1 00:00:00,060 --> 00:00:05,010 And for a minute I felt like I was surrounded by a pack of energy hungry wolves. 2 00:00:05,880 --> 00:00:07,200 But on the mangy side, 3 00:00:08,340 --> 00:00:18,000 they got it into their heads that I knew where I knew where to find the gold that had been buried and left by the Armenians back in 1915, 4 00:00:18,150 --> 00:00:22,000 the time of the great opening and not the massacre of the Armenians. 5 00:00:22,050 --> 00:00:34,330 So instead. He goes on, it's a wonder that they can believe that anybody with them, with a map to a chest of gold buried in the middle of nowhere, 6 00:00:34,810 --> 00:00:41,080 would cool their heels for a hundred years before deciding to dig it out and take it home. 7 00:00:42,400 --> 00:00:51,100 This being 2018, they pulled out smartphones with pictures of stones and crosses, traces of Armenian writing, 8 00:00:51,730 --> 00:00:57,430 or even just hollowed out sections that could easily have served as my ancestors toilets. 9 00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:03,890 Not just that, but they even showed me the picture of what looks like a fossilised turtle. 10 00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:11,600 Underneath which somebody in possession of the necessary secrets might uncover untold riches. 11 00:01:12,750 --> 00:01:20,910 Well, it's tragic, comical and everything in between to see these people in the last year of their own lives, 12 00:01:21,450 --> 00:01:27,749 shamelessly striving to wheedle a treasure map from a descendant of the people their parents 13 00:01:27,750 --> 00:01:34,770 massacred and the unrealised hopes of getting their hands on all that coal before the end of earth. 14 00:01:35,190 --> 00:01:41,460 So that email message for the college struck me as kind of my type of topic. 15 00:01:41,910 --> 00:01:47,640 And then my title is Traditions in Greece, and I'm not talking about Eastern Turkey and Armenia, 16 00:01:48,690 --> 00:01:54,600 but these are kind of like post Ottoman or the formerly Ottoman post Ottoman places. 17 00:01:55,770 --> 00:02:04,379 And this story about the Armenian gold is confirmed if you needed a confirmation. 18 00:02:04,380 --> 00:02:09,150 I had had inklings that this was this story, this very real ongoing tradition. 19 00:02:09,870 --> 00:02:21,570 And there this article by Alex von Duberstein, which, if you like, is a very highly theorised anthropology of tragedy in the Armenian area. 20 00:02:21,810 --> 00:02:27,680 And I'll tell you a little bit about her story in a minute. 21 00:02:27,690 --> 00:02:31,700 But just on the slide, these are some images from her article. 22 00:02:31,710 --> 00:02:34,980 These are the treasure maps mentioned in that email already. 23 00:02:35,730 --> 00:02:45,390 And that is those are the ruins of an ancient Armenian monastery with so fresh earth right there where the local inhabitants, 24 00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:51,060 who are mainly Kurds, have been digging because that's an Armenian site. 25 00:02:51,870 --> 00:02:58,830 And, you know, the likelihood of being there is better than better than just in the world of us in both. 26 00:03:00,590 --> 00:03:06,979 And so these stories in Armenia point to a consistency with good stories. 27 00:03:06,980 --> 00:03:14,660 In the post world, which includes Greece and much of the Balkans and Middle East have these kinds of traditions. 28 00:03:16,930 --> 00:03:24,850 There. They were already familiar to me because the field athletes who came to Greece 29 00:03:24,850 --> 00:03:32,830 in the early 1800s before even were thought by the local inhabitants of Greece, 30 00:03:33,250 --> 00:03:39,160 Ottomans, to be in possession of special knowledge of where treasures lay. 31 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:45,100 And they thought that the Flemings knew that because the Hellenes could read the inscriptions 32 00:03:45,100 --> 00:03:50,140 on the stones until things were very interested in the remains of the ancient Greeks. 33 00:03:50,170 --> 00:03:54,790 That's what this early photograph is meant to show. 34 00:03:55,150 --> 00:04:04,450 I mean, nobody can see it, but there is a man with probably a sketchpad or something doing doing a rub or some kind of, 35 00:04:04,660 --> 00:04:06,790 you know, early archaeological activity. 36 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:18,430 Those were the sorts of characters that the denizens of Greece circa 1800, some some might have been a muslim. 37 00:04:19,450 --> 00:04:23,529 Some might have been Orthodox Christians, might have been Greeks, people smoking Albanians, because. 38 00:04:23,530 --> 00:04:30,130 But that was one of the generalised ideas similar to what was seen in the Armenian case. 39 00:04:31,270 --> 00:04:38,120 Is that the feelings? By their interest in the ruins and the knowledge of the inscriptions. 40 00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:42,610 We're interpreting indications the word treasure the. 41 00:04:45,110 --> 00:04:50,180 They were able to read the signs and the books and texts and. 42 00:04:51,720 --> 00:04:57,110 Pieces of inscription that they came with were the maps to have in the opening credits. 43 00:05:00,410 --> 00:05:05,330 The Kurds pester Armenian visitors for maps such as law in Pompeii. 44 00:05:05,330 --> 00:05:10,970 Precise illustration. Do you have a map that's been given to you from him? 45 00:05:11,870 --> 00:05:16,100 And they have developed ideas that turtles, as that article mentioned. 46 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:21,460 Or chickens might be animals that lead you to where treasure might be. 47 00:05:21,470 --> 00:05:24,470 So if you follow a turtle, I'd take you to a treasure. 48 00:05:26,160 --> 00:05:30,200 They do have some they do have some limits to Curtis. 49 00:05:30,690 --> 00:05:37,710 But Treasury secrets, they won't dig up Armenian graves, and supposedly they won't dig in churches either. 50 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:42,720 But you've seen them in the monastery, so I'm not sure how true that is. 51 00:05:44,370 --> 00:05:49,650 Since I've introduced article, I should follow through and tell you, 52 00:05:49,680 --> 00:06:00,300 because this is a proper contemporary anthropologist trained at Cambridge with Gail Navarro and sort of highly theorised article, 53 00:06:01,380 --> 00:06:07,650 which is, I think just interesting. But to take a little bit description, to get a theory of treasure hunting, 54 00:06:08,670 --> 00:06:14,100 because I feel that before you go into it, it's not a one size fits all theory. 55 00:06:14,110 --> 00:06:21,419 I mean, theories about treasures will vary according to the place where they you know, 56 00:06:21,420 --> 00:06:26,969 where they take where the treasures are found and who's involved, who's digging up, whose treasure from how far apart. 57 00:06:26,970 --> 00:06:32,340 So bear in mind that eastern turkey in the Armenian areas is a very particular case. 58 00:06:33,690 --> 00:06:41,190 So one person talks to the Kurds about, you know, what's going on here and what do you think you're doing? 59 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:47,099 And a Kurdish woman. Tell us what this absolutely deplorable what happened to the Armenians. 60 00:06:47,100 --> 00:06:55,560 This should never happen to anybody to be massacred and run out, you know, and to be deported, to basically exterminated like they were. 61 00:06:57,070 --> 00:07:02,740 But it happened in the past and now, you know, we didn't support what happened there at all. 62 00:07:03,130 --> 00:07:06,340 But there are these treasures that we're doing about to try to find. 63 00:07:07,420 --> 00:07:11,139 And furthermore, to say, well, we can't make common cause. 64 00:07:11,140 --> 00:07:14,620 We are victims of the state in Turkey just as much as the Armenians. 65 00:07:15,760 --> 00:07:25,060 And if you follow developments in Turkey, you know that Kurdish mothers demonstrate, I think every Saturday in Istanbul about the disappeared, 66 00:07:25,270 --> 00:07:32,990 children disappeared, sons maiming and fighting in eastern Turkey, and rapidly they expanded their cause. 67 00:07:33,010 --> 00:07:41,980 It's one of those things where they've expanded to embrace other oppressed minorities in Turkey and they've welcomed in Armenia. 68 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:50,020 Fellow demonstrators with the Armenians without any common cause just happened to be some presence here. 69 00:07:52,170 --> 00:07:57,180 Colombia's time goes on to say that treasure hunting in Turkey is formally illegal. 70 00:07:57,810 --> 00:08:06,150 You cannot you cannot dig things up and you can treasure hunt if you have permission from the state, which still presumably gives you. 71 00:08:06,160 --> 00:08:12,270 But no one's ever tried to get it. Everyone thinks illegally. So the condition is that. 72 00:08:14,700 --> 00:08:19,590 Everyone who digs and possibly stood back to her side. 73 00:08:20,310 --> 00:08:28,180 Everyone is digging in places like that. Is doing so surreptitiously and illegally. 74 00:08:29,410 --> 00:08:36,910 And any Kurd who might find something will probably rapidly knowing the politics of small communities 75 00:08:37,600 --> 00:08:46,149 throughout the world and possibly denounce to the police because people in the community go to want to see, 76 00:08:46,150 --> 00:08:51,970 you know, don't want to see them getting ahead, don't like them like, you know, there's always kind of repeats in these places. 77 00:08:52,330 --> 00:09:00,340 So by something the state made it by by this kind of serendipity of it being illegal, 78 00:09:00,340 --> 00:09:04,330 but people do and being possibly legal, but people choosing to do it illegally. 79 00:09:04,690 --> 00:09:10,270 The state has even stronger routes of control and surveillance over what's actually happening at the local level, 80 00:09:10,990 --> 00:09:17,110 much better than if they just declared it illegal or just just as good as they just declared illegal. 81 00:09:17,980 --> 00:09:30,540 So. So searching for treasure in Armenia, according to John McLaughlin, just reinforces your subjection to the state in subjection to informers. 82 00:09:34,680 --> 00:09:38,800 There is furthermore this element following an analysis of denial. 83 00:09:40,050 --> 00:09:45,660 The Kurds, we know, were deeply involved in the massacre of government units and the deportation of white. 84 00:09:46,320 --> 00:09:53,490 So this is a massive missed recognition to say, oh, there were a lot of people, they would go to a wonderful level of civilisation and so on. 85 00:09:54,240 --> 00:09:59,640 Nothing to do with us, you know that they got other people to exterminate or started to. 86 00:10:01,300 --> 00:10:09,490 So her analysis is that in this, you know, I don't necessarily follow all of this, 87 00:10:09,490 --> 00:10:15,490 but it's quite interesting to me that very stimulating for your imagination dollars for how to analyse 88 00:10:15,490 --> 00:10:23,320 Treasurys is that the Armenian Armenians have to be forgotten completely in this kind of Darwinian analysis. 89 00:10:24,340 --> 00:10:30,069 So the they're the material culture, they're valuable, such as they are, 90 00:10:30,070 --> 00:10:36,850 and the Earth can be appropriated and taken as as gifts, as free gifts to them. 91 00:10:38,380 --> 00:10:42,850 So the Armenians have to be. The indifference to the. 92 00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:46,970 It is part of the erasure of the Armenians. 93 00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:56,840 Somebody into 4 billion people whose wealth such as can be found is less than transferable liquid boys treasures. 94 00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:06,560 But this is all impossible to do because at some level they never did have a hand in the genocide of the Armenians. 95 00:11:06,980 --> 00:11:13,210 So the Armenians are constantly returning and these treasures are our burdens and they're haunted. 96 00:11:13,220 --> 00:11:16,330 And if you dig one up and forget it, you can be denounced and thrown in jail. 97 00:11:16,340 --> 00:11:21,530 People get bankrupted by the metal detectors and the equipment to dig them up and not finding them. 98 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:32,810 So the Armenians are curse on the treasure hunters who are very good people and very poor, who are further bankrupted by the Armenians. 99 00:11:35,210 --> 00:11:39,440 Of the past. Okay. 100 00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:52,809 Well, you know, to do the anthropology or or the kind of social science study, what the humanistic study addresses, 101 00:11:52,810 --> 00:11:57,160 you've got to have an idea of what a treasure, what that would mean to to you, to us. 102 00:11:57,220 --> 00:12:02,190 When we write a paper, I think we're going to use the word treasure. So that means a lot using the rich spectrum. 103 00:12:03,420 --> 00:12:08,400 Interestingly, the modern Greeks are using a word that's cognate to study. 104 00:12:09,100 --> 00:12:15,700 So what's our definition of treasure? I wish I had a wide, but of course this is anthropological. 105 00:12:16,210 --> 00:12:27,600 The definition of treasure is precious metals, which let's common all of those things, all of these or common accumulated wealth. 106 00:12:27,790 --> 00:12:31,089 So that's what we understand. Treasure. That's what the OED would tell you. 107 00:12:31,090 --> 00:12:38,880 Treasure is its hoard store of wealth, usually golden jewels of individuals. 108 00:12:39,730 --> 00:12:52,420 So it comes from old French trace oil, and it's related to the ancient Greek word, the source. 109 00:12:53,860 --> 00:13:02,870 Right. So that's our word for a. Treasury of language, a dictionary of synonyms. 110 00:13:02,870 --> 00:13:07,610 But the source is never means a treasure or treasury of words. 111 00:13:09,780 --> 00:13:19,220 Note that very early on, from the time it was made, you know, to come into English, it could mean anything about it. 112 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:24,930 So it was already even though it meant technically, it means gold or jewels. 113 00:13:27,060 --> 00:13:31,580 It's it immediately means anything that you consider to be more of a metaphor. 114 00:13:31,590 --> 00:13:46,330 But it's a very valuable. Um, in I was just thinking across to German I mean we don't in German are very common in term of endearment send mine shots. 115 00:13:46,700 --> 00:13:57,579 It's a very common we don't quite how that works in English but you get the idea of metaphorical expansion, you get metaphorical expansion, 116 00:13:57,580 --> 00:14:04,000 you talk of the national treasures or which can be buildings or objects or paintings, 117 00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:10,360 and you get a verbal form to treasure, which further semantically extends. 118 00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:15,970 The the field of treasure wanted to treasure your freedom. 119 00:14:16,510 --> 00:14:28,230 To treasure our memories. Then you get this great term treasure trove, which comes right up my street because of its paradoxical kind of temporality. 120 00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:38,440 I mean, that word literally means it's from the past of Trouvé Trouvé to a treasure that's found that literally mean. 121 00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:44,650 When we say treasure trove, it means something that's waiting there to be found, or that is being in the process of being found to have been found. 122 00:14:45,490 --> 00:14:49,120 But when we haven't, we use the word it means something, it means treasure found. 123 00:14:49,990 --> 00:14:55,000 But of course it's frozen semantically in English to the point we can just call it Trove. 124 00:14:56,200 --> 00:15:01,570 I'm looking for a trove. It's kind of temporary, paradoxical, something that's talk about found. 125 00:15:04,350 --> 00:15:09,300 So that paradoxical temporality in the treasure trove idea. 126 00:15:16,530 --> 00:15:21,839 Well, I'm giving you the kind of the OED general definition of the population, 127 00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:29,400 but his typical legal definition from the 1996 treasurer has passed in Parliament, 128 00:15:29,940 --> 00:15:41,860 where really it's specifying that treasure is mainly coins of a certain percentage of valuable met home funds goal of a sovereign above 10%. 129 00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:46,450 I think that's over 300 years of a really technical definition of. 130 00:15:47,730 --> 00:15:56,220 So when you write your paper about treasure, this could be some of the things that people had in mind and you might even have it in mind yourself. 131 00:15:56,730 --> 00:16:01,890 And you do. Well, I think we don't do well as researchers, but anthropologists do kind of. 132 00:16:03,220 --> 00:16:09,440 Set your assumptions out on the table, interrogate your assumptions, and where you might be getting your assumptions for the. 133 00:16:11,710 --> 00:16:23,620 So by and large, valuable, valuable metals that have been work shaped into coins, not just gold or his accomplice treasure, but this focus stuff. 134 00:16:24,700 --> 00:16:29,250 So we've got to look at various definitions and then you can really begin to think about treasures. 135 00:16:31,190 --> 00:16:37,370 And you wouldn't expect me to come here, and Nick wouldn't expect me to be here without some ancient Greek in the bargain. 136 00:16:38,780 --> 00:16:43,090 It's one of my go to texts with Sean Shane's dictionary. 137 00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:51,110 Etymological homework. This is how I read French actually in first place as classicist reading dictionaries like this. 138 00:16:52,280 --> 00:17:01,040 So it's really important to realise that the word in Greek for treasure thesaurus they sold was in treasure. 139 00:17:01,040 --> 00:17:04,070 It meant storehouse. It's meant Treasury. 140 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:09,340 So that was I skipped over that a lot myself. 141 00:17:09,340 --> 00:17:14,320 And so by following my former teachers correct, it means a lot to realise this place. 142 00:17:14,860 --> 00:17:25,459 This is a storehouse such as you would have at Delphi, where all the all the different city states brought riches and offerings and, 143 00:17:25,460 --> 00:17:32,260 and pieces of the wealth to give to the Delphic oracle, 144 00:17:32,260 --> 00:17:38,620 which was put on display and it fits a rose in Delphi probably belongs to you at these treasures. 145 00:17:42,050 --> 00:17:57,330 What I want to say about this are roots. So it's it's a word the word for treasure in Greek and extension words, the R word, too, which means objects. 146 00:17:57,970 --> 00:18:06,110 It has undergone a mountain and it telescoping it's gone from meaning the place with valuable points in it to mean valuable coins themselves. 147 00:18:07,690 --> 00:18:17,110 And modern Greek is the same word, which means what our word treasure means. 148 00:18:17,110 --> 00:18:21,830 Which means the objects. That's the the part. 149 00:18:22,120 --> 00:18:28,600 The it's not used so much as treasure place and it's pronounced p stavros in modern 150 00:18:29,770 --> 00:18:35,860 is so piece across and modern and it's our roads if you ask me implementation. 151 00:18:37,390 --> 00:18:48,460 I did want to say I have missed one little thing that I want to go back and say about the the U.K. Act of 1996 and. 152 00:18:51,090 --> 00:19:00,890 Theoretically treasurers of these loads of coins which people buried because they were in their banks or because they were 100, 153 00:19:00,900 --> 00:19:03,960 they wanted to hide it, but they wanted to keep possession of it. 154 00:19:04,710 --> 00:19:12,210 So in principle, treasuries are stored away with, in the spirit of getting them back, turning what's really bad them. 155 00:19:12,450 --> 00:19:17,720 That's the big concern since they were the things that are in your possession. 156 00:19:17,730 --> 00:19:24,870 They were technically in somebody's possession, but that person somehow couldn't find their way back to them. 157 00:19:24,960 --> 00:19:28,890 Maybe they were killed. Maybe they went away and never came back. 158 00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:34,830 So there's a break in personal ownership, something wanted to take that money back. 159 00:19:34,890 --> 00:19:44,610 Who was asserting this were ownership of them gets separated from there or it's and therefore the treasure this these 160 00:19:44,610 --> 00:19:58,260 treasured treasures in the U.K. for example or are collections of wealth coins of coins where ownership has been disrupted. 161 00:19:58,530 --> 00:20:04,230 They would have been retained. They would have been transferred as inheritance or something like that. 162 00:20:04,530 --> 00:20:07,980 But the chain of transmission has been broken. 163 00:20:10,730 --> 00:20:12,020 And those who find them. 164 00:20:12,020 --> 00:20:20,540 Some help break in to the nexus of possession and ownership that should have the transmission that should have happened is finally ruptured for good. 165 00:20:21,050 --> 00:20:24,470 When the treasure hunter takes things it over. 166 00:20:29,080 --> 00:20:36,190 And the last bit of something just to say you would have thought that you could break a 167 00:20:36,490 --> 00:20:45,670 cross into two component routes because the first part looks so much from time to place. 168 00:20:47,230 --> 00:20:55,990 But it's a short chain. Can't figure it out. He says, you know, this is the there's no satisfactory solution beyond the statistics on this. 169 00:20:56,070 --> 00:20:59,800 You can't you can't etymology it. So I thought, that's quite interesting. 170 00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:03,909 I think that you probably can, but some trains serve. 171 00:21:03,910 --> 00:21:06,970 But whenever a 1950s or sixties didn't didn't do it. 172 00:21:07,930 --> 00:21:12,190 But I won't going to be able to do the treasure. 173 00:21:13,870 --> 00:21:19,140 It's not resolvable into smaller bits. Okay. 174 00:21:19,350 --> 00:21:22,110 In some of them. From what I've got to, um. 175 00:21:22,620 --> 00:21:29,820 Where wealth can be held in forms like precious metals or jewels which do not disintegrate when buried in the earth. 176 00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:37,250 Treasuries are a distinct possibility. And obviously stories about treasuries are a distinct possibility. 177 00:21:38,370 --> 00:21:45,870 So this includes just about everywhere on earth. And then there are all those metaphorical or alternative forms of treasure. 178 00:21:46,620 --> 00:21:53,940 In my case, all the icons linked to my material entries were people dug up valuable icons. 179 00:21:55,250 --> 00:22:04,470 Missing lottery tickets, which you can buy again with a lottery ticket, especially a winning ticket is as good as treasure. 180 00:22:04,490 --> 00:22:07,670 It's a metaphorical variation on it. 181 00:22:10,010 --> 00:22:13,550 Winning the winning lottery numbers disclosed in a dream or vision. 182 00:22:14,900 --> 00:22:22,400 These are all extensions of the semantics of treasure. I want to say a little bit about treasuries as stories. 183 00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:28,860 It's a combination. Well. 184 00:22:32,490 --> 00:22:46,880 A lot of these. Themes and conceits about treasures pointed in stories point to certain consistent interpretations. 185 00:22:47,990 --> 00:22:52,070 So to tell story about treasure is no doubt entertaining. 186 00:22:52,310 --> 00:23:02,750 People are fascinated and attracted to wonder in wonderment about the idea of getting rich. 187 00:23:03,360 --> 00:23:09,140 And so, as a theme in the story, it emphasises a real attraction to the imagination. 188 00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:14,540 Here's how somebody got rich. And by extension, and listening to these stories like these are meetings. 189 00:23:14,540 --> 00:23:17,719 In the beginning, you can get clues how you might get rich, 190 00:23:17,720 --> 00:23:23,180 because they did it by looking at maps and using metal detectors similar to the entertainment stories. 191 00:23:23,180 --> 00:23:26,810 But they can also become practical how to stories. 192 00:23:27,350 --> 00:23:34,400 They can nurture a lot of ideas. I mean, it's not just treasures, but stories about them. 193 00:23:35,860 --> 00:23:41,500 Accounts of Churchill entertain well, supplying this information about how to go about recovering them. 194 00:23:43,770 --> 00:23:49,470 And that information includes details of where people found treasure somewhere in your local environment. 195 00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:56,100 Which which, you know, where do people search for them? 196 00:23:56,280 --> 00:23:59,999 Which gods are saints were needed to reveal really treasured ones. 197 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:06,380 Who is what would st help somebody? Maybe I can appeal to that st should you? 198 00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:11,760 How do you even appeal to a saint? And if you do appeal to them talking about Greece, Orthodox Christian, Greece. 199 00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:16,680 Now if you do appeal to a saint, how do you get the saints to disclose information you want? 200 00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:27,500 And what should you do if you could find a treasure or even if you just find out about the treasure? 201 00:24:27,650 --> 00:24:30,600 These are all massive storage traditions in Greece. 202 00:24:30,650 --> 00:24:39,440 Each one of those little steps is called numbers of stories about it's a rough and competitive world in the Greek village, 203 00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:43,280 as I mentioned, in a Kurdish village filled with secrets. 204 00:24:44,430 --> 00:24:50,190 People. People have heard something. People know something going on in the dark of night to try to find it. 205 00:24:50,580 --> 00:24:58,170 It's a world in which there are technological devices, such as metal detectors, sophisticated. 206 00:25:00,810 --> 00:25:06,330 But for much of the time in the village, like where I work, where I'm going, which I'll come up to shortly. 207 00:25:07,420 --> 00:25:16,800 The prospect of buried treasures resides entirely in reveries, fantasies, dreams and stories. 208 00:25:16,810 --> 00:25:22,870 This things circulates much, much more than any treasure trove ever found. 209 00:25:24,070 --> 00:25:32,320 There is could easily imagine a case for this multiplicity of treasure stories and modes of getting them don't have actually found, 210 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:39,639 but except in stories that say they found them. But rarely could anyone point to the amount, 211 00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:47,170 the gold or the statues or the translation into wealth in the form of a new house or a new car or anything like that. 212 00:25:48,070 --> 00:25:53,320 So people imagine themselves finding treasure much more often than they do find treasure. 213 00:25:55,540 --> 00:26:01,990 And I ask you because I'm always this is what my anthropologist is like through the study of our own terms. 214 00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:06,250 Treasury is giving you to think about how you feel about these things. 215 00:26:08,050 --> 00:26:17,290 Who amongst you whose mind has not ventured on the possibility of winning the lottery and has not ventured on it before, 216 00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:21,010 during and after plunking down £2 to buy the ticket? 217 00:26:23,050 --> 00:26:27,640 So the contradictory temporality that we already saw in Treasure Trove comes back again. 218 00:26:28,390 --> 00:26:34,600 We are winners are losers, and we are winners again in our own minds, even before we win. 219 00:26:36,790 --> 00:26:43,960 And my one of my ethnographic themes has been the study of hope and the future of something that 220 00:26:44,060 --> 00:26:52,629 they've written about recently written about hope for the future and its connections to the past, 221 00:26:52,630 --> 00:27:02,470 because will come through these treasures of things that are sediments into the earth and located back into them graphically. 222 00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:14,020 There's a kind of nascent anthropology of hope and the future that a system proposes that Miyazaki, who talks about Fijians on in New Zealand, 223 00:27:14,020 --> 00:27:20,259 who are trying to claim back their ancestral land and they just go through the motions every day or every week of showing 224 00:27:20,260 --> 00:27:29,319 up at the court and in Auckland and putting in the kind of formal going through the motions that claiming their land, 225 00:27:29,320 --> 00:27:31,940 even though they haven't got it for so many years. 226 00:27:32,070 --> 00:27:41,680 Mean he calls me that because the methodology of of just venturing out hope just hoping against hope as we would say and I would say that 227 00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:52,180 as well for my villagers matchless that they also had a methodology of a boat and that the idea that treasures rested in closed boxes, 228 00:27:52,180 --> 00:28:01,510 which were never recovered, actually gave them more dynamism and more dynamic and more continuing purchase on the mind and venturing. 229 00:28:01,630 --> 00:28:09,280 Hope that if they were actually discovered as Gus on Bachelard says, there's always more things in a closed box than. 230 00:28:12,410 --> 00:28:17,530 I'm going to the theme of secrecy as a little one of those story things. 231 00:28:18,410 --> 00:28:28,970 And you know, it's real treasure was ever about being discovered this necessarily that you're into the actual events do not tell anyone. 232 00:28:29,510 --> 00:28:37,130 Okay. If you have been told where treasure is and certainly if you have found one, do not tell anybody, 233 00:28:38,480 --> 00:28:45,170 as the concedes know, for how how this knowledge gets you in privacy in the first place. 234 00:28:45,410 --> 00:28:56,360 Treasures are often disclosed to in revelations of dreams, climate, visions, so that you are, in the first instance, the sole owner of that knowledge. 235 00:28:56,810 --> 00:29:00,410 Then it's up to you to make the mistake of telling anybody else about it. 236 00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:06,979 Um, the Greek tradition is pretty consistent in saying that if you tell somebody that 237 00:29:06,980 --> 00:29:10,310 you've had a dream of treasure before going out and trying to dig it up yourself, 238 00:29:11,030 --> 00:29:18,079 it will turn to old coal or to rusted iron when you go and actually dig it up in the place. 239 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:23,920 If you told them. It's you, as we've seen in your opinion. 240 00:29:24,130 --> 00:29:29,580 In some case, it's illegal in Greece to dig up antiquities. 241 00:29:29,670 --> 00:29:33,540 We've got to be very careful in Greece if you've seen digging at all, 242 00:29:33,990 --> 00:29:42,389 because it could be thought the state might even think it would be difficult for an ancient Greek sanctuary or something, 243 00:29:42,390 --> 00:29:45,630 some complex Greek antiquity. 244 00:29:48,610 --> 00:29:53,060 You have to get permission. Obviously, this whole tangle of should I tell somebody, you know, 245 00:29:53,090 --> 00:30:02,770 tell somebody it's illegal to dig on somebody else's land without securing the permission, of course, to be able to live on public land. 246 00:30:03,190 --> 00:30:07,240 And it's basically illegal to dig on your own land, too, without securing permission. 247 00:30:08,170 --> 00:30:09,510 And there's all these laws. 248 00:30:09,520 --> 00:30:21,070 And in Greece, as in the UK, of sharing the income, if you were to find a treasure in the UK according to the Treasure Act, 249 00:30:21,340 --> 00:30:28,390 by the way, there was another act in 1997 called the Portable Antiquities Act, which covered everything that wasn't treasure. 250 00:30:28,720 --> 00:30:35,290 So if you would find the statue or something like that, you have to declare it and offer it to museum, to purchase. 251 00:30:37,290 --> 00:30:43,220 So it's insured. Treasure hunting is fundamentally anti-social. 252 00:30:44,520 --> 00:30:51,170 It's a kind of limited world. If I get the treasure, you didn't get treasure. 253 00:30:51,180 --> 00:30:58,559 It creates inequality. It's in a world where it's thought that there's a zero sum game. 254 00:30:58,560 --> 00:31:06,480 Like, I'm getting ahead. You're falling behind. Which is one of the reasons why you would probably get informed upon, as I said earlier, why? 255 00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:11,670 Why would a poor Kurdish villager inform on another form of Kurdish religion? 256 00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:23,510 In Mexico, we're treasures of what this anthropologist George Foster, has written about treasured traditions. 257 00:31:24,290 --> 00:31:32,540 He was a kind of classic, functionalist anthropologist, and he noticed this idea of kind of a static, zero sum economy. 258 00:31:33,500 --> 00:31:40,820 He said, Well, the only way you could get rich in Mexico was if you had found a treasure. 259 00:31:41,180 --> 00:31:44,290 Because in my case, it didn't come at anybody's expense. 260 00:31:44,300 --> 00:31:48,590 So you could if you said to everybody, I found a very treasure, you would. 261 00:31:48,590 --> 00:32:01,430 And it goes against what I've just said. But in that case, that's his argument that you still you can still be inside of the zero sum logic. 262 00:32:01,460 --> 00:32:05,140 I didn't take it from anybody. It's a windfall from outside and take it from you. 263 00:32:05,150 --> 00:32:08,330 I'm rich. Good for me and everyone else. And say good for you too. 264 00:32:08,630 --> 00:32:17,590 Doesn't work like that in Greece. If you want to get that kind of windfall, you would still be subject to the jealousy of your cousins indigenous. 265 00:32:17,660 --> 00:32:22,340 So it's not even allowed to find it by luck because it's invidious and sexual partners. 266 00:32:23,730 --> 00:32:29,280 A demonic. So that's so much more secrecy. 267 00:32:30,310 --> 00:32:39,490 Um. I mentioned that the Armenian pressures on some Kurds in a way often have increased, 268 00:32:41,850 --> 00:32:48,340 and that's another element of treasure stories, is that in order to grab to get them, you must have made a pact with the devil. 269 00:32:48,910 --> 00:32:56,410 And that's a very old theme in in western, western, western popular traditions. 270 00:32:56,830 --> 00:33:10,200 It's kind of made crystallised in ghosts in Europe as opposed to the idea of the devil to commit yourself. 271 00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:19,879 And so the first legend was just one variation of the ways in which I think that people use violence. 272 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:23,670 It's pretty good to easily choose money as well. 273 00:33:25,680 --> 00:33:35,799 So. Treasurys might be have been the possession of people who buried them and put 274 00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:39,370 a curse on them that no one else could retrieve the equipment that they did. 275 00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:43,900 The safety deposit box, you know, without the kind of metal at the key. 276 00:33:44,140 --> 00:33:46,630 It's just constant pressure and nobody will pick it up. 277 00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:55,390 That that they got that the person who handed this guy the misfortune of not buying treasures that are in the earth. 278 00:33:55,810 --> 00:34:06,430 And so they come a little bit under the jurisdiction of these comic deities and sort of gods, 279 00:34:06,730 --> 00:34:11,890 you know, from ancient Greeks like pound and so on, and nature of spirits. 280 00:34:12,550 --> 00:34:20,770 And as you get into modern Greece, this the figure of the Dracula's, which definitely is an ogre, that's women. 281 00:34:21,340 --> 00:34:26,410 But in earlier Greek, in fact, if you go back to ancient Greek, it meant serpent or snake, 282 00:34:28,090 --> 00:34:32,200 as in although the word dragons doesn't figure in that passage. 283 00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:39,430 And Luke gives you the idea that these snakes will kind of follow can demonise spike in Christianity. 284 00:34:40,510 --> 00:34:46,480 But what was interesting to me is that in Early Dream books and I'm looking at our time Dawson's a dream book from. 285 00:34:47,790 --> 00:34:57,210 In the second century A.D. He says that if it's a dream book which gives you symbol and meaning. 286 00:34:57,270 --> 00:35:05,730 So if you see an apple and you don't see it, you know, if you see a your mother is why she see a snake, 287 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:09,790 which the word is the marquis in the second century A.D. Greek. 288 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:14,280 It means that you'll find a treasure because. Snakes, God, treasures. 289 00:35:16,790 --> 00:35:27,230 And in my material in the island of Naxos to Salt and throughout Greece, there's proliferating traditions about to demonic figures, 290 00:35:27,590 --> 00:35:37,999 the moor or the Arab glamorous ideas about which might refer to Saracen pirates who forced, 291 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:43,129 in a way, the burial of wealth because its pirates were going to storm the island. 292 00:35:43,130 --> 00:35:48,320 You buried your money quickly, so they were not responsible for the entering of treasure. 293 00:35:48,320 --> 00:35:52,150 But they also this kind of method mimicry became associated with being guardians of it. 294 00:35:52,160 --> 00:35:59,360 You know, I can't explain to you why it's one of those things semantically that come the guardians, 295 00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:05,000 and you have to negotiate with them, with the models and the ideas to get the treasure from them. 296 00:36:05,930 --> 00:36:09,230 And there's there's proliferating traditions of all kinds of treasures. 297 00:36:14,080 --> 00:36:23,190 So what I'm doing and what where I want to take all this in the direction of anthropology and history, so I get to do my own personal advertisment. 298 00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:30,550 Now, this is a book series that I've just started with my colleagues stuff from here at the University of Chicago. 299 00:36:31,120 --> 00:36:33,909 And my as, as you said, introducing me, 300 00:36:33,910 --> 00:36:43,210 my idea about this treasures is that they indicate there they are an avenue for understanding local people's relationship to the past. 301 00:36:43,570 --> 00:36:52,540 And that's what we're calling for an anthropologist history for alternative histories, cities, different media, different modes. 302 00:36:53,920 --> 00:37:01,240 Aside from that of standard Western history, historicism historiography in which people retrieve the past, 303 00:37:02,230 --> 00:37:06,520 interact with the understand it on a clinical, ongoing basis. 304 00:37:07,030 --> 00:37:15,640 So already and from Bolivar Stein's article, you get the idea that this is some very complicated relationship between modern day Kurds and Armenians. 305 00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:25,630 And in Greece as well, especially in my study of Naxos, the islanders are relating to their past, 306 00:37:25,720 --> 00:37:34,000 to their to what they think went on with past ideas that they are producing outside of historicism. 307 00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:37,420 Outside of enlightenment. Historicism altogether. 308 00:37:42,030 --> 00:37:46,690 Archaeology is another is an allied discipline in the anthropology of history. 309 00:37:46,710 --> 00:37:49,800 When you think about digging treasure, but that's the stuff of archaeology. 310 00:37:50,430 --> 00:37:53,010 They hate it when you call them treasure hunters, however. 311 00:37:54,450 --> 00:38:02,190 But archaeologists are doing what they are on the side of standard post-Enlightenment historical practice. 312 00:38:03,780 --> 00:38:12,350 They they look at artefacts, objects that come out of the earth, and they try to fit them in a chronological timeline. 313 00:38:12,390 --> 00:38:16,200 They try to reconstruct the plausible world in which those artefacts were used. 314 00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:20,330 So that's quite you know, that's a that's a perfectly great endeavour. 315 00:38:20,850 --> 00:38:24,480 And it's entirely consistent with what Western academic sources. 316 00:38:25,470 --> 00:38:32,520 But archaeologists have also come to recognise that local people have their own ideas about these things, 317 00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:38,490 just like crude stuff like this Fulham treasure and Greeks have ideas about icons buried in the ground. 318 00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:52,360 So they're not just about. Incorporating the finest archaeological finds into Western the idea of Western history, but also doing the concerted, 319 00:38:52,360 --> 00:39:00,940 aggressive research among people who lived in vicinity of these sites and to find out what they think about the sites, what's going on. 320 00:39:04,050 --> 00:39:10,140 Trekkers, for the most part, are the secretions of the parts, the things that the past is secreted, 321 00:39:10,740 --> 00:39:17,190 secrets like into the earth, an archaeologist, academic discipline, 322 00:39:17,340 --> 00:39:25,650 excellence for studying them as indexes of past and habitation of sounds and establishing history, 323 00:39:26,670 --> 00:39:31,140 incorporating this and widening the historical record. 324 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:42,890 My book about dreaming and historical consciousness increase is about while acknowledging that, you know, historicism is is fine, 325 00:39:42,900 --> 00:39:50,340 but that other people do things differently and you have a choice than to sell them that wrong or to listen to what they're doing, 326 00:39:50,340 --> 00:39:56,310 but discover in their point of view. So as an anthropologist, that's what we're in the business of doing. 327 00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:03,840 So not not ruling them out of court, calling what they're doing, myth or line or false, 328 00:40:04,260 --> 00:40:12,390 but trying to extend the coherence of it and its integration with them there within their life, within their society. 329 00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:25,200 My work on treasures in Greece situates the stories and encounters with these buried objects hidden objects, 330 00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:37,260 occult and objects as possible within local social practices, within local cultural ideas, and contextualised by local historical developments. 331 00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:45,390 And their relationship to these treasures reveals an emotionally affective spiritual relationship to the past. 332 00:40:46,260 --> 00:40:52,500 And it's bound up for the local people with relationships of kinship, proprietorship and knowledge. 333 00:40:54,000 --> 00:41:00,970 So that raises the question are treasures in a place like Naxos secretions of history at all? 334 00:41:01,650 --> 00:41:10,440 Or maybe the march. And I think there's a fine line between between this and this and this, because, 335 00:41:10,440 --> 00:41:14,070 like I said, there's a lot of stories and not that many kind of tragedies. 336 00:41:15,900 --> 00:41:24,390 So there's a fine line between stories and evidence of factuality, and there's a fine line between imagination and conscious encounter with presence. 337 00:41:25,380 --> 00:41:30,660 And much of my work has had to do with dreaming and the bridges between imagination and reality. 338 00:41:35,380 --> 00:41:39,310 Let's just take you to Greece. 339 00:41:41,650 --> 00:41:49,090 I worked on the island of Naxos, which is right down. Give you an idea and this is an interesting map because the darkness, 340 00:41:49,360 --> 00:41:55,689 the the part of the church, white and black, is the original Greek state of 1832. 341 00:41:55,690 --> 00:41:59,589 And so it's a country with the manifest destiny. It's spread and exploded. 342 00:41:59,590 --> 00:42:03,700 It became the Greece that we know today only after World War One. 343 00:42:06,360 --> 00:42:14,520 There's Naxos itself. With this spine of mountains in the centre to the east. 344 00:42:15,240 --> 00:42:18,300 And I did first field research there for my doctorate. 345 00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:22,620 And then I did this research on Dreaming in the Village of Clones. 346 00:42:24,090 --> 00:42:33,180 And just to give you the best resolution that's coming up to the island of Port Talbot, you can see the towering mountains in the centre. 347 00:42:34,320 --> 00:42:39,060 And that's the village where I did my research and of course, the high mountain village. 348 00:42:40,660 --> 00:42:43,740 And that's the that's the island road running above it. 349 00:42:49,290 --> 00:42:53,760 Late into my fieldwork, I. I got the. 350 00:42:55,180 --> 00:42:59,740 The dream notebooks of this man, Marcus capillaries. 351 00:43:00,370 --> 00:43:05,050 And I studied them in the book and he was somebody who was visited. 352 00:43:05,110 --> 00:43:14,320 He came to write the powers of prophecy and of a special kind of vision, 353 00:43:14,560 --> 00:43:20,590 the spiritual visionary, and that he could see what he called earthly tragedies. 354 00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:26,830 Since I have the power to do this, Saint Daniel gave to me to see these earthly treasures. 355 00:43:26,830 --> 00:43:32,470 These are big cities, peace and greater points. He says he can also see heavenly treasures. 356 00:43:32,920 --> 00:43:36,130 So treasures. And what's that all about? 357 00:43:36,460 --> 00:43:40,240 So an icon buried in the ground with a picture of sin. 358 00:43:40,240 --> 00:43:47,980 And on it it's also reference in stand up in the heavens. So it's both an earthly treasure that you could recover the wooden pendant icon. 359 00:43:48,280 --> 00:43:52,130 And yet also I have made it in this awesome heaven. 360 00:43:52,350 --> 00:43:55,480 And so maybe seven stones, given the heavens looks good. 361 00:43:56,410 --> 00:44:03,670 2 to 4 bones of saints who buried or both remains in the ground, but also have been assumed up to heaven. 362 00:44:04,480 --> 00:44:13,460 So it's a complicated relationship that's involved the actual earthly reality of treasures, and they're kind of hyperspace. 363 00:44:13,630 --> 00:44:24,060 I love transcendent systems. And the question is whether the you know, the stories about these kinds of tragedies, 364 00:44:24,240 --> 00:44:28,830 so much stories, some extremes, whether they can be viewed as history at all. 365 00:44:29,820 --> 00:44:35,280 And here you are face to face with the past chocolate parties writing about prevention in Europe and 366 00:44:35,280 --> 00:44:43,200 expanding beyond the boundaries of historicism and asking the question of whether God can come into history. 367 00:44:43,590 --> 00:44:53,700 Like he talks about the Santal rebellion in India in the South, how leader was told that he should revolt because the attacker would be with him. 368 00:44:54,510 --> 00:45:01,650 And you. When your ministers last night said he believed that God was with all that, who was with him? 369 00:45:01,740 --> 00:45:11,430 So that's why challenges our assumptions about what could qualify as proper, proper historical cause and effect. 370 00:45:15,750 --> 00:45:21,780 I'm. How am I doing on time? So since it's over. 371 00:45:22,050 --> 00:45:25,680 Not sure what's some sort, but I should finish, like, 10 minutes. 372 00:45:25,770 --> 00:45:30,329 So, um. Okay. 373 00:45:30,330 --> 00:45:34,100 So do the ethnography of treasures in a place like Columbus. 374 00:45:35,010 --> 00:45:40,050 I thought, there's so much going on with so many different things buried in the earth. 375 00:45:40,080 --> 00:45:49,290 It's not just gold coins or things that are immediately valuable and super valuable in small quantities like jewels. 376 00:45:49,770 --> 00:45:57,510 So to do the ethnography of this involved contextualising and complete the treasures in the context of Hey, what is? 377 00:45:57,780 --> 00:46:02,130 What's even the word for treasure? It's not necessarily established in the village. 378 00:46:02,580 --> 00:46:06,930 I'll come to that. It's pressing on the set of Put. 379 00:46:09,690 --> 00:46:14,760 Emery is one thing buried in the ground. So they are miners of a heavy mineral stone. 380 00:46:15,090 --> 00:46:18,900 Emery Which is ground down into a powder. And it's used in filing. 381 00:46:19,230 --> 00:46:25,170 That's out. It's a grinding agent. It's used in weapons manufacture and grinding steel. 382 00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:33,000 So you can see them mining in the village and you can see the installation of a whole emery infrastructure 383 00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:40,080 by the late 1920s to transport the huge volumes of Emery that they were exporting and making a living off. 384 00:46:40,830 --> 00:46:46,260 So every person in every family in the village of Cortlandt practically was supported by digging stuff out of the ground. 385 00:46:46,710 --> 00:46:51,540 And it was Emery. What else is in the ground? 386 00:46:52,710 --> 00:46:57,590 You have classical statues. You have the classical period of Naxos. 387 00:46:57,600 --> 00:47:02,350 This is a cross. That was left in a marble quarry. 388 00:47:02,370 --> 00:47:08,370 There's at least two major known marble cores, both of which got enormous statues. 389 00:47:08,370 --> 00:47:11,670 But as it's 5 to 7 statue still lying on the earth, 390 00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:19,440 and that that's an index of what how much and the potential of the marble below what's marble there? 391 00:47:19,800 --> 00:47:24,060 And an awareness archaeologists have been there of the value of classical antiquities. 392 00:47:24,630 --> 00:47:26,400 So the stuff that's even more valuable, 393 00:47:26,700 --> 00:47:35,300 which are these cycladic figurines which date from even earlier third century B.C. and I know these are really valuable. 394 00:47:35,310 --> 00:47:39,510 These took on huge value when modernist artists like Picasso, Rembrandt, 395 00:47:39,510 --> 00:47:46,470 Lucy started using them as inspirations and as points of reference in their art. 396 00:47:47,070 --> 00:47:52,290 And I remember reading an article about how one that changed hands for about $3 million. 397 00:47:52,870 --> 00:47:59,610 And whenever I have a news article from the 1780s, maybe I said, let's just check on what the story is now. 398 00:48:00,390 --> 00:48:08,370 And so I went on the site for I think Christie's and Price realised for that Cycladic statue, 399 00:48:08,370 --> 00:48:16,170 which is probably only about that by 16 million, almost $17 million worth much more than its weight in gold. 400 00:48:16,510 --> 00:48:21,480 Right. So you've got antiquities of various sorts. 401 00:48:21,510 --> 00:48:25,480 You've got water. It's a very friendly dry island. 402 00:48:25,560 --> 00:48:35,250 So if you can find water, something is is a material element that's water valuable in certain places once looted. 403 00:48:35,610 --> 00:48:42,750 Furthermore, there are prophecies talked about holy water springs of holding water gusting up from the ground. 404 00:48:43,140 --> 00:48:49,680 So water was had also a spiritualised value that would ordain, you know, 405 00:48:49,710 --> 00:49:02,040 would be a marker of the holiness of their excavations for icons because they were told in dreams that there was an icon, 406 00:49:02,550 --> 00:49:08,720 which is this tiny little bit in the centre, nevermind all of the silver and golden framing of it. 407 00:49:08,730 --> 00:49:13,330 That's the acknowledgement that the community is really valuable. You can see that like that. 408 00:49:14,010 --> 00:49:22,140 That's really valuable. Icon. So donors in the community have contributed gold and silver to frame it, 409 00:49:22,230 --> 00:49:27,510 which is part of the wealth of the community and of the church that I call Antinous was found 410 00:49:27,510 --> 00:49:34,919 a neighbouring island was opened in 1823 and on the basis of that they built a pilgrimage. 411 00:49:34,920 --> 00:49:42,140 Church opened around 1830, 1832, which is the main pilgrimage church in Greece. 412 00:49:43,380 --> 00:49:48,630 So in neighbouring Ireland, in Naxos, not to be outdone. And finally the logic of a vendee. 413 00:49:49,170 --> 00:49:54,629 They had their own dreams. It's cynical on my part that they had in my book chronicles all of the dreams they 414 00:49:54,630 --> 00:50:01,230 had in the 1830 until they found this tiny five centimetre by five centimetre icon, 415 00:50:01,230 --> 00:50:11,120 executed them within with wax and mustard. And live for icons too long a story for me to go on and to direct. 416 00:50:11,390 --> 00:50:15,140 And suffice it to say that very icons. 417 00:50:16,210 --> 00:50:25,420 Our only values as indexes of the spiritual indicators are the spirituality of grace, 418 00:50:25,420 --> 00:50:30,550 the blessedness of the community that's been as good picked out by the saints. 419 00:50:31,180 --> 00:50:37,720 And these places become in this post also in Your Corners, has become a major pilgrimage site. 420 00:50:38,350 --> 00:50:47,200 So if you like, money flows from that as well because pilgrims from that, they buy lunch and they leave money in the community in addition to those. 421 00:50:47,500 --> 00:50:49,490 So several things in the earth already. 422 00:50:49,540 --> 00:51:00,609 There's also gold coins, classic treasure buried in the face of pirate incursions or the stuff of local, you know, savings and loot. 423 00:51:00,610 --> 00:51:04,030 And the banks people get their money in the ground when walls. 424 00:51:05,760 --> 00:51:10,919 And then there's money itself, you know, sometimes, which is not so much buried, 425 00:51:10,920 --> 00:51:16,230 but it's the instant convertibility of these different objects into cash. 426 00:51:18,180 --> 00:51:25,650 So I've been some suggestions that I've been looking at dreams and I have looked at a lot of dream notebooks. 427 00:51:26,220 --> 00:51:30,840 Q Composed by a girl named Marina, who was 13 years old at the time. 428 00:51:30,840 --> 00:51:34,800 So but 50 notebooks like this feels quite interesting as well. 429 00:51:36,030 --> 00:51:39,330 She was dreaming and five other schoolchildren were dreaming at the same time. 430 00:51:39,450 --> 00:51:42,959 More buried icons and buried icons like that. 431 00:51:42,960 --> 00:51:52,290 One could be found. It would signal like this millenarian redemption of the village where a long, big monastery would be built. 432 00:51:52,290 --> 00:51:59,010 And as people said all around us, will become like parrots, floating unicorns, etc. 433 00:52:00,060 --> 00:52:06,810 So the search for icons interspersed with properties about memory discoveries as well. 434 00:52:06,810 --> 00:52:16,410 So while the Saints are telling sainthood is coming to Marina and dreams and saying, You can find my island buried, buried in this mountain here. 435 00:52:17,250 --> 00:52:22,079 All of these reminders go on side with Marina and the dreaming sportswoman of very well how to dig. 436 00:52:22,080 --> 00:52:27,010 So they're digging away. And this I'm supposed to say, well, you know, why are you digging for that? 437 00:52:27,090 --> 00:52:33,270 My icon. You can find a lot of them right here and right there and say that also says you can find other 438 00:52:33,270 --> 00:52:40,620 treasures like an all gold statue of Ariadne and the word for treasures for all of these. 439 00:52:40,620 --> 00:52:41,249 That's them. 440 00:52:41,250 --> 00:52:56,510 All the same verissimo from the Greek word Prisco to find ancient Greek word peyote skull famous through our was Archimedes famously said Eureka. 441 00:52:56,520 --> 00:53:00,360 I found that same verb when he was studying this. 442 00:53:00,370 --> 00:53:07,310 I've got this. So you got Asimo from the word from the verb. 443 00:53:07,320 --> 00:53:09,090 To find means find a place. 444 00:53:10,160 --> 00:53:16,640 So there were really bits linking all of these genres, all of these different artists together, but it's more findable, which is like treasure trove. 445 00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:24,330 Haven't found it yet, but to find it. And I just want to read you a little quote from one of Marina's stream books. 446 00:53:26,520 --> 00:53:31,740 And here it is. Ben Affleck says, if you kiss a woman who's with the dreaming children. 447 00:53:32,760 --> 00:53:36,210 Come have the kisses to the Virgin Mary. 448 00:53:36,960 --> 00:53:40,180 Come tell us about our mind and the panic. 449 00:53:40,200 --> 00:53:45,810 Yet Virgin Mary says. What can we tell you? Your mind will become the best one. 450 00:53:46,170 --> 00:53:51,840 And the most thousands that will come out of the minds will come out of your mind. 451 00:53:52,320 --> 00:53:57,600 And one more thing. Yours is a sturdy mind, and it has no need of anything. 452 00:53:58,560 --> 00:54:06,030 And for us, what's more, that verissimo, that treasure in your mind, is the best of all. 453 00:54:06,690 --> 00:54:18,330 So in this complex voicing of the parmigiana in Marina Stream, you need to know what she's actually talking about. 454 00:54:18,930 --> 00:54:24,120 The most thousands will come out of your mind. Must thousands of tons and thousands of drachmas. 455 00:54:24,430 --> 00:54:31,770 Yet the various items are all kind of collapsed from cross predicated on each other. 456 00:54:32,280 --> 00:54:35,760 And this will be my final point. 457 00:54:36,930 --> 00:54:39,720 Also, I did have I have this. 458 00:54:42,820 --> 00:54:56,860 Is that the various treasurers take on their quality as treasurer by compressing together, infusing $0.03 of value across the three sectors of value. 459 00:54:56,920 --> 00:55:03,700 Because, as identified by David Graeber, his logical selling value is a moral values, 460 00:55:03,910 --> 00:55:09,250 inclusive of human religion, secularisation and recognition by the saints. 461 00:55:10,210 --> 00:55:23,290 Moral value, economic value, the value, the exchange value of these objects and finally value in the society and sense of a place within a system. 462 00:55:24,040 --> 00:55:27,440 And the very fact that there's about eight different kinds of wrestling. 463 00:55:27,460 --> 00:55:35,830 My treasure indicates that we work on a systematic relationship from the Grammar of Treasury substitute one or the other into the sentence. 464 00:55:38,050 --> 00:55:49,990 And the. So just to close this off is what I've done to you. 465 00:55:49,990 --> 00:55:55,480 The anthropology of treasure on the local ethnographic context done very, very quickly. 466 00:55:57,100 --> 00:56:04,390 You know, what are their ideas of value? Hidden valuables of their religion and cosmology of economics? 467 00:56:04,930 --> 00:56:08,110 And for me, what's so interesting is the transfer of past genius, 468 00:56:08,110 --> 00:56:16,000 how stories about statues can interleave and switch back and forth with stories about hidden icons, 469 00:56:17,080 --> 00:56:26,920 cross predication, this general fusion of in local culture and in this whole cosmology of find what's. 470 00:56:29,220 --> 00:56:33,390 There's a famous article, a book in anthropology called The Social Life of Things. 471 00:56:33,540 --> 00:56:41,170 Treasures have a very different social life because they're out of circulation for a long time since Treasuries 472 00:56:41,190 --> 00:56:47,880 as well is that they come right from the past because they've been buried in our social circulation. 473 00:56:48,120 --> 00:56:57,330 They haven't been eroded by contact and transaction. They come right to you from the parts that particular social life not subject to decay. 474 00:56:59,010 --> 00:57:03,890 I've gone and touched on the reflexivity part. What do we think, Treasurer? 475 00:57:03,900 --> 00:57:14,520 It is semantics, semantic semantics in Greece. Our own practices, which I think are very salutary to think, you know, really get into the old subject. 476 00:57:15,030 --> 00:57:20,100 You've got to be thinking, you know, about how these things might play out in my culture. 477 00:57:20,910 --> 00:57:26,129 And Nick was so good at teaching that to me when I was a diploma student and I still remember 478 00:57:26,130 --> 00:57:32,210 many of the things he told me because they took me by surprise that we have to think, 479 00:57:32,220 --> 00:57:37,440 and I've always helped me to think whether we have to always help me to think about how these things might play out here. 480 00:57:38,220 --> 00:57:48,600 And so this is a story I got from the newspaper in The Guardian in 1998 about this this chap here in Glastonbury, 481 00:57:48,600 --> 00:57:52,380 I believe, who went to the local council and said, 482 00:57:53,790 --> 00:58:01,620 Don't if I had left a treasure for man's buried near this mailbox and he was making a nuisance of himself with the council said, okay, you can do it. 483 00:58:02,070 --> 00:58:08,400 And they said, Well, we thought you would just go out with a spade and get tired and scream and kind of [INAUDIBLE] off after a while. 484 00:58:08,790 --> 00:58:13,500 But he hired a mechanical digger and dug up the whole traffic island. 485 00:58:13,920 --> 00:58:23,700 And there he is right there. And that interesting TV series, Detectorists, is off to something to kind of think about a little bit. 486 00:58:25,230 --> 00:58:33,870 But it's the impulse that drives people on to go detecting and the kind of image that the the TV 487 00:58:33,870 --> 00:58:42,120 series has been finding some like jewelled sceptre from medieval times of Anglo-Saxon times. 488 00:58:44,060 --> 00:58:50,120 And my question again is also about what this can do for understanding history. 489 00:58:50,810 --> 00:58:55,490 And my goal isn't to upend academic history. 490 00:58:55,490 --> 00:59:03,440 That'll be a big focus of me. I accept and understand academic history and what it does. 491 00:59:03,890 --> 00:59:14,060 The fact is that these examples from Naxos and Armenia and on show you that people have very emotional affective spiritualised, 492 00:59:14,630 --> 00:59:22,730 kin based, you know, relationship genealogical based relationships in the past which are not part of academic historiography and yet. 493 00:59:24,040 --> 00:59:27,220 Being aware of those dimensions can't hurt. 494 00:59:27,550 --> 00:59:33,940 I maintain I submit the practice of Western history and its heartland because 495 00:59:33,940 --> 00:59:38,710 that's really what people want to a large degree outside of academia history. 496 00:59:38,830 --> 00:59:42,940 People want history that they can feel they can feel themselves in. 497 00:59:44,080 --> 00:59:53,830 That captures the imagination. And that's why historical novels, reenactments, historical movies are making. 498 00:59:54,310 --> 00:59:59,930 You know, in fact, you can hardly have a movie nowadays that's not, quote, based on a true story, unquote. 499 01:00:00,670 --> 01:00:05,520 So I think that says a lot about the way in which people want to know the past. 500 01:00:05,520 --> 01:00:12,460 And I don't believe historians can deliver it, but they might need to do the anthropology of their own discipline to get there. 501 01:00:12,910 --> 01:00:21,250 And the last picture. Is a book that came out to teach you how to interpret your dreams to win the lottery. 502 01:00:23,940 --> 01:00:24,810 And very much.