Hello, everybody. We are. In a six instalment of the teachers as Digital Edition, International Digital Edition, and today's speaker is Luchi Ali.
She is a research fellow at the centre.
This helps them with the sea level, so the Delozier Winter in Paris and a member of the cold Arctic Desert itude
where she's currently working within the framework of the research project. Social status in the Tibet world.
She a DPhil in or into studies from University of Oxford with the thesis on the new top of the twentieth century.
Trader cataclysmic. And today she's going to speak about fictional facts or fictional fiction.
The sociality behind Khattak zamiak's Diary and like Patton Jobs, The Life of a Mutya Luciano.
Start your screen sharing and listen patiently.
So please bear with me because I'm not very much.
Let me save myself. And he will.
OK, I think we are all set. So, first of all, I would like to thank Daniel for inviting me.
And, of course, all of you for joining me. Before diving into my presentation, I just would like to engage you in a sort of mental exercise.
So please humour me, as some of you may know, Sabra, that I sees in the audience.
So and I I've been working on a two volume project on Tibetan life writing, and we have just recently draughted the editorial for the last issue,
which concerns the most unconventional and in many ways less than all known aspects of the nontariff genre,
a term that I'm here using in its more in the largest and broadest sense of life story.
So whether we were reflecting on the way secular elements seep into the overarching
dominant narrative of salvation that is generally associated with geography,
I could not buy wonder about the way reality and perception mingle in the biographical narrative and how labels such as fiction and non-fiction.
And I'm here using air quotes for a reason, maybe deceptively simple.
So here comes my mental exercise for you.
Imagine having just joined a book club and that the reading, the first reading that your powers have chosen is a biography of Winston Churchill.
So you get into your favourite, so you know it, the place inside out.
And so I bet you will head straight to the non-fiction section without even blinking an eye.
Right. Is it easy? Now, let's fast forward a month.
This time the choice falls on survival in Auschwitz by Primo Lavey and they talionis amongst amongst you probably know it with the Italian title,
which is sequestering llamo. If this is a man who would give you a pause when entering the shop.
Or would you be certain to find it in the same place of the previous book?
I'm asking you this because personally I would have some hesitations. The work is mainly a memoir.
Yet the image conjured but conjured up by Livi the writer diverges from the idea
that we might have of the grim reality of a concentration camp who is poetic prose.
The author more morphs in story into fiction,
regardless of the fact that they wrote about real events that took place at a real time and a real place.
The truth of the experience recounted in the memoir is not that that haunted, damaged survival that we might expect.
But doesn't the average man who experienced firsthand historical condition of subjection and humiliation?
I believe this groundball to be an important premise to the sort of questions that motivate today's stock.
My presentation revolves, in fact, around two specific Tibetan works,
and you end up or a non-fiction narrative written by a company trader named Cuttack,
some yak and associate really Snover Jepp, a metre or life or community by of the job.
At first glance, these two texts are extremely different.
On one hand, we have what appears to be a factual work and on the other, what we would categorise as a creative writing.
Nevertheless, the conventional divide between fact and fiction and I'm here again using air quotes is blurrier than theory would like us to believe,
since we know that autobiographical writing and the that is indeed a first person recollection of events is not about verisimilitude.
It is, however, about the terror ability and its sincerity. It's not what it appears to be, true, but what is not rated as true.
In other words, the autobiographical text, in spite of and even by creating fiction, still presents the truth, that being the truth of the self.
This is particularly accurate, I believe, in the case of Tibet, since,
like writing and especially not to amongst them, constitutes a massive part of the Tibetan literary corpus,
regardless of or more precisely because of the Buddhist doctrine, the seasoned attachment to the self, the cause for karmic sufferance and bondage.
At a closer look. In fact, most of Tibetan biographical and autobiographical writings present features both in the structure and in their things,
the find in the Java literature. So in Buddhist life stories, the original model,
the indigenous persona depicted in this works reflected reflects the concept
of social personhood promoted by religious and cultural media of the time.
Biographies and autobiographies affected individual self perception at all levels of society.
By providing specific behavioural models as a frame of reference.
And there have durance to or refusal of the schemes the persona's portrayed in Notter
and Dunnam illuminate the process of identity construction within the Tibetan society.
At the same time contributing to shape and or modified.
The next step is a perfect example of the construction of a social eagle, textual expression of an integral ryze concept of personhood.
Before we go any further, though, I briefly pause to give you an abridged version of the story narrated in the work in question.
Anything that comes to us as a published Western style book edited by the Tibet House in Delhi and printed by the India Pressure Press in 1997.
From the forward, we know that the text originally on school papers was part of the Hawthorne's family archives and that there was Zanuck's
nephews who first acknowledged the potential benefit that such a work could bring to the Tibetan community at large.
By the 1990s, the diaspora was extremely active in editing and publishing personal narratives for preservation purposes.
And it is easy to understand that a factual account based on diary entries taken during a crucial period of
modern Tibetan history could not fail to attract the attention of indigenous and foreign scholars alike.
The events described in the the span of a 14 year period between 1944 and 1950, fifty eight.
I do apologise if in the slides as written 1956, there is a reason for that.
If you're interested, I can elaborate for the. dizziEr women spent by the author Journey Trading and pilgrimage imaging between the
central provinces of time and the trade hubs and holy sites of India and Nepal,
categorised by the editors as a mint. A Tibetan term that is often used as an equivalent to the English umbrella term diary.
The tax is clearly a recollection of events.
There is, in other words, a certain distance in time and in space, but in the narrating itself and they are not related itself.
The opening line on the meetup is dated 1944 and introduces the author's decision to live her up.
She one of the territorial divisions of the Kingdom of Munchen income setting off on
what E defines that also in self-defined pilgrimage without any fixed direction.
The reasons for what would turn out to be a lifelong exile must be sought in a few.
But in 1940, oppose the ruling households of rap sheet to some of the major incarnations of the local Guilloux monastery.
Long story short, man found himself involved in the rule as the right relation to the death of the
houseless her alleged acquired out by one of the digital juku incarcerated in 1940.
It was put to trial and found guilty.
In spite of his claim to innocence is properties and estate were confiscated and he was ousted in his own words, as a new beggar.
As a sergeant. The following is a Saud's amongst gradually improving its social status.
Up to his appointment of the simple chief merchant of one of the monastic estates of the second monastery on Nooria once you've done it, sung.
In 1952. A bit presented us diary entries, the events that reported in the new tip were not recorded in the moment,
but rather recollected in narrative eyes at another time. As we know, the narrative process is in its own nature, constructive and imaginative.
Other strained by moral concerns for truthfulness and the autobiographical text based on one's memory is
somehow crafted and arbitrary to the point that it's not possible to equate actuality with non-fiction.
The assumption that autobiographical writing content sentences, and I'm here quoting, call it possessing a truth value, unquote, that they work.
In other words, relates to our reality outside the text and that this connexion can be verified.
Is at the base of the conflict between autobiography and fiction, perceived as they are as conceptual opposites.
Nevertheless, many literary theorists have started questioning whether autobiography and fiction may really be considered antonymous.
For it is a story of Paskowitz puts it fictionalisation and fiction that impedes the claims.
The factuality are the quotable autobiography. Delattre, in fact, unavoidable entails narrative ization for and I'm here quoting Pascal once again.
It imposes a pattern on life, constructs out of it a coherent story.
It establishes certain stages in an individual life,
makes the links between them and defines implicitly or explicitly a certain consistency or relationship between the self and the outside world.
End quote. That being said, it is also undeniable, the life itself as an inherent structure.
In order to have experiences, in fact, one should have them one at a time and life itself is not around them cluster of occurrences,
occurrences without relation to one another,
but rather each advance find its focus of attraction in the experiencing subject, which orders them in a chronological sequence,
placing them into context to form the structure of his or her life in its entirety.
Those experiences are intrinsically know that's illogical and dependent temporality,
as well as the cultural, social and historical conditions in which the subject lives.
In the next case, the evaluation aspect, that is to say,
the talks of placing sequential events in terms of a meaningful context is fulfilled through
the self identify is suffered a notification with the figure of the 11th century Tibetan.
You'll give me the report. So. Stands by the Caelum becomes Saint scheme on the core of the most popular version
of the life story of the Saint composed in the 15th century by Samuel Ataca.
The China builds a strong affiliation with Mina Rippa.
As the latter has suffered depression and was forced to leave his ancestral land embarking on pilgrimages without any fixed goal,
and his narrative repeatedly refers to the author's desire to cleanse his karma that's conforming to the powerful paradigm.
That means rape is known to become for many generations of Tibetans.
Intellectuality plays a fundamental role in the need. As a matter of fact, the presence of what Smith the fine ideological eye, that is to say,
the concept of personhood culturally available to the narrator when he tells the
story is particularly relevant to the point I'm raising for the ideological.
I not only reflect the social and into textual embedding of Xanax narrative,
but it also reveals the way in which the traditional structures and institutions of
separate presentation are actively engaged and interpreted throughout the media.
That brings us to the title of my talk and my referring to some ex diary entries as fictional facts.
And they already mentioned forwards, edited the version of the work,
the factual character of the Nienstedt is presented as the main motivation for its editing and publication.
The non-literary function on the account is put upfront, make it almost impossible to question its truthfulness.
I would like to suggest a different approach to the method, though, by considering, on the contrary, the literati function of the Nienstedt.
As an innovation of the self, the tax lends itself to an ecological approach which allows us to investigate the process of identity,
construction of the author and the ways life is made to conform to culturally validated narrative forms.
Without undermining that we saw its value has historical source.
It is important to stress once again, the narrative ization does not necessarily equate the fictionalisation.
Autobiography is conceived as a true accounts of facts or to quote some.
And I'm here quoting him. Truer words explain the action, the actions, the words, the objects, etc., as they really were.
End quote. But the truth is not to be found in the past, for only fragments of it can be recalled.
And whatever truth of fact that occurred in the past is therefore be on any mnemonic effort.
It is in the present and in the act of writing and recollecting that the truth must be sought.
Tomorrow, Mary Warnock's words, and I'm here quoting,
To claim to remember something is to claim to know what it was like because I was physically and geographically there and I have not forgotten.
There is thus a trust that truth claim in an account of what I remember, a claim that which in some cases cannot be challenged and what.
It will be pointless to theorise autobiographical writing and its value on the base of
the relationship between what is narrated and the factual accuracy of that narration.
If the truth can be found in each human life,
then the process of connecting each individual experience to one another to select and organise the hole in a narrative must be truthful as well.
Through this prospective retrospective principle of organisation.
So the actor really can present the past and the future or parts to the whole.
The author's reality becomes the reality is or her truth.
The truth. The auto didactic nature of the Internet provides another interesting feature to reflect upon,
that is to say the dual structure core of the autobiographical first person pronoun,
a self that is both narrating and narrated, the narrating self recollecting the memory of past events.
Revise them retrospectively, thus becoming the agent.
The fatality zation the point from which the story stored.
By selecting specific elements considered to be relevant from the virtually endless moments of experience, composing one's own life,
then not writing itself endows the past with present influence, meaning thus connecting that there and then with the here and now.
Another element worth keeping in mind in know discussion about fiction and facts is the rhetorical aspect of autobiographical writing, that is to say,
the commitment towards a certain amount of presumptions about oneself one's in relation to others, one's view of the world and one's place in it.
Thanks. The next describing himself as a nickel, as I see no later than lagom,
but is self perception does not necessarily mirror the kind of behaviour that emerged from his account since most of his
visits to sacred sites both inside and outside the Tibetan plateau appear to have been incidental to break arranged business,
cheap trips. Nevertheless, the difficult persona with womans, I mean,
it's the side to identify himself cannot be dismissed as a mere dismissed as a mere mentally fictional in presenting himself as such as a new beggar.
They also, in fact, combines their rhetoric of self-justification. So why he behaves in a certain way with the requirements of the non-stop narrative.
His account makes amply draws for the pool of cultural interpretation and traditional literature is designed to
follows the step of the light rain set hampered by the necessity of accommodating unavoidable material needs.
In discussing Western autobiographical narratives,
Bruner draws attention to the marking of these episodes in the narrator's life that leads to the sizes changes in a particular belief,
conviction or situation, calling them turning points.
These are understood by the scholar as a feature. And I'm here quoting, crucial to the effort to individualise a life to make it clearly, importantly,
something more than a running off of automatic for full psychological kind of radicality.
I would like to argue that in the mean that the function performed by the marking
of this narrative turning points is opposite to the one described by Bruno,
since it inhibit invariably reconciles some next generation.
So the traditional life story that he is chosen as an ideal model, that is muli rape as montha.
It is, in fact, the human need to narrate one's own existence. This given is a retrospective shape and meaning, of course, for the record.
The socially and culturally acceptable storylines and discourses appropriately adapted to one's own situation.
The next narrative's is punctuated by three major turning points, and you will see in the slides in how reports are just that quotes from the text.
So these are some next words. The first turning points is the author's acceptance of these conditions.
Forced to abandon his ancestral land up there, and during that trial,
the dispossessed stray that eventually announce is claims to reinstatement and fully embrace his conditions.
Finding the archetypical figure of the one they're in pretty good shape up socially
and culturally acceptable concept of personhood to which you could conform.
The second turning point in the media narrative must be sought in the author's
final acknowledgement of the impossibility to return to his ancestral land.
By taking the figure of Muli reprises ideological eye, the trader embarks on a journey that is both a physical and spiritual.
Although initially directed at the improvement of his own personal situation,
some ex married making enterprise grew to embrace or beings towards Saiki dedicated most of his ultimate ritual activities.
It is in the identification with the same fictional elements come into play.
In spite of the constant referral formula, rape is not narrative. In fact, it reveals an image of a man much more involved in war matters.
Most of his pilgrimages where decollete is it? So the collateral outcome of business ventures.
It is worth noticing the constructive process behind the narrate itself, which appears to be,
to all intents and purposes, a creation of direct respective reflection of the not rating self.
As in any autobiographical narrative, there is in the mind a desire to resolve ambiguity, to give a sense to one's own life.
The tax being a testimony to the author of Spiritual Growth. The appeasing effect of the second turning point.
So it's a mixed Southern edification with Miller. But not a weather have a long lasting effect.
Despite his best intentions, the truth struggled to deal with a detached or the Wardley attitude traditionally expected from elements.
Most of the religious activities performed by them young between 1944 and 1952 sort a mundane result good health,
financial security or social stability. Although described in the makeup as pilgrimages,
some ex visits to the secrets places of the plateau where de facto incidental to plumb business trips and such.
Subject to strict schedules and predetermined itineraries.
What does that also provide an account based on shoots? That is to say, facts.
His recollection is not truthful, since they call it consciously emphasised the spirit aspect of the journey,
dismissing the action motivation behind them. The next adds, I'm sorry.
The third turning point is that it's some next appointment as a trade agent for one of the large chunk of second establishment or nearly one Sheldon.
That goes almost unnoticed amongst the endless listing of ritual activities and empowerments received at home in the same period.
There was a dragon in 1952 marks the end of the ortho's incapacity to reconcile the material and the needs with the theological and spiritual desires,
the inner split caused by the forced coexistence of conflicting behaviour.
And. So on one hand, we have the wandering pilgrims and on the other we have the traitor is finally overcome.
At the end of the fight over five months, they are one children, some youngsters, a different man.
By means of an active participant, participation in the oral transmission on the laundry system by the sixty five fifth not
shown himself the trader according to his own self understanding and self representation.
Realises the fundamental identity of samsara and nirvana.
The quality of a Buddha already present in any human being can only be obtained through the removal of
obscuration and a transformational Wonsan body speech and mind less and less interested in one thing gains.
Some next shift is concerned towards an afterlife and accumulation of merits for the sake of all beings.
Although an important step step on the path to spiritual growth of the NRA is itself,
some X internalisation of the core meaning of the larger system does not represent in itself a turning point in the narrative.
On the contrary, the key factors lead into a crucial change in the narrative flow.
That is, the appointment is appointment as a trade agent must be sought,
and these dense and active involvement in the empowerment and ritual sessions perform an oral one at a time of his day at the SEC establishment.
They also often join your stomach companion in ancient Georgia. And are that someone from three heart income income?
Spigel offerings to both the monastic community and the Masters,
bestowing the empowerments by promoting his image as a devout sponsor or affiliated with influential people such as it ancient and Sabat,
some of whom it was a trade agent. Some eggs certainly attracted the attention of the large dream treasurer.
Paradoxically, it's spiritual.
And so, to your logical interests, further is awarded recognition as success in emerging of religious and economic elements.
The swiftly closing the the circle of Islamic narrative.
I've so far put to the fore the fictional aspect of the meetup and how they are functional to the expression of an indigenous form of personhood.
I will now turn my attention to what I define in my title as a factual fiction that is Lahud on their permits.
And although that has been defined by François,
it Obama as one of the most interesting example of Tibetan fictional narratives dealing with the first half of the 20th century.
And I agree with her. The style is very clean and crisp and sober.
And Lopera Dundrum describes the everyday life of middle and lower classes, expressing without any voytek hyperboles or romantic nostalgia.
The inner mechanism of a society dumped at a time of the writing was long gone.
It isn't the attention to the details and the realism of the narrative that the factual essence of the novel emerges in all its strength.
Like when Don Draper gives the impression of recording fatefully, an actual way of life,
as if he himself had been present at the time, and that is to a certain extent the truth.
Born in poverty in 1932, Madondo attends first a private school in Lhasa and later a Tibetan public school where he must have Tibetan poetry,
drama and correct spelling. In his youth,
you worked as a trade that between Indian and Hossa does get enough for some
experience on the root condition and local customs described in his works.
His in business reached no up to and with the democratic reforms.
When he was forced to work as a model labourer and as many of the artists and writers,
it too suffered physical and emotional abuses during the Cultural Revolution.
After the convention on the 11th Plenary session of the Central Committee in nineteen seventy eight plus,
Dundrum became a member of Tibetan Writers Association and took active part in culture revival projects,
working not solely on the translation, preservation and analysis of the Tibetan texts, but contributing with original works,
bidet novels, articles, poems, prayer verses, textual analysis and folk stories up to his death in nineteen ninety four.
Japan medicine rates the personal and social growth of Da'wah,
simply known in the novel dappling a younger me sir from Gardell, a fiction on branch estate in some.
The story begins with the death of Dawkins father, Trashy, who used to be the leader of a local drunken drivers,
men sent from Donald to Hafsa and back as hardening transport.
Order to replace his father. Duckpin leaves his family, thus beginning a journey that would transform him from a boy into a man.
The number presents some literary tallboys, such as the overcoming of moral flows, filial piety, fatalistic acceptation of karma and self-sacrifice.
But The Grace with John describes its characters and a careful depiction of daily events, often much to the curiosity of a social historian.
In the final part of my presentation, I will compare excerpts from both an end up in the drip meets and I have chosen passages to deal with
similar topics in order to highlight the amount of factual information contained in Lahud entrepreneur.
Despite its fictional essence,
it is important at this point to record that some X belonged as his own group to the intermediate social group to use each other's definition.
I see it as much higher than the memory tier,
which is the position that PIN eventually gained before modernity with its cars and paved roads swept away pack animals and their drivers.
We're running both in India and the permits at one of the first features that comes to attention is the fatigue parents, the child rearing entails.
Southern changes of weather pressures put parts, teams and lots of animals,
all merchandise loom over the narratives bearing heavily on the mind the real and fictional characters alike.
The next in particular, had quite a few accents over the years. There's the following passages dated to the first months of 1945 when he was a guest.
So there ya go, household. The ruling family of Sin sung a side on the right side of the Jitu River are those suffering from rheumatic fever
that Trada was determined to attend an empowerment ritual at the local hermitage when it was the time to leave.
Its health severely deteriorated, as he himself noted.
And I'm here reading from the diary, then build that,
which is the empowerment session was the siple made offerings in the presence of the Lama as a gesture of gratitude and returned to their own places.
As for me, since my conditions were very serious and in that state there was no hope for me to ride
a horse or a pack animal relying on the great kindness of the mother of the Jagow.
How so? Pila in the minds of Sunim. I was transported in a Pollock in by many men.
Unfortunately for us, I had a fever and rheumatism become the least of his problems.
Once an unexpected event took place on his way back to the Yagman response, quoting again,
because we had to go by a very difficult path and because of the narrowness of the road,
I fell into a precipice from my opposite upper left this position and broke two of three ribs.
I lay down for two months and so I was unable to move. At that time.
I suffer from bedsores on the back of my body. At that time I was in great pain and I became helpless.
But I took the medicines and the food the mother Pela gave me. And through her kind of care, I recovered in a short time.
Animals fare much better. That's the narrowness of mountain passes and heavy loads,
even crossing rivers by bridges and clericals that required a certain degree of dexterity, again, in some words.
We count on Poonam on the other side of on our bridge that day, anomic from Asuncion,
a labour who was driving the animal's been unable to cross the Iren bridge and not knowing what to do.
Move together with the pack horses towards the water. The not immediately grasp more detail in my riding horse.
And even though it slipped in the middle of the water, since it did didn't let go of the horse's tail, it was dragged out.
And three, everyone laughed and full of gratitude, he said.
Your horse took me out of the water and saved my life. Mixing water and quadruplets did not bode well for Dokken and his fellow companions either.
So from Gipp amidst.
When the three of them rich and powerful, they drove the mules to a coracle and placed the loads, the saddles and the cushions and the rest inside it.
Some mules were seised by how to ropes and laid on. The remaining ones were freed into the water.
The coracle in which men and things have been placed into the stream,
they follow the news that I've been made move ahead and they cross the sample
river since all the documents were new without going directly into that sample,
the turn into the other direction and made to set off the young moves that were near to Corcos, tried to climb into it the river.
The junction was very broad, flowing energetically with the crests of the waves rising high in the sky.
The muleteers, the wearing, the corals were work carried on on the other side of the reef during a stage fright and thorough.
Less extracts I dedicate to India and the marvels of modernity. Family, many battles, in fact,
a pilgrimage to the holy sites of Buddhism represented the chance to person experience new means of transport and entertainment.
That's always a cultural shock, and the language barrier could be easily soothe.
Straits and Ray was due to use bombs, words, and I'm here quoting, may prove my profit ops,
the Missouri might prove obstacles rather than help Chop's rather than throw.
They may misguide divert from the straight path lead astray,
as it was the case for Don Young and his companion range Dodger during their journey to India and Nepal in 1949.
Again, quoting from the diary from Roubini back to now Taniwal reaching the village at midnight.
From there we moved back to Oxford and we ended up doing three trips instead of one.
This is an experience of our interpreter.
Not only we have to suffer some physical hardship and pay double train, but we passive gestation called the vulnerable going a bit too far north.
Since in the village of Strava see their Web site of the web less ruins and such as that
of the place where the Buddha gave food to the helpless in the Jacobe undergrowth. I told the interpreter that in no way would I not visit the town.
But the love confuse the two names. But iReport I got a quote. And we ended up going up and then down.
Mrs. Chavas the we. So it's I'm not. I can arrange and Georgia.
Consider the function of being able to visit the solid place as a sign of form about karma.
And we prayed very regretful.
It was not an issue or misunderstanding, but rather mortal sickness that made Duncan's first ride in a car unforgettable.
And I'm here quoting from the jet and medicine at midnight as our day.
The cool is wife and interpreter.
Enter one of the two cars driven by Indian bubbles with the fourth hands and all the luggage squid's inside the other.
They left California and it's loud noise.
Went down the mountain road from Carlinville when driving on the stretch of the road in front of Dutton's eyes appeared like road surge.
The buildings on the men on both sides. Weird bine. A blurry haze.
After a while, if that is in noshes. And since nothing can be done about it, it took off his hat and covered his face.
That did not help as he developed a headache and unable to control himself any longer.
It was about to throw up immediately. He opened his leaves and vomited inside them around the city.
Goehring feeling dizzy and nauseous. When the pool got out of the car, the filling unsteady a board of discomfort,
an apple related to a light from the car because even the lady had been just like him, nauseous and on performance of the lot and face up to yellow.
And our walking wasn't stable.
The extras I presented here are just a small sample of the type of information associate Torrico approach to literature may provide.
I'm here use the term literature. Being well aware that one of the texts I introduce you was originally a private document.
The publication on Zumwalt's manuscript as change status,
transforming it into literature and therefore allowing us to subject to the same kind of scrutiny as applied to a novel in the specific case.
DrippiN Medicine. In the first part of my talk, I went straight to how did a narrative position process,
elements of fiction maybe found in a known fictional factual text like the Ninth and the
same time a novel as of Gypo meets and may offer a wide array of historical truths,
albeit through the eyes of fictional characters, thus inviting the scholars to investigate literature not only from an aesthetic reason,