1 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:22,080 So how today's speaker is packed, Vienna. He obtained his M.A. in Sanskrit from the University of Oslo in 1970 from 1975. 2 00:00:22,080 --> 00:00:29,940 He was professor of history, of religion at the same university until his retirement in 2007, while his doctoral thesis, 3 00:00:29,940 --> 00:00:38,520 published in 1977 and reprinted several times, was on the late Indian Buddha's tantric songs of the You. 4 00:00:38,520 --> 00:00:44,250 His main field of research has been the Tibetan Pern religion, on which he has published extensively. 5 00:00:44,250 --> 00:00:51,330 For instance, the veneration of Tibet, the iconography of a living tradition in 1995. 6 00:00:51,330 --> 00:00:58,510 He's also published on Western 19th century landscape art. For instance, is seen Songs of the Scholars Haj. 7 00:00:58,510 --> 00:01:07,000 And he's a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Oslo and the Academy here, Roseanna Milano. 8 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:13,750 Today, he will speak about the colour of the Tibetan empress and its metamorphosis in Japan. 9 00:01:13,750 --> 00:01:18,400 And without further ado, please welcome back, Venit. 10 00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:27,490 There is unfortunately only fragmentary documentation of the religious beliefs and practises of the Tibetan emperors and the court, 11 00:01:27,490 --> 00:01:34,370 however, certain elements can be discerned. Today, I shall focus on the specific element. 12 00:01:34,370 --> 00:01:47,320 Akula In an article from 2015, Nathan Hill presents a comprehensive analysis of sources relevant to the Imperial Period concept of COOLA, 13 00:01:47,320 --> 00:01:58,310 a term which is generally regarded as having been of great importance, but which at the same time has been much debated by scholars. 14 00:01:58,310 --> 00:02:02,650 Does not offer a translation of the term, but who is honorific? 15 00:02:02,650 --> 00:02:19,130 Word meaning body and LA is regularly translated by scholars as so, for example, something Karmi translates goomar as soul of the body. 16 00:02:19,130 --> 00:02:29,750 However, in our monumental work of compounds and compounding in ancient Tibetan, no old Tibetan, you are not. 17 00:02:29,750 --> 00:02:36,890 VLCC 2018 has argued that Koula does not signify the emperors. 18 00:02:36,890 --> 00:02:53,250 So. As the word so in classical Tibetan, I'll not allow our wily VLA blaa pronounced LA is regularly spelled wrong out the LA so la. 19 00:02:53,250 --> 00:03:03,070 An old Tibetan instead Geula signifies literally God of the body. 20 00:03:03,070 --> 00:03:13,270 She argues that the original form was cool. L.H., a wily coup, far, far meaning, of course, God. 21 00:03:13,270 --> 00:03:18,230 And she explains how in the written sources it eventually came to be spelled. 22 00:03:18,230 --> 00:03:29,550 La, la, la, la, la. In other words, according to Bialek, we are dealing with a deity, not a soul. 23 00:03:29,550 --> 00:03:36,750 Later on the compound, Geula often gave way to the simplified form coup. 24 00:03:36,750 --> 00:03:44,650 Thus, paradoxically, re-establishing the original form. 25 00:03:44,650 --> 00:03:54,190 I believe that the other misunderstanding of Coula is correct, and also that the shift from COOLA to coup flight is of significance. 26 00:03:54,190 --> 00:04:03,120 The argument of this talk. In any case, the GEULA is intimately connected with the person of the Tibetan emperor. 27 00:04:03,120 --> 00:04:17,770 Hence no Murphey coup body. In fact, Hill defines the cooler, as I quote him, the spiritual proxy of the Tibetan emperor or his deep persona. 28 00:04:17,770 --> 00:04:21,220 From sources that date, from a time when the Tibetan Empire. 29 00:04:21,220 --> 00:04:28,390 We know that the major vessels of the Tibetan emperor worship the Geula at certain fixed times of the year, 30 00:04:28,390 --> 00:04:36,640 thereby confirming their, I quote, the relationship of vassalage to the Tibetan imperial family. 31 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:43,130 It is therefore logical that the emperor himself did not worship the Koula. 32 00:04:43,130 --> 00:04:51,380 In fact, we do not know much about the characteristics of the Geula and nothing about its visual attributes, if any. 33 00:04:51,380 --> 00:04:58,280 This may be one of the reasons why it has been debated whether the Koula is a deity or simply the emperors. 34 00:04:58,280 --> 00:05:04,550 So, however, I'd like again to quote bearlike here, who concludes that? 35 00:05:04,550 --> 00:05:15,890 My quote, rather longish but important quote, Coola referred to beings that were conceived of, at least to some extent, as anthropomorphic. 36 00:05:15,890 --> 00:05:30,470 They could rejoice gay grudge pun he fears Yem or Great Kemple from amongst these gay pun and yen are used exclusively with living beings. 37 00:05:30,470 --> 00:05:34,700 In addition, gular could beget should be propitiated. 38 00:05:34,700 --> 00:05:43,370 So could receive Omeje chucked soul gifts, you, Yanbu and offerings to you. 39 00:05:43,370 --> 00:05:52,230 I think this is conclusive proof that the GEULA must be regarded as a deity. 40 00:05:52,230 --> 00:05:59,110 Hale sums up the position of the GEULA in the following way. I quote, In terms of social hierarchy, 41 00:05:59,110 --> 00:06:04,720 the cooler sets as the spiritual parallel of the Tibetan emperor at the head 42 00:06:04,720 --> 00:06:11,460 of the great chain of being which rationalised the imperial Tibetan universe. 43 00:06:11,460 --> 00:06:18,270 In other words, although the cooler is a spiritual parallel or a spiritual proxy of the emperor, 44 00:06:18,270 --> 00:06:22,520 it is not identical with the emperor nor with the emperor. 45 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:29,210 So furthermore, in certain imperial period, versions of the myth of the origin of the Tibetan kings, 46 00:06:29,210 --> 00:06:36,960 quote Hill again, the Koula is closely associated with the descent of the first Tibetan emperor from heaven. 47 00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:45,380 The first king then is closely connected to, but not identical with the Koula. 48 00:06:45,380 --> 00:06:52,880 Now, when the Tibetan Empire broke up in 9th century, the cult of Akula seised as it no longer existed. 49 00:06:52,880 --> 00:06:56,210 A Tibetan emperor to whom it could be related. 50 00:06:56,210 --> 00:07:06,980 As Haile points out, the cooler, who is unique, is sometimes confused by scholars with a coup ha who are numerous and associated with mountains, 51 00:07:06,980 --> 00:07:13,360 which the GEULA is not, however, the form coup flow. 52 00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:21,490 Does not occur in texts from the imperial period and refers to details that are quite distinct from the Koula, 53 00:07:21,490 --> 00:07:27,310 another detail that also appears in the imperial period sources. Is that you? 54 00:07:27,310 --> 00:07:32,680 Doing later texts is sometimes conflated with a coup. However, 55 00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:38,320 the use of her are only explicitly mentioned the few times in sources from the imperial 56 00:07:38,320 --> 00:07:44,640 period in connexion with divination and once in a context that is not very clear. 57 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:48,250 I thank you. I'm appealing for this information. 58 00:07:48,250 --> 00:07:56,070 I would love more to say about the Huldah later with the ascendancy of Buddhism, the Koula, as mentioned, 59 00:07:56,070 --> 00:08:07,050 disappeared while you underwent a change of character, becoming, it would seem, more prominent and brought in line with Buddhist cosmology and ethics. 60 00:08:07,050 --> 00:08:11,620 In the context of Buddhism, the hoola were defined as worldly gods. 61 00:08:11,620 --> 00:08:14,970 Dick thinking up as opposed to those gods, 62 00:08:14,970 --> 00:08:23,660 were regarded as having attained the status of body sutras and Buddhas who are now at the apex of the Tibetan religious universe. 63 00:08:23,660 --> 00:08:33,240 A distinction between worldly gods and gods having transcended the world would have been meaningless in the long term. 64 00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:38,310 Sorry. No, this traditional context. We're all gods. 65 00:08:38,310 --> 00:08:45,240 In some sense, we're worldly. However, the distinction became fundamental all over Asia. 66 00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:50,100 Whenever Buddhism confronted deities of other religions. 67 00:08:50,100 --> 00:08:57,480 Thus the Yula were assigned a legitimate, although somewhat subordinate, status within Tibetan Buddhism, 68 00:08:57,480 --> 00:09:08,630 although a few had high status being identified with certain Buddha's you dumb that they had a sudden central role in tantric meditation and ritual. 69 00:09:08,630 --> 00:09:13,970 Now, starting in the 11th century and gaining momentum over the following centuries, 70 00:09:13,970 --> 00:09:20,630 the Buddhists in Tibet constructed a historical religious narrative according to which 71 00:09:20,630 --> 00:09:26,000 the Tibetan emperors were portrayed as the emanations of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, 72 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:36,570 with the Buddha's dharma being promoted, promoted by these supernatural emperors as a divinely ordained, civilising process. 73 00:09:36,570 --> 00:09:42,000 In this narrative, the ancient religion was recast as evil or at best primitive, 74 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:46,920 and any opposition to Buddhism, whether from ministers and Queens or from the native. 75 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:53,410 No, this priesthood was regarded as motivated by ambition and spite. 76 00:09:53,410 --> 00:10:01,360 In bullet sources, this non Buddhist tradition is usually referred to as burn. 77 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:08,620 As pointed out, this Buddhist narrative is not a historical account based on contemporary sources. 78 00:10:08,620 --> 00:10:18,310 My focus on this connexion will I ever will, however, be on the fact that at the same time that this narrative was being elaborated by Buddhists. 79 00:10:18,310 --> 00:10:24,010 A parallel narrative was created in certain circles that claim, rightly or wrongly, 80 00:10:24,010 --> 00:10:29,170 and this is not the issue here to continue the non Buddhist and in their view, 81 00:10:29,170 --> 00:10:39,580 pre Buddhist religious tradition of Tibet, especially as practised at the Imperial Court, focussing on the person of the emperor. 82 00:10:39,580 --> 00:10:47,810 This post 11th century tradition referred to itself as burn more often as eternal burn young doing burn, 83 00:10:47,810 --> 00:10:53,530 though thus emphasising its claim to continuity with Imperial period. 84 00:10:53,530 --> 00:10:59,110 Non Buddhist religion in the following. 85 00:10:59,110 --> 00:11:05,100 I shall draw on the 12th century anonymous text from the tunnel burn tradition, 86 00:11:05,100 --> 00:11:13,430 a text which has so far been largely overlooked except by a few scholars engaged in the study of Ben. 87 00:11:13,430 --> 00:11:21,500 The short title of the text is Darbar Link Dark, as the exact interpretation of the title is uncertain. 88 00:11:21,500 --> 00:11:31,040 I shall leave it without the translation. The text presents a coherent account of why and how it came to pass that Buddhism 89 00:11:31,040 --> 00:11:37,850 was introduced into Tibet by the Emperor JI song that some who ruled or sorry, 90 00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:43,280 who lived from 1742 to seventeen ninety seven places. 91 00:11:43,280 --> 00:11:48,770 Tibet, in the context of neighbouring countries, sets forth the various period. 92 00:11:48,770 --> 00:11:58,790 Periods in the history of our world is a detailed mythological account of the descent of the first Tibetan king from heaven to earth, 93 00:11:58,790 --> 00:12:03,660 and traces the history of the Tibetan Imperial Dynasty down to tree song Datsun, 94 00:12:03,660 --> 00:12:14,560 some before dwelling at length on the disastrous consequences of the emperor's favouring Buddhism and banishing the burned priests from Tibet. 95 00:12:14,560 --> 00:12:25,310 The drug Bilinga is a complex text, but what I want to focus on here is how it describes the relationship between the emperor and the specific deity, 96 00:12:25,310 --> 00:12:34,310 one whose goodwill, according to the Darkling, took the well-being of the emperor and that of the whole of Tibet depends. 97 00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:42,310 It must be kept in mind that the text. Is a historical narrative or more accurately, 98 00:12:42,310 --> 00:12:49,870 a counter narrative and not a historical source and therefore cannot serve to reconstruct 99 00:12:49,870 --> 00:12:56,820 what the non Buddhist religion in Tibet was or was not in the 7th and 9th century. 100 00:12:56,820 --> 00:13:06,570 We might nevertheless have expected that the DTA with whom the emperor is linked, would be designated as was the case. 101 00:13:06,570 --> 00:13:12,780 And the sources actually dating from the imperial period as the emperor's law. 102 00:13:12,780 --> 00:13:21,360 However, this is not the case. The cooler seems to have been completely forgotten. 103 00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:28,700 Instead, we find a DEEDI with a different designation, namely Gulaga. 104 00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:39,070 How gosh, up to good, good, good, huh? Quite often this single duty forms a pair with a group of other. 105 00:13:39,070 --> 00:13:45,870 It is called the Polo. Literally, details of the male. 106 00:13:45,870 --> 00:13:51,030 The males associated with the emperor's subjects. 107 00:13:51,030 --> 00:14:00,030 As far as I'm aware. The terms good goldhar, her and Polvo are not found in texts from the imperial period. 108 00:14:00,030 --> 00:14:05,840 This has kindly been confirmed by you on Bionic before discussing these two terms. 109 00:14:05,840 --> 00:14:12,900 I shall present excerpts from four passages in the Dark Bolingbroke that illustrate the character of these two gods. 110 00:14:12,900 --> 00:14:24,570 The Gorilla and the fallout during the reign of the Emperor Numberi Lonesome, who reigned at the beginning of the seventh century of a common era. 111 00:14:24,570 --> 00:14:35,990 The grappling dog says that when Buddhist texts were introduced into Tibet during his reign, the king intended to study them. 112 00:14:35,990 --> 00:14:48,150 By thus forsaking his ancestral duties. And I quote from the text, The worldly gods and demons were upset the colour of the emperor was annoyed. 113 00:14:48,150 --> 00:14:57,870 Monya with the result that the Rome Narey was unsettled, took out touch of the castle, 114 00:14:57,870 --> 00:15:06,120 took took root, will recur frequently and disease, famine and illness arose. 115 00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:15,580 The situation was eventually remedied by the emperor's personal priest is Kushan who settled to the world, 116 00:15:15,580 --> 00:15:25,350 the gods and demons and worshipped the Geula stopped disease and famine, and the King's illness was killed. 117 00:15:25,350 --> 00:15:31,060 Maybe Asness side, I should say that I translate the Tibetan word keep. 118 00:15:31,060 --> 00:15:38,300 Usually meaning protect as worship, because it makes no sense as such. 119 00:15:38,300 --> 00:15:41,380 And the priest should protect the gold. 120 00:15:41,380 --> 00:15:50,830 However, we do also find it in the same position we find expression kept some to ask for, to beseech for protection. 121 00:15:50,830 --> 00:16:01,110 In other words, to worship. And I think that is what is intended wherever jump occurs in this context. 122 00:16:01,110 --> 00:16:07,410 Again, the next episode, the same pattern was repeated when his grandson, Mundelein Monkton. 123 00:16:07,410 --> 00:16:14,580 This is the name. The way name is given in the diaper then, doc, although usually it's given us amongst some monks. 124 00:16:14,580 --> 00:16:18,870 And so Mundelein monks and became emperor. 125 00:16:18,870 --> 00:16:26,490 He too, brought with his texts from India with the result that his good gorilla flew off to the sky. 126 00:16:26,490 --> 00:16:36,620 And the emperor fell ill. A third episode occurred during the reign of Kaesong Datsun, 127 00:16:36,620 --> 00:16:44,780 the period that both Buddhist symbols was alike agree was crucial for the consolidation of Buddhism. 128 00:16:44,780 --> 00:16:50,870 The situation was that the emperor intending to invite the Indian Buddhist masters, 129 00:16:50,870 --> 00:16:57,860 Padmasambhava and some paroxetine from India, was warned by his chief minister not to do so. 130 00:16:57,860 --> 00:17:08,150 As the two Buddhists and I quote, that they do not shun the impurity of singeing the half pipe shop. 131 00:17:08,150 --> 00:17:17,750 No murder and incest. So there's certain that your August good law will be offended and the realm of the bet will be ruined. 132 00:17:17,750 --> 00:17:26,600 That's what the minister said. But as the emperor did not heed his advice, the result was as hand as had been predicted. 133 00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:31,310 The Tibetan armies suffered defeat on all fronts to the extent that they could. 134 00:17:31,310 --> 00:17:41,520 The whole realm was incomplete. This order thing they took the following section is worth quoting. 135 00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:48,250 He says because of this, the emperor had second thoughts because of his military setback. 136 00:17:48,250 --> 00:17:57,380 And so his personal priests performed the divination more and said this is the retribution for practising Buddhism coming from India. 137 00:17:57,380 --> 00:18:01,490 Now, the goldhar of the emperor must be implored for protection. 138 00:18:01,490 --> 00:18:06,350 It has kept the priests must be asked to subdue your enemies. 139 00:18:06,350 --> 00:18:11,120 And the Buddhist monks from India must be sent back to their own country. 140 00:18:11,120 --> 00:18:16,530 If this is done, your dominion will be equal to the sky. 141 00:18:16,530 --> 00:18:30,570 So thanks to the magic power of the priests, the rulers enemies were vanquished, the Gulla of the Lord and the profile of the subjects but pacified. 142 00:18:30,570 --> 00:18:36,390 I will give a final example, sir, referring to the reign of Jinsong, that sum the situation, 143 00:18:36,390 --> 00:18:44,310 this time being that he had made the final decision to banish from bed those banned priests who would not convert to Buddhism. 144 00:18:44,310 --> 00:18:48,070 This calls the appalling reaction. 145 00:18:48,070 --> 00:18:58,270 Invoking the gods and the Lou of the visible world, the priest said, oh yea, long river, may you turn and flow upwards. 146 00:18:58,270 --> 00:19:08,510 May the good luck of the ruler turn away its face. May all kinds of magic spells big cost on the land of Tibet. 147 00:19:08,510 --> 00:19:14,010 Where these words, the priests flew up into the sky. 148 00:19:14,010 --> 00:19:29,340 And disappeared. As a consequence, the goal of the ruler, just like the bun, priests flew up to heaven. 149 00:19:29,340 --> 00:19:37,740 No pun the island river flowed upwards and the emperor was stricken by illness. 150 00:19:37,740 --> 00:19:40,370 Tax goes on to say disease and strife. 151 00:19:40,370 --> 00:19:52,960 Tupa rose in the room in Thailand of Tibet, was unhappy Monday and the royal power diminished like the point of a needle. 152 00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:59,230 Having asked a female priest of Burma what to do in order to remedy this. 153 00:19:59,230 --> 00:20:09,310 The Empress said followed her advice. I got invited back some of the priests, the priests worship the good Lord and the pull, huh? 154 00:20:09,310 --> 00:20:21,730 And before many purifications sell incense, offerings sung and lacerations tree, thereby the faces of the gods again looked in the direction of Tibet. 155 00:20:21,730 --> 00:20:33,000 The island river was calm. The emperor was cured of his illness and disease and strife in the realm of Tibet was stopped. 156 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:39,930 To obtain a more systematic overview. Let us take a closer look at the events and terminology involved. 157 00:20:39,930 --> 00:20:51,000 First, the cause of the calamities. It is either the introduction of Buddhist texts to Tibet and the emperor's intention to study them, 158 00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:57,570 thus neglecting his duty to worship the GEULA or in the case of treason, Datsun. 159 00:20:57,570 --> 00:21:08,900 The emperor's actual practise of Buddhist tantric rituals, which not only offends the GEULA, but causes it to be affected by pollution. 160 00:21:08,900 --> 00:21:21,290 Deep. Secondly, the reaction of the desert is the gods and demons, the vast sin are said to be upset. 161 00:21:21,290 --> 00:21:29,090 And the girl, her annoyed. The gorilla flies off pun, flies off to the sky. 162 00:21:29,090 --> 00:21:33,630 Nandu Pung and in two cases were the Geula and the pull. 163 00:21:33,630 --> 00:21:38,500 I mentioned together there are likewise said to fly off. 164 00:21:38,500 --> 00:21:47,680 It is therefore clear that the Geula and the pulla when the might react by returning abruptly to the sky. 165 00:21:47,680 --> 00:21:56,140 Thirdly, the consequences of the details is abandoning Tibet, the king and his subjects are stricken by disease and famine. 166 00:21:56,140 --> 00:22:02,650 The whole realm falls into this order of strife and becomes unhappy. 167 00:22:02,650 --> 00:22:13,530 And this unhappiness is specified as a whole series of natural disasters like the album flowing upwards and many other disasters. 168 00:22:13,530 --> 00:22:18,960 Fourthly, various ritual remedies are employed by the priests to redress the situation. 169 00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:23,670 The anger of the gods and spirits is settled. Sure. The girl, huh? 170 00:22:23,670 --> 00:22:31,970 And in some cases, the pullout also is worshipped. In one case, after has been invited to return. 171 00:22:31,970 --> 00:22:43,490 In the same passage, it is said that the char and the young are worshipped cha young chap in his study of the rituals focussing on the celestial CPD. 172 00:22:43,490 --> 00:22:54,870 It is worshipped in Northeastern by Tom in his recent, though enormous two volume work on this topic and many other topics. 173 00:22:54,870 --> 00:23:03,360 Tony Huber points out that CHA and young blessings that descend bump from the sky. 174 00:23:03,360 --> 00:23:13,950 It is therefore not surprising that in the drug Bolingbroke, they are worshipped in the same way as a gorilla who is likewise associated with a sky. 175 00:23:13,950 --> 00:23:17,250 Three types of rituals that have to be performed are indicated. 176 00:23:17,250 --> 00:23:29,760 As we saw purification fumigation illustration and fifthly, the situation after the ritual purification and propitiation, 177 00:23:29,760 --> 00:23:39,780 disease and famine are stopped and the emperor becomes, well, all the inhabitants of Tibet become established in happiness. 178 00:23:39,780 --> 00:23:45,430 De la. 179 00:23:45,430 --> 00:23:55,600 Several of the characteristics of the Geula correspond to those of the imperial who love both deities are intimately connected with the emperor. 180 00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:59,290 And both are, as a rule, a single, unique deity. 181 00:23:59,290 --> 00:24:11,180 His origin is in heaven. Both receive offerings so as to remain happy the gorilla, like the GEULA, has no specific location on the ground. 182 00:24:11,180 --> 00:24:20,060 And when angered returns to the sky, the celestial origin of the gorilla is worth emphasising, 183 00:24:20,060 --> 00:24:28,080 as it distinguishes it from the youth or the local or regional deities were associated with specific mountains in the dark. 184 00:24:28,080 --> 00:24:42,140 Bolingbroke, however, as will be shown, this difference between Goldhar and, you know, turns out not to be as clear cut as one might think. 185 00:24:42,140 --> 00:24:49,060 There is an important difference, having now spoken a little bit about the similarities between the good line and the cooler there, 186 00:24:49,060 --> 00:24:55,830 also at this also at this one important difference between the goodhart and the imperial cooler. 187 00:24:55,830 --> 00:25:02,980 Well, the emperor, as we have seen, does not worship the Geula, the king in the context of the dark burning. 188 00:25:02,980 --> 00:25:09,540 Doug does worship the Geula or rather the priest swash a bit on the king's behalf. 189 00:25:09,540 --> 00:25:18,150 Moreover, the purpose of worship, of worshipping the gorilla is not to renew vassalage and loyalty to the king, 190 00:25:18,150 --> 00:25:30,160 but to ensure the welfare of the whole of the bed, including that of the king, by rendering the August Bennion August Gullah happy. 191 00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:39,440 New. As mentioned, it seems that in the drug Bolinder, there is as a rule, only a single gooner. 192 00:25:39,440 --> 00:25:45,350 In contrast to the plurality of the YULA, however, in one instance, 193 00:25:45,350 --> 00:25:52,830 the drug Bolingbroke does referred to Goodna in the plural, indicated by the syllable num. 194 00:25:52,830 --> 00:25:58,240 The August Goldhammer arm of the ruler is referred to. 195 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:02,140 So this distinction is not an absolute one. 196 00:26:02,140 --> 00:26:12,450 Another group of duties who, like the YULA, usually constitute an anonymous group, other pop up the gods of the males. 197 00:26:12,450 --> 00:26:20,630 In the drunk, the lame duck, the puller, our associate with the subjects, the bong or ordinary people. 198 00:26:20,630 --> 00:26:26,420 More and more frequently with the ministers, the LUN. 199 00:26:26,420 --> 00:26:32,820 The lateral, of course, being also the emperor's subjects. 200 00:26:32,820 --> 00:26:41,970 Taking the lead from the Gulla, the pulla also abandoned the ministers and subjects when the Gulla is offended. 201 00:26:41,970 --> 00:26:49,090 It may be mentioned in passing that the pulla the deed is protecting, but also representing the power of males. 202 00:26:49,090 --> 00:26:57,000 A well-known from later Tibetan popular religion where they're associated with sacred mountains and the characteristic currents, 203 00:26:57,000 --> 00:27:02,940 the fatto decorated with spare's symbolic arrows and prayer flags to be seen. 204 00:27:02,940 --> 00:27:08,980 A mountain passes and other localities in Tibet. Even today. 205 00:27:08,980 --> 00:27:15,480 Or on the rooftop of houses, Paula, also had the habit of vanishing into the sky. 206 00:27:15,480 --> 00:27:25,640 If offended, for example, by the earth being polluted, just as Jason Datsuns minister warned him that the gorilla would do the same. 207 00:27:25,640 --> 00:27:34,250 It Padmasambhava, notorious for polluting the huts, were to be invited into Tibet. 208 00:27:34,250 --> 00:27:43,160 The change of the name of the data room Kunlun to Guha is significant, and it's not a matter of mere substitution. 209 00:27:43,160 --> 00:27:50,880 It must be pointed out that the term coonhound with FA instead of LA is not home in the dark. 210 00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:57,260 Bolingbroke. Where do you find this term koot flood applied to two gods? 211 00:27:57,260 --> 00:28:07,820 One is the well-known God Gica Geko here referred to as Geko Mutu Tutty and there's some Torchy Mugu mine heads together. 212 00:28:07,820 --> 00:28:19,910 They called Coop La up. Dempsey, Koula father and son, the consort of the former, is the Indian goddess referred to as the Indian goddess Burchinal. 213 00:28:19,910 --> 00:28:27,210 But the cooler are of secondary importance in the drug Bolingbroke and in no way replace the goo love. 214 00:28:27,210 --> 00:28:34,340 They are not a substitute at all for the good luck. And post imperial texts. 215 00:28:34,340 --> 00:28:45,620 The term Goldfine does turn up, but not very often in this respect, the drug lame duck is a significant than hitherto unnoticed exception. 216 00:28:45,620 --> 00:29:00,290 Otherwise, in Buddhist texts, the Goodhart often spelt Goodlow with Mo Mo Ghosh up to Guru Good Goodbar refers to a group of 13 minor deities. 217 00:29:00,290 --> 00:29:07,790 Invoked, amongst other things, to avert hailstorms. In other words, in contrast to the duck bombing duck. 218 00:29:07,790 --> 00:29:13,160 What usually is a single unique deity in these contexts. 219 00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:21,200 The Goodhart form a collective group. The Geula are also invoked in the Tibetan epic of King Geza, 220 00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:29,480 the tradition that dates from the Imperial after the imperial period in the Gezari Big The Goldhar 221 00:29:29,480 --> 00:29:37,340 apparently only invoked together with various other groups of fears but minor groups of the eighties. 222 00:29:37,340 --> 00:29:41,330 Simper Kimpel, a prominent Tibetan scholar of the 18th century, 223 00:29:41,330 --> 00:29:47,090 mentions the gorilla as being ruled by the sacred mountain Moggill Humera in northeastern Tibet. 224 00:29:47,090 --> 00:29:56,910 And they're also said to reside on the summit of gang T.S.A. Galusha. 225 00:29:56,910 --> 00:30:03,810 There is also reference to good anha in the hitherto little studied burn text, the Seper Dukey Cochon, 226 00:30:03,810 --> 00:30:12,730 which may date from the early 14th century, hence a century or so later than the draught Bolingbroke. 227 00:30:12,730 --> 00:30:18,000 Referring to the reign of the Tibetan king, something dumped in the seventh century. 228 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:31,620 The super geeky Cochon reads as follows, and I quote something comments translation from Leisz insur 1972 quote As the king followed Buddhism, 229 00:30:31,620 --> 00:30:37,680 the 13 royal divinities and the gods of Tibet withdrew into heaven. 230 00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:49,520 The country was filled with confusion and unhappiness. It was thought to be due to the acceptance of Buddhism and Buddhism was suppressed for a time. 231 00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:54,110 This passage corresponds closely to similar passages in the truck building truck. 232 00:30:54,110 --> 00:31:01,010 The only change being, but it is a significant one that instead of referring to the one and only good. 233 00:31:01,010 --> 00:31:06,850 This text refers commonness translation to the 13 royal divinities. 234 00:31:06,850 --> 00:31:12,860 Now, the Tibetan text, in fact, says the 13 Gulla of the ruler. 235 00:31:12,860 --> 00:31:25,290 One might surmise that by the 14th century, the idea of thirteen gorilla was gaining ground at the expense of the idea of a single one. 236 00:31:25,290 --> 00:31:28,470 While these references are to the gulag as a group, 237 00:31:28,470 --> 00:31:35,340 there are at least two sources that list them individually under the heading, the 13 ruler of the ruler. 238 00:31:35,340 --> 00:31:42,060 In other words, exactly as in the super duty catching, which I just quoted, the first, a Buddhist text, 239 00:31:42,060 --> 00:31:53,490 the cheque in London states that they resided above the nine gods at the beginning of the world and that they were the protectors of the emperor, 240 00:31:53,490 --> 00:32:00,840 something Gumpel trees that some and so on, who relied on them as their protectors as their summer. 241 00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:07,590 Hence they were called the 13 ruler of the ruler. I won't read the names here, but they're on the handout. 242 00:32:07,590 --> 00:32:15,690 You can cheque it later. Or if it's located there, the second list is found in a burned text, which has a paper, 243 00:32:15,690 --> 00:32:22,530 similar name, the bank in London, and yea, a complete list of 13 is given. 244 00:32:22,530 --> 00:32:32,340 Again, I won't quote the whole list referred to the handout, but I just want to point out that in this list, 245 00:32:32,340 --> 00:32:43,170 the last four are practically identical with the four date is named in the chokey number indicating a common source and of greater anthers interest. 246 00:32:43,170 --> 00:32:52,490 In the present context, however, is the fact that the Bengie number one there, the three day it is the Yolla sample, 247 00:32:52,490 --> 00:33:05,910 the ancient Tullah and much in Pomerol listed amongst the 13 Girdler are also explicitly mentioned as you are in the dark. 248 00:33:05,910 --> 00:33:13,630 Bolingbroke, each associated with mountain bearing the name of the same name to the West. 249 00:33:13,630 --> 00:33:19,770 Ajala shamble to the north. There's the ancient Tonga to the east, as much in Pumla. 250 00:33:19,770 --> 00:33:25,370 In addition, in the drop a link there is the Dunbar to the South. 251 00:33:25,370 --> 00:33:32,880 But it doesn't. The current list of 13 Goolma. In the a lame duck has imposed imperial Tibet. 252 00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:39,440 Generally, the gorilla does have a regional nature as they are assigned to the cardinal directions, 253 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:44,780 but they also, as you see, they are also linked to the good to the good of the planet. 254 00:33:44,780 --> 00:33:48,900 Goulburn linked according to the drug Bolingbroke. 255 00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:54,330 As long as the, you know, are favourably disposed, the realm of Tibet flourishes. 256 00:33:54,330 --> 00:34:00,420 But if they are offended by impurity, such as the introduction of the texts and rituals of Buddhism, 257 00:34:00,420 --> 00:34:08,130 they all turn their gaze away from the centre where the king who has offended them presumably resides. 258 00:34:08,130 --> 00:34:13,850 Consequently, they must be propitiated after the cause of impurity has been removed. 259 00:34:13,850 --> 00:34:19,010 They therefore react in essentially the same way as the gorilla. 260 00:34:19,010 --> 00:34:29,810 Perhaps one could envisage the king's cooler in the draught, the lame duck as a kind of super Yuva, the you being the whole of Tibet, 261 00:34:29,810 --> 00:34:33,290 the country being the whole of Tibet and not, as usual, 262 00:34:33,290 --> 00:34:43,430 restricted to the region surrounding the sacred mountain on which the D.A. resides or would with which it is identified. 263 00:34:43,430 --> 00:34:51,610 Summing up, it remains a mystery why this particular term, the meaning and etymology of which remain unsolved. 264 00:34:51,610 --> 00:34:59,090 And designating what appears to be a rather obscure group of gods wasn't chosen at some unknown point of time, 265 00:34:59,090 --> 00:35:10,260 but probably not later than the end of the 12th century by the constructors of the Berne historical narrative as a substitute for the earlier Koula. 266 00:35:10,260 --> 00:35:18,240 Perhaps an answer can be found by considering the political religious situation in Tibet in the 11th to 13th centuries. 267 00:35:18,240 --> 00:35:28,710 This was a period in which Buddhism, with its increasingly influential monastic institutions, gained ascendancy in almost all parts of Tibet. 268 00:35:28,710 --> 00:35:34,410 At the same time, Buddhism asserted itself as at the Benton Institution. 269 00:35:34,410 --> 00:35:41,290 This was the moving factor, the moving force behind the claim. 270 00:35:41,290 --> 00:35:45,670 Pasta as a narrative of the baton imperial period was being constructed. 271 00:35:45,670 --> 00:35:52,720 The claim that the emperors were emanations of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas and that the Tibetan nation had come into 272 00:35:52,720 --> 00:36:01,400 existence with a preordained task to be a haven for the Buddha's teachings is Dharma when its very existence in India, 273 00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:09,760 its land of origin, was threatened. Not all Tibetans, however, were willing to accept this narrative. 274 00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:15,640 Some designating themselves as bumper's and their system of doctrine richel, 275 00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:23,920 a meditation as eternal burn, wish to perpetuate what they believed was the religion of the emperors. 276 00:36:23,920 --> 00:36:31,240 These post imperial bumper's to regard Tibet and themselves as having a sacred mission, 277 00:36:31,240 --> 00:36:41,470 namely to preserve and perpetuate them, no matter how profoundly Vern in this literal sense was influenced by Buddhism. 278 00:36:41,470 --> 00:36:53,320 The conflict of faith. The practise was often perceived by the two camps burn and Buddhism, a conflict which to some extent continues today. 279 00:36:53,320 --> 00:37:02,830 There is therefore not surprising that the Bumper's two created their own historical narrative, radically contradicting that of the Buddhists. 280 00:37:02,830 --> 00:37:10,510 Although the bumper's were deeply influenced by the dominant Buddhist religion, its values and worldview, 281 00:37:10,510 --> 00:37:19,750 they probably wish to avoid choosing a term to designate the protective deity of the emperor. 282 00:37:19,750 --> 00:37:27,850 Which term which was in use when the emperor's adopted Buddhism, in other words, called love. 283 00:37:27,850 --> 00:37:36,400 This might be the reason why they chose Goodner, which must have been and still is the name of an obscure deity or group of their design, 284 00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:43,690 which has no particular Buddhist connotations, but endowing it with entirely new properties. 285 00:37:43,690 --> 00:37:54,270 To some extent, Criminy Essence isn't the majestic Koula of former times and in other ways related to the post imperial Jila. 286 00:37:54,270 --> 00:37:58,650 Thank you very much. That's what I wanted to put before you today. 287 00:37:58,650 --> 00:38:09,580 And this is some topic which, together with many other questions in the drug, Bolingbroke is still a work in progress. 288 00:38:09,580 --> 00:38:22,110 So I'll be very grateful indeed for any feedback, input, etc., criticism, even favourable comments that you may have. 289 00:38:22,110 --> 00:38:56,497 Thank you.