1 00:00:14,530 --> 00:00:21,700 Okay. So, hello, everybody. Welcome to this first Tejas of this missile in time. 2 00:00:22,510 --> 00:00:33,670 And today we are very happy and very glad to have someone Bailey of becoming Bailey here to present with Watt and on Pedro Abueva and McCullough. 3 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:38,290 So coming Bailey has a master's degree in religious studies from Florida State 4 00:00:38,290 --> 00:00:42,070 University and a dphil in Tibetan studies from the University of Oxford. 5 00:00:42,730 --> 00:00:47,799 It was an assistant professor in the Department of Indian Philosophy at Stony Brook University. 6 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:52,540 So his research interests include the life and works of leadership, liturgy, 7 00:00:53,500 --> 00:00:59,560 mythological narratives and good tensions and the history and development of protected that cults, 8 00:00:59,800 --> 00:01:05,890 demonology, astrology and magical ritual in Indian Indo Tibetan country Buddhism. 9 00:01:08,780 --> 00:01:12,650 So come on, please take it away. 10 00:01:13,820 --> 00:01:27,950 Okay. Hello, everyone. So today I'm going to be talking about the read your subjugation map, but specifically to action more than to. 11 00:01:27,950 --> 00:01:39,950 But for the sake of simplicity, we'll just say to two variants of that of this map that haven't have received received a little bit of attention, 12 00:01:39,950 --> 00:01:43,100 but from scholarship, but not a whole lot. 13 00:01:43,520 --> 00:01:51,050 And I think they're particularly interesting to put in conversation with each other 14 00:01:51,350 --> 00:01:59,810 because they have some of the some of the myth themes in them are structurally identical. 15 00:02:00,170 --> 00:02:06,229 But the overall theology that the two versions present are very different. 16 00:02:06,230 --> 00:02:11,510 So they contrast with each other in very interesting ways. 17 00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:22,550 So as we'll see. So for those of you who may not be familiar to familiar with the religious subjugation map, 18 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:30,500 the first thing I'm going to do is just sort of talk about it generally kind of give you a crash course in what this is. 19 00:02:30,980 --> 00:02:37,940 So yeah, as I was saying, the reader subjugation myth has been called this the charter myth of Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism. 20 00:02:38,900 --> 00:02:48,590 And by it, what we mean basically is that this myth in narrative form justifies the 21 00:02:48,680 --> 00:02:55,130 specifically be violent and sexual practices and iconography of tantric Buddhism. 22 00:02:56,600 --> 00:03:02,060 And this myth is particularly prevalent in Nama scripture. 23 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:12,710 And somewhat less prevalent and emphasised in in sarma tantric scriptures. 24 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:21,290 It's basically, you know, as we'll talk about more later in the summer, 25 00:03:21,290 --> 00:03:30,740 versions of the map tend to be much simpler and probably based on the name of the English versions for the most part. 26 00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:42,590 Although the example, the Sarma example I'm going to show today is kind of possibly complicates that conclusion. 27 00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:51,980 Also, the root is religious subjugation. Myth basically acts as a template for a whole host of other stories, 28 00:03:52,190 --> 00:04:03,430 mainly meaningless stories that discuss the subjugation and conversion of various demonic beings into Buddhists or protectors. 29 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:16,970 You can kind of think of Rudra as being the sort of the the original or the template for all other Buddhist protector deities. 30 00:04:20,330 --> 00:04:31,430 Okay. Now to talk about who Rudy is briefly, Rudy, of course, is the kind of the earliest name for the Hindu God, Shiva. 31 00:04:31,610 --> 00:04:34,970 It's the what he's called basically in the Vedas. 32 00:04:36,050 --> 00:04:47,930 The name literally means howler, and he appears in the Vedas as basically a malevolent deity who needs to be perpetuated with offerings in order, 33 00:04:47,930 --> 00:04:51,710 basically in order for him to leave, to leave the community alone. 34 00:04:53,060 --> 00:05:01,460 Later, of course, Rudresh Shiva becomes a, you know, a cultic popular part of of, you know, 35 00:05:01,940 --> 00:05:10,280 Hinduism and one of the most popular gods in Hinduism and is in Buddhist myth specifically. 36 00:05:10,700 --> 00:05:13,969 Rudra is the name and the deity. 37 00:05:13,970 --> 00:05:27,860 Rudra is basically a demonised form of Shiva who is presented as being this basically the the main enemy of Buddhism from a theological perspective, 38 00:05:28,190 --> 00:05:35,870 as his role is somewhat similar to Satan in in in a Christian context. 39 00:05:36,980 --> 00:05:48,200 And he basically replaces Mara as the kind of the primary deified enemy of Buddhism in the tantric context. 40 00:05:49,370 --> 00:06:00,290 So yeah, that sort of the tantric mera is, is Shiva or Rudra or as he's usually called in the Sarma context, the new tantric context. 41 00:06:00,770 --> 00:06:10,070 Mahesh Fry Also sometimes in the cyber context is called buyer of or is various names that's used. 42 00:06:10,220 --> 00:06:17,000 Rudra is usually that that name, name or the name of form that's referred to. 43 00:06:19,600 --> 00:06:27,490 Okay. So the kind of the I would say some of the more well known versions of the reader 44 00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:36,070 subjugation myth in terms of well known to a Western audience or a to Western scholarship, 45 00:06:37,510 --> 00:06:52,950 is the versions that appear in the the so-called Gathering of Intentions Sutra, which is a what a very important, meaningless scripture. 46 00:06:52,960 --> 00:07:01,360 It's sort of the main archaeologist scripture that we're not exactly sure on the dating of it, 47 00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:11,770 but the Gathering of Attention Sutra actually contains the longest extant version of the Ruder Subjugation Map. 48 00:07:12,700 --> 00:07:21,429 Another pretty popular, well known version of the religious subjugation myth is found in there in the pan mccarten the Chronicle of Padma. 49 00:07:21,430 --> 00:07:27,159 It's a 14th century term, a biography of Padma Samovar, 50 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:35,260 and there's like I think three chapters in that, that talk about hia grievous subjugation of Rudra. 51 00:07:36,910 --> 00:07:43,600 Now the gathering of attention such a version is, is particularly interesting because it's, it's basically a very long, 52 00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:54,430 I can't remember exactly how many chapters in the in the text it covers, but it's quite a few and it's basically a long biography of Rudra. 53 00:07:56,080 --> 00:08:01,720 And what's particularly interesting about it is that it the structure of the story, 54 00:08:01,870 --> 00:08:08,110 it essentially inverts the Buddha's biography, the Buddhist life story. 55 00:08:08,410 --> 00:08:16,020 So, you know, is sort of point by point each, you know, 56 00:08:16,090 --> 00:08:25,330 significant event in the Buddha's life story is retold in religious story, but in a in kind of a inverted way. 57 00:08:25,600 --> 00:08:35,649 So that Rudra is sort of presented as a antiporda like, for example, there's this there's the famous scene in the Buddha, his life story, 58 00:08:35,650 --> 00:08:44,020 where he's born with his when his mother was standing up clutching a tree, 59 00:08:44,770 --> 00:08:51,850 and he's born sort of purely from his mother's side in the ruder version of the story. 60 00:08:52,030 --> 00:08:58,360 He's basically buried alive, still in the womb of his dead mother. 61 00:08:58,540 --> 00:09:07,300 And then he's eats her corpse in order to survive and then crawls out of the grave underneath this dead tree. 62 00:09:08,140 --> 00:09:16,270 So the sort of the same motifs appear, but they're rather than emphasising the sort of the the spiritual purity of the subject, 63 00:09:16,270 --> 00:09:22,780 as in the Buddhist case, the emphasis is on this spiritual impurity of Rudra. 64 00:09:25,820 --> 00:09:28,950 Okay. So. Okay. 65 00:09:28,950 --> 00:09:37,470 So and kind of give a general outline of the religious subjugation myth in mainly basing this on the, 66 00:09:38,270 --> 00:09:40,860 the gathering of intention, such a version of the myth. 67 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:51,990 But this sort of applies to a whole bunch of different versions of the myth that recur in various usually Neema scriptures. 68 00:09:52,500 --> 00:10:09,809 So. The story would usually start with some kind of and this is particularly the case in the gathering of attention version where it starts with rude, 69 00:10:09,810 --> 00:10:15,720 you're basically committing some kind of sin in a past life. 70 00:10:16,650 --> 00:10:20,129 In the gathering intentions version, 71 00:10:20,130 --> 00:10:26,850 he basically sort of turns against and banishes his guru and then starts committing 72 00:10:26,850 --> 00:10:35,759 all kinds of violent and sexual acts which cause him to be reborn in [INAUDIBLE]. 73 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:43,020 And numerous times once he dies and also reborn in, you know, like terrible states of, 74 00:10:44,250 --> 00:10:48,270 you know, as a hungry ghost for like 500 lives and things like that. 75 00:10:49,830 --> 00:10:56,490 Then after he's sort of is goes through all these lives and [INAUDIBLE] and in the hungry ghost realm, 76 00:10:56,730 --> 00:11:02,520 he's reborn on earth as a sort of a horrific demon. 77 00:11:03,600 --> 00:11:11,669 And it's in some versions of the map. It's said that his mother, you know, basically meets with several different types of demons. 78 00:11:11,670 --> 00:11:18,480 So he's like a combination demon that includes the aspects of different types of demonic beings. 79 00:11:19,500 --> 00:11:25,590 And he's born and he's he's basically he's born an extremely powerful demon. 80 00:11:26,460 --> 00:11:36,570 And it's understood he's particularly powerful because in his past life, he was actually he was actually a practising Buddhist who, you know, 81 00:11:36,570 --> 00:11:41,630 had some level of spiritual attainment and then, you know, 82 00:11:41,850 --> 00:11:50,430 basically fell away from the the the the the pure Buddhist teachings and then, of course, committed all these horrible crimes. 83 00:11:51,690 --> 00:11:59,130 So he's a demon, but he's a very powerful demon because he has some level of spiritual attainment through spiritual attainment. 84 00:12:00,360 --> 00:12:09,140 And because he's so powerful, he overthrows the devil's the gods and basically plunges the world into, 85 00:12:09,300 --> 00:12:12,510 you know, spiritual and sometimes literal darkness, 86 00:12:13,560 --> 00:12:20,490 bringing, you know, spreading diseases among sentient beings, devouring sentient beings, causing all kinds of problems on Earth. 87 00:12:21,900 --> 00:12:33,120 And the the Buddha is actually attempt to subdue Rudresh through peaceful means by sending in the gathering of intentions. 88 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:43,770 Suit your version. They actually send Shaq your money Buddha to try to convert him to Buddhism, basically by giving him a talk essentially. 89 00:12:44,520 --> 00:12:48,720 And Ruder basically laughs in the face of Shaq harmony. 90 00:12:48,960 --> 00:12:56,610 And, you know, it's the the peaceful means for pacifying em are completely ineffective. 91 00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:04,530 So instead, the Buddhists take a different tact by taking mimetic wrathful forms, 92 00:13:04,530 --> 00:13:11,310 that is, forms that deliberately imitate rudeness, fearsome appearance. 93 00:13:12,390 --> 00:13:22,440 And with these wrath of forms, they basically brutally kill him and his retinue in some versions of they eat him. 94 00:13:23,370 --> 00:13:32,610 And then this basically is a way to bullying him, into becoming into basically converting to Buddhism and becoming a Dharma protector. 95 00:13:34,140 --> 00:13:34,770 Now, 96 00:13:34,770 --> 00:13:47,670 the exact Buddhist deity who actually does the subjugation of Rudra changes depending on the context in the gathering of intentions suit your version. 97 00:13:47,850 --> 00:13:56,040 There's actually a whole line of of different days that, you know, sort of take turns beating up on him. 98 00:13:56,850 --> 00:14:09,390 But, you know, and then like I mentioned in the the McCarten version of the myth, it specifically hired Riva who who subjugates him. 99 00:14:10,360 --> 00:14:14,680 Okay. So that's basically a quick overview of the rules of subjugation. 100 00:14:15,650 --> 00:14:23,140 That's basically how the story goes in most of its versions. 101 00:14:26,650 --> 00:14:37,090 Okay. Now I'm going to talk about more specific variants of this of this myth, specifically McCollough and Ms. 102 00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:40,540 Focus on McCollough and Vizer Barba. 103 00:14:41,380 --> 00:14:47,290 And McCollough here is specifically a particular Tibetan form, 104 00:14:47,530 --> 00:14:55,810 Tibetan in the form of my collar called gospel meaning, or usually translated as unique ma collar. 105 00:14:56,440 --> 00:15:04,209 So the reason why I kind of put these two variants in conversation is, first of all, 106 00:15:04,210 --> 00:15:15,010 McCollough and Vajra Buyer are kind of sort of explicit Buddhist versions or Buddhist forms of Shiva, 107 00:15:15,700 --> 00:15:26,169 my collar, and is actually named after a form of Shiva and or well, sometimes Mark, depending on the Hindu math you look at, 108 00:15:26,170 --> 00:15:31,050 Michael is sometimes a disciple of Shiva, but it's also a name, 109 00:15:31,060 --> 00:15:44,950 one of the names of Shiva and also Vajra Buyer of the name Buyer of A is of course the main wrathful tantric form of Shiva sort of vajra buyer, 110 00:15:45,010 --> 00:15:53,050 but just is sort of a kind of a Buddhist adaptation of Brahma in some respects. 111 00:15:54,460 --> 00:16:00,870 So. And that's the first reason why I sort of looked at these two myths in parallel. 112 00:16:00,900 --> 00:16:14,970 The second reason is that they actually have they use some of exactly the same myth names that are drawn from Hindu, pure, ionic myth, shaving myth. 113 00:16:15,930 --> 00:16:19,380 And we'll see what those are in a minute. 114 00:16:20,490 --> 00:16:30,160 But also, even though they use some of the same story beads, it's kind of the same plot elements. 115 00:16:30,180 --> 00:16:35,650 You could say they actually kind of come to different conclusions. 116 00:16:35,700 --> 00:16:42,870 You could say, are they they use the myths in completely different ways in kind of the opposite way. 117 00:16:43,740 --> 00:16:48,950 So for that reason, I thought it would be interesting to kind of contrast the two structurally. 118 00:16:53,550 --> 00:16:57,690 Okay. So first off, the mock polymaths. 119 00:16:58,530 --> 00:17:03,120 So this is the form of mock I mentioned unique mock ups. 120 00:17:03,810 --> 00:17:14,250 Basically, mining just means anybody who doesn't a person who doesn't follow normative standards of maleness. 121 00:17:15,150 --> 00:17:19,979 Exactly. So it's usually translated as unic. 122 00:17:19,980 --> 00:17:23,370 But this that's translation is a little bit problematic. 123 00:17:23,370 --> 00:17:32,760 But anyway, the this is a, like I said, a Tibetan form of McCollough, which you can kind of see here in his iconography. 124 00:17:33,180 --> 00:17:40,020 He's as far as I know, there's no attestations to this particular form of mark in Indian sources. 125 00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:43,050 This is all out of Tibetan sources, basically. 126 00:17:44,100 --> 00:17:51,720 And you can kind of see is is Tibetan aspect here in his iconography, because he's wearing a Tibetan cloak, 127 00:17:52,350 --> 00:17:59,040 he's got boots on, which usually indicates it's a Tibetan DNA and, you know, things like that. 128 00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:08,910 So the for or the the myth of mark of this form of mark that I want to talk about comes out of a 129 00:18:10,080 --> 00:18:19,650 tantra found in the megaboom that in its sort of brief title is the activities of compromising 130 00:18:19,920 --> 00:18:26,280 the elimination of Chim Chalk Haruka and you actually in this painting here you see Jim 131 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:34,400 Chalk Haruka one of the eight kanji Nima Kanji Idea is up here in the sky above mark on in. 132 00:18:34,410 --> 00:18:41,520 And this myth sort of depicts Mark as being sort of the primary emanation of Chim Chalk. 133 00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:56,460 Haruka now lei long shaping Dorjee in his 18th century collection of protector dating mythology called the The Ocean about sound protectors. 134 00:18:57,570 --> 00:19:15,400 He notes that this myth also appears in a more elaborated version in a treasure text attributed to Guru Chuan, who lived in the 13th century. 135 00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:24,090 So if he if that attribution is correct and I haven't been able to find actually find the the Guru Xuan text. 136 00:19:24,330 --> 00:19:32,780 But if Lei Long's attribution is correct, this story will dates around the 13th century, possibly predates it, 137 00:19:32,790 --> 00:19:41,579 because then there's a good chance the name of human form is our version of the story predates that bat. 138 00:19:41,580 --> 00:19:53,230 But it's hard to tell this version of that story I'm going to be referring to from now on as basically m one, just as a shorthand. 139 00:19:53,430 --> 00:20:03,540 I'll also be talking about another McCollough myth that is has some of the same similar 140 00:20:03,540 --> 00:20:14,939 plot details that I'm going to be calling M to this M two is actually from a later term, 141 00:20:14,940 --> 00:20:22,770 a text from the from the 17th century called The Tantra of the Glorious Black Morning. 142 00:20:23,040 --> 00:20:24,930 So it's the same form of Michaela. 143 00:20:25,500 --> 00:20:34,000 The plot is similar in some ways, but there's actually quite a bit of difference between the two stories, which we'll see in a minute and. 144 00:20:35,990 --> 00:20:47,930 Okay. So now talking about m one, the one from the the the 13th century treasure or from the the name Megaboom Tantra. 145 00:20:50,480 --> 00:20:56,750 This story is actually basically told over two over two chapters in the first chapter. 146 00:20:57,140 --> 00:21:03,410 It's the first chapter actually deals with the actual subjugation of Rudra himself. 147 00:21:04,430 --> 00:21:14,480 And it's actually not Rudra as a singular D.A. It's actually a sort of an a whole army of RU drugs that are led by three, 148 00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:21,560 three, three leaders of the rulers that are that all have different names, basically. 149 00:21:22,760 --> 00:21:34,280 And it starts with a pseudo creation story where the Buddhist somatic bhadra kind of is presented as a sort of like a demiurge. 150 00:21:34,490 --> 00:21:49,040 He doesn't exactly create the universe, but he kind of recreates it out of the chaos that is caused by by the rulers, essentially. 151 00:21:49,550 --> 00:21:53,810 So there's all these rumours that are running havoc in the in the universe. 152 00:21:53,810 --> 00:22:07,190 And in order to save sentient beings, the Samantha Bhadra emanates his primary wrath of form Gymshark Ruka, as well as Five Forms of McCollough, 153 00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:19,969 to basically destroy these religions and basically carve their bodies into a enlightened mandala into it, 154 00:22:19,970 --> 00:22:30,170 and they turn turn their corpses into a palace that is then sort of inhabited by chimps. 155 00:22:30,380 --> 00:22:37,730 Haruka. The second chapter of the tantra, which is more interesting to me and what will be more, 156 00:22:37,730 --> 00:22:44,840 what will be focusing on here is basically focussed on Mark Kala. 157 00:22:45,560 --> 00:22:52,550 Mark is emanated by Haruka basically as a way of replacing Rudra. 158 00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:59,420 Ma Kala becomes the kind of the overlord of all the worldly demons after they're tamed. 159 00:23:00,650 --> 00:23:13,700 And there's a lot of the chapter two has a lot of very elaborate descriptions of the kind of the ghastly retinue of Maha Kala that are, 160 00:23:13,850 --> 00:23:18,080 you know, portrayed as being, you know, extremely fierce and dangerous. 161 00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:23,540 But as long as Michael is there, they're kind of like under control to a certain extent. 162 00:23:29,830 --> 00:23:34,360 What's particularly interesting about the second chapter and excuse me about the second 163 00:23:34,360 --> 00:23:43,390 chapter is that the it's basically a Buddhist retelling of Hindu periodic mass, 164 00:23:43,930 --> 00:23:49,450 and the emphasis is not on subjugating Rudra because that's already been done in the first chapter. 165 00:23:49,720 --> 00:24:02,530 But on the basically the this Buddhist deity, McCollough, coming to the aid of the devils in their war against the Assyrians. 166 00:24:04,660 --> 00:24:20,800 So and it's essentially just a straight retelling of the Shiite myth of Indra, basically contriving to get Shiva to help them fight off the Assyrians. 167 00:24:21,490 --> 00:24:27,760 It's just McCollough here. The Buddhist Maha Kala is recast in the role of Shiva. 168 00:24:29,770 --> 00:24:41,320 So, like in the Hindu versions of the math, Uma Davy is sent to Ma Kala to basically induce him to do to help the Devils. 169 00:24:42,040 --> 00:24:49,840 The Davids make all these ritual offerings and empower Mai Kala to take command of their armies. 170 00:24:50,800 --> 00:25:03,970 And then the Michael basically emanates a huge retinue and the in the text goes into great detail listing the emanated deities. 171 00:25:04,390 --> 00:25:17,710 He emanates this massive retinue of worldly deities, including Brahma Onyeama to subjugate and conquer the Assyrians. 172 00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:27,160 The only real difference between the kind of the standard Shiite myth here and the and this telling of 173 00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:40,299 it is that is Michael actually first provokes Indra to come ask him to to lead the day of his army. 174 00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:43,120 So like it Indra doesn't have to, you know, 175 00:25:43,780 --> 00:25:51,760 go through a whole lot of effort to arouse Mark from his meditation, like in the Shiite version of the story. 176 00:25:52,030 --> 00:26:03,760 It's Mark is is kind of ready to go here any any try to kind of lets Indra know that he's available to to come conquer the pursuers. 177 00:26:04,510 --> 00:26:07,930 So he kind of sends out these light rays which strikes Indra. 178 00:26:08,170 --> 00:26:15,130 And Indra know now knows that he you know, he should ask Michaela to to take command of the day of his armies. 179 00:26:16,720 --> 00:26:22,600 Okay. So, Mark, how does that imminence, this huge retinue of worldly deities and conquerors, the Azores. 180 00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:25,670 Okay. 181 00:26:25,690 --> 00:26:37,810 Now to m to the sort of the kind of the the later term version of the story, which is actually quite different and has a lot of different details. 182 00:26:38,770 --> 00:26:48,010 But the kind of the the core myth seem about inviting McCollough to take command of the diva armies. 183 00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:52,090 That's the same. But a lot of the other details are very different. 184 00:26:52,480 --> 00:27:05,890 So this story actually begins with a past life story, kind of a Jodka, you could say that is not at all in the in the m one version. 185 00:27:07,180 --> 00:27:17,229 So this this previous life story and this is actually just as an aside here, this is actually fairly common in particular dating stories, 186 00:27:17,230 --> 00:27:24,610 very particular dating myths that I've noticed in the kind of the earlier Nick McGibbon boom versions of The Myth. 187 00:27:25,360 --> 00:27:31,510 You don't really see these past life stories much, at least as far as I've seen. 188 00:27:31,780 --> 00:27:37,720 But in the later kind of term of versions, which of the of the myth which, 189 00:27:38,350 --> 00:27:44,680 you know, are usually date from 16th, 17th century or maybe a little bit earlier, 190 00:27:44,890 --> 00:27:52,030 you get the inclusion of these past life stories where it explains basically who the 191 00:27:52,030 --> 00:27:58,630 protectors were in their past life and what they did to be reborn as this kind of fearsome, 192 00:27:59,620 --> 00:28:15,160 monstrous being. So the past life story in M to Here starts with this tale about an evil king who is persecuting the Buddhist sangha. 193 00:28:15,310 --> 00:28:23,139 Essentially, he kind of rounds up a bunch of monks and nuns and tries to execute them and they get away. 194 00:28:23,140 --> 00:28:28,480 But he attempts to execute them and then he also prays to them. 195 00:28:28,750 --> 00:28:32,440 To or not to them. Excuse me? He prays to karma. 196 00:28:33,760 --> 00:28:49,060 Who is basically karma, Mara here to destroy the Buddhist teachings and the the Buddhist monks and nuns for their part. 197 00:28:49,270 --> 00:28:58,000 Once they escape him, they pray to Yama to be reborn as protector days after they die. 198 00:28:59,110 --> 00:29:02,020 And that's what happens after their deaths. 199 00:29:02,350 --> 00:29:14,890 They are reborn as the children of Mahesh SRE and Uma Davy, that is Shivan Uma and become the eight great gods. 200 00:29:16,030 --> 00:29:25,900 Then Haruka, who's the wrath of form of the Buddha here couples with Uma Davey to produce Vajra Raksha, 201 00:29:26,140 --> 00:29:30,070 who is basically another name for my colleague. 202 00:29:30,070 --> 00:29:45,040 In this context, seeing the birth of Vajra reaction or excuse me Vajra Raksha Mera assembles his army, who in this text is an army of a sutras. 203 00:29:45,190 --> 00:29:56,440 So again, we have the sort of the combination of the, the Mara, the enemies of Buddhism, the, 204 00:29:57,320 --> 00:30:05,520 the association of them with the Assyrians, the kind of the classic enemies of the gods in Hindu Mass. 205 00:30:06,970 --> 00:30:13,390 So and then from here it the myth sort of proceeds exactly the same way that M1 does. 206 00:30:14,830 --> 00:30:23,770 Indra invites Maha Kala with a sort of a gifts of various goddesses to take command of the day. 207 00:30:23,770 --> 00:30:31,210 The army emanates this vast retinue, worldly deities who then destroy the ossuaries. 208 00:30:32,770 --> 00:30:44,500 And interestingly, Maha Mahesh right here is depicted as that is to say, Shiva is depicted here as fighting on the Buddhist side. 209 00:30:45,610 --> 00:30:54,220 He's one of the gods who is kind of allied with Maha Kala in this in this particular text. 210 00:30:58,080 --> 00:31:06,210 Okay. So just to kind of the kind to kind of sum up these two myths, 211 00:31:07,830 --> 00:31:14,730 the these maps are essentially a Buddhist retelling of showboat stories, like I mentioned earlier. 212 00:31:14,910 --> 00:31:31,229 McCalla is basically just taking the role of Shiva here, the the Hindu myth theme of Indra using a goddess, specifically Maha excuse me, 213 00:31:31,230 --> 00:31:44,010 specifically Uma Davey in AM one as a way of kind of rousing McCollough or Shiva's sexual desire in order for him to come defeat the assurance that's, 214 00:31:44,460 --> 00:31:53,850 you know, taken directly out of the periodic myth and just retold in a Buddhist context in these two terms. 215 00:31:55,890 --> 00:32:00,210 The Buddhist deities take the side of the divas in their war with the ossuaries. 216 00:32:00,390 --> 00:32:08,610 That's an important point. And Mara particularly is associated with karma is the, of course, 217 00:32:08,610 --> 00:32:17,009 the kind of their arch enemy of Shiva and pure ionic shape myth and is associated with the assurance, 218 00:32:17,010 --> 00:32:21,390 specifically the enemies of the gods in Hindu Mass. 219 00:32:22,230 --> 00:32:35,160 So this these mock polymaths appear to be deliberately and kind of diplomatically syncretic with Hindu theology and cosmology. 220 00:32:35,160 --> 00:32:40,020 Right? They're basically saying that the Hindu Marxists are correct. 221 00:32:40,320 --> 00:32:50,220 It's just that what you call the deity, you call Shiva or Mahesh Vora is in fact the Buddhist deity McCollough. 222 00:32:52,260 --> 00:33:03,330 There's also a very strong emphasis on worldly deities as the emanations of the Buddha in this in these myths. 223 00:33:04,410 --> 00:33:10,350 And so it's I kind of interpret it as being a kind of a world affirming theology, right? 224 00:33:11,130 --> 00:33:23,250 The kind of the classical cosmic order that's presented in Hindu myth is affirmed in this Buddhist retelling. 225 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:32,190 This is completely different from the vajra biram a version of the mass the. 226 00:33:32,430 --> 00:33:35,160 So now to turn to the Vajra Barbara version. 227 00:33:40,430 --> 00:33:50,660 This story also appears in in different versions, slightly different retellings in several different sources. 228 00:33:51,860 --> 00:34:01,790 It's usually attributed to Rollo Ozawa himself said to be kind of an oral tradition related to Robert Sarver, 229 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:17,480 and it appears in a kind of recently rediscovered collection of texts by Raoul Ozawa called The Rapper That. 230 00:34:19,500 --> 00:34:27,750 Is kind of retold in later histories of the visor buyer of a contra that appears in in in 231 00:34:27,750 --> 00:34:34,560 kind of three sources that I'm aware of all basically histories of the Vajra by Eva Tantra, 232 00:34:35,730 --> 00:34:46,290 one by Palghar Londra one by Tara Nata and one by Amit Shah, who are all basically 16th 17th century figures. 233 00:34:48,510 --> 00:34:57,660 According to Ternate, who is citing Bari Lazzara, here is a 11th century, 12th century figure. 234 00:34:58,680 --> 00:35:07,740 This Vajra Byron version of the myth of the rigid religious segregation myth is actually kind of a later invention. 235 00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:16,200 That is. Done in imitation of the the Mingma myth. 236 00:35:17,280 --> 00:35:25,290 Basically the ideas that the followers of the visor buyer of the Barbara Barrett teachings just sort of took 237 00:35:25,290 --> 00:35:34,920 the Roger the Nygma Roger subjugation method and adapted it to make badger buyer of the the hero of the story. 238 00:35:34,950 --> 00:35:43,020 Basically, I don't really actually agree with that assessment. 239 00:35:43,650 --> 00:35:45,900 I don't agree with tonight's assessment, really, 240 00:35:46,590 --> 00:35:54,350 because the story itself is more than the mere imitation of then of the Nygma version of the reader subjugation myth. 241 00:35:54,360 --> 00:36:02,250 In fact, it's a complete reversal of the Nygma version of the myth, which we'll see here. 242 00:36:03,570 --> 00:36:11,340 Okay. So I'm not I thought about talking about the various differences between the various retellings of the Badger. 243 00:36:11,340 --> 00:36:23,310 Barbara Math, but the, the, they're just really minor details that it would get tedious to go through all that all the minor changes. 244 00:36:23,670 --> 00:36:34,860 Basically they tell the same story and they all have essentially the same plot just with slightly minor, minor changes in the details. 245 00:36:35,460 --> 00:36:43,410 Like, for example, Tanaka, interestingly, doesn't use that name Rudra in his telling of it. 246 00:36:44,490 --> 00:36:54,420 The the figure that is called Rudra and the other versions is actually called in Chinese version is called Matanga. 247 00:36:55,860 --> 00:37:00,870 But in any case, for the most part, they tell the same story. 248 00:37:01,020 --> 00:37:08,550 So I'm just going to sort of give an overview or kind of a diplomatic version of these different retellings. 249 00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:09,510 Okay. 250 00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:22,640 So the story starts out the Davids have been defeated by the Tsar, as you know, it's a kind of classic, you know, start of a lot of pure erotic myths. 251 00:37:23,940 --> 00:37:32,700 And the king of the ossuaries here is identified as Rudra, a figure named Rudra, 252 00:37:33,060 --> 00:37:39,719 which notably is not the case in the the mark polymaths that I just went over. 253 00:37:39,720 --> 00:37:47,459 And as far as I'm aware, is not the case in in any ning my version of the religious subjugation map, 254 00:37:47,460 --> 00:37:54,930 although I haven't studied in detail all the different versions of versions of the story. 255 00:37:54,930 --> 00:38:02,010 So I could be wrong about that. But it's interesting here that Rudra is identified specifically as the king of the ossuaries, 256 00:38:02,580 --> 00:38:05,909 except in turn out his version where he has a different name. 257 00:38:05,910 --> 00:38:14,639 But anyway, so again, the DAVIES are being defeated by the ossuaries. 258 00:38:14,640 --> 00:38:24,510 They need help. So the Indra and Brahma like in similar to the Mark Kala stories I just went over basically 259 00:38:24,510 --> 00:38:34,110 contrive to get Mahesh SRA and Uma to produce a child Kartikeya or AR Kartikeya or Skanda, 260 00:38:34,230 --> 00:38:39,390 also known as Skanda, is kind of usually identified as the main son of Shiva. 261 00:38:41,270 --> 00:38:49,410 And they basically they try to get them to produce this child so that he will conquer the ossuaries, 262 00:38:50,190 --> 00:38:58,860 which is what happens in the Hindu version of the story right after K is born and he goes on to defeat the ossuaries. 263 00:38:59,910 --> 00:39:09,300 That's not what happens in this version of the story, incidentally, but the this vajra bhava math does start it out, basically retelling, 264 00:39:10,230 --> 00:39:24,660 you know, beat by beat the carjackers, pure panic origin story, you know, where and some some semen comes out of umar's womb. 265 00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:40,230 It goes into his mouth and he then eventually cools in a river is taken out and he's raised by Kartikeya is basically reborn from the river, 266 00:39:40,350 --> 00:39:44,669 are born from the river and he's raised by seven mothers. 267 00:39:44,670 --> 00:39:54,000 He's seven women who happened to be at the river at the time. That that's a sort of, you know, you know, main story and pure ionic myth. 268 00:39:54,270 --> 00:39:59,550 And it's we're told exactly in this larger buyer of a story. 269 00:40:01,290 --> 00:40:07,230 But then in Karnataka, he grows up and goes on to fight the sunrise. 270 00:40:07,560 --> 00:40:11,040 But he does not defeat the ossuaries, as in the. In new version of the story. 271 00:40:11,040 --> 00:40:29,040 He is in fact defeated by Rudra and the this kind of pisses off Mahesh who comes to avenge his son by fighting Rudra directly. 272 00:40:30,420 --> 00:40:34,350 Rudra sees that he's going to be probably defeated by Maharashtra. 273 00:40:34,740 --> 00:40:47,490 So he prays to, interestingly Manju Sri and takes refuge in in in the Buddha and Manju Shree emanates vision of Bava, 274 00:40:48,060 --> 00:40:51,560 who then goes on to defeat Mahesh SRA. 275 00:40:52,620 --> 00:41:00,120 So this is an exact opposite and complete inversion of the Mark Kala version of the story that I just went over. 276 00:41:00,120 --> 00:41:15,660 Right. It's the the Buddha is in fact in this in the visor buyer of Amantha is on the side of the astra's, not on the side of the devil's. 277 00:41:17,430 --> 00:41:25,980 And the cosmic order is not sort of affirmed, is not given a kind of a Buddhist stamp of approval, 278 00:41:26,190 --> 00:41:30,300 but rather it's completely destroyed and overthrown. 279 00:41:30,570 --> 00:41:38,910 The gods are completely basically wiped out in the visor bar of a version of the myth. 280 00:41:40,410 --> 00:41:44,670 So, yeah. So this is it's a very hostile. 281 00:41:48,840 --> 00:41:53,850 What would you say? Conversation with Hindu math. 282 00:41:53,880 --> 00:41:57,270 It's not an integration of Hindu math. It's a kind of a rejection of it. 283 00:41:57,450 --> 00:42:06,089 It's it's a, you know, saying that basically it's just meant to display in very violent, 284 00:42:06,090 --> 00:42:13,590 hostile terms the supremacy of the Buddhist deity over the Hindu deities, 285 00:42:13,590 --> 00:42:24,390 which is not does not really seem to be exactly what the the versions of the story are doing, at least not the McConnell ones that I had examined. 286 00:42:26,520 --> 00:42:39,729 So the question arises, is the Vajra Bible version of the myth a an actually a response to the name of the Nygma versions where rather than, 287 00:42:39,730 --> 00:42:51,000 you know, being friendly with the, the Hindu gods and and integrating the Hindu myths into Buddhist myth, there's a kind of a complete rejection. 288 00:42:53,320 --> 00:43:02,940 I don't know. It's interesting possibility that the McCollum myth or the visor Obama math might be a response to the other, 289 00:43:02,950 --> 00:43:08,950 depending on which is later, which is kind of difficult, if not impossible to determine. 290 00:43:08,950 --> 00:43:12,160 But. Okay, so. 291 00:43:13,890 --> 00:43:17,370 The. I think I'm running out of time here. 292 00:43:18,840 --> 00:43:30,390 Yeah, a little bit. So the the kind of the point I wanted to make by putting these two versions of their the reader subjugation method or ahasuerus 293 00:43:30,780 --> 00:43:40,020 subjugation myth in conversation is that the variance of the reader subjugation maps are not are not at all the same. 294 00:43:40,290 --> 00:43:46,620 They are can be sometimes radically different from each other, despite the fact that they have, you know, 295 00:43:47,190 --> 00:43:55,050 superficially the same plot in that the raffled Buddhist genie subjugates the the Hindu deity. 296 00:43:56,700 --> 00:44:05,549 The different retellings can often, or at least sometimes present completely different theologies, like in the McCollough, 297 00:44:05,550 --> 00:44:07,530 the Ning Mama collar version of the Mass, 298 00:44:07,860 --> 00:44:16,530 where the Hindu deities are are integrated in kind of a very diplomatic way into the Buddhist pantheon, essentially. 299 00:44:17,460 --> 00:44:20,910 Whereas in the same vajra bala version of the math, 300 00:44:21,240 --> 00:44:33,030 the Hindu deities and Hindu cosmology seem to be completely rejected to the point that it becomes sort of radically anti cosmic in orientation. 301 00:44:33,840 --> 00:44:40,410 I would say with visor buyer of basically just destroying the entire cosmos. 302 00:44:43,480 --> 00:44:51,570 Now, Ronald Davidson in his in his article in the Mahesh verse, education, math, you know. 303 00:44:52,900 --> 00:44:54,639 Talks about the kind of the differences, 304 00:44:54,640 --> 00:45:03,130 the big differences between the normal versions of the religious subjugation myth and the sama versions of the master subjugation mask. 305 00:45:03,460 --> 00:45:15,400 And he kind of comes to the conclusion that the NIMA versions show a lot of influence of oral literature, 306 00:45:16,540 --> 00:45:23,680 which are probably primarily geared towards a a village lay audience. 307 00:45:24,730 --> 00:45:32,380 There's a lot of emphasis in the English stories on, you know, the you know, the they're more elaborate. 308 00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:35,710 They there's they have more episodes to them. 309 00:45:36,010 --> 00:45:41,860 They have detailed scenes where characters exchange dialogue. 310 00:45:42,190 --> 00:45:50,470 There's a lot of drama in the English versions of the mess in the in the summer versions of the math. 311 00:45:50,770 --> 00:45:56,650 In Davidson's argument here, that's not really the case. 312 00:45:57,010 --> 00:46:00,310 The there's not really a lot of scenes. 313 00:46:01,790 --> 00:46:08,060 Excuse me with the exchange of dialogue in the sama Mahesh for Subjugation Mask. 314 00:46:09,110 --> 00:46:14,830 They're more like sort of extensions of sun visualisation practice. 315 00:46:14,840 --> 00:46:21,790 They're very technical. They they're basically just descriptions of, in this case, chokers and var. 316 00:46:23,360 --> 00:46:33,950 You know, standing on top of the the mantle of Mahesh for that kind of thing, there's not a lot of of of dramatic scenes that are described. 317 00:46:35,420 --> 00:46:48,860 But in in in Davidson's estimation, the there's the sort of the sama versions of the story are geared more towards a scholastic monastic audience, 318 00:46:49,730 --> 00:46:55,610 whereas the English versions of the story are more geared towards a lay, you know, 319 00:46:55,880 --> 00:47:03,830 a lay audience, essentially, that that were produced probably by oral tellings. 320 00:47:05,480 --> 00:47:13,640 The that doesn't really hold up, I don't think in the case of this visor buyer of a myth because you have, 321 00:47:15,980 --> 00:47:19,970 you know, specific scenes with exchanges of dialogue. 322 00:47:20,180 --> 00:47:23,540 There's a there's a series of dramatic episodes. 323 00:47:23,540 --> 00:47:31,470 It's not just a sort of a technical description or kind of a technical sign, the description of visor buyer of his monologue. 324 00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:37,640 It's a you know, it's a definitely a retelling of pure organic myth, 325 00:47:38,660 --> 00:47:47,360 just with a kind of a twist at the end that that kind of reverses the conclusions of the periodic myth, right? 326 00:47:47,360 --> 00:48:02,840 Where Vajra Bhava kills everybody, essentially. So I think we need to maybe kind of rethink this simple conclusion that that, you know, 327 00:48:03,350 --> 00:48:11,480 the manga versions of the story are dramatic retelling or, you know, dramatic or dramas basically. 328 00:48:11,720 --> 00:48:21,650 And the the summer of versions of the math are just sort of sort of technical scholastic, 329 00:48:22,820 --> 00:48:27,080 some of descriptions, I don't think that holds up in the case of the Vajra bar of a map. 330 00:48:27,350 --> 00:48:34,260 But okay, so that's basically what I want to have. 331 00:48:35,270 --> 00:48:38,330 Were there any questions or comments?