when we see these, this type of beautiful, ornate embellishments continue into later manuscripts, rows and behind us, which are new century.
And we also see it earlier. We see nice embellishments of actual illuminated illuminated embellishments.
But we don't see these at all in the old manuscripts. This is this was a Central Asian feature that didn't quite make it that far west at the time,
and we see kinds of petroglyphs in in the yoga area that may have been related, but maybe not.
Jason Neill's thinks nobody knows and quite interesting, and we actually even down in bloom one up and do more.
I suppose we see almost the exact kind of embellishment from the one in any of us do.
So we see this sort of spreading around and it's important that we're talking about do, which I went to look for another manuscript.
And earlier, we also see these sort of non allure not illuminated non-secure floral moments,
just the disappointment that sutra manuscripts in Nepal, which is quite a little bit older than the.
The designer manuscripts. OK, so now let's talk about.
The. How we doing on time with 10 minutes or so.
All right. So much.
So this is your final manuscript that was found and mRNA fragments six, six, six and six B,
which consist of either two or three fragments, and that's a grip on the top of these fragments were not photographed in situ.
One of the few ones that have been photographed in situ at an assignment. So we don't actually know the measurements, but it's quite small.
Uh, it's the only fragments that's been photographed so far from the director in the press or visible.
That's the benefit of it not being in situ.
It's relatively small for both the left side and the right side portions of lines five to seven of the rectum.
The right hand and left hand side are margins are missing,
it runs seven lines in each side and it indicates assures the subfamily as opposed to the longer my just family works,
which are seen on larger folios, which run variously 11 to 15 lines portfolio to accommodate, of course, the longer length of those works.
A portion of the folio is for that over on to the Verso, which unfortunately obscures several extras.
Which otherwise would. There's between 12 and 14 extras visible per line.
But with folded over only of 68 extras. And it's leading atop the other fragments here, laying atop other fragments from the of Parmitano.
Again, I think it's quite likely that the entirety of the manuscript is here,
but if it's not in the large blocks that have already been excavated, there's a great risk to its existence.
And this is. Very unfortunate,
because these fragments are the first massive testimony of Russia's subscript ever to have been found Widow Gandara in a Google bombing typescript.
Therefore, the discovery of this manuscript fragment represents an important data point for the study of the astronauts and the product itself.
So the Duchess of Cambridge is thought to have been supplanted by the development
of the Mahatma Gandhi of farm works in Central Asia and to the poultry.
And this was also the case, apparently Ingrid. We have few minstrel witnesses preserved from the prime minister finds.
And there are only three other extant early manuscript testimonies of that script,
from the top fragments from the first century and dari language, but also a spark.
Which Kashima? Uh, and there's a cushion fragments, which Law Centre added in the spring collection.
And then there's also one folio, one fragment, the folio from the 18th century in south, the extent of the Brahmi and the Jinjiang, which has.
Segment six represents the fourth discovery of not just Oscar winners predating the Earl, the leader Nepalese mascot additions as they're dated.
So essentially the an era. They are the third oldest witnesses at the sites and this is this from the 20th chapter.
The Australian Numsa and it spans the fourth of the fifth chapter of the army.
Some of them, Kyra, are obvious and Botha and the fifth chapter of the Mughrabi Somalia.
It doesn't correspond to any of the three early Sanskrit witnesses,
although Law Sanders Edition is only a few folios before it does correspond to the Maha Kania power metre manuscripts.
So this is actually a very interesting work because when you read it against the additions made from the Nepalese manuscript submission,
it doesn't have a one to one match at all. In fact, it looks very abbreviated in some places, and it expands saying other things, other places.
It's the same general story, of course. Uh, what the said.
But how does a words of a notice on Vertica? And you can you can know by dreaming certain things, dreaming that you're a Buddha,
preaching to people and you have a halo catamaran and you're floating above the sun or just even in a dream,
realising that all existence is like a dream. And this is so this is a very nice Mahayana.
You know, how do we know that we are set the demons? No worries.
As long as you even if empty, you know you're not my master.
So in many ways, in many ways, we actually find a closer similarity to the monotony of our meta manuscripts that were found in Gilgit.
Now here's mine Maharani coming to two very frustrating week.
The parts that actually match would have matched perfectly with the ActionScript here, a kind of right here, so we're kind of missing it.
And what happened to one of those situations even worse? There's also another folio of the my friend.
A bit of it. The match is somewhat which is in the Karachi collection on the Karachi Museum.
Supposedly, no one has seen the manuscripts that are in Pakistan for some years, and it's unclear if they're still in the museum.
You can go and you can ask to see them. And no one will tell you where they are.
Maybe they're in a storeroom. Maybe they're not. You may want to turn the recording off so we can talk about what we think of that.
OK, great. So to June long, there is one more modern independent manuscript in June, which is from greater than it's on some pollock, which is weird.
So we're seeing these very weird things. There's only and it's actually a very nice.
We can talk about this later. It's coffee with a lot of care and with some nice annotations corrections made by multiple hands, it looks like.
But there's only a couple of other examples of palm leaf manuscripts.
We have the this is probably Sharon Gomez, somebody Sugiura. We have these body surface coming from other local doctor's entering the room.
We're going to Ishita and entering the room and staying in the room and coming out of the room and taking seven steps.
And it goes on and on very similarly. Similarly to Stephanie Battles paper what she was talking about yesterday.
And this was next to a cinema from the Rega Gilbert bombing attack, one folios,
which you oddly said he thought was also from the Lotus, which was not.
It's probably from showing someone edited this, and it seems to be the case.
And the dealer wife, whose son had edited this unknown fragment over a hundred years ago, and it really was.
He did a great job. I re-edit it. You made a couple. I mean, this is the first example of some ever editing manuscript.
And this is with the writing a primer. And this is a very weird work.
In an instant. You're talking about protective munchers killing.
But does which of these ghost monsters in Cuba are coming down and shooting the things?
And I don't I don't really know what's going on here, but I didn't finish it sometime.
I'm over time now, so we quickly go through.
So there is now a yet another kind of menace which has just been discovered in.
This is only coming to my attention last year, and I'm working on this now.
This is a collection in a temple in Thailand. It's quite probably the largest unstudied collection of manuscripts.
I've identified a couple sutures, most notably modern, and some got a suture as well, which has given in over.
Just put out this very big. Your work on which you can look at Soka University Press.
They're sitting in plastic bins. I've been editing what's there, multiple hands.
It was a very nice to a one recto from the opening parameter,
and we see a lot of matching with the Gilbert, of course, the diva part of our team, which quite nicely.
Oh, no. I can't. Oh, I don't know what happened to my.
I will go west, yeah. Anyway, I can't move my computer controller anymore.
But let's let's talk about that. So that was that was that was a sign from above.
I mean, it's a shame. I kind of added some stuff to sort of talk about what we talked about.
So I went over time. But questions.