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Hello, everybody. We are. In a six instalment of the teachers as Digital Edition, International Digital Edition, and today's speaker is Luchi Ali.

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She is a research fellow at the centre.

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This helps them with the sea level, so the Delozier Winter in Paris and a member of the cold Arctic Desert itude

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where she's currently working within the framework of the research project. Social status in the Tibet world.

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She a DPhil in or into studies from University of Oxford with the thesis on the new top of the twentieth century.

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Trader cataclysmic. And today she's going to speak about fictional facts or fictional fiction.

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The sociality behind Khattak zamiak's Diary and like Patton Jobs, The Life of a Mutya Luciano.

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Start your screen sharing and listen patiently.

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So please bear with me because I'm not very much.

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Let me save myself. And he will.

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OK, I think we are all set. So, first of all, I would like to thank Daniel for inviting me.

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And, of course, all of you for joining me. Before diving into my presentation, I just would like to engage you in a sort of mental exercise.

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So please humour me, as some of you may know, Sabra, that I sees in the audience.

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So and I I've been working on a two volume project on Tibetan life writing, and we have just recently draughted the editorial for the last issue,

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which concerns the most unconventional and in many ways less than all known aspects of the nontariff genre,

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a term that I'm here using in its more in the largest and broadest sense of life story.

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So whether we were reflecting on the way secular elements seep into the overarching

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dominant narrative of salvation that is generally associated with geography,

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I could not buy wonder about the way reality and perception mingle in the biographical narrative and how labels such as fiction and non-fiction.

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And I'm here using air quotes for a reason, maybe deceptively simple.

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So here comes my mental exercise for you.

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Imagine having just joined a book club and that the reading, the first reading that your powers have chosen is a biography of Winston Churchill.

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So you get into your favourite, so you know it, the place inside out.

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And so I bet you will head straight to the non-fiction section without even blinking an eye.

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Right. Is it easy? Now, let's fast forward a month.

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This time the choice falls on survival in Auschwitz by Primo Lavey and they talionis amongst amongst you probably know it with the Italian title,

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which is sequestering llamo. If this is a man who would give you a pause when entering the shop.

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Or would you be certain to find it in the same place of the previous book?

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I'm asking you this because personally I would have some hesitations. The work is mainly a memoir.

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Yet the image conjured but conjured up by Livi the writer diverges from the idea

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that we might have of the grim reality of a concentration camp who is poetic prose.

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The author more morphs in story into fiction,

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regardless of the fact that they wrote about real events that took place at a real time and a real place.

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The truth of the experience recounted in the memoir is not that that haunted, damaged survival that we might expect.

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But doesn't the average man who experienced firsthand historical condition of subjection and humiliation?

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I believe this groundball to be an important premise to the sort of questions that motivate today's stock.

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My presentation revolves, in fact, around two specific Tibetan works,

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and you end up or a non-fiction narrative written by a company trader named Cuttack,

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some yak and associate really Snover Jepp, a metre or life or community by of the job.

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At first glance, these two texts are extremely different.

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On one hand, we have what appears to be a factual work and on the other, what we would categorise as a creative writing.

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Nevertheless, the conventional divide between fact and fiction and I'm here again using air quotes is blurrier than theory would like us to believe,

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since we know that autobiographical writing and the that is indeed a first person recollection of events is not about verisimilitude.

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It is, however, about the terror ability and its sincerity. It's not what it appears to be, true, but what is not rated as true.

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In other words, the autobiographical text, in spite of and even by creating fiction, still presents the truth, that being the truth of the self.

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This is particularly accurate, I believe, in the case of Tibet, since,

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like writing and especially not to amongst them, constitutes a massive part of the Tibetan literary corpus,

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regardless of or more precisely because of the Buddhist doctrine, the seasoned attachment to the self, the cause for karmic sufferance and bondage.

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At a closer look. In fact, most of Tibetan biographical and autobiographical writings present features both in the structure and in their things,

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the find in the Java literature. So in Buddhist life stories, the original model,

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the indigenous persona depicted in this works reflected reflects the concept

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of social personhood promoted by religious and cultural media of the time.

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Biographies and autobiographies affected individual self perception at all levels of society.

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By providing specific behavioural models as a frame of reference.

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And there have durance to or refusal of the schemes the persona's portrayed in Notter

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and Dunnam illuminate the process of identity construction within the Tibetan society.

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At the same time contributing to shape and or modified.

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The next step is a perfect example of the construction of a social eagle, textual expression of an integral ryze concept of personhood.

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Before we go any further, though, I briefly pause to give you an abridged version of the story narrated in the work in question.

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Anything that comes to us as a published Western style book edited by the Tibet House in Delhi and printed by the India Pressure Press in 1997.

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From the forward, we know that the text originally on school papers was part of the Hawthorne's family archives and that there was Zanuck's

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nephews who first acknowledged the potential benefit that such a work could bring to the Tibetan community at large.

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By the 1990s, the diaspora was extremely active in editing and publishing personal narratives for preservation purposes.

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And it is easy to understand that a factual account based on diary entries taken during a crucial period of

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modern Tibetan history could not fail to attract the attention of indigenous and foreign scholars alike.

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The events described in the the span of a 14 year period between 1944 and 1950, fifty eight.

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I do apologise if in the slides as written 1956, there is a reason for that.

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If you're interested, I can elaborate for the. dizziEr women spent by the author Journey Trading and pilgrimage imaging between the

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central provinces of time and the trade hubs and holy sites of India and Nepal,

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categorised by the editors as a mint. A Tibetan term that is often used as an equivalent to the English umbrella term diary.

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The tax is clearly a recollection of events.

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There is, in other words, a certain distance in time and in space, but in the narrating itself and they are not related itself.

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The opening line on the meetup is dated 1944 and introduces the author's decision to live her up.

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She one of the territorial divisions of the Kingdom of Munchen income setting off on

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what E defines that also in self-defined pilgrimage without any fixed direction.

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The reasons for what would turn out to be a lifelong exile must be sought in a few.

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But in 1940, oppose the ruling households of rap sheet to some of the major incarnations of the local Guilloux monastery.

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Long story short, man found himself involved in the rule as the right relation to the death of the

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houseless her alleged acquired out by one of the digital juku incarcerated in 1940.

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It was put to trial and found guilty.

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In spite of his claim to innocence is properties and estate were confiscated and he was ousted in his own words, as a new beggar.

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As a sergeant. The following is a Saud's amongst gradually improving its social status.

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Up to his appointment of the simple chief merchant of one of the monastic estates of the second monastery on Nooria once you've done it, sung.

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In 1952. A bit presented us diary entries, the events that reported in the new tip were not recorded in the moment,

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but rather recollected in narrative eyes at another time. As we know, the narrative process is in its own nature, constructive and imaginative.

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Other strained by moral concerns for truthfulness and the autobiographical text based on one's memory is

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somehow crafted and arbitrary to the point that it's not possible to equate actuality with non-fiction.

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The assumption that autobiographical writing content sentences, and I'm here quoting, call it possessing a truth value, unquote, that they work.

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In other words, relates to our reality outside the text and that this connexion can be verified.

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Is at the base of the conflict between autobiography and fiction, perceived as they are as conceptual opposites.

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Nevertheless, many literary theorists have started questioning whether autobiography and fiction may really be considered antonymous.

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For it is a story of Paskowitz puts it fictionalisation and fiction that impedes the claims.

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The factuality are the quotable autobiography. Delattre, in fact, unavoidable entails narrative ization for and I'm here quoting Pascal once again.

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It imposes a pattern on life, constructs out of it a coherent story.

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It establishes certain stages in an individual life,

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makes the links between them and defines implicitly or explicitly a certain consistency or relationship between the self and the outside world.

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End quote. That being said, it is also undeniable, the life itself as an inherent structure.

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In order to have experiences, in fact, one should have them one at a time and life itself is not around them cluster of occurrences,

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occurrences without relation to one another,

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but rather each advance find its focus of attraction in the experiencing subject, which orders them in a chronological sequence,

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placing them into context to form the structure of his or her life in its entirety.

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Those experiences are intrinsically know that's illogical and dependent temporality,

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as well as the cultural, social and historical conditions in which the subject lives.

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In the next case, the evaluation aspect, that is to say,

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the talks of placing sequential events in terms of a meaningful context is fulfilled through

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the self identify is suffered a notification with the figure of the 11th century Tibetan.

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You'll give me the report. So. Stands by the Caelum becomes Saint scheme on the core of the most popular version

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of the life story of the Saint composed in the 15th century by Samuel Ataca.

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The China builds a strong affiliation with Mina Rippa.

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As the latter has suffered depression and was forced to leave his ancestral land embarking on pilgrimages without any fixed goal,

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and his narrative repeatedly refers to the author's desire to cleanse his karma that's conforming to the powerful paradigm.

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That means rape is known to become for many generations of Tibetans.

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Intellectuality plays a fundamental role in the need. As a matter of fact, the presence of what Smith the fine ideological eye, that is to say,

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the concept of personhood culturally available to the narrator when he tells the

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story is particularly relevant to the point I'm raising for the ideological.

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I not only reflect the social and into textual embedding of Xanax narrative,

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but it also reveals the way in which the traditional structures and institutions of

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separate presentation are actively engaged and interpreted throughout the media.

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That brings us to the title of my talk and my referring to some ex diary entries as fictional facts.

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And they already mentioned forwards, edited the version of the work,

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the factual character of the Nienstedt is presented as the main motivation for its editing and publication.

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The non-literary function on the account is put upfront, make it almost impossible to question its truthfulness.

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I would like to suggest a different approach to the method, though, by considering, on the contrary, the literati function of the Nienstedt.

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As an innovation of the self, the tax lends itself to an ecological approach which allows us to investigate the process of identity,

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construction of the author and the ways life is made to conform to culturally validated narrative forms.

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Without undermining that we saw its value has historical source.

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It is important to stress once again, the narrative ization does not necessarily equate the fictionalisation.

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Autobiography is conceived as a true accounts of facts or to quote some.

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And I'm here quoting him. Truer words explain the action, the actions, the words, the objects, etc., as they really were.

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End quote. But the truth is not to be found in the past, for only fragments of it can be recalled.

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And whatever truth of fact that occurred in the past is therefore be on any mnemonic effort.

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It is in the present and in the act of writing and recollecting that the truth must be sought.

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Tomorrow, Mary Warnock's words, and I'm here quoting,

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To claim to remember something is to claim to know what it was like because I was physically and geographically there and I have not forgotten.

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There is thus a trust that truth claim in an account of what I remember, a claim that which in some cases cannot be challenged and what.

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It will be pointless to theorise autobiographical writing and its value on the base of

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the relationship between what is narrated and the factual accuracy of that narration.

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If the truth can be found in each human life,

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then the process of connecting each individual experience to one another to select and organise the hole in a narrative must be truthful as well.

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Through this prospective retrospective principle of organisation.

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So the actor really can present the past and the future or parts to the whole.

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The author's reality becomes the reality is or her truth.

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The truth. The auto didactic nature of the Internet provides another interesting feature to reflect upon,

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that is to say the dual structure core of the autobiographical first person pronoun,

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a self that is both narrating and narrated, the narrating self recollecting the memory of past events.

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Revise them retrospectively, thus becoming the agent.

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The fatality zation the point from which the story stored.

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By selecting specific elements considered to be relevant from the virtually endless moments of experience, composing one's own life,

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then not writing itself endows the past with present influence, meaning thus connecting that there and then with the here and now.

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Another element worth keeping in mind in know discussion about fiction and facts is the rhetorical aspect of autobiographical writing, that is to say,

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the commitment towards a certain amount of presumptions about oneself one's in relation to others, one's view of the world and one's place in it.

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Thanks. The next describing himself as a nickel, as I see no later than lagom,

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but is self perception does not necessarily mirror the kind of behaviour that emerged from his account since most of his

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visits to sacred sites both inside and outside the Tibetan plateau appear to have been incidental to break arranged business,

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cheap trips. Nevertheless, the difficult persona with womans, I mean,

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it's the side to identify himself cannot be dismissed as a mere dismissed as a mere mentally fictional in presenting himself as such as a new beggar.

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They also, in fact, combines their rhetoric of self-justification. So why he behaves in a certain way with the requirements of the non-stop narrative.

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His account makes amply draws for the pool of cultural interpretation and traditional literature is designed to

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follows the step of the light rain set hampered by the necessity of accommodating unavoidable material needs.

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In discussing Western autobiographical narratives,

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Bruner draws attention to the marking of these episodes in the narrator's life that leads to the sizes changes in a particular belief,

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conviction or situation, calling them turning points.

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These are understood by the scholar as a feature. And I'm here quoting, crucial to the effort to individualise a life to make it clearly, importantly,

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something more than a running off of automatic for full psychological kind of radicality.

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I would like to argue that in the mean that the function performed by the marking

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of this narrative turning points is opposite to the one described by Bruno,

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since it inhibit invariably reconciles some next generation.

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So the traditional life story that he is chosen as an ideal model, that is muli rape as montha.

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It is, in fact, the human need to narrate one's own existence. This given is a retrospective shape and meaning, of course, for the record.

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The socially and culturally acceptable storylines and discourses appropriately adapted to one's own situation.

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The next narrative's is punctuated by three major turning points, and you will see in the slides in how reports are just that quotes from the text.

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So these are some next words. The first turning points is the author's acceptance of these conditions.

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Forced to abandon his ancestral land up there, and during that trial,

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the dispossessed stray that eventually announce is claims to reinstatement and fully embrace his conditions.

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Finding the archetypical figure of the one they're in pretty good shape up socially

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and culturally acceptable concept of personhood to which you could conform.

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The second turning point in the media narrative must be sought in the author's

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final acknowledgement of the impossibility to return to his ancestral land.

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By taking the figure of Muli reprises ideological eye, the trader embarks on a journey that is both a physical and spiritual.

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Although initially directed at the improvement of his own personal situation,

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some ex married making enterprise grew to embrace or beings towards Saiki dedicated most of his ultimate ritual activities.

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It is in the identification with the same fictional elements come into play.

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In spite of the constant referral formula, rape is not narrative. In fact, it reveals an image of a man much more involved in war matters.

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Most of his pilgrimages where decollete is it? So the collateral outcome of business ventures.

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It is worth noticing the constructive process behind the narrate itself, which appears to be,

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to all intents and purposes, a creation of direct respective reflection of the not rating self.

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As in any autobiographical narrative, there is in the mind a desire to resolve ambiguity, to give a sense to one's own life.

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The tax being a testimony to the author of Spiritual Growth. The appeasing effect of the second turning point.

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So it's a mixed Southern edification with Miller. But not a weather have a long lasting effect.

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Despite his best intentions, the truth struggled to deal with a detached or the Wardley attitude traditionally expected from elements.

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Most of the religious activities performed by them young between 1944 and 1952 sort a mundane result good health,

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financial security or social stability. Although described in the makeup as pilgrimages,

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some ex visits to the secrets places of the plateau where de facto incidental to plumb business trips and such.

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Subject to strict schedules and predetermined itineraries.

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What does that also provide an account based on shoots? That is to say, facts.

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His recollection is not truthful, since they call it consciously emphasised the spirit aspect of the journey,

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dismissing the action motivation behind them. The next adds, I'm sorry.

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The third turning point is that it's some next appointment as a trade agent for one of the large chunk of second establishment or nearly one Sheldon.

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That goes almost unnoticed amongst the endless listing of ritual activities and empowerments received at home in the same period.

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There was a dragon in 1952 marks the end of the ortho's incapacity to reconcile the material and the needs with the theological and spiritual desires,

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the inner split caused by the forced coexistence of conflicting behaviour.

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And. So on one hand, we have the wandering pilgrims and on the other we have the traitor is finally overcome.

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At the end of the fight over five months, they are one children, some youngsters, a different man.

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By means of an active participant, participation in the oral transmission on the laundry system by the sixty five fifth not

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shown himself the trader according to his own self understanding and self representation.

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Realises the fundamental identity of samsara and nirvana.

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The quality of a Buddha already present in any human being can only be obtained through the removal of

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obscuration and a transformational Wonsan body speech and mind less and less interested in one thing gains.

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Some next shift is concerned towards an afterlife and accumulation of merits for the sake of all beings.

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Although an important step step on the path to spiritual growth of the NRA is itself,

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some X internalisation of the core meaning of the larger system does not represent in itself a turning point in the narrative.

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On the contrary, the key factors lead into a crucial change in the narrative flow.

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That is, the appointment is appointment as a trade agent must be sought,

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and these dense and active involvement in the empowerment and ritual sessions perform an oral one at a time of his day at the SEC establishment.

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They also often join your stomach companion in ancient Georgia. And are that someone from three heart income income?

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Spigel offerings to both the monastic community and the Masters,

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bestowing the empowerments by promoting his image as a devout sponsor or affiliated with influential people such as it ancient and Sabat,

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some of whom it was a trade agent. Some eggs certainly attracted the attention of the large dream treasurer.

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Paradoxically, it's spiritual.

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And so, to your logical interests, further is awarded recognition as success in emerging of religious and economic elements.

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The swiftly closing the the circle of Islamic narrative.

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I've so far put to the fore the fictional aspect of the meetup and how they are functional to the expression of an indigenous form of personhood.

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I will now turn my attention to what I define in my title as a factual fiction that is Lahud on their permits.

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And although that has been defined by François,

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it Obama as one of the most interesting example of Tibetan fictional narratives dealing with the first half of the 20th century.

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And I agree with her. The style is very clean and crisp and sober.

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And Lopera Dundrum describes the everyday life of middle and lower classes, expressing without any voytek hyperboles or romantic nostalgia.

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The inner mechanism of a society dumped at a time of the writing was long gone.

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It isn't the attention to the details and the realism of the narrative that the factual essence of the novel emerges in all its strength.

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Like when Don Draper gives the impression of recording fatefully, an actual way of life,

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as if he himself had been present at the time, and that is to a certain extent the truth.

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Born in poverty in 1932, Madondo attends first a private school in Lhasa and later a Tibetan public school where he must have Tibetan poetry,

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drama and correct spelling. In his youth,

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you worked as a trade that between Indian and Hossa does get enough for some

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experience on the root condition and local customs described in his works.

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His in business reached no up to and with the democratic reforms.

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When he was forced to work as a model labourer and as many of the artists and writers,

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it too suffered physical and emotional abuses during the Cultural Revolution.

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After the convention on the 11th Plenary session of the Central Committee in nineteen seventy eight plus,

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Dundrum became a member of Tibetan Writers Association and took active part in culture revival projects,

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working not solely on the translation, preservation and analysis of the Tibetan texts, but contributing with original works,

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bidet novels, articles, poems, prayer verses, textual analysis and folk stories up to his death in nineteen ninety four.

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Japan medicine rates the personal and social growth of Da'wah,

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simply known in the novel dappling a younger me sir from Gardell, a fiction on branch estate in some.

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The story begins with the death of Dawkins father, Trashy, who used to be the leader of a local drunken drivers,

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men sent from Donald to Hafsa and back as hardening transport.

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Order to replace his father. Duckpin leaves his family, thus beginning a journey that would transform him from a boy into a man.

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The number presents some literary tallboys, such as the overcoming of moral flows, filial piety, fatalistic acceptation of karma and self-sacrifice.

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But The Grace with John describes its characters and a careful depiction of daily events, often much to the curiosity of a social historian.

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In the final part of my presentation, I will compare excerpts from both an end up in the drip meets and I have chosen passages to deal with

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similar topics in order to highlight the amount of factual information contained in Lahud entrepreneur.

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Despite its fictional essence,

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it is important at this point to record that some X belonged as his own group to the intermediate social group to use each other's definition.

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I see it as much higher than the memory tier,

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which is the position that PIN eventually gained before modernity with its cars and paved roads swept away pack animals and their drivers.

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We're running both in India and the permits at one of the first features that comes to attention is the fatigue parents, the child rearing entails.

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Southern changes of weather pressures put parts, teams and lots of animals,

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all merchandise loom over the narratives bearing heavily on the mind the real and fictional characters alike.

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The next in particular, had quite a few accents over the years. There's the following passages dated to the first months of 1945 when he was a guest.

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So there ya go, household. The ruling family of Sin sung a side on the right side of the Jitu River are those suffering from rheumatic fever

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that Trada was determined to attend an empowerment ritual at the local hermitage when it was the time to leave.

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Its health severely deteriorated, as he himself noted.

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And I'm here reading from the diary, then build that,

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which is the empowerment session was the siple made offerings in the presence of the Lama as a gesture of gratitude and returned to their own places.

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As for me, since my conditions were very serious and in that state there was no hope for me to ride

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a horse or a pack animal relying on the great kindness of the mother of the Jagow.

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How so? Pila in the minds of Sunim. I was transported in a Pollock in by many men.

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Unfortunately for us, I had a fever and rheumatism become the least of his problems.

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Once an unexpected event took place on his way back to the Yagman response, quoting again,

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because we had to go by a very difficult path and because of the narrowness of the road,

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I fell into a precipice from my opposite upper left this position and broke two of three ribs.

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I lay down for two months and so I was unable to move. At that time.

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I suffer from bedsores on the back of my body. At that time I was in great pain and I became helpless.

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But I took the medicines and the food the mother Pela gave me. And through her kind of care, I recovered in a short time.

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Animals fare much better. That's the narrowness of mountain passes and heavy loads,

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even crossing rivers by bridges and clericals that required a certain degree of dexterity, again, in some words.

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We count on Poonam on the other side of on our bridge that day, anomic from Asuncion,

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a labour who was driving the animal's been unable to cross the Iren bridge and not knowing what to do.

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Move together with the pack horses towards the water. The not immediately grasp more detail in my riding horse.

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And even though it slipped in the middle of the water, since it did didn't let go of the horse's tail, it was dragged out.

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And three, everyone laughed and full of gratitude, he said.

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Your horse took me out of the water and saved my life. Mixing water and quadruplets did not bode well for Dokken and his fellow companions either.

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So from Gipp amidst.

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When the three of them rich and powerful, they drove the mules to a coracle and placed the loads, the saddles and the cushions and the rest inside it.

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Some mules were seised by how to ropes and laid on. The remaining ones were freed into the water.

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The coracle in which men and things have been placed into the stream,

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they follow the news that I've been made move ahead and they cross the sample

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river since all the documents were new without going directly into that sample,

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the turn into the other direction and made to set off the young moves that were near to Corcos, tried to climb into it the river.

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The junction was very broad, flowing energetically with the crests of the waves rising high in the sky.

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The muleteers, the wearing, the corals were work carried on on the other side of the reef during a stage fright and thorough.

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Less extracts I dedicate to India and the marvels of modernity. Family, many battles, in fact,

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a pilgrimage to the holy sites of Buddhism represented the chance to person experience new means of transport and entertainment.

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That's always a cultural shock, and the language barrier could be easily soothe.

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Straits and Ray was due to use bombs, words, and I'm here quoting, may prove my profit ops,

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the Missouri might prove obstacles rather than help Chop's rather than throw.

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They may misguide divert from the straight path lead astray,

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as it was the case for Don Young and his companion range Dodger during their journey to India and Nepal in 1949.

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Again, quoting from the diary from Roubini back to now Taniwal reaching the village at midnight.

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From there we moved back to Oxford and we ended up doing three trips instead of one.

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This is an experience of our interpreter.

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Not only we have to suffer some physical hardship and pay double train, but we passive gestation called the vulnerable going a bit too far north.

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Since in the village of Strava see their Web site of the web less ruins and such as that

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of the place where the Buddha gave food to the helpless in the Jacobe undergrowth. I told the interpreter that in no way would I not visit the town.

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But the love confuse the two names. But iReport I got a quote. And we ended up going up and then down.

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Mrs. Chavas the we. So it's I'm not. I can arrange and Georgia.

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Consider the function of being able to visit the solid place as a sign of form about karma.

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And we prayed very regretful.

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It was not an issue or misunderstanding, but rather mortal sickness that made Duncan's first ride in a car unforgettable.

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And I'm here quoting from the jet and medicine at midnight as our day.

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The cool is wife and interpreter.

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Enter one of the two cars driven by Indian bubbles with the fourth hands and all the luggage squid's inside the other.

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They left California and it's loud noise.

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Went down the mountain road from Carlinville when driving on the stretch of the road in front of Dutton's eyes appeared like road surge.

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The buildings on the men on both sides. Weird bine. A blurry haze.

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After a while, if that is in noshes. And since nothing can be done about it, it took off his hat and covered his face.

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That did not help as he developed a headache and unable to control himself any longer.

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It was about to throw up immediately. He opened his leaves and vomited inside them around the city.

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Goehring feeling dizzy and nauseous. When the pool got out of the car, the filling unsteady a board of discomfort,

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an apple related to a light from the car because even the lady had been just like him, nauseous and on performance of the lot and face up to yellow.

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And our walking wasn't stable.

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The extras I presented here are just a small sample of the type of information associate Torrico approach to literature may provide.

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I'm here use the term literature. Being well aware that one of the texts I introduce you was originally a private document.

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The publication on Zumwalt's manuscript as change status,

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transforming it into literature and therefore allowing us to subject to the same kind of scrutiny as applied to a novel in the specific case.

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DrippiN Medicine. In the first part of my talk, I went straight to how did a narrative position process,

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elements of fiction maybe found in a known fictional factual text like the Ninth and the

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same time a novel as of Gypo meets and may offer a wide array of historical truths,

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albeit through the eyes of fictional characters, thus inviting the scholars to investigate literature not only from an aesthetic reason,