1 00:00:09,090 --> 00:00:18,540 So, yeah, well, there was there was never really planned to to to also be the act of speaker. 2 00:00:18,540 --> 00:00:25,710 I really felt very, very comfortable just inviting friends and colleagues from all over the world to talk about their research, 3 00:00:25,710 --> 00:00:33,420 sort of taking it in as I'm still in the process of working my way through my own research. 4 00:00:33,420 --> 00:00:43,110 However, I think it was fate. One of our speakers was just finishing his dissertation, asked me to postpone his talk. 5 00:00:43,110 --> 00:00:48,120 And so I said, OK, well, let's just present what I have in store at the moment. 6 00:00:48,120 --> 00:00:55,110 And so this is my work in progress research and a brief part of it. 7 00:00:55,110 --> 00:01:08,730 And, yeah, I'm I want to talk you through my perspective of Tim in a very general sense, and then in the second part on the term of Holtom. 8 00:01:08,730 --> 00:01:17,610 So here's a brief overview of what I'm going to talk about and start out with a discussion about the semantic field of Tim. 9 00:01:17,610 --> 00:01:32,980 The second part will be about the various sources and connotations of Tim during the so-called Tibetan empire and the age of fragmentation. 10 00:01:32,980 --> 00:01:35,800 And in my last big block, 11 00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:47,800 I got to talk about the Sakia Mongol periods of 13th century to the 14th century and want to share with you my perspective of what constitutes Hawtin, 12 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:51,760 wrapping up with a brief conclusion. OK, get started. 13 00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:59,350 As dear teacher, Pessah always started his lectures with the proverb, 14 00:01:59,350 --> 00:02:07,060 I shall follow his footsteps and give you one of the most popular proverbs in regards to Tim, 15 00:02:07,060 --> 00:02:11,650 which is that get him second guessing shooting Turkey Duba. 16 00:02:11,650 --> 00:02:16,360 The royal tomb is heavy as the golden yoke the religious team binds like a circle. 17 00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:29,290 Not as you can see. I left him here untranslated and want to go into various dictionaries and see what kind of translations we have for the term. 18 00:02:29,290 --> 00:02:38,440 So Melvern Goldstein's dictionary on modern Tibetan gives us law or rule as a translation possibility. 19 00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:50,110 We can see it here in a compound word to Kahlúa, meaning a magistrate or even Timkin mentioned by forensic medicine. 20 00:02:50,110 --> 00:02:59,190 We go back in time a little bit. 19TH centuries. Yes. Guess dictionary gives it plenty of. 21 00:02:59,190 --> 00:03:06,510 Translation possibilities that we have, right, custom duty, precept, decree, commandment, 22 00:03:06,510 --> 00:03:14,220 and maybe one last from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Dictionary of Literary Tibetan. 23 00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:19,500 We can see the entries start with Bizet's photographed, which is law or precept, 24 00:03:19,500 --> 00:03:24,780 and they work their way through Indian Tibetan translation literature. 25 00:03:24,780 --> 00:03:36,840 Here we have a righteous person, good conduct or this example, 14th century Tuptim, the marble Tinchy Taiwan relativity. 26 00:03:36,840 --> 00:03:49,110 So Latymer was in charge of government business and in the 17th century from data shows study on the legal documents that he found. 27 00:03:49,110 --> 00:04:02,190 He even translated as monastic rules. So we have this abundant wealth of translation possibilities for fortune just by looking at some 28 00:04:02,190 --> 00:04:11,370 dictionary entries and even the English term lore has a plethora of different connotations. 29 00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:14,730 So it can be classified as a polytheistic category. 30 00:04:14,730 --> 00:04:20,280 This is a term borrowed from Runnymede and it describes phenomena which say a great many attributes. 31 00:04:20,280 --> 00:04:27,630 So rules norm implementation by judges, formulation by government enforcement mechanisms, links with social order. 32 00:04:27,630 --> 00:04:29,850 Just as a jurisprudence. 33 00:04:29,850 --> 00:04:39,780 However, as one of the three states, none of these examples have to be instantiated in every example of law in more simple terms. 34 00:04:39,780 --> 00:04:46,980 Law can be understood as an intellectual as well as a functional or administrative system. 35 00:04:46,980 --> 00:04:59,770 The question that I was asking myself is, so how much overlap is there between Tim and law or at least our Western understanding of it? 36 00:04:59,770 --> 00:05:12,310 And I went back all the way to our first written sources into the Tibetan Empire, or shall we say the Pouliot dynasty, as many of you are aware, 37 00:05:12,310 --> 00:05:21,040 they started out in the seventh century as a like small group who then enlarged the territory in all directions, 38 00:05:21,040 --> 00:05:27,980 the self designation per becoming a temple, greater Tibet or the Tibetan Empire. 39 00:05:27,980 --> 00:05:34,760 In this map, you can see the Tibetan empire at its largest extent. 40 00:05:34,760 --> 00:05:39,050 So here we have the red dot, Lhasa to the south of it, in the yellow belly. 41 00:05:39,050 --> 00:05:44,650 This is where it all began and they spread out. 42 00:05:44,650 --> 00:05:52,960 To the outskirts of Mongolia, half of note is China even going into Persia? 43 00:05:52,960 --> 00:06:00,070 The expansion was supported by a complex administrative system for assimilation of these various peoples that they 44 00:06:00,070 --> 00:06:09,010 conquered and also facilitated the demand for resources in soldiers in Texas to provide for this ongoing expansion. 45 00:06:09,010 --> 00:06:16,030 And regulations were done through a bureaucratic system that was based on writing. 46 00:06:16,030 --> 00:06:20,470 So how do we know that? We have a few sources at our disposal. 47 00:06:20,470 --> 00:06:27,070 We have the old Tibetan Chronicle and the author that knows we have stolen inscriptions and we 48 00:06:27,070 --> 00:06:33,040 have legal documents found in the cache of Dunhuang manuscripts and Tokarski manuscript from NIYA, 49 00:06:33,040 --> 00:06:38,100 which were described and found by Augustine. 50 00:06:38,100 --> 00:06:48,240 And to give you a brief geographical location here and also a caveat, should I say we have here next to Cottan, 51 00:06:48,240 --> 00:06:58,920 the area of Niya and then Dunhuang at the northern end of the Tibetan Empire, being also one of the way stations of the Northern superglued. 52 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:02,940 As you can see, these are the outskirts of the Tibetan empire. 53 00:07:02,940 --> 00:07:08,370 So whatever evidence, whatever conclusions we may draw from these documents, 54 00:07:08,370 --> 00:07:19,010 we have to be a bit careful if we can actually apply all our findings to what was happening in central Tibet at the time. 55 00:07:19,010 --> 00:07:26,750 And to some visual representation to the left is the first page of the ultimate panels, 56 00:07:26,750 --> 00:07:32,930 and in the middle we have the show stilly, which is in front of the Potala. 57 00:07:32,930 --> 00:07:44,800 And here's the detail of the eastern inscription which talks about a minister's deeds and what he got in return. 58 00:07:44,800 --> 00:07:57,460 So let's go into the sources themselves, the ultimate chronicle combines the rain of songs and gumbo with the beginning of rioting in Tibet, 59 00:07:57,460 --> 00:08:03,100 and there was also a standardisation and division of official ranks punishments, 60 00:08:03,100 --> 00:08:12,790 large distribution measurements, as well as the political and legislative system. 61 00:08:12,790 --> 00:08:24,160 To give you an example, how this would look in in more practical terms, Frederick Thomas has shown that cadastral surveys were conducted. 62 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:33,070 And these are records of rights and land, and they recorded something like proceeding in a southern direction from Bergens land 63 00:08:33,070 --> 00:08:39,400 reaches juniper land of tokens with one hundred SS and has boundary of the two can, 64 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:46,570 with the manual token fence proceeding in another direction, reaches the centre of it and just goes on and on and on. 65 00:08:46,570 --> 00:09:03,280 So you see, it's a very, very detailed, a very dense record of what belongs to whom and what kind of assets and properties are on each owner's lands. 66 00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:10,630 The Tibetan annuls refine the first statement a little bit and state it's actually not something, 67 00:09:10,630 --> 00:09:15,850 Campbell, who introduced these measures, but rather his successor, Roland Martin. 68 00:09:15,850 --> 00:09:25,720 So here we see that symbol, that is the emperor and his minister then convened a council and they divided 69 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:32,380 the populace into fears that US military and tame civilians and for their own, 70 00:09:32,380 --> 00:09:45,070 they made the manuals for creating the great administration. And then the next year, the minister got songs and wrote the text of the Los. 71 00:09:45,070 --> 00:09:55,780 In the following chapters of the two, we find the description of the organising territories being described as making it administration, 72 00:09:55,780 --> 00:10:04,820 it was based on this manual created by a God something, and it served as a blueprint for Tibetan governance. 73 00:10:04,820 --> 00:10:14,540 What developed out of this first initial? Step was a division of central Tibet into the so-called foghorns, 74 00:10:14,540 --> 00:10:26,460 still Russi in the 8th century and this big administration units were organised into two parts, 75 00:10:26,460 --> 00:10:33,000 into military and civil, continuing this initial team and fierce. 76 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:40,770 So on the military side, we have the tone there, which were overseen by a horn official, 77 00:10:40,770 --> 00:10:46,530 Rukun and the agricultural areas, or you, they were headed by youthen. 78 00:10:46,530 --> 00:10:55,440 So a official of the name of the area of the land who was in charge of one area, 79 00:10:55,440 --> 00:11:01,590 who then was supervised by Deepend, who then was supervised by the minister of the interior. 80 00:11:01,590 --> 00:11:09,450 And I would say that the structure suggests a very tight hierarchy and a clear separation of tasks and responsibilities. 81 00:11:09,450 --> 00:11:26,190 The Rukun is in charge of anything, military conscription provision, etc., and the other half is in charge of getting the provision growing and etc. 82 00:11:26,190 --> 00:11:34,860 And the apportionment of government power, I would argue, would prevent individuals from advancing within the system. 83 00:11:34,860 --> 00:11:39,810 A later source from the 13th century even gives a brief definition of European 84 00:11:39,810 --> 00:11:46,500 who is defined as the Tim Bass Tim guitar for the various social classes, 85 00:11:46,500 --> 00:11:50,040 literally keeping the high ones in check and protected the lower ones. 86 00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:57,430 And I would argue that he's the bearer of a social order and a representative of the emperor. 87 00:11:57,430 --> 00:12:08,190 And so consequently, at least in theory, no interference in the emperor's tim was possible, thus ensuring the longevity of the empire. 88 00:12:08,190 --> 00:12:13,860 And we also have evidence from these various manuscripts that I mentioned earlier, 89 00:12:13,860 --> 00:12:22,110 and they employ regulations and guidelines for all kinds of legal claims since few of those in the audience probably know many of those. 90 00:12:22,110 --> 00:12:30,300 I thought I'd give you a brief example of a lesser known one which talks about the postal system that was in place during the empire. 91 00:12:30,300 --> 00:12:38,250 And it reads sort of sealed Imperia letter lost either the official poster to the way station or the travelling messenger must be turned the 92 00:12:38,250 --> 00:12:46,560 way of the last letter to the way station had passed through and investigate whether or not the letter was lost at a previous way station. 93 00:12:46,560 --> 00:12:48,870 When the returning messenger passes the station, 94 00:12:48,870 --> 00:12:57,420 they have to determine if the letter actually went through the station or not and if it's actually true what the messenger says or not. 95 00:12:57,420 --> 00:13:02,340 If upon examination of the dates of the SEALs on the letter, something inappropriate appears, 96 00:13:02,340 --> 00:13:09,120 the messenger will forfeit his life and it carries on a little bit more, going more into detail. 97 00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:21,440 That is the original was called classified as Pelote that are 12 19 in the Bibliotheque National Defence. 98 00:13:21,440 --> 00:13:30,380 From other manuscripts, as Brendan Dodson has already investigated, we have a law of murder to me. 99 00:13:30,380 --> 00:13:41,800 Tim Hlophe, guaranties or law for theft? We can also see from these law and legal documents a social stratification, 100 00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:46,690 so compensation payments and punishment were meted out according to rank and senior, 101 00:13:46,690 --> 00:13:59,130 and some in the already concluded Tim in the Tibetan Empire were primarily part of the regular administration and legal procedures. 102 00:13:59,130 --> 00:14:07,460 However, the Tibetan empire declined and how it all came came about. 103 00:14:07,460 --> 00:14:18,320 We know a little about, however, it's not well tested in contemporary primary sources, and most research drew on the post and period sources. 104 00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:30,080 So he just a selection younger this religious history keeper deal, which religious history and also led by Panetoz Flower Garland. 105 00:14:30,080 --> 00:14:38,120 In this post, simply resources and almost unanimously confirmed narrative developed that has been echoed by various writers. 106 00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:50,630 If we look at this as a note, how this fragmentation of Tibet was brought about, it was due to the complacency of the last Imperial King Lang Dharma. 107 00:14:50,630 --> 00:14:55,730 He describes the decay as follows. The churton that binds like a stick, not good, untied. 108 00:14:55,730 --> 00:15:02,310 The golden yoke of the gittin was broken. The grass root that binds people together like stalks of wheat were cut asunder. 109 00:15:02,310 --> 00:15:08,540 No, listen to his father, etc., etc. Tibet fragmented into individual pieces. 110 00:15:08,540 --> 00:15:18,230 So this also goes back to the opening proverb, which sort of identifies an ideal state in this ideal state. 111 00:15:18,230 --> 00:15:26,660 It's associated with the empire. And here in this description, it basically says due to the fact that the ideal state broke apart, 112 00:15:26,660 --> 00:15:35,170 everything else sort of unfolded, eventually ending up in the fragmentation of Tibet into pieces. 113 00:15:35,170 --> 00:15:44,830 A century later, the flower garland summarises the following events as such, London acted as King since did not know how to maintain the rule. 114 00:15:44,830 --> 00:15:49,060 He divided with Sangma as a second the royal family into two lines. 115 00:15:49,060 --> 00:16:01,210 And it gets interesting. He split the entire sphere of power into the item that is the upper Tim and made him the lower Tim or Western and Eastern. 116 00:16:01,210 --> 00:16:07,060 The certain curtain of the Chewton was torn. The robe of the ruler was severed, the twin towers collapsed. 117 00:16:07,060 --> 00:16:11,270 The Stone Stehly, with the edicts on them, toppled over. 118 00:16:11,270 --> 00:16:24,760 And even later, sources compared this split into upper and lower to being like a hat and being like boots, and in between there's just fragments. 119 00:16:24,760 --> 00:16:33,340 And to give you sort of an interesting conclusion here, posting period sources associated with the empire itself and thus primarily refer to the 120 00:16:33,340 --> 00:16:39,190 territory ruled by the emperor term is used here more as an abstract umbrella term. 121 00:16:39,190 --> 00:16:44,200 And Tim appears to have been developed in these Posten period sources as an underlying 122 00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:49,570 concept without which the cohesion of an entire kingdom cannot be ensured. 123 00:16:49,570 --> 00:16:59,230 This sort of reminded me a little of that was Stein's famous poem, Emily, and the line that probably most of you know, 124 00:16:59,230 --> 00:17:10,270 a rose is a rose is a rose, which says that when the romantics used the image or the word rose, they associated it with the plant. 125 00:17:10,270 --> 00:17:11,950 However, in later centuries, 126 00:17:11,950 --> 00:17:29,380 it sort of became an archetypical term that sort of entailed the whole idea of the whole beauty and white way of life of the romantics. 127 00:17:29,380 --> 00:17:43,100 And I think a similar thing happened to me as well, so the question is now, was there no law in Tibet after the fall of the empire? 128 00:17:43,100 --> 00:17:49,730 So we have learnt from these sources that there was no improper left to govern central Tibet and the royal 129 00:17:49,730 --> 00:17:56,390 lineage scattered to the east and to the west and influential clans assumed the role of local rulers. 130 00:17:56,390 --> 00:18:04,780 And they also make use of the imperial land rights that they were bestowed. 131 00:18:04,780 --> 00:18:14,020 The once powerful and expansionistic confederation of clans that constituted the Tibetan empire broke into pieces, 132 00:18:14,020 --> 00:18:19,780 into petty strongholds, and each of these strongholds had their own rules and regulations. 133 00:18:19,780 --> 00:18:30,910 They even had various measurements. And so one party would have a changa in some of its own code, varying between 11 kilograms and 18 kilograms. 134 00:18:30,910 --> 00:18:37,870 You also needed to have sometimes a limit or sort of like the permission to go from one stronghold to the other. 135 00:18:37,870 --> 00:18:43,970 Bit of a like a post Brexit vibe coming up and. 136 00:18:43,970 --> 00:18:54,500 How these, like local things were organised, can be seen from an example of the yearning area. 137 00:18:54,500 --> 00:19:04,980 So in 9th century, at the end of the Empire and the GIRLAND and the Jacklin were allocated to a border area called Unique. 138 00:19:04,980 --> 00:19:18,500 Which is situated to the southwest of Alaska. And we find here that the girl and the girl had different responsibilities, 139 00:19:18,500 --> 00:19:24,800 different tasks, so the undock, the girl, the patrons, they weren't trusted, the upper, 140 00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:32,030 lower and middle lengths and all the subject of of other minor clans, such as the Day King, 141 00:19:32,030 --> 00:19:43,700 etc. They also acted to all of them as the chief, including even the foreman communities. 142 00:19:43,700 --> 00:19:58,400 The Jacklin who were in charge of the religious duties, they had three customs checks, some so to protect the land from harm by hail, 143 00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:05,960 either caused by black magic or due to weather phenomena, and they've been entrusted as the guarantor for the force of gods and demons. 144 00:20:05,960 --> 00:20:11,480 And so no harm should be done to fish, wild animals and foreigners, but rather support them. 145 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:19,530 And third, to keep the temples built by the emperors in good shape and offer martyrdoms. 146 00:20:19,530 --> 00:20:25,530 What I found quite interesting when I when I came across this, the source, was that the specific order, 147 00:20:25,530 --> 00:20:32,590 which sort of resembles a social administrative order, is he described as a tradition. 148 00:20:32,590 --> 00:20:42,430 Or a custom tax and not as Tim as we would maybe associated with them what we just learnt of all those responsibilities, 149 00:20:42,430 --> 00:20:54,560 and I would argue that these clowns could not claim royal status and the words and actions that would have the same validity as Tim. 150 00:20:54,560 --> 00:21:03,710 The transition period from the empire towards the age of fragmentation was also described by 151 00:21:03,710 --> 00:21:13,910 many Tibetan historians as the transformation from the earlier dissemination the mother of. 152 00:21:13,910 --> 00:21:23,660 The Buddhist teachings towards the cheetah, the later dissemination of the teachings and keep audio. 153 00:21:23,660 --> 00:21:28,790 Has a very specific view on this period, which is also known as the rekindling of the flame, 154 00:21:28,790 --> 00:21:33,800 and he said that since the Jets and the royal team had disintegrated, 155 00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:44,170 the fate of the people was hanging by a thread to and not of the Chewton or the religious tomb and. 156 00:21:44,170 --> 00:21:46,450 I think is is quite a good example. 157 00:21:46,450 --> 00:21:58,210 So he is he is one of many charismatic people that have been invited by the Tibetans to India or due to political circumstances, 158 00:21:58,210 --> 00:22:01,860 would even flee from India towards Tibet. 159 00:22:01,860 --> 00:22:11,310 Because they were invited with open arms and he accumulated a great deal of wealth as fees for performing rights and bestowing initiations, 160 00:22:11,310 --> 00:22:18,270 and the Blue Angels even state that Martha appears to have continuously meditated on the ultimate essence. 161 00:22:18,270 --> 00:22:27,030 But in the eyes of ordinary people, he had a family quarrel with his countrymen and only occupied himself with agriculture and building. 162 00:22:27,030 --> 00:22:39,910 Um. The newfound local political stability through these very various petty strongholds revived the shattered 163 00:22:39,910 --> 00:22:47,980 economy that was left by the decline of the Tibetan empire and temples that were once shut down, 164 00:22:47,980 --> 00:22:51,910 reopened and even monasteries were newly built. 165 00:22:51,910 --> 00:22:58,960 They became centres for pilgrimage and trade, and the founding figures of the Tibetan Buddhist schools attracted pilgrims, 166 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:03,940 new students and commercial travellers like Carl Yamamoto, 167 00:23:03,940 --> 00:23:13,390 for instance, sees this as one of the main reasons for the cooperation between the clans and the religious leaders, just as we saw in the example. 168 00:23:13,390 --> 00:23:20,980 He thinks that Clent initially saw in the monastic network a rival power. 169 00:23:20,980 --> 00:23:25,990 But they became patrons of these new religious institutions because they 170 00:23:25,990 --> 00:23:30,010 exploited the newly acquired wealth of the monasteries by securing clan members. 171 00:23:30,010 --> 00:23:36,760 A place in the spiritual hierarchy and the new monasteries fortified by merchant wealth and aristocratic prestige, 172 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:40,910 provided a concrete, physical and social foundation. 173 00:23:40,910 --> 00:23:54,290 And so this whole period, the 10th to 13th century is characteristic is the union of a religious and secular authority in one person. 174 00:23:54,290 --> 00:24:05,240 Two examples would be the various local attempts to restore and type law and order, 175 00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:12,080 or at least how these leaders envisioned it by Holomisa in the 11th century, 176 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:24,510 who try to create a new legal order in western Tibet and the temporal pre-eminence a century later of the Tepperman Lamaism over the valley and. 177 00:24:24,510 --> 00:24:32,070 To give you another example of how they understood get'em in one of the announcements by Amazon, 178 00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:42,030 we can read addressed to all sentient beings who now come under my protection and who fall under the jurisdiction of my gatta. 179 00:24:42,030 --> 00:24:52,080 So his prominent role at the interface between the golden age of the Tibetan empire and the Mongol domination be going to come to in a second. 180 00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:57,210 Soon after, his death was highlighted by one of his biographers, said technology. 181 00:24:57,210 --> 00:25:06,150 He writes, in Tibet during Lama Junk's lifetime, the Tibetan kings get him collapsed and the time of the Mongol get him had not yet come. 182 00:25:06,150 --> 00:25:11,270 And Tibet was in fragments. 183 00:25:11,270 --> 00:25:23,270 So that is my my first block, and I would now want to share with you more details about my primary area of expertise and research, 184 00:25:23,270 --> 00:25:34,760 the 13th and 14th century, which was characterised by the Mongol domination over Tibet. 185 00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:47,410 OK. So, um, a few things before I continue on the bottom of my PowerPoint, I put this little timeline for you and so. 186 00:25:47,410 --> 00:25:53,410 I have this, like dual education in both Tibetan history and Mongul history, 187 00:25:53,410 --> 00:26:00,970 and I wouldn't expect you all to know so much detail about the Mongul history. 188 00:26:00,970 --> 00:26:08,170 Therefore, I put all the emphasis or people who were. 189 00:26:08,170 --> 00:26:18,310 Important for Tibetan history on the timeline, highlighting the ones that are active at the time that I'm talking about. 190 00:26:18,310 --> 00:26:28,840 OK, so the Mongols come in the middle a 13th century and in the Jenson's, Gotham or Testament, 191 00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:34,870 we can read that during the time of the two uncle and nephew, the Mongol authority began. 192 00:26:34,870 --> 00:26:40,990 So this is how I chose to translate it to heart being the then designation for the Mongols. 193 00:26:40,990 --> 00:26:52,750 Until I understand as authority the Mongols thought and acted as military commander and settled at the railway station when Jim puts it, 194 00:26:52,750 --> 00:27:00,220 which was the then abbot of the Digo monastery arrived at London time. 195 00:27:00,220 --> 00:27:07,210 Come, a daughter had seised the Gompa second attention and began preparations for his execution. 196 00:27:07,210 --> 00:27:17,350 So the COMPAR is the local counterpart in charge of everyday administration to the religious authority of this thing. 197 00:27:17,350 --> 00:27:28,300 I would say the single embassy was the uncle to second and hence uncle, a nephew in the first line. 198 00:27:28,300 --> 00:27:36,520 Because that singer had made an invocation to the goddess Tarah. A rain of stones fell from the sky and my daughter said, You're a good one. 199 00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:42,250 Then he paid his respects and boat to his head, to his feet. 200 00:27:42,250 --> 00:27:45,640 He offered him the gumperz life and an accounting of the household, 201 00:27:45,640 --> 00:27:54,100 of the settled population of Pamoja and Deagle tax payments and the acquiescence to the Mongols were accepted. 202 00:27:54,100 --> 00:28:08,200 Um, I have already analysed this very interesting linguistic section here, and I just want to go over a few key things. 203 00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:16,390 So first person in my translation here and also in accordance with the GOP's analysis, 204 00:28:16,390 --> 00:28:22,480 it's the settled population and we even have some good evidence for that. 205 00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:36,010 So the foremost historical source for anything, Mongul for the 13th century would be the so-called secret history of the Mongols. 206 00:28:36,010 --> 00:28:40,800 And we can read in paragraph two hundred and three. 207 00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:49,320 Chingis Hand ordering one of his attendants divide up all the subject people and apportion them to our mother, 208 00:28:49,320 --> 00:28:53,190 to us, to our younger brothers and sons, according to the name of the people, 209 00:28:53,190 --> 00:29:00,720 that is whether they have a nomadic or a settled or agricultural lifestyle splitting up those that live in failed war tents, 210 00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:09,120 separating those that live in dwellings with windows. So I think that is what personal here refers to. 211 00:29:09,120 --> 00:29:12,030 Furthermore, writing in a blue register, 212 00:29:12,030 --> 00:29:18,720 all decisions about the distribution and about the judicial matters of the entire population make it into a book. 213 00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:30,700 I would say we again see the Mongolian version of the cadastral survey that was so important in the Tibetan Empire. 214 00:29:30,700 --> 00:29:36,760 Thomas Edison, who is the foremost expert on the Mongol imperialism, 215 00:29:36,760 --> 00:29:46,810 also concludes that census taking was the key to Mongol efforts to mobilise the human and financial resources of the seven regions of the empire. 216 00:29:46,810 --> 00:29:50,920 The object of the registration was to facilitate the assessment of Texas to 217 00:29:50,920 --> 00:29:56,230 identify skilled craftsmen and technicians and to recruit military personnel. 218 00:29:56,230 --> 00:30:03,400 All in line to support the growing Mongol empire and their expansions. 219 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:17,290 The second one is pablum, which I would translate as tax payments were settled and in the 17th century history of Tibet by the Dalai Lama. 220 00:30:17,290 --> 00:30:24,040 He also picks up on this story from the SEETO and he writes, posting 10 pages long. 221 00:30:24,040 --> 00:30:34,670 So all those with the Tibet wooden door, the vast majority of those, they had to be text. 222 00:30:34,670 --> 00:30:42,440 The last one is what I say. So then I found a suggested submission to the Mongols. 223 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:48,830 However, in a more recent study, renders it as acquiescence or appeasement, 224 00:30:48,830 --> 00:30:57,160 referring to existing alternatives such as Saqba or goodbar for submission or surrender. 225 00:30:57,160 --> 00:31:07,000 I haven't really made up my mind 100 percent yet because it's just something that I wanted to throw out you maybe for later discussion. 226 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:16,420 And a brief mention on the Mongolian side of things during this period, 227 00:31:16,420 --> 00:31:26,140 so each new conquest and started watching us on and then continuing on was followed by a modification of its administration, 228 00:31:26,140 --> 00:31:31,570 mostly through impromptu ordered issued by cheating as. 229 00:31:31,570 --> 00:31:46,330 More studies sort of doubt the existence of a written legal text from this period, which is usually called the desk or in Tibetan sources, just jassa. 230 00:31:46,330 --> 00:31:52,750 The general consensus of all these studies seems to be that it was probably a collection of these ad hoc orders. 231 00:31:52,750 --> 00:31:58,400 However, nobody really knows whether it was written down or just passed on orally. 232 00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:02,930 So only after his successor, O'Callahan, 233 00:32:02,930 --> 00:32:09,740 who came to understand better ways of profiting from the century agricultural and commercial people his father had conquered, 234 00:32:09,740 --> 00:32:14,490 could they start this exploitation more strictly? 235 00:32:14,490 --> 00:32:20,450 Again, the secret history of the Mongols and states sitting now on the throne made very 236 00:32:20,450 --> 00:32:25,070 by our father to hunt so that people do not suffer every year from these people. 237 00:32:25,070 --> 00:32:30,410 One two year old sheep out of every flock shall be given as Lévy fall asleep for. 238 00:32:30,410 --> 00:32:35,700 I would understand as a provision and. 239 00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:46,050 Also, a brief note on the Mongolian self understanding that there's only one Supreme Court that is the eternal blue sky heaven. 240 00:32:46,050 --> 00:32:52,560 Tingley And due to this belief or due to this conception, 241 00:32:52,560 --> 00:33:02,660 it follows that there can only be one supreme rule on Earth to whom all other rulers are required to submit and pay tribute. 242 00:33:02,660 --> 00:33:09,870 The residual sources and Chinese chronicles have described this as the sixth duties, 243 00:33:09,870 --> 00:33:17,540 and these are the demands that the Mongols saw appropriate due to the fact that they 244 00:33:17,540 --> 00:33:24,260 were the only group on Earth and everybody else had to submit to their authority. 245 00:33:24,260 --> 00:33:28,970 So I would say what we can see here is Holtom. 246 00:33:28,970 --> 00:33:33,230 We have a few surviving edicts from other parts of the empire. 247 00:33:33,230 --> 00:33:42,480 And my preliminary observation observation is that Tibet. 248 00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:50,310 Especially in the beginning of the Mongol Empire and wasn't treated any different than other parts that were subsumed, 249 00:33:50,310 --> 00:33:56,430 such as Goyo, which would be a modern day Korea or a modern day Vietnam. 250 00:33:56,430 --> 00:34:05,820 This also applies to Armenia, to Russia and Persia, etc. And in this edict to UNAM, 251 00:34:05,820 --> 00:34:13,770 we can read whole command of our ground pertaining to the emperor watching this heart from the kingdoms which submit to our authority. 252 00:34:13,770 --> 00:34:19,740 The ruler has to come personally to court. Sansone and younger brother should be sent as hostages, as censorship. 253 00:34:19,740 --> 00:34:24,030 Organised troops should be provided. Taxes should be collected. 254 00:34:24,030 --> 00:34:30,210 Moreover, it should be established to administer the territory. 255 00:34:30,210 --> 00:34:37,380 To fulfil this list shows the profound righteousness of those who submit to our authority. 256 00:34:37,380 --> 00:34:41,580 And Thomas Edison also recognised in these two edicts, 257 00:34:41,580 --> 00:34:49,260 a basic blueprint of the method of controlling and exploiting the sedentary population of the empire. 258 00:34:49,260 --> 00:34:53,790 What is the secret history of the Mongols? 259 00:34:53,790 --> 00:35:04,650 Defines it as a resident commissioner. And what is quite interesting in this section is that significant wouldn't really know 260 00:35:04,650 --> 00:35:10,470 how to how to deal with the conquered cities due to the fact that they were nomads. 261 00:35:10,470 --> 00:35:13,440 They wouldn't know the laws and customs of cities. 262 00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:21,600 And so he was adequately informed to these customs and then appointed the people who he saw fit and where 263 00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:31,660 depth in the laws and customs of cities and alongside a Mongol delegate or a resident commissioner. 264 00:35:31,660 --> 00:35:37,310 So these demands also apply to Tibet, however, the ruler, the king of Tibet. 265 00:35:37,310 --> 00:35:43,100 Who would that be? Um. 266 00:35:43,100 --> 00:35:49,940 As we saw in the Taishi, to quote earlier, it was the singer reimported singer Zapata, 267 00:35:49,940 --> 00:35:56,750 who was first approached by the Mongols and a later source, it was suggested that he himself should go. 268 00:35:56,750 --> 00:36:06,680 However, he didn't really want to or whatever his his reasons were, but suggested the second Banita instead. 269 00:36:06,680 --> 00:36:15,320 And so we have further evidence from some of the letters. We have a gift accompanying letter describing the immense power of the Mongols and announces 270 00:36:15,320 --> 00:36:21,500 that envoys have already been sent on the way to Sakia carrying an official order. 271 00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:29,060 I think this is the so-called invitation of the second Pennetta that is tested in later sources. 272 00:36:29,060 --> 00:36:35,840 Just check the time. The singer mentioned the steady and increasing power of the Mongols in a second 273 00:36:35,840 --> 00:36:40,280 letter and urges such a Panopto to go to the border area and start negotiation. 274 00:36:40,280 --> 00:36:45,020 He reminds them that there is this looming threat that he and his monastic 275 00:36:45,020 --> 00:36:50,450 community will be killed by the Mongols if they do not comply and cooperate, 276 00:36:50,450 --> 00:36:57,290 had to lobby, seek approval from various dignitaries in central Tibet because there was no one who could claim to. 277 00:36:57,290 --> 00:37:12,800 Nobody could claim like Tibetan authority. And so in another letter like Katumba Tanaka, who posed a few questions, why did penitential be selected? 278 00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:17,180 We can read first question, what qualities of realisation do you possess? 279 00:37:17,180 --> 00:37:21,020 And then is there any beneficial reasons for your going to the Mongols? 280 00:37:21,020 --> 00:37:27,890 So that is definitely a question of like, are you old enough to do that? 281 00:37:27,890 --> 00:37:35,750 As Parcell Johnson, in his monumental work rules of celestial planes already concluded, 282 00:37:35,750 --> 00:37:40,250 we have equal and largely autonomous regional polities, and I quote, 283 00:37:40,250 --> 00:37:52,630 in an epoch bereft of a stable or durable centralised authority for the political orientation, therefore was quintessentially the centralistic. 284 00:37:52,630 --> 00:38:00,760 The following events we can read from mousepox geneology of the Zacchaeus, which even says that Lord Lord Cuttone, 285 00:38:00,760 --> 00:38:10,870 who was the Mongol authority to the Tibetans, to the Tibetans at the time, wanted a representative in Tibet and invited a good lama to come. 286 00:38:10,870 --> 00:38:19,060 He then withdrew the army and said to bring Tibet under control, we need to fill it with hundreds of Tibetans loyal to us. 287 00:38:19,060 --> 00:38:26,800 Panopto was sent on his way and took his two nephews, which served also as hostages with him. 288 00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:36,400 And in his sixty fifth year he arrived in the nowadays Luxo or Jungle and met with the Prince, 289 00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:43,720 the Mongol prince in the following year, who then said Bring you two nephews with you, show great trust in us. 290 00:38:43,720 --> 00:39:01,410 And Lord Kryten was pleased. Let me just skip over this because of time restraints that let me see, OK, right. 291 00:39:01,410 --> 00:39:09,450 So just to just to skip forward a little bit, negotiations were placed second hand, 292 00:39:09,450 --> 00:39:21,260 did not return to Tibet, unfortunately, but his two nephews, Pacta Lama and technology, they were sent. 293 00:39:21,260 --> 00:39:35,060 To the Mongul court and then later dispatched to Tibet, and they were acting as officials of the Mongol Empire to rule in Tibet. 294 00:39:35,060 --> 00:39:48,350 And so a lot of measures were introduced and in the in the following years, a lot of reorganisation took place in the initial Russi layout, 295 00:39:48,350 --> 00:40:04,760 I would argue was adopted also by the Mongols and various Mongol princess were appointed to be like householders to the various districts. 296 00:40:04,760 --> 00:40:11,110 And so here we have a letter by October from the paratrooper. 297 00:40:11,110 --> 00:40:20,710 Who writes to people, I can see that he has shown favour to all the envoys for this, all of our teachers are in your debt on our part. 298 00:40:20,710 --> 00:40:25,840 We shall make aspiration prayers for all the royal line on the Mongol side to the best of our abilities. 299 00:40:25,840 --> 00:40:34,390 We shall hold an honest mentality towards your authority. However, 300 00:40:34,390 --> 00:40:42,220 as he goes on in his letter that all these new measures that were introduced to Tibet wasn't to his 301 00:40:42,220 --> 00:40:49,750 satisfaction and especially the cadastre survey which established Borders wasn't to his liking. 302 00:40:49,750 --> 00:40:54,700 And he thought that his neighbours would have gotten the bigger share. 303 00:40:54,700 --> 00:41:01,060 So he requests to transfer one of the taxable households under its supervision. 304 00:41:01,060 --> 00:41:06,700 And he then says if the request is found unreasonable, then this school of ours will have a large name, 305 00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:14,930 but a small body will not keep up with our counterpart and appear not to be capable. 306 00:41:14,930 --> 00:41:21,470 And then we can see there's this there's a real rise in in in confirmation letters, 307 00:41:21,470 --> 00:41:29,150 in edicts that are now introduced as a consequence of the moral authority. 308 00:41:29,150 --> 00:41:40,970 So Pogba here is writing at the behest of the emperor, reminds exemptions that were granted to the Mongols throughout the whole Mongol empire. 309 00:41:40,970 --> 00:41:46,790 And the document is followed by a lot of border settlement details. 310 00:41:46,790 --> 00:41:57,440 So he is just a few. So all of these lands, areas, estates and monasteries, no one shall take away any of these or drive away the owners, 311 00:41:57,440 --> 00:42:08,340 nor shall they do a single thing that amounts to a contestation. This is the original photograph by Peter. 312 00:42:08,340 --> 00:42:17,250 And so legal documents is something that now become more important and with the results of the census of the 60s, 313 00:42:17,250 --> 00:42:26,490 new official posts were installed such as the post of the Myriad or the people, and they were also establishing new measurements. 314 00:42:26,490 --> 00:42:36,780 So the census used the data as the basic text unit here, few details of what a holiday consists of. 315 00:42:36,780 --> 00:42:42,450 And it also had to have a strip of land sufficient for selling 12 bushels of Moghuls seat. 316 00:42:42,450 --> 00:42:53,440 So that is a new measurement. What was also important, as we can see from the 15th century genealogy of the Jungleland duckbill, 317 00:42:53,440 --> 00:43:02,110 since it was necessary that one kowtowed to the Mongol Empire, the lot fell on the line of Tokugawa as he had neither a son or a nephew. 318 00:43:02,110 --> 00:43:11,820 He plans to go to China himself. And another source, the clear mirror of raging allergies and other Tibetan archives from the 15th century, 319 00:43:11,820 --> 00:43:17,370 possibly we can read that even in the 12th 80s, 320 00:43:17,370 --> 00:43:23,820 the pension gap, people from December was appointed as ruler and took over from his father by the age of 18, 321 00:43:23,820 --> 00:43:31,290 had to go to the Mongolians to get everything confirmed. And it is reported that he received a lot of presents, 322 00:43:31,290 --> 00:43:39,090 as well as an edict acknowledging all taxable households from previous times you returned to Tibet and had control over the kingdom. 323 00:43:39,090 --> 00:43:47,550 However, as it goes on and of source, the abbot of Israel would not give up his households and gallopers and were to China. 324 00:43:47,550 --> 00:43:54,990 Then the message of the sympathy temple. He would not give up the so-called pay send word to China. 325 00:43:54,990 --> 00:44:03,480 Jama'a Deong wouldn't give up. He sent word to China again and then later and took wouldn't give up their households and got a person were to China. 326 00:44:03,480 --> 00:44:09,420 He finally received all households and ruled over them. 327 00:44:09,420 --> 00:44:18,090 And what I think is is coming out here, hopefully, is that there's a rise of legality. 328 00:44:18,090 --> 00:44:23,100 It means that the moral authority has to be acknowledged. And all these new measurements, 329 00:44:23,100 --> 00:44:32,700 especially edicts which are from the Mongolian side called Jessica in the of Defence I Codesa become more and more important. 330 00:44:32,700 --> 00:44:40,980 However, the processes of how these were interpreted and adopted within central Tibet is a 331 00:44:40,980 --> 00:44:48,030 whole different story that I hope to shed more light on in my continuing research. 332 00:44:48,030 --> 00:44:53,520 And since we're a bit short on time and just give you a brief conclusion, 333 00:44:53,520 --> 00:45:00,660 so I would say that the Tibetan Empire, Tim, are precepts for military and social order. 334 00:45:00,660 --> 00:45:05,700 They include land rights, taxation, legal text, including sanctions. 335 00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:15,240 We have a single ruler or emperor. And the fragmentation has noticed, according to the sources. 336 00:45:15,240 --> 00:45:19,350 That means there's no single ruler, we don't have unitary measures or regulations, 337 00:45:19,350 --> 00:45:30,270 etc. We have local but Short-Lived advances in Tibet and the possibility again in the 13th century we have time again. 338 00:45:30,270 --> 00:45:35,760 This time it's Horten. It's the Mongol. Tim, we we have a military superstructure. 339 00:45:35,760 --> 00:45:37,800 We have edicts and documents for land rights, 340 00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:46,140 taxation measurements and other legalistic measures such as the confirmation of offers or tax exemptions. 341 00:45:46,140 --> 00:46:07,177 And we have a single Mongolian emperor. OK.